SEC Info  
    Home      Search      My Interests      Help      Sign In      Please Sign In

Enron Corp/OR – ‘10-K’ for 12/31/98

As of:  Wednesday, 3/31/99   ·   For:  12/31/98   ·   Accession #:  1024401-99-7   ·   File #:  1-13159

Previous ‘10-K’:  ‘10-K’ on 3/31/98 for 12/31/97   ·   Next:  ‘10-K’ on 3/30/00 for 12/31/99   ·   Latest:  ‘10-K’ on 4/2/01 for 12/31/00

Find Words in Filings emoji
 
  in    Show  and   Hints

  As Of                Filer                Filing    For·On·As Docs:Size

 3/31/99  Enron Corp/OR                     10-K       12/31/98   13:571K

Annual Report   —   Form 10-K
Filing Table of Contents

Document/Exhibit                   Description                      Pages   Size 

 1: 10-K        Annual Report                                        142±   552K 
 2: EX-10.28    Material Contracts                                     2±     8K 
 3: EX-10.29    Material Contracts                                     2±    11K 
 4: EX-10.41    Material Contracts                                    19±    78K 
 5: EX-10.42    Material Contracts                                    20±    80K 
 6: EX-10.43    Material Contracts                                    18±    71K 
 7: EX-12       Statement Re Computation of Ratios                     1      7K 
 8: EX-21       Subsidiaries of the Registrant                        44±   133K 
 9: EX-23.01    Consents of Experts and Counsel                        1      8K 
10: EX-23.02    Consents of Experts and Counsel                        1     11K 
11: EX-23.03    Consents of Experts and Counsel                        3±    14K 
12: EX-24       Power of Attorney                                     10±    41K 
13: EX-27       Article 5 FDS for 10-K                                 1      7K 


10-K   —   Annual Report
Document Table of Contents

Page (sequential) | (alphabetic) Top
 
11st Page   -   Filing Submission
2Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners
3Item 1. Business
"Regulation
"Natural Gas Rates and Regulations
4Current Executive Officers of the Registrant
"Item 2. Properties
"Enron
"Pge
"Item 3. Legal Proceedings
"Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders
5Item 5. Market for the Registrant's Common Equity and Related Shareholder Matters
6Item 6. Selected Financial Data (Unaudited)
"Common Stock Statistics
7Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
"Minority Interests
"Summary
"Capital Expenditures and Equity Investments
"Item 7A. Financial Risk Management
"Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
"Item 9. Disagreements on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
8Item 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant
"Item 11. Executive Compensation
"Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions
9Item 14. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules, and Reports on Form 8-K
10Index to Financial Statements
17Net
10-K1st “Page” of 20TOCTopPreviousNextBottomJust 1st
 

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549 ____________ Form 10-K ____________ [X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998 OR [ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission File Number 1-13159 ENRON CORP. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Oregon 47-0255140 (State or other jurisdiction (I.R.S. Employer of incorporation or Identification No.) organization) ENRON BUILDING 1400 Smith Street, Houston, Texas 77002-7369 (Address of principal executive offices) (zip code) Registrant's telephone number, including area code: 713-853-6161 ____________ Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, no par value New York Stock Exchange; Chicago Stock Exchange; and Pacific Stock Exchange Cumulative Second Preferred New York Stock Convertible Stock, Exchange and no par value Chicago Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ] Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non- affiliates of the registrant, based on closing prices in the daily composite list for transactions on the New York Stock Exchange on February 16, 1999, was approximately $21,923,278,704. As of March 1, 1999, there were 351,041,239 shares of registrant's Common Stock, no par value, outstanding. Documents incorporated by reference. Certain portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for the May 4, 1999 Annual Meeting of Shareholders ("Proxy Statement") are incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.
10-K2nd “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 2nd
TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Page Item 1. Business 1 General 1 Business Segments 1 Exploration and Production 2 Transportation and Distribution 6 Interstate Transmission of Natural Gas 6 Electricity Transmission and Distribution Operations 9 Wholesale Energy Operations and Services 10 North American Markets 11 European Markets 12 Other International Markets 13 Retail Energy Services 16 Other Enron Businesses 16 Regulation 17 Revenues by Business Segment 24 Current Executive Officers of the Registrant 26 Item 2. Properties 28 Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Properties and Reserves 28 Natural Gas Transmission 31 International Power Plants and Pipelines 32 Electric Utility Properties 32 Item 3. Legal Proceedings 33 Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders 35 PART II Item 5. Market for the Registrant's Common Equity and Related Shareholder Matters 36 Item 6. Selected Financial Data (Unaudited) 37 Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 38 Item 7A. Financial Risk Management 58 Information Regarding Forward Looking Statements 61 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 62 Item 9. Disagreements on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 62 PART III Item 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant 63 Item 11. Executive Compensation 63 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management 63 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions 64 PART IV Item 14. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules, and Reports on Form 8-K 65
10-K3rd “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 3rd
PART I Item 1. BUSINESS GENERAL Enron Corp., an Oregon corporation, is an integrated natural gas and electricity company with headquarters in Houston, Texas. Enron's operations are conducted through its subsidiaries and affiliates which are principally engaged in the exploration for and production of natural gas and crude oil in the United States and internationally; the transportation of natural gas through pipelines to markets throughout the United States; the generation and transmission of electricity to markets in the northwestern United States; the marketing of natural gas, electricity and other commodities and related risk management and finance services worldwide; and the development, construction and operation of power plants, pipelines and other energy related assets worldwide. As of December 31, 1998, Enron employed approximately 17,800 persons. As used herein, unless the context indicates otherwise, "Enron" refers to Enron Corp. and its subsidiaries and affiliates. BUSINESS SEGMENTS Enron's operations are classified into the following business segments: Exploration and Production - Natural gas and crude oil exploration and production primarily in the United States, Canada, Trinidad and India. Transportation and Distribution - Regulated industries; interstate transmission of natural gas; management and operation of pipelines; electric utility operations. Wholesale Energy Operations and Services - Energy commodity sales and services, risk management products and financial services to wholesale customers; development, acquisition and operation of power plants, natural gas pipelines and other energy related assets. Retail Energy Services - Sale of natural gas and electricity directly to end-use customers, particularly in the commercial and industrial sectors, including the outsourcing of energy-related activities. Corporate and Other - Includes operation of telecommunications and renewable energy businesses and clean fuels plants, as well as Enron's investment in crude oil transportation and water activities. For financial information by business segment for the fiscal years ended December 31, 1996 through December 31, 1998, please see Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements on page F-35. EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION Enron's natural gas and crude oil exploration and production operations are conducted by Enron Oil & Gas Company ("EOG"). Enron currently owns a majority of the outstanding common stock of EOG. As previously reported in December 1998, Enron received an unsolicited indication of interest from a third party with respect to exploring a possible transaction pursuant to which the third party would acquire Enron's shares of EOG common stock and offer to acquire the remaining shares of outstanding EOG common stock. Although Enron currently intends to actively explore alternative transactions for its EOG common stock including the unsolicited indication of interest, there can be no assurance that any such transaction will be pursued or, if pursued, will be consummated. EOG is an independent (non-integrated) oil and gas company engaged in the exploration for, and development, production and marketing of, natural gas and crude oil primarily in major producing basins in the United States, as well as in Canada, Trinidad and India and, to a lesser extent, selected other international areas. At December 31, 1998, EOG's estimated net proved natural gas reserves were 5,229 billion cubic feet ("Bcf") (including 1,180 Bcf of proved undeveloped methane reserves in the Big Piney deep Paleozoic formations in Wyoming), and estimated net proved crude oil, condensate and natural gas liquids reserves were 105 million barrels, and at such date, approximately 53% of EOG's reserves (on a natural gas equivalent basis) were located in the United States, 18% in Trinidad, 18% in India, 9% in Canada and 2% in China. EOG's eight principal United States producing areas are the Big Piney area in Wyoming, the South Texas area, the East Texas area, the offshore Gulf of Mexico area, the Canyon/Strawn Trend area in West Texas, the Sand Tank and Pitchfork Ranch areas in New Mexico, and the Vernal area in Utah. Properties in these areas comprised approximately 81% of EOG's United States reserves (on a natural gas equivalent basis) and 82% of EOG's United States net natural gas deliverability as of December 31, 1998. These properties are substantially all operated by EOG. EOG's other United States natural gas and crude oil producing properties are located primarily in other areas of Texas, Utah, New Mexico, Oklahoma, California, Mississippi and Kansas. At December 31, 1998, 93% of EOG's proved United States reserves, including the reserves in the Big Piney deep Paleozoic formations (on a natural gas equivalent basis) were natural gas and 7% were crude oil, condensate and natural gas liquids. EOG is also engaged in the exploration for and the development, production and marketing of natural gas, natural gas liquids and crude oil in western Canada, principally in the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. EOG conducts its Canadian operations from offices in Calgary, Alberta. At December 31, 1998, Canadian natural gas deliverability net to EOG was approximately 120 million cubic feet ("MMcf") per day, and EOG held approximately 555,000 net undeveloped acres in Canada. EOG also has producing operations offshore Trinidad and India and is evaluating and conducting exploration and development in selected other international areas. In November 1992, EOG was awarded a 95% working interest concession and operatorship in the South East Coast Consortium ("SECC") Block offshore Trinidad, encompassing three undeveloped fields, previously held by three government-owned energy companies. The Kiskadee field has been developed, the Ibis field is under development, and the Oilbird field is anticipated to be developed over the next several years. Existing surplus processing and transportation capacity at the Pelican field facilities owned and operated by Trinidad and Tobago government-owned companies is being used to process and transport the production. Natural gas is being sold into the local market under a take-or-pay agreement with the National Gas Company of Trinidad and Tobago. In 1998, deliveries net to EOG averaged 139 MMcf per day of natural gas and three thousand barrels ("MBbl") per day of crude oil and condensate. At December 31, 1998, EOG held approximately 144,000 net undeveloped acres in Trinidad. In 1995, EOG was awarded the right to develop the modified U(a) block adjacent to the SECC Block, and a production sharing contract with the Government of Trinidad and Tobago was signed in 1996. The contract committed EOG to the acquisition of 3-D seismic data and to drilling three wells. The first well was drilled in 1998 and was successful. In December 1994, EOG signed agreements covering profit sharing, joint operations and product sales and representing a 30% working interest in, and was designated operator of, the Tapti, Panna and Mukta Blocks located offshore the western coast of India. The blocks were previously operated by the Indian national oil company, Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited, which retained a 40% working interest. The 363,000 acre Tapti Block contains two major proved natural gas accumulations delineated by 22 expendable exploration wells that have been plugged. EOG has implemented an initial development plan for the Tapti Block accumulations, and production began in 1997. At December 31, 1998, production, net to EOG, from the Tapti Block was 50 MMcf per day. The 106,000 acre Panna Block and the 192,000 acre Mukta Block are partially developed with 65 wells capable of producing from six production platforms located in the Panna and Mukta fields. The fields were producing approximately 7.1 MBbl per day of crude oil net to EOG as of December 31, 1998. Natural gas sales from the Panna field began in early 1998 and as of December 31, 1998, production, net to EOG, was 18 MMcf per day. EOG intends to continue development of the fields. EOG was awarded exploration, exploitation and development rights for a block offshore the eastern State of Sucre, Venezuela in early 1996. EOG has signed agreements with the government of Venezuela and other participants associated with a concession awarded in the Gulf of Paria East. EOG holds an initial 90% working interest in the joint venture and acts as operator. One exploratory well was drilled during 1998 and encountered hydrocarbons. Additional evaluation work is being done, and another well is expected to be drilled in 1999. In August 1997, EOG signed a 30-year production sharing contract with the China National Petroleum Corporation for the appraisal and potential development of oil and gas reserves within the Chuanzhong Block situated in the central Sichuan Province. EOG holds a 100% interest in the fields and is the operator. The contract provides for a two-year evaluation period during which EOG will perform work to improve productivity in existing wells and will drill three new wells in the proved areas. Further commitments, if any, would arise from entering into the development period as specified in the contract. EOG is also pursuing other opportunities in countries where natural gas and crude oil reserves have been identified, particularly where synergies in natural gas transportation, processing and power generation can be optimized with other Enron Corp. affiliated companies. EOG is also participating in discussions concerning the potential for natural gas development opportunities in Mozambique, as well as other opportunities in Trinidad, India and other countries. EOG actively competes for reserve acquisitions and exploration leases, licenses and concessions, frequently against companies with substantially larger financial and other resources. EOG's ability to compete effectively for certain reserves, leases, licenses and concessions is, in part, dependent on EOG's exploration budget relative to its competitors. Competitive factors include price, contract terms and quality of service, including pipeline connection times and distribution efficiencies. In addition, EOG faces competition from other producers and suppliers, including competition from other world-wide energy supplies, such as natural gas from Canada. All of EOG's oil and gas activities are subject to the risks normally incident to the exploration for and development and production of natural gas and crude oil, including blowouts, cratering and fires, each of which could result in damage to life and property. Offshore operations are subject to usual marine perils, including hurricanes and other adverse weather conditions, and governmental regulations as well as interruption or termination by governmental authorities based on environmental and other considerations. In accordance with customary industry practices, insurance is maintained by EOG against some, but not all, of the risks. Losses and liabilities arising from such events could reduce revenues and increase costs to EOG to the extent not covered by insurance. EOG's overseas operations are subject to certain risks, including expropriation of assets, risks of increases in taxes and government royalties, renegotiation of contracts with foreign governments, political instability, payment delays, limits on allowable levels of production and current exchange and repatriation losses, as well as changes in laws and policies governing operations of overseas-based companies generally. The following table sets forth certain information regarding EOG's wellhead volumes of and average prices for natural gas per thousand cubic feet ("Mcf"), crude oil and condensate, and natural gas liquids per barrel ("Bbl"), and average lease and well expenses per thousand cubic feet equivalent ("Mcfe" - natural gas equivalents are determined using the ratio of 6.0 Mcf of natural gas to 1.0 barrel of crude oil and condensate or natural gas liquids) delivered during each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1998: [Download Table] Year Ended December 31, 1998 1997 1996 Volumes (per day) Natural Gas (MMcf) United States(1) 671 657 608 Canada 105 101 98 Trinidad 139 113 124 India 56 18 - Total 971 889 830 Crude Oil and Condensate (MBbl) United States 14.0 11.7 9.2 Canada 2.6 2.5 2.4 Trinidad 3.0 3.4 5.2 India 5.1 2.3 2.8 Total 24.7 19.9 19.6 Natural Gas Liquids (MBbl) United States 2.9 2.6 1.3 Canada 1.0 1.3 1.2 Total 3.9 3.9 2.5 Average Prices Natural Gas ($/Mcf) United States(2) $ 1.93 $ 2.32 $ 2.04 Canada 1.40 1.43 1.15 Trinidad 1.06 1.05 1.00 India 2.41 2.79 - Composite 1.78 2.07 1.78 Crude Oil and Condensate ($/Bbl) United States $12.84 $19.81 $21.88 Canada 11.82 17.16 18.01 Trinidad 12.26 18.68 19.76 India 12.86 20.05 20.17 Composite 12.66 19.30 20.60 Natural Gas Liquids ($/Bbl) United States $ 8.38 $12.76 $14.67 Canada 5.32 8.94 9.14 Composite 7.56 11.54 11.99 Lease and Well Expenses ($/Mcfe) United States $ 0.22 $ 0.23 $ 0.19 Canada 0.37 0.39 0.35 Trinidad 0.12 0.16 0.16 India 0.24 0.64 0.99 Composite 0.24 0.26 0.22 <FN> __________________ (1) Includes 48 MMcf per day in 1998, 1997 and 1996 delivered under the terms of a volumetric production payment agreement effective October 1, 1992, as amended. Delivery obligations were terminated in December 1998. (2) Includes an average equivalent wellhead value of $1.53 per Mcf in 1998, $1.73 per Mcf in 1997 and $1.17 per Mcf in 1996 for the volumes described in note (1), net of transportation costs. TRANSPORTATION AND DISTRIBUTION Enron's Transportation and Distribution business is comprised of the company's North American interstate natural gas transportation systems and its electricity transmission and distribution operations in Oregon. Interstate Transmission of Natural Gas Enron and its subsidiaries operate domestic interstate natural gas pipelines extending from Texas to the Canadian border and across the southern United States from Florida to California. Included in Enron's domestic interstate natural gas pipeline operations are Northern Natural Gas Company ("Northern"), Transwestern Pipeline Company ("Transwestern") and Florida Gas Transmission Company ("Florida Gas") (indirectly 50% owned by Enron). Northern, Transwestern and Florida Gas are interstate pipelines and are subject to the regulatory jurisdiction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (the "FERC"). Each pipeline serves customers in a specific geographical area: Northern, the upper Midwest; Transwestern, principally the California market and pipeline interconnects on the east end of the Transwestern system; and Florida Gas, the State of Florida. In addition, Enron holds an interest in Northern Border Partners, L.P., which owns a 70% interest in the Northern Border Pipeline system. An Enron subsidiary operates the Northern Border Pipeline system, which transports gas from Western Canada to delivery points in the midwestern United States. Northern Natural Gas Company. Through its approximately 17,000-mile natural gas pipeline system stretching from Texas to Michigan's Upper Peninsula, Northern transports natural gas to points in its traditional market area of Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wisconsin. Gas is transported to town border stations for consumption and resale by non- affiliated gas utilities and municipalities and to other pipeline companies and gas marketers. Northern also transports gas at various points outside its traditional market area in the production areas of Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas and Wyoming for utilities, end-users and other pipeline and marketing companies. Northern provides transportation and storage services to approximately 90 utility customers and end-users in the upper midwestern United States. Most of Northern's revenues are comprised of monthly demand charges that are based on contracted capacity rather than throughput. In Northern's market area, natural gas is an energy source available for traditional residential, commercial and industrial uses. Northern's throughput totaled 1,496 trillion British thermal units ("Tbtu") in 1998, compared to 1,593 Tbtu in 1997. This slight decrease was due primarily to a warmer than normal winter in Northern's service territory in 1998. In 1998, Northern maintained its existing customer base in an increasingly competitive market while initiating expansion projects to meet increased market demand and to increase Northern's market presence. Northern completed the first phase of a five-year, $113 million growth plan to expand incremental firm capacity into Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota by approximately 350 MMcf of natural gas per day. This expansion is fully subscribed with five-year to ten- year firm transportation contracts. In addition, Northern has several smaller service expansions underway which are expected to be in service in late 1999. Northern also operates three natural gas storage facilities and two liquefied natural gas storage peaking units. These storage facilities provide Northern the operational capacity to balance its system on a daily basis and assist in meeting customers' heating season system requirements. Northern competes with other interstate pipelines in the transportation and storage of natural gas. In addition, the FERC continues its efforts to introduce more competition into the natural gas industry, having the effect of increasing transportation and purchase options of Northern's traditional customer base. See "Regulation - Natural Gas Rates and Regulations". Transwestern Pipeline Company. Transwestern is an interstate pipeline engaged in the transportation of natural gas. Through its approximately 2,700-mile pipeline system, Transwestern transports natural gas from West Texas, Oklahoma, eastern New Mexico and the San Juan Basin in northwestern New Mexico and southern Colorado primarily to the California market and to markets off the east end of its system. Transwestern has access to three significant gas basins for its gas supply: the San Juan Basin, the Permian Basin in West Texas and eastern New Mexico and the Anadarko Basin in the Texas and Oklahoma Panhandles. Transwestern's peak delivery capacity was approximately 1.6 Bcf per day in 1998. Substantially all of Transwestern's delivery capacity to California was held by shippers on a firm basis until November 1, 1996, when approximately 450 MMcf per day of firm capacity was turned back to Transwestern by a major customer. Anticipating this turnback, Transwestern entered into a settlement agreement with its customers whereby the costs associated with this turnback are shared by Transwestern and its Current Firm Customers, as defined in the settlement agreement. Transwestern is responsible for 70% of the risk of resubscribing the released capacity, and Transwestern's customers have the remaining 30% of such risk through 2001. In addition to this cost-sharing mechanism, Transwestern and its current firm customers also agreed to contract rates through 2006 and agreed that Transwestern would not be required to file a new rate case for rates to be effective prior to November 1, 2006. Transwestern's mainline includes a lateral pipeline to the San Juan Basin which allows Transwestern to access San Juan Basin gas supplies. Via Transwestern's San Juan lateral pipeline, the San Juan Basin gas may be delivered to California markets as well as markets off the east end of Transwestern's system. This bi-directional flow capability enhances pipeline utilization. Transwestern is currently negotiating with customers to expand the system from San Juan to California. Since adding bi-directional capability in 1995, Transwestern has reestablished its volumes flowing into the previously oversupplied California market. Total throughput volumes to California averaged approximately 889 MMcf per day in 1998, compared to 558 MMcf per day in 1997. Transwestern has firm transportation service on the east end of its system and transports Permian, Anadarko and San Juan Basin supplies into Texas, Oklahoma and the midwestern United States. Transwestern previously made certain modifications to its mainline system which increased the volumes flowing from the San Juan Basin to the east end of the Transwestern system. Transwestern transported an average of 489 MMcf per day off the east end of its system in 1998, as compared to 657 MMcf per day in 1997. Transwestern competes with several interstate pipelines in the California market and its markets off the east end of its system. Florida Gas Transmission Company. An Enron subsidiary owns a 50% interest in Florida Gas by virtue of its 50% interest in Citrus Corp., which owns all of the capital stock of Florida Gas. Another Enron subsidiary operates the Florida Gas pipeline. Florida Gas is an interstate pipeline company that transports natural gas for third parties. Its approximately 4,950-mile dual pipeline system extends from South Texas to a point near Miami, Florida. Florida Gas provides a high degree of gas supply flexibility for its customers because of its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico producing region and its interconnections with other interstate pipeline systems which provide access to virtually every major natural gas producing region in the United States. Florida Gas serves a mix of customers anchored by electric utility generators. Florida Gas has periodically expanded its system capacity to keep pace with the growing demand for natural gas in Florida. In December 1998, Florida Gas filed an application with the FERC to expand its pipeline capacity to meet Florida's growing electric generation load and local distribution company and industrial demand. The proposed 272 billion British thermal units ("BBtu") per day Phase IV expansion is backed by 20-year firm transportation contracts and, subject to regulatory approvals, is expected to be in service in 2001, introducing Florida Gas to the southwest Florida market. Florida Gas' current firm average delivery capacity into Florida is 1,455 BBtu per day. Florida Gas also owns an interest in facilities that link its system to the Mobile Bay producing area. Florida Gas' customers have reserved over 99% of the existing capacity on the Florida Gas system pursuant to firm, long-term transportation service agreements. Florida Gas is the only interstate natural gas pipeline serving peninsular Florida. Florida Gas faces competition from residual fuel oil in the Florida market. A primary advantage of the straight fixed variable rate design (a FERC mandated rate design to allow pipelines to recover substantially all fixed costs, a return on equity and income taxes in the capacity reservation component of their rates) is that Florida Gas will recover substantially all of its fixed costs regardless of levels of usage by its customers. See "Regulation - Natural Gas Rates and Regulations". Northern Border Partners, L.P. Northern Border Partners, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, owns 70% of Northern Border Pipeline Company, a Texas general partnership ("Northern Border"). An Enron subsidiary holds a 12.4% interest in the limited partnership and serves as operator of the pipeline. Northern Border owns an approximately 1,214-mile interstate pipeline system that transports natural gas from the Montana-Saskatchewan border near Port of Morgan, Montana to interconnecting pipelines and local distribution systems in the States of North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa and Illinois. Northern Border has pipeline access to natural gas reserves in the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan, as well as the Williston Basin in the United States. The pipeline system also has access to production of synthetic gas from the Dakota Gasification Plant in North Dakota. Interconnecting pipeline facilities provide Northern Border shippers access to markets in the Midwest, as well as other markets throughout the United States by transportation, displacement and exchange agreements. Therefore, Northern Border is strategically situated to transport significant quantities of natural gas to major gas consuming markets. Based upon existing contracts and capacity, 100% of Northern Border's firm capacity (approximately 2.4 Bcf of natural gas per day) is contractually committed through October 31, 2001. Northern Border competes with two other interstate pipeline systems that transport gas from Canada to the Midwest. In December 1998, Northern Border completed its Chicago Project which expanded its existing system by delivering an additional 700 MMcf of natural gas per day from Canada, and extended the pipeline 245 miles to Chicago. The project is fully subscribed by over 20 shippers with 10-year minimum transportation contracts. In October 1998, Northern Border filed an application with FERC to seek approval of its "Project 2000" which seeks to expand and extend the pipeline system into Indiana by November 2000. In addition to providing additional Canadian natural gas to United States' markets, Project 2000 would afford shippers on the extended pipeline system access to industrial gas consumers in northern Indiana. Electricity Transmission and Distribution Operations Enron's electric utility operations are conducted through its wholly-owned subsidiary Portland General Electric Company ("PGE"). PGE, incorporated in 1930, is an electric utility engaged in the generation, purchase, transmission, distribution and sale of electricity in the State of Oregon. PGE also sells energy to wholesale customers throughout the western United States. PGE's Oregon service area is approximately 3,170 square miles, including 54 incorporated cities of which Portland and Salem are the largest, within a state-approved service area allocation of 4,070 square miles. At December 31, 1998 PGE served approximately 704,000 retail customers. PGE serves a diverse retail customer base. Residential customers constitute the largest customer class and accounted for approximately 48% of the retail revenues in 1998. Residential demand is highly sensitive to the effects of weather, with revenues highest during the winter heating season. Electricity sales to both commercial and industrial customers declined somewhat in 1998 due to the effects of PGE's "Customer Choice" pilot program described below, which allowed some customers to buy their power from competing energy service providers; this program was terminated at the end of 1998. Commercial customers comprised approximately 38% and industrial customers represented approximately 14% of retail revenues in 1998. The commercial and industrial classes are not dominated by any single industry. While the 20 largest customers constituted approximately 22% of 1998 retail demand, they represented 10 different industry groups including paper manufacturing, high technology, metal fabrication, transportation equipment and health services. No single customer represents more than 6% of PGE's total retail load. In late 1997, PGE filed a proposal before the Oregon Public Utility Commission ("OPUC") which would give all its customers a choice of electricity providers as early as January 1, 1999. PGE's "Customer Choice" proposal included new price tariffs and a new structure for the company in which PGE would become a regulated transmission and distribution company focused on delivering, but not selling, electricity. In January 1999, the OPUC issued an order recommending that PGE offer its customers a limited set of options, including the ability to continue to purchase rate- regulated electricity, with most commercial and industrial customers able to chose their electricity provider through direct access. OPUC's order further requires PGE to refile a new rate case should it choose to adopt the plan recommended by the order, which is also contingent upon the adoption of certain statutory changes by the Oregon Legislature. Until such changes are made and agreed upon among all parties, PGE will not be implementing its proposal or accompanying new rate structure. Wholesale electricity sales comprised about 20% of PGE's total operating revenues in 1998, down from about 35% in 1997. During the last several years, PGE has actively marketed wholesale power throughout the western United States, with significant sales growth since 1994; most of such growth has come through sales to marketers and brokers and have been predominantly short-term. PGE will continue its participation in the wholesale marketplace in order to balance its supply of power to meet the needs of its retail customers, manage risk and administer its current long-term wholesale contracts. Long-term wholesale trading activities have been transferred to a non-regulated Enron affiliate, which participates more fully in a broader market. PGE expects that its future revenues from the wholesale marketplace will decline. PGE operates within a state-approved service area and under current regulation is substantially free from direct retail competition with other electric utilities. PGE's competitors within its Oregon service territory include other fuel suppliers, such as the local natural gas company, which compete with PGE for the residential and commercial space and water heating market. In addition, there is the potential of a loss of PGE service territory from the creation of public utility districts or municipal utilities by voters. WHOLESALE ENERGY OPERATIONS AND SERVICES Enron's wholesale energy operations and services businesses ("Enron Wholesale") operate in North America, Europe and evolving energy markets in developing countries. Activities in such businesses are conducted primarily by Enron Capital & Trade Resources Corp. and Enron International Inc. Enron Wholesale is categorized into two business lines: Commodity Sales and Services, and Energy Assets and Investments. Integrated energy-related products and services related to these business lines are offered to wholesale customers in varying degrees in each of Enron Wholesale's markets. Commodity Sales and Services. The commodity sales and services operations include the purchase, sale, marketing and delivery of natural gas, electricity, liquids and other commodities, restructuring of existing long-term contracts and the management of Enron's commodity portfolios. In addition, Enron provides risk management products and services to energy customers that hedge movements in price and location-based price differentials. Enron's risk management products and services are designed to provide stability to customers in markets impacted by commodity price volatility. Also included in this business is the management of certain operating assets that directly relate to this business, including domestic intrastate pipelines and storage facilities. Energy Assets and Investments. Enron Wholesale's energy assets and investments activities include investments in debt and equity securities of oil and gas producers and other energy intensive companies. Additionally, Enron Wholesale develops, constructs, operates and manages a large portfolio of energy assets such as power plants and natural gas pipelines. Enron may reduce its ownership interests in certain energy assets based on market opportunities, allowing it to capture significant value created during the development and construction process and to reinvest capital into new projects. Enron's long-term ownership interest in each of its energy assets will be determined by various factors, including the operating control necessary to maximize Enron's return on investment. The following table presents selected statistical information for Enron's wholesale energy operations and services businesses. [Download Table] Year Ended December 31, 1998 1997 1996 Physical Volumes (Bbtue/d)(a)(b) Gas: United States 7,418 7,654 6,998 Canada 3,486 2,263 1,406 Europe and Other 1,251 660 289 12,155 10,577 8,693 Transport Volumes 559 460 544 Total Gas Volumes 12,714 11,037 9,237 Crude Oil and Liquids 3,570 1,677 1,507 Electricity(c) 11,024 5,256 1,648 Total Physical Volumes 27,308 17,970 12,392 (BBtue/d) Electricity Volumes Marketed (Thousand MWh) United States 401,843 191,746 60,150 Europe and Other 529 100 - Total 402,372 191,846 60,150 Financial Settlements (Notional) 75,266 49,082 35,259 (Bbtue/d) <FN> (a) Billion British thermal units equivalent per day. (b) Includes third-party transactions by Enron Energy Services. (c) Represents Electricity Volumes Marketed, converted to Bbtue/d. North American Markets Enron markets natural gas, electricity and other energy commodities in North America and provides risk management products and financial services to producers and end-users of energy commodities. Enron offers a broad range of services including risk management and financing expertise through a variety of products including forward contracts, swap agreements and other contractual commitments. Customers include independent oil and gas producers, energy- intensive industrials, public and investor-owned utility power companies, small independent power producers and local distribution companies. In 1998, there was a 52% increase in Enron's physical wholesale commodity sales over 1997 with volumes for all commodities totaling more than 27 trillion British thermal units equivalent ("Tbtue") per day. This included a more than doubling of the electricity volumes from 191.8 million megawatt hours in 1997 to over 400 million megawatt hours in 1998. In addition, financial settlements totaled 75.3 Tbtue per day. Enron's strategy is to enhance the scale, scope, flexibility and speed of its North American energy network through building and acquiring strategically placed generation assets and forming alliances with customers. Enron's intrastate pipelines include Houston Pipe Line Company ("HPL") and Louisiana Resources Company. HPL owns a 5,269-mile pipeline in Texas which interconnects with Northern, Transwestern, Florida Gas and numerous other interstate and intrastate pipelines. HPL's intrastate natural gas transportation and storage services are subject to seasonal variation because many of its customers have weather-sensitive natural gas requirements. The Railroad Commission of Texas has jurisdiction over intrastate gas pipeline rates, operations and transactions in Texas. See "Regulation--Natural Gas Rates and Regulations." Louisiana Resources Company is a 540-mile intrastate pipeline which spans the state of Louisiana and serves the industrial complex along the Mississippi River from Baton Rouge to New Orleans. The pipeline interconnects with the Henry Hub, which is the NYMEX physical settlement location, and has numerous interconnections with both interstate and intrastate pipelines. Enron's Napoleonville natural gas storage facility located in Louisiana, which accesses the Louisiana Resources Company pipeline, provides approximately 4 Bcf of working capacity. This facility enhances the benefits of Louisiana Resources Company by improving Enron's ability to meet the firm requirements of industrial markets in Louisiana, and provides the swing and peak capability required by local distribution companies and electric utilities along the Eastern seaboard. Enron's Bammel natural gas storage facility located near Houston provides approximately 58 Bcf of working capacity. This facility has the flexibility to deliver gas to the Texas market, or to the East Coast or the midwestern United States. In 1998, Enron installed new compression units to increase its withdrawal and injection capabilities. European Markets As the energy markets liberalize across Europe, Enron's strategy is to build a presence early in each key market in order to create an integrated pan European energy operation. Energy service capabilities are in place in Europe similar to those established in North America, such as providing reliable delivery of physical commodities and risk management and financing services. At the end of 1998, Enron employed more than 700 people in trading, marketing and power generation across continental Europe including the United Kingdom, Norway, Germany, Turkey, Poland, Russia and Italy. In contrast to the early stages of energy deregulation in North America where there was generally adequate infrastructure in place to produce and transport gas and power, the international energy markets have generally lacked adequate energy infrastructure, providing Enron opportunities to develop, construct and operate large energy projects. In December 1998, Enron acquired the Teesside Utilities and Services business in northeast England, whose assets include a 154-megawatt power plant and distribution systems for gas, power, steam and water. Enron's asset position in the United Kingdom also includes a second gas- fired combined cycle 790-megawatt plant sited at Sutton Bridge currently under construction and scheduled for commercial operation early in 1999. This investment provides opportunities and value to both Enron and the plant's major customer from the flexibility to convert from natural gas to power as determined by the market price of each commodity. In 1996, Enron opened an office in Oslo to access the power trading opportunities available in the Nordic region, the most open market for power trading in the Europe region. Enron provides power risk management services to regional municipalities, utilities and large industrials. Enron was appointed market maker for all base load electricity trades on the Nord Pool Nordic Power Exchange. During 1998, Enron's power volumes in the United Kingdom and Nordic countries totaled 38 million megawatt hours. Enron has also invested in continental Europe where there is a need for energy infrastructure and an interest from large industrials to restructure their energy supply contracts and to benefit from more liberalized gas and power markets. Enron made its first power trade in continental Europe in 1998, and these volumes are continuing to increase. Enron owns a gas-fired power plant of approximately 125 megawatts, owned jointly with the second largest regional utility in Germany. Enron has a 97.5% interest in a natural gas fired, 116-megawatt electric, 70- megawatt thermal power plant to be located in Nowa Sarzyna, Poland. Enron is the turnkey contractor and will be the operator of the plant. Twenty-year power purchase agreements have been signed with the Polish power grid company for electricity and with a state-owned chemical company and the City of Nowa Sarzyna for steam. Financing was completed and construction began in early 1998, with commercial operation expected in the fourth quarter of 1999. Enron is pursuing other opportunities such as joint ventures with national utilities or other energy companies in the development, operation or construction of power generation facilities across Europe, including Spain, Croatia and Italy. Other International Markets In many markets outside of North America and Europe, a shortage of energy infrastructure exists, providing Enron significant opportunities to develop, construct, promote and operate natural gas pipeline, power plants and other energy infrastructure. In these markets, Enron's strategy is to facilitate completion of vital energy assets and investments which will connect areas of energy supply to areas where energy is consumed. By creating energy networks, Enron seeks to provide reliable delivery of physical energy commodities and develop risk management and financing services to wholesale customers in key international regions. Enron has developed regional wholesale energy businesses around its international asset base in both South America and in India and continues to pursue a range of energy infrastructure opportunities outside of North America and Europe. Enron's energy infrastructure projects are, to varying degrees, subject to all the risks associated with project development, construction and financing in foreign countries, including without limitation, the receipt of permits and consents, the availability of project financing on acceptable terms, expropriation of assets, renegotiation of contracts with foreign governments and political instability, as well as changes in laws and policies governing operations of foreign-based businesses generally. South America In South America, Enron owns and operates several investments which collectively comprise the asset base for its integrated business strategy. Enron acquired its initial interest in Transportadora de Gas del Sur ("TGS") in 1992, when the state privatized its natural gas pipeline systems. The 4,104-mile pipeline system has a capacity of approximately 1.9 Bcf per day and primarily serves four distribution companies in the greater Buenos Aries area under long-term, firm transportation contracts. In 1997, Enron acquired a 25% interest in Transredes Transporte de Hidrocarburos S.A. ("Transredes"), a 3,093- mile system of natural gas, crude oil and products pipelines located in Bolivia and connecting Bolivian oil and gas reserves to major markets in Bolivia. Enron is upgrading Transredes' existing pipeline operations and increasing the capacity of the pipeline system to 1.3 Bcf per day to supply market needs primarily in eastern Brazil. Enron is developing, along with Petrobras, the national oil and gas company of Brazil, and others, a pipeline which will connect with Transredes in Bolivia and transport natural gas to markets in Brazil. The pipeline project includes an approximately 1,864-mile natural gas pipeline from Santa Cruz, Bolivia to Porto Alegre, Brazil. Enron currently owns (including through its ownership interest in Transredes) 29.75% of the Bolivian segment of the pipeline and 7% of the Brazilian segment of the pipeline. Commercial operation of the first phase of the pipeline is expected in 1999. Enron is developing a 480-megawatt combined-cycle power plant at Cuiaba in the State of Mato Grosso in western Brazil to feed power into the Brazilian energy grid in Cuiaba, at a strategic delivery point having few existing alternate generation sources. Construction is underway on Phase I of the project (150 megawatts), with commercial operations expected in early 1999. Commercial operations of Phase II (additional 150 megawatts) and Phase III (additional 180 megawatts) are expected to commence in 2000. As an additional part of this project, Enron is developing a 385-mile, 18-inch natural gas pipeline connecting to the Bolivia to Brazil pipeline in Bolivia. Including its ownership interest through Transredes, Enron owns 65.625% of the power plant, 50% of the Brazilian segment of the pipeline and 20% of the Bolivian segment of the pipeline. In 1997, Enron acquired interests in the Rio de Janeiro municipal gas distribution company, the gas distribution company of the State of Rio de Janeiro and natural gas distribution systems in seven other Brazilian states. These systems encompass an area with a population of approximately 55 million people. Through these ownership interests, Enron has long-term franchises for gas distribution in the largest gas consuming regions in Brazil. In 1998, Enron acquired an interest in Elektro - Eletricidades e Servicos S.A. ("Elektro"). Elektro has a 51,000-mile transmission system for the distribution of electricity to approximately 1.5 million consumers throughout 228 municipalities in the State of Sao Paulo, and a number of other municipalities in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. India In India, Enron's strategy is to deliver natural gas to the west coast of India to fuel Enron's own gas-fired power plants as well as to deliver natural gas to the industrial regions further north in India and to new power plants expected to be constructed in southern India. In connection with a Power Purchase Agreement between Dabhol Power Company, Enron's 50%-owned subsidiary, and the Maharashtra State Electricity Board (the "MSEB"), Dabhol Power Company is constructing Phase I of an electricity generating power plant south of Mumbai, State of Maharashtra, India. The power plant will have an initial capacity of 740 megawatts (or 826 megawatts gross) (Phase I), which is expected to begin commercial operations in early 1999. Enron will be the fuel manager and operator of the plant, which will provide electricity for the growing Maharashtra State economy. Enron is currently developing Phase II of the Dabhol power project, a 1,624-megawatt combined-cycle power plant to be fueled by natural gas. A 20-year power purchase agreement has been signed with the MSEB. Financing of Phase II is targeted for early 1999, with commercial operations expected to commence in 2001. Phase II will include construction of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal and harbor, which will be capable of handling LNG to fuel both the Dabhol power projects and for additional natural gas demand in India. Other As a result of its development and construction activities, Enron owns or operates various other energy assets and investments, including the following: Enron has a 50% interest in an approximately 110- megawatt fuel-oil-fired diesel engine power plant mounted on two movable barges at Puerto Quetzal on Guatemala's Pacific Coast. The U.S. flagged vessels went into commercial operation in February 1993, and sell all of their power output under a long-term contract to a large Guatemalan electric utility, a majority interest in which is owned by Guatemala's national electric utility. Enron currently has interests in two power plants in the Philippines. The Batangas power project, owned 100% by Enron, is an approximately 110-megawatt fuel-oil-fired diesel engine plant located at Pinamucan, Batangas, on Luzon Island, which began commercial operation in July 1993. The Subic Bay power project, owned 50% by Enron, is an approximately 116-megawatt fuel-oil-fired diesel engine plant located at the Subic Bay Freeport complex on Luzon Island, which began commercial operation in February 1994. Both projects were developed by Enron and sell power to the National Power Corporation of the Philippines. Enron operates a 185-megawatt barge-mounted combined- cycle power plant at Puerto Plata on the north coast of the Dominican Republic. The plant began operation in January 1996. Power is sold pursuant to a 19-year power purchase agreement with the Dominican Republic government utility. Enron has a 50% interest in an approximately 357-mile natural gas pipeline which runs from the northern coast of Colombia to the central region of the country. Ecopetrol, the state-owned oil company of Colombia, is the sole customer for the transportation services and has a 15-year contractual commitment to pay for all of the initial capacity. Enron has a 100% interest in a 152-megawatt diesel combined-cycle power plant on Hainan Island, an economic free trade zone off the southeastern coast of China. The independent power project is the first such project developed by a U.S. company in China. An Enron affiliate is operator and fuel manager. Enron has a 50% interest in an 80-megawatt baseload diesel power plant located in Piti, Guam. The project includes a 20-year power purchase agreement with the Guam Power Authority, an agency of the Guam government. Operations commenced in early 1999. Enron has an interest in a 507-megawatt combined-cycle power plant, including a liquefied natural gas terminal and desalination facility, under construction in Penuelas, Puerto Rico. Enron is the turnkey contractor and will operate the project. A 22-year power purchase agreement has been signed with the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority. Construction commenced in 1997, with commercial operation anticipated in late 1999. In addition to the projects referenced above, Enron is involved in projects in varying stages of development in Europe, Mozambique, Qatar, China, Egypt and Saudi Arabia, and is pursuing projects elsewhere. Certain of Enron's operations in the Caribbean area are conducted through Enron Americas, Inc. and its subsidiary companies. Enron Americas' subsidiary Industrias Ventane, organized in 1953, operates the leading natural gas liquids transportation and distribution business in Venezuela. Enron has a natural gas distribution system in Puerto Rico, and liquid fuels businesses in both Puerto Rico and Jamaica. RETAIL ENERGY SERVICES Enron Energy Services Operations, Inc. ("Energy Services") is a nationwide provider of energy outsource products and services to business customers. This includes sales of natural gas, electricity and energy management services directly to commercial and industrial customers, as well as investments in related businesses. Energy Services provides end-users with a broad range of energy products and services at competitive prices. These products and services include energy tariff and information management, demand- side services and financing. In deregulated markets such as California, products can include electricity and natural gas and related metering and billing. Energy Services' products and services help commercial and industrial businesses understand how they can maximize total energy savings while meeting their operational needs. With a focus on total energy savings and nationwide commodity, services and finance capabilities, Energy Services provides outsourcing and other innovative programs not only to supply electricity and natural gas to businesses, but also to manage unregulated energy assets to reduce their energy consumption, delivery and billing costs, to eliminate inefficiencies of decentralized systems and to minimize the risk of energy prices and operations to the customer. OTHER ENRON BUSINESSES Water In January 1998, Enron formed Azurix Corp. to pursue opportunities in the global water business. As a key step in establishing this new business, Azurix Europe, an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Azurix Corp., acquired all of the outstanding ordinary share capital of Wessex Water Plc ("Wessex"), a water and wastewater services company based in southwestern England. In December 1998, as part of restructuring the financing for the Wessex acquisition, Enron became a 50% indirect owner of Azurix Corp. Azurix is engaged in the business of acquiring, owning, operating and managing water and wastewater assets, providing water and wastewater related services and developing and managing water resources. Communications Enron is building a long-haul fiber-optic network on strategic routes throughout the United States to create the nation's first Pure IPsm (Internet Protocol) backbone known as the Enron Intelligent Network (EIN). The EIN, which is enabled with intelligent messaging software, enhances the company's existing national fiber-optic network to bring to market a reliable, bandwidth-on-demand platform for delivering data, applications and streaming rich media to the desktop. Enron's strategy is based on a business model that offers immediate national reach while minimizing capital deployed through strategic alliances with industry technology leaders whose presence, customer access, market share, and content enable Enron to efficiently enter this new, emerging marketplace. Crude Oil Transportation Services EOTT Energy Partners, L.P. ("EOTT"), a Delaware limited partnership, is engaged in the purchasing, gathering, transporting, trading, storage and resale of crude oil and refined petroleum products, and related activities. EOTT Energy Corp. (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Enron) serves as the general partner of EOTT. Enron owns a minority interest in EOTT. Through its North American crude oil gathering and marketing operations, EOTT purchases crude oil produced from approximately 40,000 leases in 18 states and is a purchaser of lease crude oil in Canada. EOTT provides transportation and trading services for third party purchasers of crude oil. EOTT is in competition with major oil companies and a number of smaller entities. REGULATION General Enron's interstate natural gas pipeline companies are subject to the regulatory jurisdiction of the FERC under the Natural Gas Act ("NGA") with respect to rates, accounts and records, the addition of facilities, the extension of services in some cases, the abandonment of services and facilities, the curtailment of gas deliveries and other matters. Enron's intrastate pipeline companies are subject to state and some federal regulation. Enron's importation of natural gas from Canada is subject to approval by the Office of Fossil Energy of the Department of Energy ("DOE"). Certain activities of Enron are subject to the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978 ("NGPA"). Enron's pipelines which carry natural gas liquids and refined petroleum products are subject to the regulatory jurisdiction of the FERC under the Interstate Commerce Act as to rates and conditions of service. Enron's power marketing companies are subject to the FERC's regulatory jurisdiction under the Federal Power Act ("FPA") with respect to rates, terms and conditions of service and certain reporting requirements. Certain of the power marketing companies' exports of electricity are subject to approval by the DOE. Enron's affiliates involved in cogeneration and independent power production are subject to regulation by the FERC under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act ("PURPA") and the FPA with respect to rates, the procurement and provision of certain services and operating standards. The regulatory structure that has historically applied to the natural gas and electric industry is in transition. Legislative and regulatory initiatives, at both federal and state levels, are designed to supplement regulation with increasing competition. Legislation to restructure the electric industry is under active consideration on both the federal and state levels. Proposed federal legislation would make the electric industry more competitive by providing retail electric customers with the right to choose their power suppliers. Modifications to PURPA and the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 ("PUHCA") have also been proposed. In addition, new technology and interest in self-generation and cogeneration have provided opportunities for alternative sources and supplies of energy. Retention of existing customers and potential growth of Enron's customer base will depend, in part, upon the ability of Enron to respond to new customer expectations and changing economic and regulatory conditions. Domestic legislation affecting the oil and gas industry is under constant review for amendment or expansion. Also, numerous departments and agencies, both federal and state, are authorized by statute to issue and have issued rules and regulations which, among other things, require permits for the drilling of wells, regulate the spacing of wells, prevent the waste of natural gas and crude oil resources through proration, require drilling bonds and regulate environmental and safety matters. The regulatory burden on the oil and gas industry increases its cost of doing business and, consequently, affects its ability to compete and profitability. A substantial portion of EOG's oil and gas leases in the Big Piney area and in the Gulf of Mexico, as well as some in other areas, are granted by the federal government and administered by the Bureau of Land Management (the "BLM") and the Minerals Management Service (the "MMS") federal agencies. Operations conducted by EOG on federal oil and gas leases must comply with numerous statutory and regulatory restrictions. Certain operations must be conducted pursuant to appropriate permits issued by the BLM and the MMS. Various federal, state and local laws and regulations covering the discharge of materials into the environment, or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment, may affect Enron's operations and costs through their effect on oil and gas exploration, development and production operations as well as their effect on the construction, operation and maintenance of pipeline and terminaling facilities. It is not anticipated that Enron will be required in the near future to expend amounts that are material in relation to its total capital expenditures program by reason of environmental laws and regulations, but inasmuch as such laws and regulations are frequently changed, Enron is unable to predict the ultimate cost of compliance. Enron's international operations are subject to the jurisdiction of numerous governmental agencies in the countries in which its projects are located, with respect to environmental and other regulatory matters. Generally, many of the countries in which Enron does and will do business have recently developed or are in the process of developing new regulatory and legal structures to accommodate private and foreign-owned businesses. These regulatory and legal structures and their interpretation and application by administrative agencies are relatively new and sometimes limited. Many detailed rules and procedures are yet to be issued. The interpretation of existing rules can also be expected to evolve over time. Although Enron believes that its operations are in compliance in all material respects with all applicable environmental laws and regulations in the applicable foreign jurisdictions, Enron also believes that the operations of its projects eventually may be required to meet standards that are comparable in many respects to those in effect in the United States and in countries within the European Community. In addition, as Enron acquires additional projects in various countries, it will be affected by the environmental and other regulatory restrictions of such countries. Natural Gas Rates and Regulations Northern, Transwestern, Florida Gas and Northern Border are "natural gas companies" under the NGA and, as such, are subject to the jurisdiction of the FERC. The FERC has jurisdiction over, among other things, the construction and operation of pipeline and related facilities used in the transportation, storage and sale of natural gas in interstate commerce, including the extension, expansion or abandonment of such facilities. The FERC also has jurisdiction over the rates and charges for the transportation of natural gas in interstate commerce and the sale by a natural gas company of natural gas in interstate commerce for resale. Northern, Transwestern, Florida Gas and Northern Border hold the required certificates of public convenience and necessity issued by the FERC authorizing them to construct and operate all of their pipelines, facilities and properties for which certificates are required in order to transport and sell natural gas for resale in interstate commerce. As necessary, Northern, Transwestern, Florida Gas and Northern Border file applications with the FERC for changes in their rates and charges designed to allow them to recover substantially all their costs of providing service to transportation customers, including a reasonable rate of return. These rates are normally allowed to become effective after a suspension period, and in certain cases are subject to refund under applicable law, until such time as the FERC issues an order on the allowable level of rates. Since 1985, the FERC has made natural gas transportation more accessible to gas buyers and sellers on an open and non-discriminatory basis. These efforts have significantly altered the marketing and pricing of natural gas. The FERC's Order No. 636, issued in April 1992, mandated a fundamental restructuring of interstate pipeline sales and transportation services. Order No. 636 required interstate natural gas pipelines to "unbundle" or segregate the sales, transportation, storage, and other components of their existing sales service, and to separately state the rates for each unbundled service. Order No. 636 also required interstate pipelines to assign capacity rights they had on upstream pipelines to such pipelines' former sales customers and provided for the recovery by interstate pipelines of costs associated with the transition from providing bundled sales services to providing unbundled transportation and storage services. The purpose of Order No. 636 was to further enhance competition in the natural gas industry by assuring the comparability of pipeline sales service and services offered by a pipelines' competitors. A key effect of Order No. 636 and its progeny has been to substantially eliminate merchant sales by pipelines like Northern, Transwestern and Florida Gas. The series of 636 orders mandated a rate design, known as straight fixed variable, which is designed to allow pipelines to recover substantially all fixed costs, a return on equity and income taxes in the capacity reservation component of their rates. Northern, Transwestern and Florida Gas have implemented the service restructuring required by such orders by unbundling their sales service, offering a limited market based merchant service and establishing a straight fixed variable rate design to recover all fixed costs, including return on equity, in the demand component of their rates. Enron believes that, overall, Order No. 636 has had a positive impact on Enron and the natural gas industry as a whole. The structural changes mandated by Order No. 636 have resulted in a more competitive industry. The straight fixed variable rate design included in Order No. 636 allows pipelines to recover in the demand component of their rates all fixed costs, including income taxes and return on equity, allocated to firm customers. Since a pipeline recovers demand costs regardless of whether gas is ever transported, the straight fixed variable rate design has reduced the volatility of the revenue stream to pipelines. Additional proposals and proceedings that might affect the natural gas industry are pending before Congress, the FERC and the courts. Enron cannot predict when or whether any such proposals or proceedings may become effective. The rates at which natural gas is sold in Texas to gas utilities serving customers within an incorporated area are subject to the original jurisdiction of the Railroad Commission of Texas. The rates set by city councils or commissions for gas sold within their jurisdiction may be appealed to the Railroad Commission. Regulation of intrastate gas sales and transportation by the Railroad Commission is governed by certain provisions of the Texas Gas Utility Regulatory Act of 1983. The Railroad Commission also regulates production activities and to some degree the operation of affiliated special marketing programs. Electric Industry Regulation Historically, the electric industry has been subject to comprehensive regulation at the federal and state levels. The FERC regulated sales of electric power at wholesale and the transmission of electric energy in interstate commerce pursuant to the FPA. The FERC subjected public utilities under the FPA to rate and tariff regulation, accounting and reporting requirements, as well as oversight of mergers and acquisitions, securities issuances and dispositions of facilities. States or local authorities have historically regulated the distribution and retail sale of electricity, as well as the construction of generating facilities. Enacted in 1978, PURPA created opportunities for independent power producers, including cogenerators. If a generating project obtained the status of a "Qualifying Facility," it was exempted by PURPA from most provisions of the FPA and certain state laws relating to securities, rate and financial regulation. PURPA also required electric utilities (i) to purchase electricity generated by Qualifying Facilities at a price based on the utility's avoided cost of purchasing electricity or generating electricity itself, and (ii) to sell supplementary, back-up, maintenance and interruptible power to Qualifying Facilities on a just and reasonable and non-discriminatory basis. PUHCA subjects certain entities that directly or indirectly own, control or hold the power to vote 10% of the outstanding voting securities of a "public utility company" or a company which is a "holding company" of a public utility company to registration requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and regulation under PUHCA, unless the entity is eligible for an exemption or has been granted an SEC order declaring the entity not to be a holding company. Affiliates, or direct or indirect holders of 5% of the voting securities of such companies, are also subject to regulation under PUHCA unless so eligible for an exemption or SEC order. PUHCA requires registration for a holding company of a public utility company, and requires a public utility holding company to limit its operations to a single integrated utility system and to divest any other operations not functionally related to the operation of the utility system. A public utility company which is a subsidiary of a registered holding company under PUHCA is subject to financial and organizational regulation, including SEC approval of its financing transactions. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 ("EP Act") exempted from some traditional federal utility regulation generators selling power at wholesale in an effort to enhance competition in the wholesale generation market. The EP Act also authorized FERC to require utilities to transport and deliver or "wheel" energy for the supply of bulk power to wholesale customers. Recent FERC regulatory initiatives are changing the electric power industry. In April 1996, FERC paved the way for the transition to more competitive electric markets by issuing its Order Nos. 888 and 889. Order No. 888 required utilities to provide third parties wholesale open access to transmission facilities on terms comparable to those that apply when utilities use their own systems. Utilities were required by the order to file open access tariffs in July 1996. Power pools, which are associations of interconnected electric transmission and distribution systems that have an agreement for integrated and coordinated operations, were directed to file their open access tariffs by the end of 1996. These tariffs enable eligible parties to obtain wholesale transmission service over utilities' transmission systems. In Order No. 888, FERC stated its intention to permit utilities to recover legitimate, verifiable and prudently incurred costs that are rendered uneconomic or "stranded" as a result of customers taking advantage of wholesale open access to meet their power needs from others. In Order No. 889, FERC required utilities owning transmission facilities to adopt procedures for an open access same-time information system ("OASIS") that will make available, on a real-time basis, pertinent information concerning each transmission utility's services. The order also promulgated standards of conduct to ensure that utilities separate their transmission functions from their wholesale power merchant functions and to prevent the misuse of commercially valuable information. In March 1997 FERC issued its orders on rehearing of Order Nos. 888 and 889. In these orders FERC upheld the basic open access and OASIS regulatory framework established in Order Nos. 888 and 889, while making certain modifications to its open access and stranded cost recovery rules. Congress is considering legislation to modify federal laws affecting the electric industry. Bills have been introduced in the Senate and the House of Representatives that would, among other things, provide retail electric customers with the right to choose their power suppliers. Modifications to PURPA and PUHCA have also been proposed. In addition, various states have either enacted or are considering legislation designed to deregulate the production and sale of electricity. Deregulation is expected to result in a shift from cost-based rates to market-based rates for electric energy and related services. Although the legislation and regulatory initiatives vary, common themes include the availability of market pricing, retail customer choice, recovery of stranded costs, and separation of generation assets from transmission, distribution and other assets. It is unclear whether or when all power customers will obtain open access to power supplies. Decisions by regulatory agencies may have a significant impact on the future economics of the power marketing business. The Oregon Public Utility Commission ("OPUC"), a three- member commission appointed by the Governor of Oregon, approves PGE's retail rates and establishes conditions of utility service. The OPUC ensures that prices are fair and equitable and provides PGE an opportunity to earn a fair return on its investment. In addition, the OPUC regulates the issuance of securities and prescribes the system of accounts to be kept by Oregon utilities. PGE is also subject to the jurisdiction of the FERC with regard to the transmission and sale of wholesale electric energy, licensing of hydroelectric projects and certain other matters. Construction of new generating facilities requires a permit from Oregon Energy Facility Siting Counsel. Environmental Regulations Enron and its subsidiaries are subject to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations covering the discharge of materials into the environment, or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment, and which require expenditures for remediation at various operating facilities and waste disposal sites, as well as expenditures in connection with the construction of new facilities. Enron believes that its operations and facilities are in general compliance with applicable environmental regulations. Environmental laws and regulations have changed substantially and rapidly over the last 20 years, and Enron anticipates that there will be continuing changes. The clear trend in environmental regulation is to place more restrictions and limitations on activities that may impact the environment, such as emissions of pollutants, generation and disposal of wastes and use and handling of chemical substances. Increasingly strict environmental restrictions and limitations have resulted in increased operating costs for Enron and other businesses throughout the United States, and it is possible that the costs of compliance with environmental laws and regulations will continue to increase. Enron will attempt to anticipate future regulatory requirements that might be imposed and to plan accordingly in order to remain in compliance with changing environmental laws and regulations and to minimize the costs of such compliance. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act ("CERCLA"), also known as the "Superfund" law, requires payments for cleanup of certain abandoned waste disposal sites, even though such waste disposal activities were undertaken in compliance with regulations applicable at the time of disposal. Under the Superfund legislation, one party may, under certain circumstances, be required to bear more than its proportional share of cleanup costs at a site where it has responsibility pursuant to the legislation, if payments cannot be obtained from other responsible parties. Other legislation mandates cleanup of certain wastes at facilities that are currently being operated. States also have regulatory programs that can mandate waste cleanup. CERCLA authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") and, in some cases, third parties to take actions in response to threats to the public health or the environment and to seek to recover from the responsible classes of persons the costs they incur. The scope of financial liability under these laws involves inherent uncertainties. Enron has entered into consent decrees with the EPA with respect to the cleanup of two Superfund sites. Enron has received requests for information from the EPA and state agencies concerning what wastes Enron may have sent to certain sites, and it has also received requests for contribution from other parties with respect to the cleanup of other sites. However, management does not believe that any costs incurred in connection with these sites (either individually or in the aggregate) will have a material impact on Enron's financial position or results of operations. (See Item 3, "Legal Proceedings"). PGE's current and historical operations are subject to a wide range of environmental protection laws covering air and water quality, noise, waste disposal, and other environmental issues. PGE is also subject to the Federal Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 and similar Oregon laws under which it must obtain permits from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers or the Oregon Division of State Lands to construct facilities or perform activities in navigable waters of the State. State agencies or departments which have direct jurisdiction over environmental matters include the Environmental Quality Commission, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, the Oregon Office of Energy and Oregon Energy Facility Siting Counsel. Environmental matters regulated by these agencies include the siting and operation of generating facilities and the accumulation, cleanup and disposal of toxic and hazardous wastes. Water Industry Regulation In the United States, the rates for water and wastewater services are generally subject to state and local laws and regulation. The Safe Drinking Water Act directs the EPA to set drinking water standards for the community water supply systems in the United States. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (the "Clean Water Act") establishes a system of standards, permits and enforcement procedures for the discharge of pollutants from industrial and municipal wastewater sources. The law requires permits for discharges from water treatment facilities and sets treatment standards for industries and wastewater treatment plants. Discharge permits issued under the Clean Water Act are subject to renewal once every five years. The economic aspects of the water industry in England and Wales is principally regulated under the provisions of the Water Act 1989, the Water Industry Act 1991 (which consolidated the Water Act 1989) and the Water Resources Act 1991. In general, most countries where Azurix has invested, or intends to consider investments, have drinking water quality and environmental laws and regulations. Azurix intends to invest in companies or projects that operate in material compliance with drinking water quality and environmental laws and regulations. However, Azurix cannot guarantee that due diligence performed by it in advance of investing in an entity will identify any or all non-compliance with environmental laws and regulations by such entities. Other PGE is a 67.5% owner of the Trojan Nuclear Plant ("Trojan"). The Nuclear Regulatory Commission ("NRC") regulates the licensing and decommissioning of nuclear power plants. In 1993 the NRC issued a possession-only license amendment to PGE's Trojan operating license and in early 1996 approved the Trojan Decommissioning Plan. Approval of the Trojan Decommissioning Plan by the NRC and Oregon Energy Facility Siting Counsel has allowed PGE to commence decommissioning activities, which are proceeding satisfactorily and within approved cost estimates. PGE received regulatory approval in 1998 to ship and dispose of the Trojan reactor vessel as a single package, called the Reactor Vessel and Internals Removal Project. In 1998, PGE applied for approval of the Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation Project, and expects full approval in 1999. Equipment removal and disposal activities will also continue in 1999. Trojan will be subject to NRC regulation until Trojan is fully decommissioned, all nuclear fuel is removed from the site and the license is terminated. The Oregon Department of Energy also monitors Trojan. [Download Table] REVENUES BY BUSINESS SEGMENT The following table presents revenues for each business segment (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 1998 1997 1996 Exploration and Production Natural Gas and Other Products Unaffiliated $ 728 $ 774 $ 620 Intersegment 114 169 197 842 943 817 Other Revenues Unaffiliated 22 15 27 Intersegment 20 (61) (20) 42 (46) 7 TOTAL 884 897 824 Transportation and Distribution Natural Gas and Other Products Unaffiliated 16 10 11 Intersegment - - 8 16 10 19 Electricity Unaffiliated 1,137 712 - Intersegment - - - 1,137 712 - Transportation Unaffiliated 617 639 682 Intersegment 11 10 15 628 649 697 Other Revenues Unaffiliated 63 41 9 Intersegment 5 4 - 68 45 9 TOTAL 1,849 1,416 725 Wholesale Energy Operations and Services Natural Gas and Other Products Unaffiliated 11,916 11,778 10,013 Intersegment 399 595 477 12,315 12,373 10,490 Electricity Unaffiliated 12,714 4,376 980 Intersegment - - - 12,714 4,376 980 Transportation Unaffiliated 11 13 25 Intersegment 1 2 2 12 15 27 Other Revenues Unaffiliated 2,579 1,177 395 Intersegment 105 81 12 2,684 1,258 407 TOTAL 27,725 18,022 11,904 Retail Energy Services Natural Gas and Other Products Unaffiliated 616 649 513 Intersegment - 2 15 616 651 528 Electricity Unaffiliated 84 1 - Intersegment - - - 84 1 - Other Revenues Unaffiliated 372 33 - Intersegment - - - 372 33 - TOTAL 1,072 685 528 Corporate and Other Natural Gas and Other Products Unaffiliated - - - Intersegment 159 - - 159 - - Electricity Unaffiliated 3 12 - Intersegment - - - 3 12 - Other Revenues Unaffiliated 382 43 14 Intersegment (28) - - 354 43 14 TOTAL 516 55 14 Intersegment Eliminations (786) (802) (706) Total Revenues $31,260 $20,273 $13,289
10-K4th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 4th
CURRENT EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT Name and Age Present Principal Position and Other Material Positions Held During Last Five Years Kenneth L. Lay (56) Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, Enron Corp., since February 1986. Jeffrey K. Skilling (45) President and Chief Operating Officer, Enron Corp., since January 1997. Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director of Enron Capital & Trade Resources Corp. ("ECT") from June 1995 to December 1996. From August 1990 to June 1995, Mr. Skilling served ECT in a variety of executive managerial positions. Ken L. Harrison (56) Vice Chairman, Enron Corp., since July 1997. Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Portland General Electric Company since 1987. Rebecca P. Mark (44) Vice Chairman, Enron Corp., since May 1998. Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Azurix Corp., since July 1998. Chairman, Enron International Inc., from January 1996 until March 1999. Chief Executive Officer, Enron International Inc., from January 1996 to May 1998. Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Enron Development Corp. from July 1991 until March 1998. Vice President and Chief Development Officer of Enron Power Corp. from July 1990 to July 1991. Mark A. Frevert (44) President and Chief Executive Officer of ECT Europe and Enron Europe Ltd. since March 1997. From 1993 to March 1997, Mr. Frevert served ECT in a variety of executive managerial positions. Stanley C. Horton (49) Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Enron Gas Pipeline Group, since January 1997. Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Enron Operations Corp. from February 1996 to January 1997. President and Chief Operating Officer of Enron Operations Corp. from June 1993 to February 1996. President of Northern Natural Gas Company from June 1991 to June 1993. President of Florida Gas Transmission Company from 1988 to May 1991. Lou L. Pai (51) Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Enron Energy Services since March 1997. President and Chief Operating Officer of ECT from August 1995 to March 1997. From March 1993 to August 1995, Mr. Pai served ECT in a variety of executive managerial positions. Kenneth D. Rice (40) Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of ECT - North America since March 1997. From 1993 to March 1997, Mr. Rice served ECT in a variety of executive managerial positions. Joseph W. Sutton (51) Chief Executive Officer, Enron International Inc., since May 1998. President, Enron International Inc., since January 1996. President and Chief Operating Officer, Enron Development Corp., from May 1995 to January 1996. Vice President, Enron Development Corp., from 1992 to 1995. J. Clifford Baxter (40) Senior Vice President, Corporate Development, Enron Corp., since January 1997. Vice Chairman, ECT, since February 1999. Managing Director, ECT, 1996; Vice President, Corporate Development, ECT, 1995-1996; Managing Director, Koch Equities, 1995; Director, Corporate Development, ECT, 1992-1994. Richard A. Causey (39) Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting and Information Officer, Enron Corp., since January 1997. Managing Director, ECT, from June 1996 to January 1997; Vice President, ECT, from January 1992 to June 1996. James V. Derrick, Jr.(54) Senior Vice President and General Counsel, Enron Corp., since June 1991. Partner, Vinson & Elkins from January 1977 until June 1991. Andrew S. Fastow (37) Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since March 1998. Senior Vice President, Finance, Enron Corp., from January 1997 to March 1998. Managing Director, Retail and Treasury, ECT, from May 1995 to January 1997. Vice President, ECT, from January 1993 to May 1995. Account Director, ECT, from 1990 to 1993. Item 2. PROPERTIES Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Properties and Reserves Reserve Information For estimates of EOG's net proved reserves and proved developed reserves of natural gas and liquids, including crude oil, condensate and natural gas liquids, see Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Estimates of proved and proved developed reserves at December 31, 1998, 1997 and 1996 were based on studies performed by EOG's engineering staff for reserves in the United States, Canada, Trinidad, India and China. Opinions by DeGolyer and MacNaughton, independent petroleum consultants, for the years ended December 31, 1998, 1997 and 1996 covering producing areas containing 39%, 54% and 64%, respectively, of proved reserves (excluding deep Paleozoic methane reserves) of EOG on a net-equivalent-cubic-feet-of- gas basis. These opinions indicate that the estimates of proved reserves prepared by EOG's engineering staff for the properties reviewed by DeGolyer and MacNaughton, when compared in total on a net-equivalent-cubic-feet-of-gas basis, do not differ more than 5% from the estimates prepared by DeGolyer and MacNaughton. In addition, the deep Paleozoic methane reserves were covered by the opinion of DeGolyer and MacNaughton at December 31, 1995. All reports by DeGolyer and MacNaughton were developed utilizing geological and engineering data provided by EOG. There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating quantities of proved reserves and in projecting future rates of production and timing of development expenditures, including many factors beyond the control of the producer. The reserve data set forth in Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements represents only estimates. Reserve engineering is a subjective process of estimating underground accumulations of natural gas and liquids, including crude oil, condensate and natural gas liquids, that cannot be measured in an exact manner. The accuracy of any reserve estimate is a function of the amount and quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation and judgment. As a result, estimates of different engineers normally vary. In addition, results of drilling, testing and production subsequent to the date of an estimate may justify revision of such estimate. Accordingly, reserve estimates are often different from the quantities ultimately recovered. The meaningfulness of such estimates is highly dependent upon the accuracy of the assumptions upon which they were based. In general, the volume of production from oil and gas properties owned by EOG declines as reserves are depleted. Except to the extent EOG acquires additional properties containing proved reserves or conducts successful exploration and development activities, or both, the proved reserves of EOG will decline as reserves are produced. Volumes generated from future activities of EOG are therefore highly dependent upon the level of success in acquiring or finding additional reserves and the costs incurred in doing so. EOG's estimates of reserves filed with other federal agencies agree with the information set forth in Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Producing Oil and Gas Wells The following table reflects EOG's ownership at December 31, 1998 in gas and oil wells located in Texas, the Gulf of Mexico, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming and various other states, Canada, Trinidad, India and China. "Net" is obtained by multiplying "Gross" by EOG's working interests in the properties. Gross gas and oil wells include 255 with multiple completions. Productive Productive Total Gas Wells Oil Wells Productive Wells Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net 5,253 3,788 897 506 6,150 4,294 Acreage The following table summarizes EOG's developed and undeveloped acreage at December 31, 1998. Excluded is acreage in which EOG's interest is limited to owned royalty, overriding royalty and other similar interests. [Download Table] Developed Undeveloped Total Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net United States California 21,324 16,747 821,738 748,238 843,062 764,985 Texas 413,305 220,075 637,850 513,807 1,051,155 733,882 Offshore Gulf of Mexico 283,571 126,306 564,775 417,827 848,346 544,133 Wyoming 153,597 116,092 324,531 251,792 478,128 367,884 Oklahoma 188,963 104,633 122,848 87,264 311,811 191,897 Montana 119,686 1,651 146,013 103,779 265,699 105,430 New Mexico 71,945 35,091 106,133 64,232 178,078 99,323 Utah 74,454 50,311 40,873 27,205 115,327 77,516 Mississippi 5,144 5,052 43,174 42,950 48,318 48,002 Kansas 17,339 15,489 6,747 4,009 24,086 19,498 Colorado 20,619 1,233 30,908 13,618 51,527 14,851 Louisiana 6,285 5,429 6,520 3,767 12,805 9,196 Arkansas 8,522 1,319 2,457 2,010 10,979 3,329 Other 5,247 984 1,015 795 6,262 1,779 Total 1,390,001 700,412 2,855,582 2,281,293 4,245,583 2,981,705 Canada Saskatchewan 251,805 235,121 288,834 283,732 540,639 518,853 Alberta 372,612 243,225 336,713 243,971 709,325 487,196 Manitoba 11,743 9,954 23,730 21,966 35,473 31,920 British Columbia 656 164 8,755 5,553 9,411 5,717 Total Canada 636,816 488,464 658,032 555,222 1,294,848 1,043,686 Other International China 5,000 2,500 1,844,531 922,266 1,849,531 924,766 Venezuela - - 268,413 241,572 268,413 241,572 India 98,300 29,490 564,307 169,292 662,607 198,782 France - - 168,032 168,032 168,032 168,032 Trinidad 4,200 3,990 147,233 143,490 151,433 147,480 Total Other International 107,500 35,980 2,992,516 1,644,652 3,100,016 1,680,632 Total 2,134,317 1,224,856 6,506,130 4,481,167 8,640,447 5,706,023 Drilling and Acquisition Activities During each of the years ended December 31, 1998, 1997 and 1996, EOG spent approximately $769 million, $693 million and $599 million, respectively, for exploratory and development drilling and acquisition of leases and producing properties. EOG drilled, participated in the drilling of or acquired wells as set out in the table below for the periods indicated: [Download Table] Year Ended December 31, 1998 1997 1996 Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net Development Wells Completed North America Gas 478 402.80 467 352.90 396 325.04 Oil 38 34.98 94 74.85 80 57.46 Dry 79 62.16 101 80.01 80 68.77 Total 595 499.94 662 507.76 556 451.27 Outside North America Gas - - 12 3.60 - - Oil 21 6.30 6 1.80 1 0.30 Dry - - - - - - Total 21 6.30 18 5.40 1 0.30 Total Development 616 506.24 680 513.16 557 451.57 Exploratory Wells Completed North America Gas 5 4.40 8 5.12 14 10.36 Oil 6 5.50 - - 1 0.78 Dry 22 15.70 12 7.53 26 19.00 Total 33 25.60 20 12.65 41 30.14 Outside North America Gas 1 1.00 - - - - Oil 1 0.90 - - - - Dry - - - - 1 0.50 Total 2 1.90 - - 1 0.50 Total Exploratory 35 27.50 20 12.65 42 30.64 Total 651 533.74 700 525.81 599 482.21 Wells in Progress 28 15.73 44 36.39 87 61.08 at End of Period Total 679 549.47 744 562.20 686 543.29 Wells Acquired Gas 333 317.23* 227 82.45* 350 148.20* Oil - 1.70* 48 20.50* 5 0.65 Total 333 318.93 275 102.95 355 148.85 <FN> * Includes acquisition of additional interests in certain wells in which EOG previously held an interest. All of EOG's drilling activities are conducted on a contract basis with independent drilling contractors. EOG owns no drilling equipment. Natural Gas Transmission Enron's domestic natural gas facilities include approximately 31,000 miles of transmission lines, five underground gas storage fields and two liquefied natural gas storage facilities. Enron also owns interests in pipeline and related facilities associated with its participation and investments in jointly-owned pipeline systems. Substantially all the transmission lines of Enron are constructed on rights-of-way granted by the apparent record owners of such property. In many instances, lands over which rights-of-way have been obtained are subject to prior liens which have not been subordinated to the right-of-way grants. In some cases, not all of the apparent record owners have joined in the right-of-way grants, but in substantially all such cases, signatures of the owners of majority interests have been obtained. Permits have been obtained from public authorities to cross over or under, or to lay facilities in or along, water courses, county roads, municipal streets and state highways, and in some instances, such permits are revocable at the election of the grantor, or, the pipeline may be required to move its facilities at its own expense. Permits have also been obtained from railroad companies to cross over or under lands or rights-of- way, many of which are also revocable at the grantor's election. Some such permits require annual or other periodic payments. In a few minor cases, property for pipeline purposes was purchased in fee. In most cases, Enron's transmission subsidiaries have the right of eminent domain to acquire rights-of-way and lands necessary for their pipelines and appurtenant facilities. Enron's regulator and compressor stations, clean fuel facilities and offices are located on tracts of land owned by it in fee or leased from others. Enron is of the opinion that it has generally satisfactory title to its rights-of-way and lands used in the conduct of its businesses, subject to liens for current taxes, liens incident to operating agreements and minor encumbrances, easements and restrictions which do not materially detract from the value of such property or the interest of Enron therein or the use of such properties in such businesses. International Power Plants and Pipelines Enron's principal international operating power plants and pipelines and appurtenant facilities are (i) situated on land owned by Enron (or joint ventures in which Enron has an ownership interest) in fee or land under the control of Enron (or such joint ventures) pursuant to valid existing leases, licenses, easements or other agreements, or (ii) in the case of certain power plants, barge-mounted on vessels owned by Enron (or such joint ventures). Power plants and pipelines in which Enron owns an interest are set forth in the following table: Enron Facility Location Fuel Size/Capacity Interest Power Plants: Puerto Quetzel Guatemala Gas 110 MW 50% Batangas Philippines Fuel oil 110 MW 100% Subic Bay Philippines Fuel oil 116 MW 50% Bitterfeld Germany Gas 125 MW 50% Puerto Plata Dominican Republic Fuel oil 185 MW 50% Hainan Island China Diesel 152 MW 100% Piti Guam Diesel 80 MW 50% Pipelines: TGS Argentina - 1.9 Bcf/d; 35% 4,104 miles Centragas Colombia - 110 MMcf/d; 50% 357 miles Transredes Bolivia - 1.3 Bcf/d; 25% 35 MMb/d; 3,093 miles Electric Utility Properties PGE's principal plants and appurtenant generating facilities and storage reservoirs are situated on land owned by PGE in fee or land under the control of PGE pursuant to valid existing leases, federal or state licenses, easements, or other agreements. In some cases meters and transformers are located upon the premises of customers. The indenture securing PGE's first mortgage bonds constitutes a direct first mortgage lien on substantially all utility property and franchises, other than expressly excepted property. Generating facilities owned by PGE are set forth in the following table: PGE Net MW Facility Location Fuel Capability Wholly Owned: Faraday Estacada, OR Hydro 44 North Fork Estacada, OR Hydro 54 Oak Grove Three Lynx, OR Hydro 44 River Mill Estacada, OR Hydro 25 Pelton Madras, OR Hydro 108 Round Butte Madras, OR Hydro 300 Bull Run Bull Run, OR Hydro 22 Sullivan West Linn, OR Hydro 16 Beaver Clatskanie, OR Gas/Oil 500 Coyote Springs Boardman, OR Gas/Oil 241 PGE Interest Jointly Owned: Boardman Boardman, OR Coal 348 65.8% Centralia Centralia, WA Coal 33 2.5% Colstrip 3 & 4 Colstrip, MT Coal 288 20.0% 2,023 PGE holds licenses under the Federal Power Act for its hydroelectric generating plants. All of its licenses expire during the years 2001 to 2006. The FERC requires that a notice of intent to relicense these projects be filed approximately five years prior to expiration of the license. PGE filed for relicensing of the Pelton Round Butte Project in December 1998 and is actively pursuing the renewal of all other licenses. The State of Oregon also has licensed all or portions of five hydro plants. Following the 1993 closure of the Trojan nuclear plant, PGE was granted a possession-only license amendment by the NRC. In early 1996 PGE received NRC approval of its Trojan decommissioning plan. Combustion turbine generators at the Beaver Combustion Turbine Plant operate under a 25-year lease agreement. In February 1999, PGE exercised its option to purchase the generators for $37 million at the August 1999 termination of the lease. PGE leases its headquarters complex in downtown Portland and the coal-handling facilities and certain railroad cars for the Boardman coal plant. Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Enron is a party to various claims and litigation, the significant items of which are discussed below. Although no assurances can be given, Enron believes, based on its experience to date and after considering appropriate reserves that have been established, that the ultimate resolution of such items, individually or in the aggregate, will not have a materially adverse impact on Enron's financial position or its results of operations. Litigation. In 1995, several parties (the Plaintiffs) filed suit in Harris County District Court in Houston, Texas, against Intratex Gas Company (Intratex), Houston Pipe Line Company and Panhandle Gas Company (collectively, the Enron Defendants), each of which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Enron. The Plaintiffs were either sellers or royalty owners under numerous gas purchase contracts with Intratex, many of which have terminated. Early in 1996, the case was severed by the Court into two matters to be tried (or otherwise resolved) separately. In the first matter, the Plaintiffs alleged that the Enron Defendants committed fraud and negligent misrepresentation in connection with the "Panhandle program," a special marketing program established in the early 1980s. This case was tried in October 1996 and resulted in a verdict for the Enron Defendants. In the second matter, the Plaintiffs allege that the Enron Defendants violated state regulatory requirements and certain gas purchase contracts by failing to take the Plaintiffs' gas ratably with other producers' gas at certain times between 1978 and 1988. The court has certified a class action with respect to ratability claims. The Enron Defendants deny the Plaintiffs' claims and have asserted various affirmative defenses, including the statute of limitations. The Enron Defendants believe that they have strong legal and factual defenses, and intend to vigorously contest the claims. Although no assurances can be given, Enron believes that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a materially adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations. On November 21, 1996, an explosion occurred in or around the Humerto Vidal Building in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The explosion resulted in fatalities, bodily injuries and damage to the building and surrounding property. San Juan Gas Company, Inc. (San Juan), an Enron subsidiary, operated a propane/air distribution system in the vicinity. Although San Juan did not provide service to the building, the investigation report of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) concluded that the probable cause of the incident was propane leaking from San Juan's distribution system. San Juan and Enron strongly disagree with the NTSB findings. The NTSB investigation found no path of migration of propane from San Juan's system to the building and no forensic evidence that propane fueled the explosion. Enron, San Juan, several San Juan affiliates and third parties have been named as defendants in numerous lawsuits filed in U.S. District Court for the district of Puerto Rico and the Commonwealth court of Puerto Rico. These suits, which seek damages for wrongful death, personal injury, business interruption and property damage, allege that negligence of Enron and San Juan, among others, caused the explosion. Enron and San Juan are vigorously contesting the claims. Although no assurances can be given, Enron believes that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a materially adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations. Trojan Investment Recovery. In early 1993, PGE ceased commercial operation of Trojan. In April 1996 a circuit court judge in Marion County, Oregon found that the OPUC could not authorize PGE to collect a return on its undepreciated investment in Trojan, contradicting a November 1994 ruling from the same court. The ruling was the result of an appeal of PGE's 1995 general rate order which granted PGE recovery of, and a return on, 87% of its remaining investment in Trojan. The 1994 ruling was appealed to the Oregon Court of Appeals and stayed pending the appeal of the OPUC's March 1995 order. Both PGE and the OPUC have separately appealed the April 1996 ruling, which appeals were combined with the appeal of the November 1994 ruling at the Oregon Court of Appeals. On June 24, 1998, the Court of Appeals of the State of Oregon ruled that the OPUC does not have the authority to allow PGE to recover a rate of return on its undepreciated investment in the Trojan generating facility. The court upheld the OPUC's authorization of PGE's recovery of its undepreciated investment in Trojan. PGE has filed a petition for review with the Oregon Supreme Court. The OPUC has also filed such a petition for review. In addition, on August 26, 1998, the Utility Reform Project filed a Petition for Review with the Oregon Supreme Court seeking review of that portion of the Oregon Court of Appeals decision relating to PGE's recovery of its undepreciated investment in Trojan. Enron cannot predict the outcome of these actions. Additionally, due to uncertainties in the regulatory process, management cannot predict, with certainty, what ultimate rate- making action the OPUC will take regarding PGE's recovery of a rate of return on its Trojan investment. Although no assurances can be given, Enron believes that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations. Environmental Matters. Enron is subject to extensive federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations. These laws and regulations require expenditures in connection with the construction of new facilities, the operation of existing facilities and for remediation at various operating sites. The implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments is expected to result in increased operating expenses. These increased operating expenses are not expected to have a materially adverse effect on Enron's financial position or results of operations. The EPA has informed Enron that it is a potentially responsible party at the Decorah Former Manufactured Gas Plant Site (the Decorah Site) in Decorah, Iowa, pursuant to the provisions of CERCLA. The manufactured gas plant in Decorah ceased operations in 1951. A predecessor company of Enron purchased the Decorah Site in 1963. Enron's predecessor did not operate the gas plant and sold the Decorah Site in 1965. The EPA alleges that hazardous substances were released to the environment during the period in which Enron's predecessor owned the site, and that Enron's predecessor assumed the liabilities of the company that operated the plant. Enron contests these allegations. To date, the EPA has identified no other potentially responsible parties with respect to this site. Enron has entered into a consent order with the EPA by which it has agreed, although admitting no liability, to replace affected topsoil and remove impacted subsurface soils in certain areas of the tract where the plant was formerly located. Enron completed the final removal actions at the site in November 1998, and expects to conclude all remaining site activities in the spring of 1999. In 1998, Enron's expenses related to the Decorah Site were $300,000 as compared with $400,000 in 1997. Enron believes that expenses incurred in connection with this matter will not have a materially adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations. By order dated June 27, 1995, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection approved a remedial action plan for the Enron Gas Processing Company Brooker Plant in Bradford County, Florida. Soil and groundwater at the plant site had been impacted by historical releases of hydrocarbons from the now inactive liquids extraction plant. Site remedial work commenced in 1996 and is expected to continue for several years at a total cost of approximately $5 million. Enron has also received from the EPA an Order issued under CERCLA alleging that Enron and two other parties are responsible for the cost of demolition and proper disposal of two 110-foot towers that apparently had been used in the manufacture of carbon dioxide at a site called the "City Bumper Site" in Cincinnati, Ohio. The carbon dioxide plant, according to agency documents, was in operation from 1926 to 1966. Houston Natural Gas Corporation, a predecessor of Enron Corp., merged with Liquid Carbonic Industries (LCI) on January 31, 1969. Liquid Carbonic Corporation (LCC), a subsidiary of LCI, had title to the site. Twenty-eight days after the merger, on February 28, 1969, the site was sold to a third party. In 1984, LCC was sold to an unaffiliated party in a stock sale. Although Enron does not admit liability with respect to any costs at this site, it agreed to cooperate with the EPA and other potentially responsible parties to undertake the work contemplated by EPA's Order. The tower demolition and removal activities were completed in October 1998, and a final project report has been prepared for submission to the EPA. In 1998, Enron's expenses related to the City Bumper Site were $600,000. Enron does not expect to incur material expenditures in connection with this site. Enron's natural gas pipeline companies conduct soil and groundwater remediation of a number of their facilities. In 1998, these expenses were $1.3 million as compared with $1.7 million in 1997. Enron does not expect to incur material expenditures in connection with soil and groundwater remediation. In addition, Enron has received requests for information from the EPA and state environmental agencies inquiring whether Enron has disposed of materials at other waste disposal sites. Enron has also received requests for contribution from other parties with respect to the cleanup of other sites. Enron may be required to share in the costs of the cleanup of some of these sites. However, based upon the amounts claimed and the nature and volume of materials sent to sites at which Enron has an interest, management does not believe that any potential costs incurred in connection with these notices and third party claims, either taken individually or in the aggregate, will have a material impact on Enron's financial position or results of operations. Item 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS None.
10-K5th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 5th
PART II Item 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS Common Stock The following table indicates the high and low sales prices for the common stock of Enron as reported on the New York Stock Exchange (consolidated transactions reporting system), the principal market in which the securities are traded, and dividends paid per share for the calendar quarters indicated. The common stock is also listed for trading on the Chicago Stock Exchange and the Pacific Stock Exchange, as well as The London Stock Exchange and Frankfurt Stock Exchange. [Download Table] 1998 1997 High Low Dividends High Low Dividends First Quarter $48 $38 1/8 $.2375 $45 1/8 $37 7/8 $.2250 Second Quarter 54 5/16 45 9/16 .2375 42 3/8 35 5/8 .2250 Third Quarter 58 7/16 40 5/8 .2375 42 35 .2250 Fourth Quarter 58 3/4 49 1/2 .2500 41 15/16 35 15/16 .2375 Cumulative Second Preferred Convertible Stock The following table indicates the high and low sales prices for the Cumulative Second Preferred Convertible Stock ("Second Preferred Stock") of Enron as reported on the New York Stock Exchange (consolidated transactions reporting system), the principal market in which the securities are traded, and dividends paid per share for the calendar quarters indicated. The Second Preferred Stock is also listed for trading on the Chicago Stock Exchange. [Download Table] 1998 1997 High Low Dividends High Low Dividends First Quarter $634 $565 $3.2424 $600 $600 $3.0717 Second Quarter 684 13/16 622 3/4 3.2424 555 496 3.0717 Third Quarter -- -- 3.2424 540 535 3.0717 Fourth Quarter 732 1/2 718 3.4130 523 523 3.2424 At December 31, 1998, there were approximately 58,598 record holders of common stock and 209 record holders of Second Preferred Stock. Other information required by this item is set forth under Item 6 -- "Selected Financial Data (Unaudited) - Common Stock Statistics" for the years 1994-1998. Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities On December 17, 1998, Enron issued in a private placement pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act 204,800 shares of its Mandatorily Convertible Reset Preferred Stock, Series A, to Preferred Voting Trust, a Delaware statutory business trust, in exchange for all of the beneficial interests in such trust. On December 30, 1998, Enron issued in a private placement pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act 83,000 shares of its Mandatorily Convertible Reset Preferred Stock, Series B, to Aguia Voting Trust, a Delaware statutory business trust, in exchange for all of the beneficial interests in such trust.
10-K6th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 6th
[Download Table] Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED) 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 Operating Revenues (millions) $31,260 $20,273 $13,289 $ 9,189 $ 8,984 Total Assets (millions) $29,350 $22,552 $16,137 $13,239 $11,966 Common Stock Statistics Income from continuing operations Total (millions) $703 $105 $584 $520 $453 Per share - basic $2.14 $0.32 $2.31 $2.07 $1.80 Per share - diluted $2.02 $0.32 $2.16 $1.94 $1.70 Earnings on common stock Total (millions) $686 $ 88 $568 $504 $438 Per share - basic $2.14 $0.32 $2.31 $2.07 $1.80 Per share - diluted $2.02 $0.32 $2.16 $1.94 $1.70 Dividends Total (millions) $312 $243 $212 $205 $192 Per share $0.96 $0.91 $0.86 $0.81 $0.76 Shares outstanding (millions) Actual at year-end 331 307 251 245 244 Average for the year 321 272 246 244 243 Capitalization (millions) Long-term debt $ 7,357 $ 6,254 $3,349 $3,065 $2,805 Preferred stock of subsidiary 1,001 993 592 377 377 Minority interest 2,143 1,147 755 549 290 Shareholders' equity 7,048 5,618 3,723 3,165 2,880 Total capitalization $17,549 $14,012 $8,419 $7,156 $6,352
10-K7th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 7th
Item 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following review of the results of operations and financial condition of Enron Corp. and its subsidiaries and affiliates (Enron) should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Consolidated Net Income Enron's net income for 1998 was $703 million compared to $105 million in 1997 and $584 million in 1996. Enron's operating segments include Exploration and Production (Enron Oil & Gas Company), Transportation and Distribution (Gas Pipeline Group and Portland General), Wholesale Energy Operations and Services (Enron Capital & Trade Resources and Enron International), Retail Energy Services (Enron Energy Services) and Corporate and Other, which includes certain new businesses. The results of Portland General have been included in Enron's Consolidated Financial Statements beginning July 1, 1997. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Items impacting comparability are discussed in the respective segment results. Net income includes the following: [Download Table] (In Millions) 1998 1997 1996 After-tax results before items impacting comparability $ 698 $ 515 $ 493 Items impacting comparability:(a) Gain on sale of 7% of Enron Energy Services shares - 61 - Gains on sales of Enron Oil & Gas Company stock 45 - 90 Charge to reflect losses on contracted MTBE production (40) (74) - Charge to reflect impact of amended J-Block gas contract - (463) - Gains on sales of liquids and gathering assets - 66 59 Reserve for qualified facilities disposition - - (54) Other - - (4) Reported net income $ 703 $ 105 $ 584 <FN> (a) Tax affected at 35%, except where a specific tax rate applied. Diluted earnings per share of common stock were as follows: [Download Table] 1998 1997 1996 Diluted earnings per share: After-tax results before items impacting comparability $2.01 $1.74 $1.82 Items impacting comparability: Gain on sale of 7% of Enron Energy Services shares - 0.21 - Gains on sales of Enron Oil & Gas Company stock 0.13 - 0.33 Charge to reflect losses on contracted MTBE production (0.12) (0.25) - Charge to reflect impact of amended J-Block gas contract - (1.57) - Gains on sales of liquids and gathering assets - 0.22 0.22 Reserve for qualified facilities disposition - - (0.20) Other - - (0.01) Effect of anti-dilution(a) - (0.03) - Reported diluted earnings per share $2.02 $0.32 $2.16 <FN> (a) For 1997, the conversion of preferred shares to common shares for purposes of the diluted earnings per share calculation was anti-dilutive by $0.03 per share. However, in order to present comparable results, per share amounts for each earnings component were calculated using 295 million shares, which assumes the conversion of preferred shares to common shares. Income Before Interest, Minority Interests and Income Taxes The following table presents income before interest, minority interests and income taxes (IBIT) for each of Enron's operating segments (see Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements): [Download Table] (In Millions) 1998 1997 1996 Exploration and Production $ 128 $ 183 $ 200 Transportation and Distribution: Gas Pipeline Group 351 466 524 Portland General 286 114 - Wholesale Energy Operations and Services 968 654 466 Retail Energy Services (119) (107) - Corporate and Other (32) (745) 48 Reported income before interest, minority interests and taxes $1,582 $ 565 $1,238 Exploration and Production Enron's exploration and production operations are conducted by Enron Oil & Gas Company (EOG). Wellhead volume and price statistics (including intercompany amounts) are as follows: [Download Table] 1998 1997 1996 Natural gas volumes (MMcf/d)(a) North America 776 758 706 Trinidad 139 113 124 India 56 18 - Total 971 889 830 Average natural gas prices ($/Mcf) North America $1.86 $2.20 $1.92 Trinidad 1.06 1.05 1.00 India 2.41 2.79 - Composite 1.78 2.07 1.78 Crude oil/condensate volumes (MBbl/d)(a) North America 16.6 14.2 11.6 Trinidad 3.0 3.4 5.2 India 5.1 2.3 2.8 Total 24.7 19.9 19.6 Average crude oil/condensate prices ($/Bbl) North America $12.67 $19.33 $21.08 Trinidad 12.26 18.68 19.76 India 12.86 20.05 20.17 Composite 12.66 19.30 20.60 <FN> (a) Million cubic feet per day or thousand barrels per day, as applicable. The following analyzes the significant components of IBIT for Exploration and Production: [Download Table] (In Millions) 1998 1997 1996 Net revenues $769 $783 $730 Corporate hedging activities 19 (8) (4) Operating expenses 219 210 181 Exploration expenses 121 102 89 Depreciation, depletion and amortization 315 278 251 Operating income 133 185 205 Other income, net (5) (2) (5) Reported income before interest, minority interests and taxes $128 $183 $200 Net Revenues Exploration and Production's revenues, net of gas sold in connection with natural gas marketing, decreased $14 million (2%) in 1998 after increasing $53 million (7%) in 1997. The 1998 change reflects lower average wellhead natural gas prices and crude oil and condensate prices, partially offset by increased production volumes of both natural gas and crude oil and condensate. The 1997 increase reflected both increased average wellhead natural gas prices and increased production volumes. Other marketing activities, which include hedging, trading and natural gas marketing transactions by EOG, reduced net revenues by $4 million in 1998 and $61 million in 1997, compared with an increase of $4 million in 1996. Net revenues also include gains on sales of crude oil and gas reserves and related assets of $26 million in 1998, $9 million in 1997 and $20 million in 1996. Costs and Expenses Operating expenses and depreciation, depletion and amortization (DD&A) increased in 1998 and 1997 primarily due to expanded operations and increased worldwide production volumes in both years and a higher DD&A rate in North America in 1998. Exploration expenses increased 19% in 1998 and 15% in 1997 as compared to the prior year, primarily as a result of increased exploratory drilling activities and expenses related to lease acquisitions in North America. Outlook EOG plans to continue to focus a substantial portion of its development and exploration expenditures in its major producing areas in North America. In addition, EOG anticipates additional spending for the continued development of its projects in India, Trinidad and China. In December 1998, Enron received an unsolicited indication of interest from a third party with respect to exploring a possible transaction pursuant to which the third party would acquire Enron's shares of EOG common stock and offer to acquire the remaining shares of outstanding EOG common stock. There can be no assurance that any such transaction will be consummated. Transportation and Distribution Transportation and Distribution consists of Gas Pipeline Group and Portland General. Gas Pipeline Group includes Enron's interstate natural gas pipelines, primarily Northern Natural Gas Company (Northern), Transwestern Pipeline Company (Transwestern), Enron's 50% interest in Florida Gas Transmission Company (Florida Gas) and Enron's interest in Northern Border Pipeline. Portland General results are included for the period since the July 1, 1997 merger (see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Gas Pipeline Group. The following table summarizes total volumes transported by each of Enron's interstate natural gas pipelines. [Download Table] 1998 1997 1996 Total Volumes Transported (Bbtu/d)(a) Northern Natural Gas 4,098 4,364 4,577 Transwestern Pipeline 1,608 1,416 1,341 Florida Gas Transmission 1,341 1,341 1,296 Northern Border Pipeline 1,770 1,800 1,801 <FN> (a) Billion British thermal units per day. Amounts reflect 100% of each entity's throughput volumes. Florida Gas and Northern Border Pipeline are unconsolidated affiliates. Significant components of IBIT are as follows: [Download Table] (In Millions) 1998 1997 1996 Net revenues $640 $665 $719 Operating expenses 276 310 316 Depreciation and amortization 70 69 66 Equity in earnings 32 40 35 Other income, net 25 38 44 IBIT before items impacting comparability 351 364 416 Gains on sales of liquids and gathering assets - 102 90 Other - - 18 Reported income before interest and taxes $351 $466 $524 Net Revenues Revenues, net of cost of sales, of Gas Pipeline Group declined $25 million (4%) during 1998 and $54 million (8%) during 1997 as compared to the applicable preceding year. The decrease in net revenue in 1998 compared to 1997 was primarily due to the warmer than normal winter in Northern's service territory and the reduction of transition costs recovered through a regulatory surcharge at Northern. The decrease in net revenues in 1997 compared to 1996 was primarily due to the sale of natural gas liquids assets in early 1997 and the turnback of capacity at Transwestern, resulting in reduced transportation revenues beginning in November 1996. Operating Expenses Operating expenses of Gas Pipeline Group decreased $34 million (11%) during 1998, primarily as a result of the reduction of transition costs at Northern and lower overhead costs. Operating expenses declined $6 million (2%) during 1997, primarily due to a reduction of transition costs at Northern. Equity in Earnings Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates decreased $8 million in 1998 after increasing $5 million during 1997 as compared to 1996. These changes were primarily due to higher 1997 earnings from Citrus Corp. (Citrus), which holds Enron's 50% interest in Florida Gas. Earnings from Citrus were higher in 1997 due to a contract restructuring. Other Income, Net Other income, net decreased $13 million (34%) in 1998 as compared to 1997 primarily as a result of income recognized in 1997 related to liquids assets sold in 1997. Included in 1998 were gains of $21 million recognized from the monetization of an interest in an equity investment, substantially offset by charges related to litigation. Items Impacting Comparability Gains of $102 million were recognized in 1997 related to the sales of liquids assets, including processing plants and Enron's interest in Enron Liquids Pipeline L.P. During 1996, gains of $90 million related to the disposition of non- strategic natural gas gathering facilities were recognized, and gains of $18 million were recorded as a result of favorable resolution of litigation. Portland General. Results for Portland General have been included in Enron's Consolidated Financial Statements beginning July 1, 1997. Since that date, Portland General realized IBIT, as follows: [Download Table] (In Millions) 1998 1997(a) Revenues $1,196 $746 Purchased power and fuel 451 389 Operating expenses 295 154 Depreciation and amortization 183 91 Other income, net 19 2 Reported income before interest and taxes $ 286 $114 <FN> (a) Represents the period from July 1, 1997 through December 31, 1997. The 1998 results were impacted by a warmer than normal winter and the transfer of the majority of its electricity wholesale business to the Enron Wholesale segment, partially offset by an increase in sales to retail customers. Statistics for Portland General for 1998 and for the period from July 1 through December 31, 1997 are as follows: [Download Table] 1998 1997 Electricity Sales (Thousand MWh)(a) Residential 7,101 3,379 Commercial 6,781 3,618 Industrial 3,562 2,166 Total Retail 17,444 9,163 Wholesale 10,869 13,448 Total Electricity Sales 28,313 22,611 Resource Mix Coal 16% 10% Combustion Turbine 12 5 Hydro 9 5 Total Generation 37 20 Firm Purchases 56 74 Secondary Purchases 7 6 Total Resources 100% 100% Average Variable Power Cost (Mills/KWh)(b) Generation 8.6 8.7 Firm Purchases 17.3 18.9 Secondary Purchases 23.6 13.2 Total Average Variable Power Cost 15.6 17.2 Retail Customers (end of period, thousands) 704 685 <FN> (a) Thousand megawatt-hours. (b) Mills (1/10 cent) per kilowatt-hour. Outlook Transportation and Distribution should continue to provide stable earnings and cash flows during 1999, including steady growth over 1998 levels. Gas Pipeline Group continues to expand its pipeline system to provide services to existing customers and new markets. Florida Gas has an expansion planned to provide new capacity of 270 MMcf/d into Southwest Florida by the year 2001 and is evaluating other expansions to meet Florida's expected strong growth in gas consumption. Future results of Northern Border Pipeline will reflect its 700 MMcf/d extension of service to the Chicago market area. A further expansion to Indiana through a 35-mile, 545 MMcf/d extension of its pipeline will be placed in service in the year 2000. Transwestern is considering expansions to bring in additional supplies from the San Juan basin to California. Portland General anticipates continuing retail customer growth in one of the fastest growing service territories in the U.S. In late 1997, Portland General filed a Customer Choice Plan proposal and rate case with the Oregon Public Utility Commission (OPUC) which would open its service territory to competition. Under the proposed Customer Choice Plan, Portland General would separate its generation business from its transmission and distribution businesses and Portland General would become a regulated transmission and distribution company focused on delivering, but not selling, electricity. In July 1998, the OPUC staff issued its position, disagreeing with Portland General's proposal for full customer choice. In January 1999, the OPUC issued an order, which is contingent upon the adoption of certain regulatory changes by the Oregon Legislature, with recommendations that included allowing small retail customers a limited set of options including the ability to continue to purchase rate- regulated electricity, allowing most commercial and industrial users to have the ability to choose their electricity provider and allowing Portland General to sell its coal- and gas-fired generation plants but rejecting Portland General's request to sell its hydroelectric assets. Additionally, the order requires Portland General, should it choose to adopt OPUC's recommendations, to file a new rate case. Portland General is reviewing the OPUC order, but will not implement any of the recommendations until the changes are agreed upon by all parties. The issue of restructuring will be further addressed by the 1999 Oregon Legislature. Portland General will support legislation that creates a comprehensive approach to the electricity industry that helps develop a market that is truly competitive. Wholesale Energy Operations and Services Enron's wholesale energy operations and services business (Enron Wholesale) operates in North America, Europe and other countries. Activities are conducted primarily by Enron Capital & Trade Resources and Enron International. Enron Wholesale is categorized into two business lines: (a) Commodity Sales and Services and (b) Energy Assets and Investments. Integrated energy-related products and services related to these business lines are offered to wholesale customers in varying degrees in each of Enron Wholesale's markets. Enron manages its commodity and asset portfolios in order to maximize value, minimize the associated risks and provide overall liquidity. In this process, Enron utilizes portfolio and risk management disciplines including certain hedging transactions to manage portions of its market exposures (commodity, interest rate, foreign currency and equity exposures). Enron Wholesale from time to time monetizes its contract portfolios (producing cash and transferring counterparty credit risk to third parties) and sells interests in investments and assets. The following table reflects IBIT for each business line: [Download Table] (In Millions) 1998 1997 1996 Commodity Sales and Services $411 $249 $348 Energy Assets and Investments 709 565 263 Unallocated expenses (152) (160) (145) Reported income before interest, minority interests and taxes $968 $654 $466 The following discussion analyzes the contributions to IBIT for each business line. Commodity Sales and Services. Enron Wholesale provides reliable delivery of energy commodities at predictable prices. The commodity sales and services operations includes the purchase, sale, marketing and delivery of natural gas, electricity, liquids and other commodities, restructuring of existing long-term contracts and the management of Enron's commodity contract portfolios. In addition, Enron provides risk management products and services to energy customers that hedge movements in price and location-based price differentials. Enron's risk management products and services are designed to provide stability to customers in markets impacted by commodity price volatility. Also included in this business is the management of certain operating assets that directly relate to this business, including domestic intrastate pipelines and storage facilities. Enron Wholesale markets and transports a substantial quantity of energy commodities as reflected in the following table (including intercompany amounts): [Download Table] 1998 1997 1996 Physical Volumes (BBtue/d)(a)(b) Gas: United States 7,418 7,654 6,998 Canada 3,486 2,263 1,406 Europe and Other 1,251 660 289 12,155 10,577 8,693 Transport Volumes 559 460 544 Total Gas Volumes 12,714 11,037 9,237 Crude Oil and Liquids 3,570 1,677 1,507 Electricity(c) 11,024 5,256 1,648 Total Physical Volumes (BBtue/d) 27,308 17,970 12,392 Electricity Volumes Marketed (Thousand MWh) United States 401,843 191,746 60,150 Europe and Other 529 100 - Total 402,372 191,846 60,150 Financial Settlements (Notional) (BBtue/d) 75,266 49,082 35,259 <FN> (a) Billion British thermal units equivalent per day. (b) Includes third-party transactions by Enron Energy Services. (c) Represents Electricity Volumes Marketed, converted to BBtue/d. The earnings from commodity sales and services operations increased 65% in 1998 as compared to 1997. The change is primarily due to increased earnings from originations of risk management products and services in North America, including contract restructurings, and increased power marketing earnings, where volumes have increased over 100%, partially offset by fewer originations in Europe, lower earnings related to domestic operating assets and higher expenses. The earnings from commodity sales and services operations decreased 28% in 1997 as compared to 1996 primarily due to lower domestic gas and power margins in 1997 compared with 1996. Although volumes were higher in 1997, greater seasonal volatility of domestic natural gas prices provided higher margins in 1996. Domestic liquids marketing activity was also lower in 1997 compared with 1996. These decreases were partially offset by increased activity in the European markets related to natural gas and power contracts, including originations with utilities and independent power producers (IPPs) in 1997. Originations from long-term contracts in North America decreased in 1997 for both natural gas and power. Energy Assets and Investments. Enron Wholesale's energy assets and investments activities include investments in debt and equity securities of oil and gas producers and other energy-intensive companies. Additionally, Enron Wholesale develops, constructs, operates and manages a large portfolio of energy investments such as power plants and natural gas pipelines. Earnings primarily result from changes in the market value of merchant investments held during the period, equity earnings and gains on sales or restructurings of energy investments. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of these investments. Earnings from energy assets and investments increased 25% in 1998 as compared to 1997 primarily as a result of earnings from the sale of interests in the Puerto Rico, Turkey, Italy and U.K. power projects, from which Enron realized the value created during the development and construction phases, partially offset by development costs and decreased earnings from the management of Enron Wholesale's merchant investments. Some of these transactions involved securitizations in which Enron retained certain interests associated with the underlying assets. Earnings from energy assets and investments increased 115% in 1997 compared with 1996 due primarily to a significant increase in the market value of its investments, including the positive impact of a change in the structure of a joint venture investment, as well as increased earnings from originations and earnings from the sale of interests in U.K. power projects. Also contributing to the increase were fees earned on projects in the U.K. Unallocated Expenses. Net unallocated expenses include rent, systems expenses and other support group costs. Outlook Enron anticipates continued growth in Enron Wholesale during 1999 due to further expansion into new products and markets. In the commodity sales and services business, volumes are expected to continue to increase as Enron maintains or increases its market share in the growing unregulated U.S. power market and the European gas and power markets. In addition, Enron expects to benefit from opportunities related to its substantial portfolio of commodity contracts. Enron also expects to continue increased integration of financial products with its energy commodity portfolio. In the energy assets and investments business, Enron will continue to benefit from opportunities related to its energy investments, including sales or restructurings of appreciated investments, and in providing capital to energy-intensive customers. Equity earnings from operations are expected to increase as a result of commencement of commercial operations of new power plants and pipeline in early 1999 including the larger power project in India. At December 31, 1998, the following international projects were under construction: [Download Table] Estimated Commercial Size/Capacity Operations Date Pipeline(a) Bolivia/Brazil (Phase I) 1,180 miles 2Q 1999 Power Plants(a) Cuiaba - Brazil (Phase I) 150 MW(b) 1Q 1999 Dabhol - India (Phase I) 826 MW 1Q 1999 Piti - Guam 80 MW 1Q 1999 Sutton Bridge - U.K. 790 MW 1Q 1999 Trakya - Turkey 478 MW 1Q 1999 Corinto - Nicaragua 71 MW 2Q 1999 EcoElectrica - Puerto Rico 507 MW 3Q 1999 Nowa Sarzyna - Poland 116 MW 4Q 1999 Sarlux - Italy 551 MW 1Q 2000 <FN> (a) Enron holds varying interests in these projects. (b) Megawatts. Earnings from Enron Wholesale are dependent on the origination and completion of transactions, some of which are individually significant and which are impacted by market conditions, the regulatory environment and customer relationships. Enron Wholesale's transactions have historically been based on a diverse product portfolio, providing a solid base of earnings. Enron's strengths, including its ability to identify and respond to customer needs, access to extensive physical assets and its integrated approach to meeting customers needs, are important drivers of the expected continued earnings growth. In addition, significant earnings are expected from Enron Wholesale's commodity portfolio and investments, which are subject to market fluctuations. External factors, such as the amount of volatility in market prices, impact the earnings opportunity associated with Enron Wholesale's business. Risk related to these activities is managed using naturally offsetting transactions and hedge transactions. The effectiveness of Enron's risk management activities can have a material impact on future earnings. See "Financial Risk Management" for a discussion of market risk related to Enron Wholesale. Retail Energy Services Enron Energy Services (Energy Services), formed in late 1996, is extending Enron's energy expertise to end-use business customers. This includes sales of natural gas, electricity and outsourcing energy management services directly to commercial and industrial customers. Energy Services reported losses before interest, minority interests and taxes of $119 million in 1998 and $107 million in 1997 related to significant investments in building its sales and service capabilities, developing products and services, establishing a support system to service its contracts and supporting Energy Services' regulatory efforts. During 1998, Energy Services completed a significant number of transactions which will provide future revenues and margins. Energy Services revenues totaled $1.1 billion during 1998, a 57% increase from 1997. In late 1997, Enron sold approximately 7% of its ownership of Energy Services for $130 million, to defray startup costs and establish a valuation for this new business. The transaction resulted in an after-tax gain of $61 million, which has been reflected in Corporate and Other. This sale of Energy Services ownership reflected a total enterprise value of $1.9 billion. Since that time, significant new customers and long-term contracts have been obtained. Outlook During 1999, Enron anticipates continued growth in the demand for energy outsourcing solutions. Energy Services will focus on delivering these services to its existing customers, while continuing to expand its commercial and industrial customer base for total energy outsourcing. Energy Services also plans to continue integrating its service delivery capabilities, focusing on the development of best practices, nation-wide procurement opportunities, efficient use of capital and centralized decision making. Energy Services expects reduced losses in 1999. Corporate and Other Corporate and Other includes results of Azurix Corp., which provides water and wastewater services, Enron Communications, Inc. (ECI), which is building a national Internet-protocol fiber-optic network to deliver high content media to business customers, Enron Renewable Energy Corp. (EREC), EOTT Energy Corp. (EOTT) and the operations of Enron's methanol and MTBE plants. Significant components of IBIT are as follows: [Download Table] (In Millions) 1998 1997 1996 IBIT before items impacting comparability $ 7 $ (31) $ (22) Items impacting comparability: Gain on sale of 7% of Enron Energy Services shares - 61 - Gains on sales of Enron Oil & Gas Company stock 22 - 178 Charge to reflect losses on contracted MTBE production (61) (100) - Charge to reflect impact of amended J-Block gas contract - (675) - Reserve for qualified facilities disposition - - (83) Miscellaneous reserves and other items - - (25) Reported income before interest and taxes $(32) $(745) $ 48 Results in 1998 were favorably impacted by increased earnings related to ECI from the sale of capacity on its fiber-optic network and increases in the market value of certain corporate-managed financial instruments, partially offset by higher corporate expenses. During 1998, Enron recognized a pre-tax gain of $22 million on the delivery of 10.5 million shares of EOG stock held by Enron as repayment of mandatorily exchangeable debt. Enron also recorded a $61 million charge to reflect losses on contracted MTBE production. During 1997, Enron recorded a non-recurring charge of $675 million, primarily reflecting the impact of Enron's amended J-Block gas contract in the U.K., and a $100 million charge primarily to reflect losses on contracted MTBE production. In 1996, a gain of $178 million was recognized, primarily related to the sale of 12 million outstanding shares of EOG stock held by Enron. The 1996 results included an $83 million reserve related to the required disposition of certain assets in connection with the merger with Portland General. Interest and Related Charges, Net Interest and related charges, net of interest capitalized, increased $149 million in 1998 and $127 million in 1997. The increase in 1998 as compared to 1997 was primarily a result of higher debt levels, including the issuance of approximately $2.1 billion in debt between November 1997 and the end of 1998, mainly to finance capital expenditures and investments. The 1998 interest expense also reflects the impact of twelve months of interest expense on debt related to the merger with Portland General. The 1997 increase was primarily due to higher debt levels, including debt of $1.1 billion from Portland General following the merger on July 1, 1997 (see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Interest capitalized, which totaled $66 million, $18 million and $12 million for 1998, 1997, and 1996, respectively, increased in 1998 as a result of the commencement of construction of several power projects. Dividends on Company-Obligated Preferred Securities of Subsidiaries Dividends on company-obligated preferred securities of subsidiaries increased from $34 million in 1996 to $69 million in 1997 and to $77 million in 1998, primarily due to the issuance of $215 million and $372 million of additional preferred securities by Enron subsidiaries during 1996 and 1997, respectively. Company-obligated preferred securities of subsidiaries also increased by $29 million in 1997 for securities of Portland General. Minority Interests Minority interests were $77 million in 1998 compared to $80 million in 1997 and $75 million in 1996. Minority interests in 1998 include EOG and the minority owner's share of dividends on preferred stock issued in connection with the formation of an Enron-controlled joint venture in late 1997. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Minority interests in 1997 and 1996 relate to EOG and Enron Global Power & Pipelines, L.L.C. (EPP) until Enron's acquisition of the EPP minority interest in November 1997. Income Tax Expense Income tax expense increased in 1998 as compared to 1997 primarily as a result of increased earnings, partially offset by differences between the book and tax basis of certain assets and stock sales. Income tax expense decreased for 1997 as compared to 1996 primarily as a result of pretax losses due to the non- recurring charges for the restructuring of Enron's J-Block contract and for losses on contracted MTBE production. In addition, the 1997 tax provision was reduced for differences between the book and tax basis of certain assets and stock sales. YEAR 2000 The Year 2000 problem results from the use in computer hardware and software of two digits rather than four digits to define the applicable year. The use of two digits was a common practice for decades when computer storage and processing was much more expensive than today. When computer systems must process dates both before and after January 1, 2000, two-digit year "fields" may create processing ambiguities that can cause errors and system failures. For example, computer programs that have date- sensitive features may recognize a date represented by "00" as the year 1900, instead of 2000. These errors or failures may have limited effects, or the effects may be widespread, depending on the computer chip, system or software, and its location and function. The effects of the Year 2000 problem are exacerbated because of the interdependence of computer and telecommunications systems in the United States and throughout the world. This interdependence certainly is true for Enron and Enron's suppliers, trading partners, and customers, as well as for governments of countries around the world where Enron does business. State of Readiness Enron's Board of Directors has been briefed about the Year 2000 problems generally and as they may affect Enron. The Board has adopted a Year 2000 plan (the "Plan") covering all of Enron's business units. The aim of the Plan is to take reasonable steps to prevent Enron's mission-critical functions from being impaired due to the Year 2000 problem. "Mission-critical" functions are those critical functions whose loss would cause an immediate stoppage of or significant impairment to major business areas (a major business area is one of material importance to Enron's business). Implementation of Enron's Year 2000 plan is directly supervised by a Senior Vice President who is aided by a Year 2000 Project Director. The Project Director coordinates the implementation of the Plan among Enron's business units. As part of the overall Plan, each business unit in turn has developed, and is implementing, a Year 2000 plan specific to it. Enron also has engaged outside consultants, technicians and other external resources to aid in formulating and implementing the Plan. Enron is implementing the Plan, which will be modified as events warrant. Under the Plan, Enron will continue to inventory its mission-critical computer hardware and software systems and embedded chips (computer chips with date-related functions, contained in a wide variety of devices); assess the effects of Year 2000 problems on the mission-critical functions of Enron's business units; remedy systems, software and embedded chips in an effort to avoid material disruptions or other material adverse effects on mission-critical functions, processes and systems; verify and test the mission-critical systems to which remediation efforts have been applied; and attempt to mitigate those mission-critical aspects of the Year 2000 problem that are not remediated by January 1, 2000, including the development of contingency plans to cope with the mission-critical consequences of Year 2000 problems that have not been identified or remediated by that date. The Plan recognizes that the computer, telecommunications, and other systems ("Outside Systems") of outside entities ("Outside Entities") have the potential for major, mission-critical, adverse effects on the conduct of Enron's business. Enron does not have control of these Outside Entities or Outside Systems. (In some cases, Outside Entities are foreign governments or businesses located in foreign countries.) However, Enron's Plan includes an ongoing process of identifying and contacting Outside Entities whose systems, in Enron's judgment, have or may have a substantial effect on Enron's ability to continue to conduct the mission-critical aspects of its business without disruption from Year 2000 problems. The Plan envisions Enron attempting to inventory and assess the extent to which these Outside Systems may not be "Year 2000 ready" or "Year 2000 compatible." Enron will attempt reasonably to coordinate with these Outside Entities in an ongoing effort to obtain assurance that the Outside Systems that are mission-critical to Enron will be Year 2000 compatible well before January 1, 2000. Consequently, Enron will work prudently with Outside Entities in a reasonable attempt to inventory, assess, analyze, convert (where necessary), test, and develop contingency plans for Enron's connections to these mission-critical Outside Systems and to ascertain the extent to which they are, or can be made to be, Year 2000 ready and compatible with Enron's mission- critical systems. It is important to recognize that the processes of inventorying, assessing, analyzing, converting (where necessary), testing, and developing contingency plans for mission-critical items in anticipation of the Year 2000 event are necessarily iterative processes. That is, the steps are repeated as Enron learns more about the Year 2000 problem and its effects on Enron's internal systems and on Outside Systems, and about the effects that embedded chips may have on Enron's systems and Outside Systems. As the steps are repeated, it is likely that new problems will be identified and addressed. Enron anticipates that it will continue with these processes through January 1, 2000 and, if necessary based on experience, into the year 2000 in order to assess and remediate problems that reasonably can be identified only after the start of the new century. As of February 15, 1999, Enron and all its business units were at various stages in implementation of the Plan, as shown in the following tables. The first table deals with the Enron business units' mission-critical internal systems (including embedded chips) and the second deals with the business units' mission-critical Outside Systems of Outside Entities. Any notation of "complete" conveys the fact only that the initial iteration of this phase has been substantially completed. [Enlarge/Download Table] Year 2000 Plan Readiness by Enron Business Unit (Mission-Critical Internal Items) Contingency Inventory Assessment Analysis Conversion Testing Y2K-Ready Plan Exploration and Production C IP IP IP IP IP IP Transportation and Distribution: Gas Pipeline Group C C IP IP IP IP IP Portland General C C C IP IP IP IP Wholesale: Domestic C C C IP IP IP IP Europe C C C IP IP IP IP Other International IP IP IP IP IP IP IP Retail Energy Services C C IP IP IP IP IP Corporate and Other IP IP IP IP IP IP IP [Enlarge/Download Table] Year 2000 Plan Readiness by Enron Business Unit (Mission-Critical Outside Entities) Contingency Inventory Assessment Analysis Conversion Testing Y2K-Ready Plan Exploration and Production IP IP IP IP IP IP IP Transportation and Distribution: Gas Pipeline Group C C IP IP IP IP IP Portland General C C C IP IP IP IP Wholesale: Domestic C IP IP IP TBI IP TBI Europe C C IP TBI TBI IP TBI Other International IP IP IP IP IP IP IP Retail Energy Services C C IP IP IP IP IP Corporate and Other C IP IP IP IP IP IP Legend: C = Complete IP = In Process TBI = To Be Initiated The following tables show, by business unit, historical and estimated completion dates, as applicable, for the initial iteration of various stages of the Plan. The first table deals with the Enron business units' mission- critical internal systems (including embedded chips) and the second deals with the business units' mission-critical Outside Systems of Outside Entities. [Enlarge/Download Table] Year 2000 Plan Completion Dates by Enron Business Unit (Mission-Critical Internal Items) Contingency Inventory Assessment Analysis Conversion Testing Y2K-Ready Plan Exploration and Production 12/98 3/99 3/99 6/99 9/99 9/99 9/99 Transportation and Distribution: Gas Pipeline Group 12/98 1/99 4/99 6/99 7/99 8/99 6/99 Portland General 12/97 10/98 10/98 6/99 6/99 6/99 6/99 Wholesale: Domestic 6/98 8/98 12/98 6/99 6/99 6/99 9/99 Europe 7/98 8/98 8/98 4/99 4/99 7/99 7/99 Other International 3/99 3/99 4/99 6/99 7/99 8/99 6/99 Retail Energy Services 1/99 2/99 3/99 4/99 5/99 7/99 7/99 Corporate and Other 2/99 2/99 3/99 3/99 3/99 6/99 6/99 [Enlarge/Download Table] Year 2000 Plan Completion Dates by Enron Business Unit (Mission-Critical Outside Entities) Contingency Inventory Assessment Analysis Conversion Testing Y2K-Ready Plan Exploration and Production 3/99 6/99 6/99 9/99 9/99 9/99 9/99 Transportation and Distribution: Gas Pipeline Group 11/98 1/99 4/99 5/99 5/99 6/99 6/99 Portland General 10/98 11/98 11/98 6/99 6/99 6/99 6/99 Wholesale: Domestic 7/98 3/99 5/99 7/99 9/99 9/99 9/99 Europe 6/98 7/98 3/99 8/99 8/99 8/99 8/99 Other International 2/99 2/99 4/99 6/99 7/99 8/99 6/99 Retail Energy Services 1/99 1/99 3/99 4/99 5/99 6/99 6/99 Corporate and Other 10/98 3/99 3/99 6/99 6/99 6/99 6/99 Enron will continue to closely monitor work under the Plan and to revise estimated completion dates for the initial iteration of each listed process. Costs to Address Year 2000 Issues Under the Plan and otherwise, Enron has not incurred material historical costs for Year 2000 awareness, inventory, assessment, analysis, conversion, testing, or contingency planning. Further, Enron anticipates that its future costs for these purposes, including those for implementing its Year 2000 contingency plans, will not be material. Although management believes that its estimates are reasonable, there can be no assurance, for the reasons stated in the "Summary" section below, that the actual costs of implementing the Plan will not differ materially from the estimated costs or that Enron will not be materially adversely affected by Year 2000 issues. Year 2000 Risk Factors Regulatory requirements. Certain of Enron's business units operate in industries that are regulated by governmental authorities. Enron expects to satisfy these regulatory authorities' requirements for achieving Year 2000 readiness. If Enron's reasonable expectations in this regard are in error, and if a regulatory authority should order the temporary cessation of Enron's operations in one or more of these areas, the adverse effect on Enron could be material. Outside Entities could face similar problems that materially adversely affect Enron. Shortage of resources. Between now and Year 2000 there will be increased competition for people with the technical and managerial skills necessary to deal with the Year 2000 problem. While Enron is taking substantial precautions to recruit and retain sufficient people skilled in dealing with the Year 2000 problem and has hired consultants who bring additional skilled people to deal with the Year 2000 problem as it affects Enron, Enron could face shortages of skilled personnel or other resources, such as Year 2000 ready computer chips, and these shortages might delay or otherwise impair Enron's progress towards making its mission-critical systems Year 2000 ready. Outside Entities could face similar problems that materially adversely affect Enron. Enron believes that the possible impact of the shortage of skilled people is not, and will not be, unique to Enron. Potential shortcoming. Enron estimates that its mission- critical systems, domestic and international, will be Year 2000- ready substantially before January 1, 2000. However, there is no assurance that the Plan will succeed in accomplishing its purposes or that unforeseen circumstances will not arise during implementation of the Plan that would materially and adversely affect Enron. Cascading effect. Enron and its business units are taking reasonable steps to identify, assess, and, where appropriate, replace devices that contain embedded chips. Despite these reasonable efforts, Enron anticipates that it will not be able to find and remediate all embedded chips in systems in Enron's business units. Further, Enron anticipates that Outside Entities on which Enron depends also will not be able to find and remediate all embedded chips in their systems. Some of the embedded chips that fail to operate or that produce anomalous results may create system disruptions or failures. Some of these disruptions or failures may spread from the systems in which they are located to other systems in a cascade. These cascading failures may have adverse effects upon Enron's ability to maintain safe operations and may also have adverse effects upon Enron's ability to serve its customers and otherwise to fulfill certain contractual and other legal obligations. The embedded chip problem is widely recognized as one of the more difficult aspects of the Year 2000 problem across industries and throughout the world. Enron believes that the possible adverse impact of the embedded chip problem is not, and will not be, unique to Enron. Third parties. Enron cannot assure that suppliers upon which it depends for essential goods and services will convert and test their mission-critical systems and processes in a timely and effective manner. Failure or delay to do so by all or some of these entities, including U.S. federal, state or local governments and foreign governments, could create substantial disruptions having a material adverse affect on Enron's business. Contingency Plans As part of the Plan, Enron is developing contingency plans that deal with two aspects of the Year 2000 problem: (1) that Enron, despite its good-faith, reasonable efforts, may not have satisfactorily remediated all of its internal mission-critical systems; and (2) that Outside Systems may not be Year 2000 ready, despite Enron's good-faith, reasonable efforts to work with Outside Entities. Enron's contingency plans are being designed to minimize the disruptions or other adverse effects resulting from Year 2000 incompatibilities regarding these mission-critical functions or systems, and to facilitate the early identification and remediation of mission-critical Year 2000 problems that first manifest themselves after January 1, 2000. Enron's contingency plans will contemplate an assessment of all its mission-critical internal information technology systems and its internal operational systems that use computer-based controls. This process will commence in the early minutes of January 1, 2000, and continue for hours, days, or weeks as circumstances require. Further, Enron will in that time frame assess any mission-critical disruptions due to Year 2000-related failures that are external to Enron. The assessment process will cover, for example, loss of electrical power from utilities; telecommunications services from carriers; or building access, security, or elevator service in facilities occupied by Enron. Enron's contingency plans include the creation of teams that will be standing by on the evening of December 31, 1999, prepared to respond rapidly and otherwise as necessary to mission-critical Year 2000-related problems as soon as they become known. The composition of teams that are assigned to deal with Year 2000 problems will vary according to the nature, mission-criticality, and location of the problem. Because Enron operates internationally, some of its Year 2000 contingency teams will be stationed at Enron's mission-critical facilities overseas. Worst Case Scenario The Securities and Exchange Commission requires that public companies forecast the most reasonably likely worst case Year 2000 scenario. Analysis of the most reasonably likely worst case Year 2000 scenarios Enron may face leads to contemplation of the following possibilities which, though unlikely in some or many cases, must be included in any consideration of worst cases: widespread failure of electrical, gas, and similar supplies by utilities serving Enron domestically and internationally; widespread disruption of the services of communications common carriers domestically and internationally; similar disruption to means and modes of transportation for Enron and its employees, contractors, suppliers, and customers; significant disruption to Enron's ability to gain access to, and remain working in, office buildings and other facilities; the failure of substantial numbers of Enron's mission-critical information (computer) hardware and software systems, including both internal business systems and systems (such as those with embedded chips) controlling operational facilities such as electrical generation, transmission, and distribution systems and oil and gas plants and pipelines, domestically and internationally; and the failure, domestically and internationally, of Outside Systems, the effects of which would have a cumulative material adverse impact on Enron's mission-critical systems. Among other things, Enron could face substantial claims by customers or loss of revenues due to service interruptions, inability to fulfill contractual obligations, inability to account for certain revenues or obligations or to bill customers accurately and on a timely basis, and increased expenses associated with litigation, stabilization of operations following mission-critical failures, and the execution of contingency plans. Enron could also experience an inability by customers, traders, and others to pay, on a timely basis or at all, obligations owed to Enron. Under these circumstances, the adverse effect on Enron, and the diminution of Enron's revenues, would be material, although not quantifiable at this time. Further in this scenario, the cumulative effect of these failures could have a substantial adverse effect on the economy, domestically and internationally. The adverse effect on Enron, and the diminution of Enron's revenues, from a domestic or global recession or depression also is likely to be material, although not quantifiable at this time. Enron will continue to monitor business conditions with the aim of assessing and minimizing adverse effects, if any, that result or may result from the Year 2000 problem. Summary Enron has a plan to deal with the Year 2000 challenge and believes that it will be able to achieve substantial Year 2000 readiness with respect to the mission critical systems that it controls. However, from a forward-looking perspective, the extent and magnitude of the Year 2000 problem as it will affect Enron, both before and for some period after January 1, 2000, are difficult to predict or quantify for a number of reasons. Among these are: the difficulty of locating "embedded" chips that may be in a great variety of mission-critical hardware used for process or flow control, environmental, transportation, access, communications and other systems; the difficulty of inventorying, assessing, remediating, verifying and testing Outside Systems; the difficulty in locating all mission-critical software (computer code) internal to Enron that is not Year 2000 compatible; and the unavailability of certain necessary internal or external resources, including but not limited to trained hardware and software engineers, technicians, and other personnel to perform adequate remediation, verification and testing of mission-critical Enron systems or Outside Systems. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that all of Enron's systems and all Outside Systems will be adequately remediated so that they are Year 2000 ready by January 1, 2000, or by some earlier date, so as not to create a material disruption to Enron's business. If, despite Enron's reasonable efforts under its Year 2000 Plan, there are mission-critical Year 2000-related failures that create substantial disruptions to Enron's business, the adverse impact on Enron's business could be material. Additionally, while Enron's Year 2000 costs are not expected to be material, such costs are difficult to estimate accurately because of unanticipated vendor delays, technical difficulties, the impact of tests of Outside Systems and similar events. Moreover, the estimated costs of implementing the Plan do not take into account the costs, if any, that might be incurred as a result of Year 2000-related failures that occur despite Enron's implementation of the Plan. NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS On April 3, 1998, the AICPA issued Statement of Position 98-5 (SOP 98-5), "Reporting on the Costs of Start-Up Activities," which requires that costs for all start-up activities and organization costs be expensed as incurred and not capitalized in certain instances, as had previously been allowed. SOP 98-5 is effective for financial statements for fiscal years beginning after 1998 and initial adoption is required to be reflected as a cumulative effect of accounting change. Although Enron continues to evaluate the impact of adopting SOP 98-5, it expects to recognize an after-tax charge of approximately $130 million in the first quarter of 1999 related primarily to differences in timing of commencement of capitalization of project development costs compared to Enron's current policy. This charge will be reflected net of tax as a separate line item in Enron's Consolidated Income Statement. In June 1998, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 133, "Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities." SFAS No. 133 establishes accounting and reporting standards requiring that every derivative instrument (including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts) be recorded on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability measured at its fair value. The statement requires that changes in the derivative's fair value be recognized currently in earnings unless specific hedge accounting criteria are met. Special accounting for qualifying hedges allows a derivative's gains and losses to offset related results on the hedged item in the income statement, and requires that a company must formally document, designate and assess the effectiveness of transactions that receive hedge accounting. SFAS No. 133 is effective for fiscal years beginning after June 15, 1999. A company may also implement the Statement as of the beginning of any fiscal quarter after issuance, however, SFAS No. 133 cannot be applied retroactively. Enron has not yet determined the timing of adoption of SFAS No. 133. Enron believes that SFAS No. 133 will not have a material impact on its accounting for price risk management activities but has not yet quantified the effect on its hedging activities or physical base contracts. In December 1998, the Emerging Issues Task Force reached consensus on Issue No. 98-10, "Accounting for Contracts involved in Energy Trading and Risk Management Activities" (EITF 98-10). EITF 98-10 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 1998 and requires energy trading contracts to be recorded at fair value on the balance sheet, with the changes in fair value included in earnings. The effect of initial application of EITF 98-10 will be reported as a cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle. Because Enron currently records its trading activities at fair value, management believes that the adoption of EITF 98-10 will not have a materially adverse impact on its financial position or results of operations. FINANCIAL CONDITION [Download Table] Cash Flows (In Millions) 1998 1997 1996 Cash provided by (used in): Operating activities $ 1,640 $ 211 $ 884 Investing activities (3,965) (2,146) (1,074) Financing activities 2,266 1,849 331 Net cash provided by operating activities increased $1,429 million in 1998, reflecting positive operating cash flow from Enron's major business segments other than Retail Energy Services, which continued investing in its new business. Operating cash flow in 1998 also included proceeds from sales of interests in energy-related financial assets and cash from timing and other changes related to Enron's commodity portfolio. New investments in merchant assets and investments totaling $721 million partially offset these increases. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The decrease of $673 million in 1997 was primarily a result of a cash payment of $440 million made in connection with the resolution of the J-Block gas contract. Net cash used in investing activities primarily reflects increased capital expenditures and equity investments, which total $3,564 million in 1998, $2,092 million in 1997 and $1,483 million in 1996. See "Capital Expenditures and Equity Investments" below. Partially offsetting these uses of cash were proceeds from the sales of assets totaling $239 million in 1998, $473 million in 1997 and $477 million in 1996. These proceeds were primarily from the sales of liquids assets in 1997 and from the sales of 12 million shares of EOG common stock held by Enron and non-strategic gathering and processing assets in 1996. Cash provided by financing activities in 1998 included $875 million from the net issuance of short- and long-term debt, $867 million from the issuance of common stock and $828 million primarily from the sale of a minority interest in a subsidiary (see Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements), partially offset by payments of $414 million for dividends. Cash provided by financing activities in 1997 was generated from net issuances of $1,674 million of short- and long-term debt, $372 million of preferred securities by subsidiary companies and $555 million of subsidiary equity (see Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). These inflows were partially offset by payments of $354 million for cash dividends and $422 million for treasury stock. Primary cash inflows from financing activities during 1996 included $282 million from the net issuance of short- and long-term debt, $215 million from the issuance of preferred securities by subsidiary companies and $102 million from the issuance of Enron common stock. Cash outflows in 1996 included cash dividend payments of $281 million. Working Capital At December 31, 1998, Enron had a working capital deficit of $174 million. Enron has credit facilities in place to fund working capital requirements. At December 31, 1998, those credit lines provided for up to $3.4 billion of committed and uncommitted credit, of which $149 million was outstanding at December 31, 1998. Certain of the credit agreements contain prefunding covenants. However, such covenants are not expected to restrict Enron's access to funds under these agreements. In addition, Enron sells commercial paper and has agreements to sell trade accounts receivable, thus providing financing to meet seasonal working capital needs. Management believes that the sources of funding described above are sufficient to meet short- and long-term liquidity needs not met by cash flows from operations. Capital Expenditures and Equity Investments Capital expenditures by operating segment are as follows: [Download Table] 1999 (In Millions) Estimate 1998 1997 1996 Exploration and Production(a) $ 550 $ 690 $ 626 $540 Transportation and Distribution 310 310 337 175 Wholesale Energy Operations and Services 410 706 318 136 Retail Energy Services 40 75 36 - Corporate and Other 300 124 75 13 Total $1,610 $1,905 $1,392 $864 <FN> (a) Excludes exploration expenses of $70 million (estimate), $89 million, $75 million and $68 million for 1999, 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively. Capital expenditures increased $513 million in 1998 and $528 million during 1997 as compared to the previous year. During 1998, increased expenditures in Exploration and Production were primarily a result of the acquisition of producing properties in the Gulf of Mexico, and Enron Wholesale expenditures increased primarily related to domestic and international power plant construction. During 1997, increased expenditures in Exploration and Production reflect increased development expenditures in the United States and increased property acquisitions in Canada. Transportation and Distribution expenditures increased due to expansion projects by the interstate natural gas pipelines. Included in Enron Wholesale were send-or-pay payments totaling $63 million in 1998 and $167 million in 1997 related to a transportation agreement in the U.K. Cash used for equity investments by the operating segments is as follows: [Download Table] 1999 (In Millions) Estimate 1998 1997 1996 Exploration and Production $ 80 $ - $ - $ - Transportation and Distribution 120 27 3 - Wholesale Energy Operations and Services 600 703 580 511 Retail Energy Services 210 - - - Corporate and Other 120 929 117 108 Total $1,130 $1,659 $700 $619 Equity investments increased in 1998 as compared to 1997 primarily due to the acquisitions of Elektro and Wessex, net of proceeds from transactions reducing Enron's interest in these investments. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The level of spending for capital expenditures and equity investments will vary depending upon conditions in the energy markets, related economic conditions and identified opportunities. Management expects that the capital spending program will be funded by a combination of internally generated funds, proceeds from dispositions of selected assets, short- and long-term borrowings and proceeds from the sale of common stock in February 1999. CAPITALIZATION Total capitalization at December 31, 1998 was $17.5 billion. Debt as a percentage of total capitalization decreased to 41.9% at December 31, 1998 as compared to 44.6% at December 31, 1997. The decrease primarily reflects the issuance during 1998 of approximately 17 million shares of common stock and the conversion in late 1998 of 10.5 million Exchangeable Notes into EOG shares held by Enron, partially offset by increased debt and minority interests. Enron is a party to certain financial contracts which contain provisions for early settlement in the event of a significant market price decline in which Enron's common stock falls below certain levels (prices ranging from $15 to $37.84 per share) or if the credit ratings for Enron's unsecured, senior long-term debt obligations fall below investment grade. The impact of this early settlement could include the issuance of additional shares of Enron common stock. Enron's senior unsecured long-term debt is currently rated BBB+ by Standard & Poor's Corporation and Baa2 by Moody's Investor Services. Enron's continued investment grade status is critical to the success of its wholesale businesses as well as its ability to maintain adequate liquidity. Enron's management believes it will be able to maintain or improve its credit rating. In February 1999, Enron issued 13.8 million shares of common stock in a public offering and approximately 3.8 million shares of common stock in connection with the acquisition of certain assets. Enron has investments in entities whose functional currency is denominated in Brazilian Reals. Subsequent to December 31, 1998 the exchange rate for Brazilian Reals to the U.S. dollar has declined. As a result, Enron anticipates recording a non-cash foreign currency translation adjustment, reducing shareholders' equity, in the first quarter of 1999. Based on the exchange rate in mid-February, the equity reduction would be approximately $600 million. Item 7A. FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT Enron Wholesale offers price risk management services primarily related to commodities associated with the energy sector (natural gas, crude oil, natural gas liquids and electricity). These services are provided through a variety of financial instruments including forward contracts, which may involve physical delivery of an energy commodity, swap agreements, which may require payments to (or receipt of payments from) counterparties based on the differential between a fixed and variable price for the commodity, options and other contractual arrangements. Interest rate risks and foreign currency risks associated with the fair value of its energy commodities portfolio are managed in this segment using a variety of financial instruments, including financial futures, swaps and options. In order to mitigate the risk associated with its merchant investments, Enron actively manages the systematic or market risks inherent in the investments. Using various analytical methods, Enron generally disaggregates and manages the equity index, interest rate and commodity risks embedded in the investments, leaving the specific asset or idiosyncratic risk which is diversified among the investments. Enron's other businesses also enter into forwards, swaps and other contracts primarily for the purpose of hedging the impact of market fluctuations on assets, liabilities, production or other contractual commitments. Changes in the market value of these hedge transactions are deferred until the gain or loss is recognized on the hedged item. Management of the market risks associated with its portfolio of transactions is critical to the success of Enron. Therefore, comprehensive risk management processes, policies and procedures have been established to monitor and control these market risks. Enron manages market risk on a portfolio basis, subject to parameters established by its Board of Directors. Market risks are monitored by an independent risk control group operating separately from the units that create or actively manage these risk exposures to ensure compliance with Enron's stated risk management policies. Enron's fixed price commodity contract portfolio is typically balanced to within an annual average of 1% of the total notional physical and financial transaction volumes marketed. Market Risk The use of financial instruments by Enron's businesses may expose Enron to market and credit risks resulting from adverse changes in commodity and equity prices, interest rates and foreign exchange rates. For Enron's Wholesale businesses, the major market risks are discussed below: Commodity Price Risk. Commodity price risk is a consequence of providing price risk management services to customers as well as owning and operating production facilities. As discussed above, Enron actively manages this risk on a portfolio basis to ensure compliance with Enron's stated risk management policies. Forwards, futures, swaps and options are utilized to manage Enron's consolidated exposure to price fluctuations related to production from its production facilities. Interest Rate Risk. Interest rate risk is also a consequence of providing price risk management services to customers and having variable rate debt obligations, as changing interest rates impact the discounted value of future cash flows. Enron utilizes swaps, forwards, futures and options to manage its interest rate risk. Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk. Foreign currency exchange rate risk is the result of Enron's international operations and price risk management services provided to its worldwide customer base. The primary purpose of Enron's foreign currency hedging activities is to protect against the volatility associated with foreign currency purchase and sale transactions. Enron primarily utilizes forward exchange contracts, futures and purchased options to manage Enron's risk profile. Equity Risk. Equity risk arises from the energy assets and investments operations of Enron Wholesale, which provides capital to customers through equity participations in various investment activities. Enron manages this risk by disaggregating the market risks (such as equity index, interest rate and commodity risks) from the individual investments and managing these risks on a portfolio basis through the use of futures, forwards, swaps and options to ensure compliance with Enron's stated risk management policies. The idiosyncratic risk or specific risk is managed on both an individual and portfolio basis within the risk management polices. Enron measures the market risk in its investments on a daily basis utilizing value at risk and other methodologies. The quantification of market risk using value at risk provides a consistent measure of risk across diverse energy markets and products. The use of these methodologies requires a number of key assumptions including the selection of a confidence level for expected losses, the holding period for liquidation and the treatment of risks outside the value at risk methodologies, including liquidity risk and event risk. Value at risk represents an estimate of reasonably possible net losses in earnings that would be recognized on its investments assuming hypothetical movements in future market rates and no change in positions. This is not necessarily indicative of actual results which may occur. Value at Risk Enron has performed an entity-wide value at risk analysis of virtually all of Enron's financial assets and liabilities. Enron utilizes value at risk in its daily business to evaluate, measure and manage its overall risk exposure. Value at risk incorporates numerous variables that could impact the fair value of Enron's investments, including commodity prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices and associated volatilities, as well as correlation within and across these variables. Enron's methodology includes the use of delta/gamma approximations for option positions and relies to a certain extent on historical correlations across commodity groups. Enron estimates value at risk commodity, interest rate and foreign exchange exposures using a model based on Monte Carlo simulation of delta/gamma positions which captures a significant portion of the exposure related to option positions. The value at risk for equity exposure discussed above is based on J.P. Morgan's RiskMetricsT approach utilizing historical estimates of volatility and correlation. Both value at risk methods utilize a one-day holding period and a 95% confidence level. Cross-commodity correlations are used as appropriate. The use of value at risk models allows management to aggregate risks across the company, compare risk on a consistent basis and identify the drivers of risk. Because of the inherent limitations to value at risk, including the use of delta/gamma approximations to value options, subjectivity in the choice of liquidation period and reliance on historical data to calibrate the models, Enron relies on value at risk as only one component in its risk control process. In addition to using value at risk measures, Enron performs regular stress and scenario analyses to estimate the economic impact of sudden market moves on the value of its portfolios. The results of the stress testing, along with the professional judgment of experienced business and risk managers, are used to supplement the value at risk methodology and capture additional market-related risks, including volatility, liquidity and event, concentration and correlation risks. The following table illustrates the value at risk for each component of market risk: [Download Table] December 31, Year ended December 31, 1998 High Low (In Millions) 1998 1997 Average(a) Valuation(a) Valuation(a) Trading Market Risk: Commodity price $20 $25 $25 $47(b) $17 Interest rate - - 2 4 - Foreign currency exchange rate - 1 2 3 - Equity 12 4 6 12 3 Non-Trading Market Risk(c): Commodity price 10 9 13 19 6 Interest rate - - - 1 - Foreign currency exchange rate - 1 - - - Equity - - - - - <FN> (a) The average values presents a twelve month average of the month end values. The high and low valuations for each market risk component represent the highest and lowest month end value during 1998. (b) In late June and early July 1998, significant price swings in the U.S. power markets caused Enron's value at risk to increase significantly for a period of less than a month before returning to normal levels. (c) Includes only the risk related to the financial instruments that serve as hedges and does not include the related underlying hedged item. Accounting Policies Accounting policies for price risk management and hedging activities are described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. INFORMATION REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report includes forward looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Although Enron believes that its expectations are based on reasonable assumptions, it can give no assurance that its goals will be achieved. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward looking statements herein include political developments in foreign countries; the ability of Enron to penetrate new retail natural gas and electricity markets in the United States and Europe; the timing and extent of deregulation of energy markets in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions; other regulatory developments in the United States and in foreign countries, including tax legislation and regulations; the extent of efforts by governments to privatize natural gas and electric utilities and other industries; the timing and extent of changes in commodity prices for crude oil, natural gas, electricity, foreign currency and interest rates; the extent of EOG's success in acquiring oil and gas properties and in discovering, developing, producing and marketing reserves; the timing and success of Enron's efforts to develop international power, pipeline, water and other infrastructure projects; the ability of counterparties to financial risk management instruments and other contracts with Enron to meet their financial commitments to Enron; Enron's success in implementing its Year 2000 Plan, the effectiveness of Enron's Year 2000 Plan, and the Year 2000 readiness of Outside Entities; and Enron's ability to access the capital markets and equity markets during the periods covered by the forward looking statements, which will depend on general market conditions and Enron's ability to maintain or increase the credit ratings for its unsecured senior long-term debt obligations. Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The information required hereunder is included in this report as set forth in the "Index to Financial Statements" on page F-1. Item 9. DISAGREEMENTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None.
10-K8th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 8th
PART III Item 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT The information required by Item 10 of Form 10-K relating to directors who are nominees for election as directors at Enron's Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 4, 1999 is set forth under the caption entitled "Election of Directors" in Enron's Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference. The information required by Item 10 of Form 10-K with respect to executive officers is set forth in Part I of this Form 10-K under the heading "Current Executive Officers of the Registrant". Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 requires Enron's executive officers and directors, and persons who own more than 10% of a registered class of Enron's equity securities, to file reports of ownership and changes in ownership with the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange. Based solely on its review of the copies of such reports received by it, or written representations from certain reporting persons that no Forms 5 were required for those persons, Enron believes that during 1998, its executive officers, directors and greater than 10% shareholders complied with all applicable filing requirements, with the exception of one 10% shareholder who did not timely file two reports relating to a total of six transactions, and one executive officer who did not timely file his Form 3 Initial Statement of Beneficial Ownership. There are no family relationships among the officers listed, and there are no arrangements or understandings pursuant to which any of them were elected as officers. Officers are appointed or elected annually by the Board of Directors at its first meeting following the Annual Meeting of Shareholders, each to hold office until the corresponding meeting of the Board in the next year or until a successor shall have been elected, appointed or shall have qualified. Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information regarding executive compensation is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the captions "Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers - Director Compensation; Executive Compensation; Stock Option Grants During 1998; Aggregated Stock Option/SAR Exercises During 1998 and Stock Option/SAR Values as of December 31, 1998; Long-Term Incentive Plan - Awards in 1998; Retirement and Supplemental Benefit Plans; Severance Plans; Employment Contracts; Certain Transactions; and Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation", and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT (a) Security ownership of certain beneficial owners The information regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the caption "Election of Directors - Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners", and is incorporated herein by reference. (b) Security ownership of management The information regarding security ownership of management is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the caption "Election of Directors - Stock Ownership of Management and Board of Directors as of February 15, 1999", and is incorporated herein by reference. (c) Changes in control None. Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS The information regarding certain relationships and related transactions is set forth in the Proxy Statement under the caption "Certain Transactions" and "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation", and is incorporated herein by reference.
10-K9th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 9th
PART IV Item 14. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES, AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K (a)(1) and (2) Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules. See "Index to Financial Statements" set forth on page F-1. (a)(3) Exhibits: *3.01 - Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Enron (Annex E to the Proxy Statement/Prospectus included in Enron's Registration Statement on Form S-4 - File No. 333-13791). *3.02 - Articles of Merger of Enron Oregon Corp., an Oregon corporation, and Enron Corp., a Delaware corporation (Exhibit 3.02 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Enron's Registration Statement on Form S-3 - File No. 33-60417). *3.03 - Articles of Merger of Enron Corp., an Oregon corporation, and Portland General Corporation, an Oregon corporation (Exhibit 3.03 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Enron's Registration Statement on Form S-3 - File No. 33-60417). *3.04 - Bylaws of Enron (Exhibit 3.04 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Enron's Registration Statement on Form S-3 - File No. 33-60417). *3.05 - Form of Series Designation for the Enron Convertible Preferred Stock (Annex F to the Proxy Statement/Prospectus included in Enron's Registration Statement on Form S-4 - File No. 333-13791). *3.06 - Form of Series Designation for the Enron 9.142% Preferred Stock (Annex G to the Proxy Statement/Prospectus included in Enron's Registration Statement on Form S-4 - File No. 333-13791). *3.07 - Statement of Resolutions Establishing Series A Junior Voting Convertible Preferred Stock (Exhibit 3.07 to Enron's Registration Statement on Form S-3 - File No. 333-44133). *3.08 - Statement of Resolutions Establishing A Series of Preferred Stock of Enron Corp. - Mandatorily Convertible Single Reset Preferred Stock, Series A (Exhibit 4.01 to Enron's Form 8-K filed on January 26, 1999). *3.09 - Statement of Resolutions Establishing A Series of Preferred Stock of Enron Corp. - Mandatorily Convertible Single Reset Preferred Stock, Series B (Exhibit 4.02 to Enron's Form 8-K filed on January 26, 1999). *4.01 - Indenture dated as of November 1, 1985, between Enron and Harris Trust and Savings Bank, as supplemented and amended by the First Supplemental Indenture dated as of December 1, 1995 (Form T-3 Application for Qualification of Indentures under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, File No. 22-14390, filed October 24, 1985; Exhibit 4(b) to Form S-3 Registration Statement No. 33-64057 filed on November 8, 1995). There have not been filed as exhibits to this Form 10-K other debt instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of Enron, none of which relates to authorized indebtedness that exceeds 10% of the consolidated assets of Enron and its subsidiaries. Enron hereby agrees to furnish a copy of any such instrument to the Commission upon request. *4.02 - Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 8, 1997, by and among Enron Corp., Enron Oregon Corp. and Harris Trust and Savings Bank, as Trustee (Exhibit 4.02 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Enron's Registration Statement on Form S-3, File No. 33-60417). *4.03 - Form of Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 1, 1997, between Enron Corp. and Harris Trust and Savings Bank, as Trustee (Exhibit 4.03 to Enron Registration Statement on Form S-3, File No. 333-35549). *4.04 - Form of Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Enron Capital Resources, L.P. (Exhibit 3.1 to Enron Form 8-K dated August 2, 1994). *4.05 - Form of Payment and Guarantee Agreement dated as of August 3, 1994, executed by Enron Corp. for the benefit of the holders of Enron Capital Resources, L.P. 9% Cumulative Preferred Securities, Series A (Exhibit 4.1 to Enron Form 8-K dated August 2, 1994). *4.06 - Form of Loan Agreement, dated as of August 3, 1994, between Enron Corp. and Enron Capital Resources, L.P. (Exhibit 4.2 to Enron Form 8-K dated August 2, 1994). *4.07 - Articles of Association of Enron Capital LLC (Exhibit 9 to Enron Corp. Form 8-K dated November 12, 1993). *4.08 - Form of Payment and Guarantee Agreement of Enron Corp., dated as of November 15, 1993, in favor of the holders of Enron Capital LLC 8% Cumulative Guaranteed Monthly Income Preferred Shares (Exhibit 2 to Enron Form 8-K dated November 12, 1993). *4.09 - Form of Loan Agreement, dated as of November 15, 1993, between Enron Corp. and Enron Capital LLC (Exhibit 3 to Enron Form 8- K dated November 12, 1993). Executive Compensation Plans and Arrangements Filed as Exhibits Pursuant to Item 14(c) of Form 10-K: Exhibits 10.01 through 10.43 *10.01 - Enron Executive Supplemental Survivor Benefits Plan, effective January 1, 1987 (Exhibit 10.01 to Enron Form 10-K for 1992). *10.02 - First Amendment to Enron Executive Supplemental Survivor Benefits Plan (Exhibit 10.02 to Enron Form 10-K for 1995). *10.03 - Enron Corp. 1988 Stock Plan (Exhibit 4.3 to Form S-8 Registration Statement No. 33-27893). *10.04 - Second Amendment to Enron Corp. 1988 Stock Plan (Exhibit 10.04 to Enron Form 10-K for 1996). *10.05 - Enron Corp. 1988 Deferral Plan (Exhibit 10.19 to Enron Form 10-K for 1987). *10.06 - First Amendment to Enron Corp. 1988 Deferral Plan (Exhibit 10.06 to Enron Form 10-K for 1995). *10.07 - Second Amendment to Enron Corp. 1988 Deferral Plan (Exhibit 10.07 to Enron Form 10-K for 1995). *10.08 - Third Amendment to Enron Corp. 1988 Deferral Plan (Exhibit 10.09 to Enron Form 10-K for 1996). *10.09 - Fourth Amendment to Enron Corp. 1988 Deferral Plan (Exhibit 10.10 to Enron Form 10-K for 1996). *10.10 - Fifth Amendment to Enron Corp. 1988 Deferral Plan (Exhibit 10.11 to Enron Form 10-K for 1996). *10.11 - Enron Corp. 1991 Stock Plan (Exhibit 10.08 to Enron Form 10-K for 1991). *10.12 - Amended and Restated Enron Corp. 1991 Stock Plan (Exhibit A to Enron Proxy Statement filed pursuant to Section 14(a) on March 24, 1997). *10.13 - First Amendment to Enron Corp. Amended and Restated 1991 Stock Plan (Exhibit 10.13 to Enron Form 10-K for 1997). *10.14 - Second Amendment to Enron Corp. Amended and Restated 1991 Stock Plan (Exhibit 10.14 to Enron Form 10-K for 1997). *10.15 - Enron Corp. 1992 Deferral Plan (Exhibit 10.09 to Enron Form 10-K for 1991). *10.16 - First Amendment to Enron Corp. 1992 Deferral Plan (Exhibit 10.10 to Enron Form 10-K for 1995). *10.17 - Second Amendment to Enron Corp. 1992 Deferral Plan (Exhibit 10.11 to Enron Form 10-K for 1995). *10.18 - Enron Corp. Directors' Deferred Income Plan (Exhibit 10.09 to Enron Form 10-K for 1992). *10.19 - Split Dollar Life Insurance Agreement between Enron and the KLL and LPL Family Partnership, Ltd., dated April 22, 1994 (Exhibit 10.17 to Enron Form 10-K for 1994). *10.20 - Employment Agreement between Enron Corp. and Kenneth L. Lay, executed December 18, 1996 (Exhibit 10.25 to Enron Form 10-K for 1996). *10.21 - Consulting Services Agreement between Enron and John A. Urquhart dated August 1, 1991 (Exhibit 10.23 to Enron Form 10-K for 1991). *10.22 - First Amendment to Consulting Services Agreement between Enron and John A. Urquhart, dated August 27, 1992 (Exhibit 10.25 to Enron Form 10-K for 1992). *10.23 - Second and Third Amendments to Consulting Services Agreement between Enron and John A. Urquhart, dated November 24, 1992 and February 26, 1993, respectively (Exhibit 10.26 to Enron Form 10-K for 1992). *10.24 - Fourth Amendment to Consulting Services Agreement between Enron and John A. Urquhart dated as of May 9, 1994 (Exhibit 10.35 to Enron Form 10-K for 1995). *10.25 - Fifth Amendment to Consulting Services Agreement between Enron and John A. Urquhart (Exhibit 10.36 to Enron Form 10-K for 1995). *10.26 - Sixth Amendment to Consulting Services Agreement between Enron and John A. Urquhart (Exhibit 10.37 to Enron Form 10-K for 1995). *10.27 - Seventh Amendment to Consulting Services Agreement between Enron and John A. Urquhart, dated October 27, 1997 (Exhibit 10.27 to Enron Form 10-K for 1997). 10.28 - Eighth Amendment to Consulting Services Agreement between Enron and John A. Urquhart, dated May 27, 1998. 10.29 - Ninth Amendment to Consulting Services Agreement between Enron and John A. Urquhart, dated December 31, 1998. *10.30 - Enron Corp. Performance Unit Plan (Exhibit A to Enron Proxy Statement filed pursuant to Section 14(a) on March 25, 1994). *10.31 - Enron Corp. Annual Incentive Plan (Exhibit B to Enron Proxy Statement filed pursuant to Section 14(a) on March 25, 1994). *10.32 - Enron Corp. Performance Unit Plan (as amended and restated effective May 2, 1995) (Exhibit A to Enron Proxy Statement filed pursuant to Section 14(a) on March 27, 1995). *10.33 - First Amendment to Enron Corp. Performance Unit Plan (Exhibit 10.46 to Enron Form 10-K for 1995). *10.34 - Enron Corp. Restated 1994 Deferral Plan (Exhibit 4.3 to Enron Form S-8 Registration Statement, File No. 333-48193). *10.35 - Employment Agreement between Enron Capital Trade & Resources Corp. and Jeffrey K. Skilling, dated January 1, 1996 (Exhibit 10.63 to Enron Form 10-K for 1996). *10.36 - First Amendment effective January 1, 1997, by and among Enron Corp., Enron Capital & Trade Resources Corp., and Jeffrey K. Skilling, amending Employment Agreement between Enron Capital & Trade Resources Corp. and Jeffrey K. Skilling dated January 1, 1996 (Exhibit 10.64 to Enron Form 10-K for 1996). *10.37 - Split Dollar Agreement between Enron and Jeffrey K. Skilling dated May 23, 1997 (Exhibit 10.41 to Enron Form 10-K for 1997). *10.38 - Second Amendment effective October 13, 1997, to Employment Agreement between Enron Corp. and Jeffrey K. Skilling (Exhibit 10.42 to Enron Form 10-K for 1997). *10.39 - Loan Agreement effective October 13, 1997, between Enron Corp. and Jeffrey K. Skilling (Exhibit 10.43 to Enron Form 10-K for 1997). *10.40 - Employment Agreement dated July 20, 1996 (effective July 1, 1997) between Enron and Ken L. Harrison (Exhibit 10.1 to Post- Effective Amendment No. 1 to Enron's Registration Statement on Form S-4, File No. 333-13791). 10.41 - Executive Employment Agreement between Enron Corp. and Rebecca P. Mark, effective May 4, 1998. 10.42 - Executive Employment Agreement between Enron Corp. and Joseph W. Sutton, effective June 23, 1998. 10.43 - Executive Employment Agreement between Enron Corp. and Kenneth D. Rice, effective June 1, 1998. 12 - Statement re computation of ratios of earnings to fixed charges. 21 - Subsidiaries of registrant. 23.01 - Consent of Arthur Andersen LLP. 23.02 - Consent of DeGolyer and MacNaughton. 23.03 - Letter Report of DeGolyer and MacNaughton dated January 11, 1999. 24 - Powers of Attorney for the directors signing this Form 10-K. 27 - Financial Data Schedule. * Asterisk indicates exhibits incorporated by reference. (b) Reports on Form 8-K Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 16, 1998, as amended by Form 8-K/A filed on November 6, 1998. Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 18, 1999.
10-K10th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 10th
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ENRON CORP. Page No. Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Public Accountants F-2 Consolidated Income Statement and Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 1998, 1997 and 1996 F-3 Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 1998 and 1997 F-4 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 1998, 1997 and 1996 F-6 Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity Accounts for the years ended December 31, 1998, 1997 and 1996 F-7 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements F-8 Financial Statements Schedule Report of Independent Public Accountants on Financial Statement Schedule S-1 Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts S-2 Other financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are inapplicable or the information required therein is included elsewhere in the financial statements or notes thereto.
10-K11th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 11th
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Enron Corp.: We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Enron Corp. (an Oregon corporation) and subsidiaries as of December 31, 1998 and 1997, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, cash flows and changes in shareholders' equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1998. These financial statements are the responsibility of Enron Corp.'s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Enron Corp. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 1998 and 1997, and the results of their operations, cash flows and changes in shareholders' equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1998, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. Arthur Andersen LLP Houston, Texas March 5, 1999
10-K12th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 12th
[Download Table] ENRON CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT Year Ended December 31, (In Millions, except Per Share Amounts) 1998 1997 1996 Revenues Natural gas and other products $13,276 $13,211 $11,157 Electricity 13,939 5,101 980 Transportation 627 652 707 Other 3,418 1,309 445 Total Revenues 31,260 20,273 13,289 Costs and Expenses Cost of gas, electricity and other products 26,381 17,311 10,478 Operating expenses 2,352 1,406 1,421 Oil and gas exploration expenses 121 102 89 Depreciation, depletion and amortization 827 600 474 Taxes, other than income taxes 201 164 137 Contract restructuring charge - 675 - Total Costs and Expenses 29,882 20,258 12,599 Operating Income 1,378 15 690 Other Income and Deductions Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates 97 216 215 Gains on sales of assets and investments 56 186 274 Other income, net 51 148 59 Income Before Interest, Minority Interests and Income Taxes 1,582 565 1,238 Interest and Related Charges, net 550 401 274 Dividends on Company-Obligated Preferred Securities of Subsidiaries 77 69 34 Minority Interests 77 80 75 Income Tax Expense (Benefit) 175 (90) 271 Net Income 703 105 584 Preferred Stock Dividends 17 17 16 Earnings on Common Stock $ 686 $ 88 $ 568 Earnings Per Share of Common Stock Basic $ 2.14 $ 0.32 $ 2.31 Diluted $ 2.02 $ 0.32 $ 2.16 Average Number of Common Shares Used in Computation Basic 321 272 246 Diluted 348 277 270 ENRON CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Year Ended December 31, (In Millions) 1998 1997 1996 Earnings on Common Stock $ 686 $ 88 $ 568 Other comprehensive income: Foreign currency translation adjustment (14) (21) 26 Total Comprehensive Income $ 672 $ 67 $ 594 <FN> The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
10-K13th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 13th
[Download Table] ENRON CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET December 31, (In Millions) 1998 1997 ASSETS Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 111 $ 170 Trade receivables (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $14 and $11, respectively) 2,060 1,372 Other receivables 833 454 Assets from price risk management activities 1,904 1,346 Inventories 514 136 Other 511 635 Total Current Assets 5,933 4,113 Investments and Other Assets Investments in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates 4,433 2,656 Assets from price risk management activities 1,941 1,038 Goodwill 1,949 1,910 Other 4,437 3,665 Total Investments and Other Assets 12,760 9,269 Property, Plant and Equipment, at cost Exploration and Production, successful efforts method 4,814 4,291 Transportation and Distribution 5,481 5,279 Wholesale Energy Operations and Services 4,858 3,879 Retail Energy Services 141 44 Corporate and Other 498 249 15,792 13,742 Less accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization 5,135 4,572 Property, Plant and Equipment, net 10,657 9,170 Total Assets $29,350 $22,552 <FN> The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
10-K14th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 14th
[Download Table] ENRON CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET December 31, (In Millions, except Shares) 1998 1997 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY Current Liabilities Accounts payable $ 2,380 $ 1,794 Liabilities from price risk management activities 2,511 1,245 Other 1,216 817 Total Current Liabilities 6,107 3,856 Long-Term Debt 7,357 6,254 Deferred Credits and Other Liabilities Deferred income taxes 2,357 2,039 Liabilities from price risk management activities 1,421 876 Other 1,916 1,769 Total Deferred Credits and Other Liabilities 5,694 4,684 Commitments and Contingencies (Notes 3, 13, 14 and 15) Minority Interests 2,143 1,147 Company-Obligated Preferred Securities of Subsidiaries 1,001 993 Shareholders' Equity Second preferred stock, cumulative, no par value, 1,370,000 shares authorized, 1,319,848 shares and 1,337,645 shares of Cumulative Second Preferred Convertible Stock issued, respectively 132 134 Common stock, no par value, 600,000,000 shares authorized, 335,547,276 shares and 318,297,276 shares issued, respectively 5,117 4,224 Retained earnings 2,226 1,852 Accumulated other comprehensive income (162) (148) Common stock held in treasury, 4,666,661 shares and 7,050,965 shares, respectively (195) (269) Other (70) (175) Total Shareholders' Equity 7,048 5,618 Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity $29,350 $22,552 <FN> The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
10-K15th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 15th
[Download Table] ENRON CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS Year Ended December 31, (In Millions) 1998 1997 1996 Cash Flows From Operating Activities Reconciliation of net income to net cash provided by operating activities Net income $ 703 $ 105 $ 584 Depreciation, depletion and amortization 827 600 474 Oil and gas exploration expenses 121 102 89 Deferred income taxes 87 (174) 207 Gains on sales of assets and investments (82) (195) (274) Changes in components of working capital (233) (65) 142 Net assets from price risk management activities 350 201 15 Merchant assets and investments: Realized gains on sales (628) (136) - Proceeds from sales 1,434 339 - Additions (721) (308) (192) Other operating activities (218) (258) (161) Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities 1,640 211 884 Cash Flows From Investing Activities Capital expenditures (1,905) (1,392) (864) Equity investments (1,659) (700) (619) Proceeds from sales of investments and other assets 239 473 477 Acquisition of subsidiary stock (180) - - Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired (see Note 2) (104) (82) - Other investing activities (356) (445) (68) Net Cash Used in Investing Activities (3,965) (2,146) (1,074) Cash Flows From Financing Activities Issuance of long-term debt 1,903 1,817 359 Repayment of long-term debt (870) (607) (294) Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings (158) 464 217 Issuance of company-obligated preferred securities of subsidiaries 8 372 215 Issuance of common stock 867 - 102 Issuance of subsidiary equity 828 555 - Dividends paid (414) (354) (281) Net (acquisition) disposition of treasury stock 13 (422) 5 Other financing activities 89 24 8 Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities 2,266 1,849 331 Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents (59) (86) 141 Cash and Cash Equivalents, Beginning of Year 170 256 115 Cash and Cash Equivalents, End of Year $ 111 $ 170 $ 256 Changes in Components of Working Capital Receivables $(1,055) $ 351 $ (678) Inventories (372) 63 (53) Payables 433 (366) 870 Other 761 (113) 3 Total $ (233) $ (65) $ 142 <FN> The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
10-K16th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 16th
[Enlarge/Download Table] ENRON CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (In Millions, except Per Share 1998 1997 1996 Amounts; Shares in Thousands) Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Cumulative Second Preferred Convertible Stock Balance, beginning of year 1,338 $ 134 1,371 $ 137 1,375 $ 138 Exchange of common stock for convertible preferred stock (18) (2) (33) (3) (4) (1) Balance, end of year 1,320 $ 132 1,338 $ 134 1,371 $ 137 Common Stock Balance, beginning of year 318,297 $4,224 255,945 $ 26 253,860 $ 25 Exchange of common stock for convertible preferred stock - (7) 382 - 19 - Issuances related to benefit and dividend reinvestment plans - 45 - (3) - - Sales of common stock 17,250 836 - - 2,066 1 Issuances of common stock in business acquisitions (see Note 2) - - 61,970 2,281 - - Issuance of no par stock in reincorporation merger - - - 1,881 - - Other - 19 - 39 - - Balance, end of year 335,547 $5,117 318,297 $4,224 255,945 $ 26 Additional Paid-in Capital Balance, beginning of year $ - $1,870 $1,791 Exchange of common stock for convertible preferred stock - 1 (1) Issuances related to benefit and dividend reinvestment plans - (9) (16) Sales of common stock - 18 109 Issuance of no par stock in reincorporation merger - (1,881) - Other - 1 (13) Balance, end of year $ - $ - $1,870 Retained Earnings Balance, beginning of year $1,852 $2,007 $1,651 Net income 703 105 584 Cash dividends Common stock ($0.9625, $0.9125 and $0.8625 per share in 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively) (312) (243) (212) Preferred stock ($13.1402, $12.4584, and $11.7750 per share in 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively) (17) (17) (16) Balance, end of year $2,226 $1,852 $2,007 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income - Cumulative Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment Balance, beginning of year $ (148) $ (127) $ (153) Translation adjustments (14) (21) 26 Balance, end of year $ (162) $ (148) $ (127) Treasury Stock Balance, beginning of year (7,051) $ (269) (821) $ (30) (2,618) $ (93) Shares acquired (1,118) (61) (9,790) (374) (2,226) (85) Exchange of common stock for convertible preferred stock 243 9 70 3 46 2 Issuances related to benefit and dividend reinvestment plans 3,213 124 2,838 106 2,249 81 Sales of treasury stock - - - - 1,728 65 Issuances of treasury stock in business acquisitions (see Note 2) 46 2 652 26 - - Balance, end of year (4,667) $ (195) (7,051) $ (269) (821) $ (30) Other Balance, beginning of year $ (175) $ (160) $ (194) Issuances related to benefit and dividend reinvestment plans 105 (15) 34 Balance, end of year $ (70) $ (175) $ (160) Total Shareholders' Equity $7,048 $5,618 $3,723 <FN> The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
10-K17th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 17th
ENRON CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Consolidation Policy and Use of Estimates. The accounting and financial reporting policies of Enron Corp. and its subsidiaries conform to generally accepted accounting principles and prevailing industry practices. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all majority-owned subsidiaries of Enron Corp. after the elimination of significant intercompany accounts and transactions. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. "Enron" is used from time to time herein as a collective reference to Enron Corp. and its subsidiaries and affiliates. The businesses of Enron are conducted by Enron Corp.'s subsidiaries and affiliates whose operations are managed by their respective officers. Cash Equivalents. Enron records as cash equivalents all highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less. Inventories. Inventories consist primarily of commodities, priced at market. Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization. The provision for depreciation and amortization with respect to operations other than oil and gas producing activities is computed using the straight-line or regulatorily mandated method, based on estimated economic lives. Composite depreciation rates are applied to functional groups of property having similar economic characteristics. The cost of utility property units retired, other than land, is charged to accumulated depreciation. Provisions for depreciation, depletion and amortization of proved oil and gas properties are calculated using the units-of- production method. Income Taxes. Enron accounts for income taxes using an asset and liability approach under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on anticipated future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases (see Note 5). Earnings Per Share. Basic earnings per share is computed based upon the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the periods. Diluted earnings per share is computed based upon the weighted-average number of common shares plus the assumed issuance of common shares for all potentially dilutive securities. See Note 11 for additional information and a reconciliation of the basic and diluted earnings per share computations. Accounting for Price Risk Management. Enron engages in price risk management activities for both trading and non-trading purposes. Financial instruments utilized in connection with trading activities are accounted for using the mark-to-market method. Under the mark-to-market method of accounting, forwards, swaps, options and other financial instruments with third parties are reflected at market value, net of future physical delivery related costs, and are shown as "Assets and Liabilities From Price Risk Management Activities" in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Unrealized gains and losses from newly originated contracts, contract restructurings and the impact of price movements are recognized as "Other Revenues." Changes in the assets and liabilities from price risk management activities result primarily from changes in the valuation of the portfolio of contracts, newly originated transactions and the timing of settlement relative to the receipt of cash for certain contracts. The market prices used to value these transactions reflect management's best estimate considering various factors including closing exchange and over-the-counter quotations, time value and volatility factors underlying the commitments. The values are adjusted to reflect the potential impact of liquidating Enron's position in an orderly manner over a reasonable period of time under present market conditions. Financial instruments are also utilized for non-trading purposes to hedge the impact of market fluctuations on assets, liabilities, production and other contractual commitments. Hedge accounting is utilized in non-trading activities when there is a high degree of correlation between price movements in the derivative and the item designated as being hedged. In instances where the anticipated correlation of price movements does not occur, hedge accounting is terminated and future changes in the value of the financial instruments are recognized as gains or losses. If the hedged item is sold, the value of the financial instrument is recognized in income. Gains and losses on financial instruments used for hedging purposes are recognized in the Consolidated Income Statement in the same manner as the hedged item. The cash flow impact of financial instruments is reflected as cash flows from operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. See Note 3 for further discussion of Enron's price risk management activities. Accounting for Oil and Gas Producing Activities. Enron accounts for oil and gas exploration and production activities under the successful efforts method of accounting. All development wells and related production equipment and lease acquisition costs are capitalized when incurred. Unproved properties are assessed regularly and any impairment in value is recognized. Lease rentals and exploration costs, other than the costs of drilling exploratory wells, are expensed as incurred. Unsuccessful exploratory wells are expensed when determined to be non-productive. Gains and losses associated with the sale of natural gas and crude oil reserves in place with related assets are classified as "Other Revenues" in the Consolidated Income Statement. Exploration costs and dry hole costs are included in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows as investing activities. Accounting for Development Activity. Enron capitalizes project development costs which may be recovered through development cost reimbursements from joint venture partners or other third parties, written off against development fees received or included as part of an investment in those ventures in which Enron continues to participate. Accumulated project development costs are otherwise expensed in the period that management determines it is probable that the costs will not be recovered. In the first quarter of 1999, Enron will adopt the AICPA Statement of Position 98-5 (SOP 98-5), "Reporting on the Costs of Start-Up Activities," which requires that all start-up costs be expensed as incurred. Certain costs which are currently classified as development costs will qualify as start-up costs under SOP 98-5. Although Enron continues to evaluate the impact of adopting SOP 98-5, it expects to recognize an after-tax charge of approximately $130 million in the first quarter of 1999. The cumulative effect of this accounting change will be reflected net of tax as a separate line item in the Consolidated Income Statement. Development revenue results from development fees, recognized when realizable under the development agreement; long-term construction contracts, recognized using the percentage-of- completion method; and the operation and ownership of various projects. Proceeds from the sale of all or part of Enron's investment in development projects are recognized as revenues at the time of sale to the extent that such sales proceeds exceed the proportionate carrying amount of the investment. See Note 4. Environmental Expenditures. Expenditures that relate to an existing condition caused by past operations, and do not contribute to current or future revenue generation, are expensed. Environmental expenditures relating to current or future revenues are expensed or capitalized as appropriate. Liabilities are recorded when environmental assessments and/or clean-ups are probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. Computer Software. Enron's accounting policy for the costs of computer software (all of which is for internal use only) is to capitalize direct costs of materials and services consumed in developing or obtaining software, including payroll and payroll- related costs for employees who are directly associated with and who devote time to the software project. Costs may begin to be capitalized once the application development stage has begun. All other costs are expensed as incurred. Enron amortizes the costs on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the software. Impairment is evaluated based on changes in the expected usefulness of the software. At December 31, 1998, Enron has capitalized $189 million of software costs covering numerous systems, including trading and settlement, billing and payroll systems and upgrades. Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates. Investments in unconsolidated affiliates are accounted for by the equity method, except for certain equity investments resulting from Enron's merchant investment activities which are included at market value in "Other Investments" in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Where acquired assets are accounted for under the equity method based on temporary control, earnings or losses related to the investments to be sold are deferred until the time of the sale. See Notes 4 and 9. Foreign Currency Translation. For international subsidiaries, asset and liability accounts are translated at year-end rates of exchange and revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the year. For subsidiaries whose functional currency is deemed to be other than the U.S. dollar, translation adjustments are included as a separate component of other comprehensive income and shareholders' equity. Currency transaction gains and losses are recorded in income. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements. In 1998, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 133, "Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" and the Emerging Issues Task Force reached a consensus on Issue No. 98-10, "Accounting for Contracts involved in Energy Trading and Risk Management Activities" (EITF 98-10). SFAS No. 133 establishes accounting and reporting standards requiring that every derivative instrument (including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts) be recorded on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability measured at its fair value. The statement requires that changes in the derivative's fair value be recognized currently in earnings unless specific hedge accounting criteria are met. Special accounting for qualifying hedges allows a derivative's gains and losses to offset related results on the hedged item in the income statement, and requires that a company must formally document, designate and assess the effectiveness of transactions that receive hedge accounting. SFAS No. 133 is effective for fiscal years beginning after June 15, 1999. A company may also implement the statement as of the beginning of any fiscal quarter after issuance, however, SFAS No. 133 cannot be applied retroactively. Enron has not yet determined the timing of adoption of SFAS No. 133. Enron believes that SFAS No. 133 will not have a material impact on its accounting for price risk management activities but has not yet quantified the effect on its hedging activities or physical base contracts. EITF 98-10 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 1998 and requires energy trading contracts to be recorded at fair value on the balance sheet, with the changes in fair value included in earnings. The effect of initial application of EITF 98-10 will be reported as a cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle. Because Enron currently records its trading activities at fair value, management believes that the adoption of EITF 98-10 will not have a materially adverse impact on its financial position or results of operations. Reclassifications. Certain reclassifications have been made to the consolidated financial statements for prior years to conform with the current presentation. 2 BUSINESS ACQUISITIONS Effective July 1, 1997, Enron merged with Portland General Corporation (PGC) in a stock-for-stock transaction. Enron issued approximately 50.5 million common shares, valued at $36.88 per share, to shareholders of PGC in a ratio of 0.9825 share of Enron common stock for each share of PGC common stock, and assumed PGC's outstanding debt of approximately $1.1 billion. On November 18, 1997, Enron acquired the minority interest in Enron Global Power & Pipelines L.L.C. (EPP) in a stock-for-stock transaction. Enron issued approximately 11.5 million common shares, valued at $36.09 per share, to shareholders of EPP in a ratio of 0.9189 share of Enron common stock for each EPP share held by the minority shareholders. Additionally, during 1998 and 1997, Enron acquired renewable energy, telecommunications and energy management businesses for cash, Enron and subsidiary stock and notes. Enron has accounted for these acquisitions using the purchase method of accounting as of the effective date of each transaction. Accordingly, the purchase price of each transaction has been allocated to the assets and liabilities acquired based upon the estimated fair value of those assets and liabilities as of the acquisition date. The excess of the aggregate purchase price over estimated fair value of the net assets acquired has been reflected as goodwill in the Consolidated Balance Sheet and is being amortized on a straight-line basis over 5 to 40 years. Assets acquired, liabilities assumed and consideration paid as a result of businesses acquired were as follows: [Download Table] (In Millions) 1998 1997 Fair value of assets acquired, other than cash $ 269 $3,829 Goodwill 94 1,847 Fair value of liabilities assumed (259) (3,235) Common stock of Enron and subsidiary issued - (2,359) Net cash paid $ 104 $ 82 The following summary presents unaudited pro forma consolidated results of operations as if the business acquisitions had occurred at the beginning of each period presented. The pro forma results are for illustrative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of the operating results that would have occurred had the business acquisitions been consummated at that date, nor are they necessarily indicative of future operating results. [Download Table] (In Millions, except Per Share Amounts) 1997 1996 Revenues $20,950 $14,401 Income before interest, minority interests and income taxes 716 1,511 Net income 181 691 Earnings per share Basic $ 0.53 $ 2.20 Diluted 0.52 2.08 During 1998, Enron, through wholly-owned subsidiaries, acquired Elektro-Eletricidades e Servicos S.A. (Elektro), Wessex Water Plc (Wessex) and assets related to The ICI Group's Teesside utilities and services business (the ICI assets) in separate cash transactions. These acquisitions are being accounted for using the equity method (see Note 9). 3 PRICE RISK MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS Trading Activities. Enron, through its Wholesale Energy Operations and Services segment (Enron Wholesale), offers price risk management services to energy-related businesses through a variety of financial and other instruments including forward contracts involving physical delivery of an energy commodity, swap agreements, which require payments to (or receipt of payments from) counterparties based on the differential between a fixed and variable price for the commodity, options and other contractual arrangements. Interest rate risks and foreign currency risks associated with the fair value of the energy commodities portfolio are managed using a variety of financial instruments, including financial futures. Notional Amounts and Terms. The notional amounts and terms of these financial instruments at December 31, 1998 are shown below (volumes in trillions of British thermal units equivalent (TBtue), dollars in millions): [Download Table] Fixed Price Fixed Price Maximum Payor Receiver Terms in years Commodities Natural gas 6,694 5,989 25 Crude oil and liquids 5,545 5,001 11 Electricity 1,162 1,782 26 Other 583 893 10 Financial products Interest rate(a) $6,574 $5,766 24 Foreign currency 2,719 2,699 17 Equity investments 2,633 363 17 <FN> (a) The interest rate fixed price receiver includes the net notional dollar value of the interest rate sensitive component of the combined commodity portfolio. The remaining interest rate fixed price receiver and the entire interest rate fixed price payor represent the notional contract amount of a portfolio of various financial instruments used to hedge the net present value of the commodity portfolio. For a given unit of price protection, different financial instruments require different notional amounts. Enron Wholesale includes sales and purchase commitments associated with commodity contracts based on market prices totaling 6,047 TBtue, with terms extending up to 22 years. Notional amounts reflect the volume of transactions but do not represent the amounts exchanged by the parties to the financial instruments. Accordingly, notional amounts do not accurately measure Enron's exposure to market or credit risks. The maximum terms in years detailed above are not indicative of likely future cash flows as these positions may be offset in the markets at any time in response to the company's risk management needs. The volumetric weighted average maturity of Enron's fixed price portfolio as of December 31, 1998 was approximately 2.6 years. Fair Value. The fair value of the financial instruments related to price risk management activities as of December 31, 1998, which include energy commodities and the related foreign currency and interest rate instruments, and the average fair value of those instruments held during the year are set forth below: [Download Table] Average Fair Value Fair Value for the Year Ended as of 12/31/98 12/31/98(a) (In Millions) Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Natural gas $2,294 $1,876 $2,328 $1,728 Crude oil and liquids 1,053 1,470 731 764 Electricity 600 396 654 517 Other commodities 162 119 269 193 Equity 61 71 88 32 Total $4,170 $3,932 $4,070 $3,234 <FN> (a) Computed using the ending balance at each month end. The income before interest, taxes and certain unallocated expenses arising from price risk management activities for 1998 was $414 million. Credit Risk. In conjunction with the valuation of its financial instruments, Enron provides reserves for risks associated with such activity, including credit risk. Credit risk relates to the risk of loss that Enron would incur as a result of nonperformance by counterparties pursuant to the terms of their contractual obligations. Enron maintains credit policies with regard to its counterparties that management believes significantly minimize overall credit risk. These policies include an evaluation of potential counterparties' financial condition (including credit rating), collateral requirements under certain circumstances and the use of standardized agreements which allow for the netting of positive and negative exposures associated with a single counterparty. The counterparties associated with assets from price risk management activities as of December 31, 1998 and 1997 are summarized as follows: [Download Table] 1998 1997 Investment Investment (In Millions) Grade(a) Total Grade(a) Total Gas and electric utilities $1,181 $1,251 $ 637 $ 676 Energy marketers 684 795 324 481 Financial institutions 505 505 413 416 Independent power producers 416 613 283 436 Oil and gas producers 365 549 280 435 Industrials 229 341 59 106 Other 101 116 118 116 Total $3,481 4,170 $2,114 2,666 Credit and other reserves (325) (282) Assets from price risk management activities(b) $3,845 $2,384 <FN> (a) "Investment Grade" is primarily determined using publicly available credit ratings along with consideration of collateral, which encompass standby letters of credit, parent company guarantees and property interests, including oil and gas reserves. Included in "Investment Grade" are counterparties with a minimum Standard & Poor's or Moody's rating of BBB- or Baa3, respectively. (b) Two and one customers' exposures at December 31, 1998 and 1997, respectively, comprise greater than 5% of Assets From Price Risk Management Activities. All are included above as Investment Grade. This concentration of counterparties may impact Enron's overall exposure to credit risk, either positively or negatively, in that the counterparties may be similarly affected by changes in economic, regulatory or other conditions. Based on Enron's policies, its exposures and its credit and other reserves, Enron does not anticipate a materially adverse effect on financial position or results of operations as a result of counterparty nonperformance. Non-Trading Activities. Enron's other businesses also enter into swaps and other contracts primarily for the purpose of hedging the impact of market fluctuations on assets, liabilities, production or other contractual commitments. Energy Commodity Price Swaps. At December 31, 1998, Enron was a party to energy commodity price swaps covering 156 TBtu, 4 TBtu and 56 TBtu of natural gas for the years 1999, 2000 and the period 2001 through 2006, respectively, and 1.8 million barrels of crude oil for the year 1999. Interest Rate Swaps. At December 31, 1998, Enron had entered into interest rate swap agreements with a notional principal amount of $4.0 billion to manage interest rate exposure. These swap agreements are scheduled to terminate $0.6 billion in 1999 and $3.4 billion in the period 2000 through 2014. Foreign Currency Contracts. At December 31, 1998, foreign currency contracts with a notional principal amount of $0.8 billion were outstanding. Such contracts will expire in the period 2000 through 2009. Credit Risk. While notional amounts are used to express the volume of various financial instruments, the amounts potentially subject to credit risk, in the event of nonperformance by the third parties, are substantially smaller. Counterparties to forwards, futures and other contracts are equivalent to investment grade financial institutions. Accordingly, Enron does not anticipate any material impact to its financial position or results of operations as a result of nonperformance by the third parties on financial instruments related to non-trading activities. Enron has concentrations of customers in the electric and gas utility and oil and gas exploration and production industries. These concentrations of customers may impact Enron's overall exposure to credit risk, either positively or negatively, in that the customers may be similarly affected by changes in economic or other conditions. However, Enron's management believes that its portfolio of receivables is well diversified and that such diversification minimizes any potential credit risk. Receivables are generally not collateralized. Financial Instruments. The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of Enron's financial instruments, excluding trading activities which are marked to market, at December 31, 1998 and 1997 were as follows: [Download Table] 1998 1997 Carrying Estimated Carrying Estimated (In Millions) Amount Fair Value Amount Fair Value Long-term debt (Note 7) $7,357 $7,624 $6,254 $6,501 Company-obligated preferred securities of subsidiaries (Note 10) 1,001 1,019 993 1,024 Energy commodity price swaps - (5) - (31) Interest rate swaps - 12 - 13 Foreign currency contracts - 1 - - Enron uses the following methods and assumptions in estimating fair values: (a) long-term debt - the carrying amount of variable- rate debt approximates fair value, the fair value of marketable debt is based on quoted market prices, and the fair value of other debt is based on the discounted present value of cash flows using Enron's current borrowing rates; (b) Company-obligated preferred securities of subsidiaries - the fair value is based on quoted market prices, where available, or based on the discounted present value of cash flows using Enron's current borrowing rates if not publicly traded; and (c) energy commodity price swaps, interest rate swaps and foreign currency contracts - estimated fair values have been determined using available market data and valuation methodologies. Judgment is necessarily required in interpreting market data and the use of different market assumptions or estimation methodologies may affect the estimated fair value amounts. The fair market value of cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables, accounts payable, equity investments accounted for at fair value and equity swaps are not materially different from their carrying amounts. Guarantees of liabilities of unconsolidated entities and residual value guarantees have no carrying value and fair values which are not readily determinable (see Note 15). 4 MERCHANT ACTIVITIES Merchant Investments. Through the Enron Wholesale segment, Enron provides capital primarily to energy-related businesses seeking debt or equity financing. The investments made by Enron include public and private equity, debt, production payments and interests in limited partnerships. These investments are managed as a group, by disaggregating the market risks embedded in the individual investments and managing them on a portfolio basis, utilizing public equities, equity indices and commodities as hedges of specific industry groups and interest rate swaps as hedges of interest rate exposure, to reduce Enron's exposure to overall market volatility. The specific investment or idiosyncratic risks which remain are then managed and monitored within the Enron risk management policies. As part of its complement of services, and to add value to its investments, Enron may have involvement with the investees' business, including representation on the board of directors and providing risk management products and services to the business. The investments are recorded at market value in "Other Assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, with fair value adjustments reflected in "Other Revenues" on the Consolidated Income Statement. The valuation methodologies utilize market values of publicly-traded securities, independent appraisals and cash flow analyses. Merchant Assets. Also included in Enron's wholesale business are investments in merchant energy assets such as power plants, natural gas pipelines and local gas and electric distribution companies, primarily held through equity investments. Some of these assets were developed and constructed by Enron, which may also operate the facility for the joint venture. From time to time, Enron sells interests in these energy-related financial assets. Some of these sales are completed in securitizations, in which Enron retains certain interests through swaps associated with the underlying assets. Such swaps are adjusted to fair value using quoted market prices, if available, or estimated fair value based on management's best estimate of the present value of future cash flow. These swaps are included in Price Risk Management activities. See Note 3. For the years ended December 31, 1998 and 1997, respectively, pre-tax gains from sales of merchant assets and investments totaling $628 million and $136 million are included in "Other Revenues," and proceeds were $1,434 million and $339 million. An analysis of the composition of Enron's wholesale merchant investments and energy assets at December 31, 1998 and 1997 is as follows: [Download Table] December 31, (In Millions) 1998 1997 Merchant Investments Held directly by Enron Oil and gas exploration and production $ 279 $ 147 Energy-intensive industries 331 139 Natural gas transportation 132 131 Other 334 80 1,076 497 Held through unconsolidated affiliates(a) Oil and gas exploration and production 610 553 Oil services 123 68 Other 50 - 783 621 1,859 1,118 Merchant Assets Independent power plants 148 401 Natural gas transportation 38 31 Other - 46 186 478 Total $2,045 $1,596 <FN> (a) Amounts represent Enron's interests. 5 INCOME TAXES The components of income before income taxes are as follows: [Download Table] (In Millions) 1998 1997 1996 United States $197 $96 $551 Foreign 681 (81) 304 $878 $15 $855 Total income tax expense (benefit) is summarized as follows: [Download Table] (In Millions) 1998 1997 1996 Payable currently - Federal $ 30 $ 29 $ 16 State 8 9 11 Foreign 50 46 37 88 84 64 Payment deferred - Federal (14) (39) 174 State 11 (42) (1) Foreign 90 (93) 34 87 (174) 207 Total income tax expense (benefit) $175 $ (90) $271 The differences between taxes computed at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate and Enron's effective income tax rate are as follows: [Download Table] (In Millions, except Percentages) 1998 1997 1996 Statutory federal income tax provision 35.0% $ 5 35.0% 35.0% Net state income taxes 1.7 (21) (140.0) 0.8 Tight gas sands tax credit (1.4) (12) (80.0) (1.8) Equity earnings (4.3) (38) (253.3) (3.3) Minority interest 0.8 28 186.7 3.1 Assets and stock sale differences (14.2) (79) (526.7) 1.8 Cash value in life insurance (1.1) (7) (46.7) (3.2) Goodwill amortization 2.0 9 60.0 - Other 1.5 25 166.7 (0.7) 20.0% $(90) (598.3)% 31.7% The principal components of Enron's net deferred income tax liability are as follows: [Download Table] December 31, (In Millions) 1998 1997 Deferred income tax assets - Alternative minimum tax credit carryforward $ 238 $ 247 Net operating loss carryforward 605 361 Other 111 218 954 826 Deferred income tax liabilities - Depreciation, depletion and amortization 1,940 2,036 Price risk management activities 645 457 Other 700 588 3,285 3,081 Net deferred income tax liabilities(a) $2,331 $2,255 <FN> (a) Includes $(26) million and $216 million in other current liabilities for 1998 and 1997, respectively. Enron has an alternative minimum tax (AMT) credit carryforward of approximately $238 million which can be used to offset regular income taxes payable in future years. The AMT credit has an indefinite carryforward period. Enron has a federal consolidated net operating loss carryforward for tax purposes of approximately $1.4 billion, which will begin to expire in 2011. Enron has a net operating loss carryforward applicable to non-U.S. subsidiaries of approximately $353 million of which $237 million can be carried forward indefinitely. The remaining $116 million will begin to expire in 2002 but is projected to be utilized before its expiration period. The benefits of the domestic and foreign net operating losses have been recognized as deferred tax assets. U.S. and foreign income taxes have been provided for earnings of foreign subsidiary companies that are expected to be remitted to the U.S. Foreign subsidiaries' cumulative undistributed earnings of approximately $840 million are considered to be indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S. and, accordingly, no U.S. income taxes have been provided thereon. In the event of a distribution of those earnings in the form of dividends, Enron may be subject to both foreign withholding taxes and U.S. income taxes net of allowable foreign tax credits. 6 SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION Cash paid for income taxes and interest expense, including fees incurred on sales of accounts receivable, is as follows: [Download Table] (In Millions) 1998 1997 1996 Income taxes (net of refunds) $ 73 $ 68 $ 89 Interest (net of amounts capitalized) 585 420 290 Non-Cash Transactions. In December 1998, Enron exchanged its 6.25% Exchangeable Notes for 10.5 million shares of EOG common stock. During 1997, Enron issued common stock in connection with business acquisitions. See Note 2. 7 CREDIT FACILITIES AND DEBT Enron has credit facilities with domestic and foreign banks which provide for an aggregate of $1.67 billion in long-term committed credit and $1.37 billion in short-term committed credit. Expiration dates of the committed facilities range from April 1999 to June 2002. Interest rates on borrowings are based upon the London Interbank Offered Rate, certificate of deposit rates or other short-term interest rates. Certain credit facilities contain covenants which must be met to borrow funds. Such debt covenants are not anticipated to materially restrict Enron's ability to borrow funds under such facilities. Compensating balances are not required, but Enron is required to pay a commitment or facility fee. At December 31, 1998, $149 million was outstanding under these facilities. Enron has also entered into agreements which provide for uncommitted lines of credit totaling $335 million at December 31, 1998. The uncommitted lines have no stated expiration dates. Neither compensating balances nor commitment fees are required as borrowings under the uncommitted credit lines are available subject to agreement by the participating banks. At December 31, 1998, no amounts were outstanding under the uncommitted lines. In addition to borrowing from banks on a short-term basis, Enron and certain of its subsidiaries sell commercial paper to provide financing for various corporate purposes. As of December 31, 1998 and 1997, short-term borrowings of $680 million and $825 million, respectively, have been reclassified as long-term debt based upon the availability of committed credit facilities with expiration dates exceeding one year and management's intent to maintain such amounts in excess of one year subject to overall reductions in debt levels. Similarly, at December 31, 1998 and 1997, $541 million and $462 million, respectively, of long-term debt due within one year remained classified as long-term. Weighted average interest rates on short-term debt outstanding at December 31, 1998 and 1997 were 5.5% and 6.0%, respectively. Detailed information on long-term debt is as follows: [Download Table] December 31, (In Millions) 1998 1997 Enron Corp. Debentures 6.75% to 8.25% due 2005 to 2012 $ 350 $ 350 Notes payable 6.25% - exchangeable notes due 1998 - 228 6.40% to 10.00% due 1998 to 2028 3,342 2,492 Floating rate notes due 1999 to 2037 400 350 Other 38 67 Northern Natural Gas Company Notes payable 6.75% to 8.00% due 1999 to 2008 500 350 Transwestern Pipeline Company Notes payable 7.55% to 9.20% due 1998 to 2004 147 150 Portland General Electric Company First mortgage bonds 5.65% to 9.46% due 1998 to 2023 502 564 Pollution control bonds 3.50% to 7.13% due 2010 to 2033 200 192 Other 160 172 Enron Oil & Gas Company Notes payable Floating rate notes due 1998 to 2001 105 120 5.44% to 9.10% due 1998 to 2028 675 390 Other 302 37 Amount reclassified from short-term debt 680 825 Unamortized debt discount and premium (44) (33) Total long-term debt $7,357 $6,254 The indenture securing PGE's First Mortgage Bonds constitutes a direct first mortgage lien on substantially all electric utility property and franchises, other than expressly excepted property. The Enron 6.25% Exchangeable Notes were exchanged in December 1998 for 10.5 million shares of EOG common stock held by Enron. The aggregate annual maturities of long-term debt outstanding at December 31, 1998 were $541 million, $413 million, $666 million, $182 million and $656 million for 1999 through 2003, respectively. 8 MINORITY INTERESTS Enron's minority interests primarily include amounts related to EOG and two joint ventures. Also included was EPP prior to Enron's acquisition of the EPP minority interest in November 1997 (see Note 2). In December 1998, Enron formed a wholly-owned limited partnership for the purpose of holding $1.6 billion of assets contributed by various business units. That partnership contributed $850 million of assets to a second newly-formed limited partnership in exchange for a 53% interest; a third party investor contributed $750 million in exchange for a 47% interest. The assets held by the wholly-owned limited partnership represent collateral for a $750 million note receivable held by the other newly-formed limited partnership. In 1997, Enron and a third- party investor contributed approximately $579 million and $500 million, respectively, for interests in an Enron-controlled joint venture. The joint venture purchased 250,000 shares of junior convertible preferred stock from Enron. Each share of junior convertible preferred stock has a cumulative, market-based dividend, is convertible at the option of the holder (currently the Enron-controlled joint venture) initially into 100 shares of Enron stock, subject to certain adjustments, and has a liquidation value of $4,000 per share, subject to certain adjustments. These entities are separate legal entities from Enron and have separate assets and liabilities. Absent certain defaults or other specified events, Enron has the option to acquire the minority holders' interests in the entities. If Enron does not acquire the minority holders' interests before December 2005 or December 2002, respectively, or earlier upon certain specified events, the entities will liquidate their assets and dissolve. These entities are included in Enron's consolidated financial statements and the third-party investors' interests are included in "Minority Interests" in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. 9 UNCONSOLIDATED AFFILIATES Enron's investment in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates which are accounted for by the equity method is as follows: [Download Table] Net Ownership December 31, (In Millions) Interest 1998 1997 Azurix Corp.(a) 50% $ 918 $ - Citrus Corp.(b) 50% 455 432 Companhia Distribuidora de Gas do Rio de Janeiro, S.A.(c) 25% 192 194 Dabhol Power Company(c) 50% 285 - Enron Teesside Operations Limited(c) 100% 118 - Jacare Electrical Distribution Trust(c) 51% 447 - Joint Energy Development Investments L.P. (JEDI)(c)(d) 50% 356 392 Transportadora de Gas del Sur S.A.(c) 35% 463 472 Other 1,199 1,166 $4,433(e) $2,656 <FN> (a) Included in the Corporate and Other segment. (b) Included in the Transportation and Distribution segment. (c) Included in the Wholesale Energy Operations and Services segment. (d) JEDI accounts for its investments at fair value. (e) At December 31, 1998, the unamortized excess of Enron's investment in unconsolidated affiliates was $203 million, which is being amortized over the expected lives of the investments. Enron's equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates is as follows: [Download Table] (In Millions) 1998 1997 1996 Citrus Corp. $ 23 $ 27 $ 22 Joint Energy Development Investments L.P. (45) 68 71 Transportadora de Gas del Sur S.A. 36 45 29 Other 83 76 93 $ 97 $216 $215 Summarized combined financial information of Enron's unconsolidated affiliates is presented below: [Download Table] December 31, (In Millions) 1998 1997 Balance sheet Current assets(a) $ 2,309 $3,611 Property, plant and equipment, net 12,640 8,851 Other noncurrent assets 7,176 1,089 Current liabilities(a) 3,501 1,861 Long-term debt(a) 7,621 5,694 Other noncurrent liabilities 2,016 1,295 Owners' equity 8,897 4,701 <FN> (a) Includes $196 million and $0 million receivable from Enron and $296 million and $569 million payable to Enron at December 31, 1998 and 1997, respectively. [Download Table] (In Millions) 1998 1997 1996 Income statement(a) Operating revenues $8,508 $11,183 $11,676 Operating expenses 7,244 10,246 10,567 Net income 142 336 464 Distributions paid to Enron 87 118 84 <FN> (a) Enron recognized revenues from unconsolidated affiliates of $142 million in 1998, $219 million in 1997 and $253 million in 1996. In August 1998, Enron, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, completed the acquisition of a controlling interest in Elektro, Brazil's sixth largest electricity distributor, for approximately $1.3 billion. Elektro serves approximately 1.5 million customers through approximately 51,000 miles of distribution lines in the state of Sao Paulo. Enron's interest in Elektro is held by Jacare Electrical Distribution Trust. In October 1998, Enron, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, acquired Wessex, which provides water supply and wastewater services in southern England, for approximately $2.4 billion. Wessex is held through Azurix Corp. On December 31, 1998, Enron's wholly-owned subsidiary, Enron Teesside Operations Limited (ETOL), acquired assets from The ICI Group for approximately $500 million. The acquisition of the ICI assets allows ETOL to supply steam, water, power and other utility services to large industrial customers in the U.K. Although Enron initially owned more than 50 percent of the voting interest in each of these entities, they are reported using the equity method as a result of management's intent to ultimately hold a voting interest of not more than 50 percent. In December 1998, Enron completed financial restructuring of Enron's ownership interest in Wessex, reducing its interest to 50%, and financially closed the Elektro financial restructuring, reducing its interest in the subsidiary that holds Elektro to 51%. Enron will transfer an additional 1% interest in Elektro following the receipt of certain regulatory approvals, which are expected in the first half of 1999. Proceeds of approximately $1.6 billion received from the Elektro and Wessex financial restructurings were used to repay debt incurred in the initial acquisitions. In connection with the financings, Enron committed to cause the sale of its convertible preferred stock, with the number of common shares issuable upon conversion determined based on future common stock prices, if certain debt obligations of the related entities acquiring such interests are defaulted upon, or in certain events, including, among other things, Enron's credit ratings falling below specified levels. If the sale of stock is not sufficient to retire such obligations, Enron would be liable for the shortfall. The obligations will mature in December 2000 and 2001 for Elektro and Wessex, respectively. Enron has investments in entities whose functional currency is denominated in Brazilian Reals. Subsequent to December 31, 1998, the exchange rate for Brazilian Reals to the U.S. dollar has declined. As a result, Enron anticipates recording a non-cash foreign currency translation adjustment, reducing shareholders' equity, in the first quarter of 1999. Based on the exchange rate in mid-February, the equity reduction would be approximately $600 million. From time to time, Enron has entered into various administrative service, management, construction, supply and operating agreements with its unconsolidated affiliates. Enron's management believes that its existing agreements and transactions are reasonable compared to those which could have been obtained from third parties. 10 PREFERRED STOCK Preferred Stock. Following Enron's reincorporation in Oregon on July 1, 1997, Enron has authorized 16,500,000 shares of preferred stock, no par value. At December 31, 1998, Enron had outstanding 1,319,848 shares of Cumulative Second Preferred Convertible Stock (the Convertible Preferred Stock), no par value. The Convertible Preferred Stock pays dividends at an amount equal to the higher of $10.50 per share or the equivalent dividend that would be paid if shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock were converted to common stock. Each share of the Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible at any time at the option of the holder thereof into 13.652 shares of Enron's common stock, subject to certain adjustments. The Convertible Preferred Stock is currently subject to redemption at Enron's option at a price of $100 per share plus accrued dividends. During 1998, 1997 and 1996, 17,797 shares, 33,069 shares and 4,780 shares, respectively, of the Convertible Preferred Stock were converted into common stock. Company-Obligated Preferred Securities of Subsidiaries. Summarized information for Enron's Company-Obligated Preferred Securities of Subsidiaries is as follows: [Download Table] Liquidation December 31, Value (In Millions, except Per Share Amounts and Shares) 1998 1997 Per Share Enron Capital LLC 8% Cumulative Guaranteed Monthly Income Preferred Shares (MIPS) (8,550,000 shares)(a) $ 214 $214 $ 25 Enron Capital Trust I 8.3% Trust Originated Preferred Securities (8,000,000 preferred securities)(a) 200 200 25 Enron Capital Trust II 8 1/8% Trust Originated Preferred Securities (6,000,000 preferred securities)(a) 150 150 25 Enron Capital Trust III Adjustable-Rate Capital Trust Securities (200,000 preferred securities)(b) 200 200 1,000 Enron Equity Corp. 8.57% Preferred Stock (880 shares)(a) 88 88 100,000 7.39% Preferred Stock (150 shares)(a)(c) 15 15 100,000 Enron Capital Resources, L.P. 9% Cumulative Preferred Securities, Series A (3,000,000 preferred securities)(a) 75 75 25 Other 59 51 $1,001 $993 <FN> (a) Redeemable under certain circumstances after specified dates. (b) Mature in 2046. (c) Mandatorily redeemable in 2006. 11 COMMON STOCK Earnings Per Share. The computation of basic and diluted earnings per share is as follows: [Download Table] Year Ended December 31, (In Millions, except per share amounts) 1998 1997 1996 Numerator: Net income $ 703 $ 105 $ 584 Preferred stock dividends (17) (17) (16) Numerator for basic earnings per share - income available to common shareholders 686 88 568 Effect of dilutive securities: Preferred stock dividends(a) 17 - 16 Numerator for diluted earnings per share - income available to common shareholders after assumed conversions $ 703 $ 88 $ 584 Denominator: Denominator for basic earnings per share - weighted-average shares 321 272 246 Effect of dilutive securities: Preferred stock (a) 18 - 19 Stock options 9 5 5 Dilutive potential common shares 27 5 24 Denominator for diluted earnings per share - adjusted weighted-average shares and assumed conversions 348 277 270 Basic earnings per share $2.14 $0.32 $2.31 Diluted earnings per share $2.02 $0.32 $2.16 <FN> (a) For 1997, the dividends and conversion of preferred stock have been excluded from the computation because conversion is antidilutive. Enron has outstanding certain instruments that are potentially convertible into common stock but which do not qualify as dilutive securities for computation of earnings per share. See Notes 8 and 9 for further description of these instruments. In February 1999, Enron issued 13.8 million shares of common stock in a public offering and approximately 3.8 million shares of common stock in connection with the acquisition of certain assets. Forward Contracts and Options. At December 31, 1998, Enron had forward contracts to purchase 6.7 million shares of Enron Corp. common stock at an average price of $43.37 per share. Enron may purchase the shares pursuant to the forward contracts with cash or an equivalent value of Enron common stock until April 2001. Shares potentially deliverable to the counterparty under the contracts are assumed to be outstanding in calculating diluted earnings per share unless they are antidilutive. At December 31, 1998, Enron had issued put options for approximately nine million shares at a weighted average exercise price of $54.73. If exercised by the counterparty, Enron may purchase the shares pursuant to the put options for the difference between the exercise price and the market price, in either cash or an equivalent value of Enron common stock. These put options have been included in the diluted earnings per share calculation. In 1997, Enron granted options to EOG to purchase 3.2 million shares of Enron common stock (exercise price of $39.1875) in connection with certain agreements between Enron and EOG. The options vested 25% immediately with 15% vesting in 1998 and the remainder vesting equally in 1999 through 2004. Stock Option Plans. Enron applies Accounting Principles Board (APB) Opinion 25 and related interpretations in accounting for its stock option plans. In accordance with APB Opinion 25, no compensation expense has been recognized for the fixed stock option plans. Compensation expense charged against income for the restricted stock plan for 1998, 1997 and 1996 was $58 million, $14 million and $4 million, respectively. Had compensation cost for Enron's stock option compensation plans been determined based on the fair value at the grant dates for awards under those plans, Enron's net income and earnings per share would have been $674 million ($2.04 per share basic, $1.94 per share diluted) in 1998, $66 million ($0.18 per share basic, $0.18 per share diluted) in 1997 and $562 million ($2.22 per share basic, $2.07 per share diluted) in 1996. The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with weighted-average assumptions for grants in 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively: (i) dividend yield of 2.5%, 2.5% and 2.3%; (ii) expected volatility of 18.3%, 17.4% and 23.8%; (iii) risk-free interest rates of 5.0%, 5.9% and 5.9%; and (iv) expected lives of 3.8 years, 3.7 years and 4.0 years. Enron has three fixed option plans (the Plans) under which options for shares of Enron's common stock have been or may be granted to officers, employees and non-employee members of the Board of Directors. Options granted may be either incentive stock options or nonqualified stock options and are granted at not less than the fair market value of the stock at the time of grant. The Plans provide for options to be granted with a stock appreciation rights feature; however, Enron does not presently intend to issue options with this feature. Under the Plans, Enron may grant options with a maximum term of 10 years. Options vest under varying schedules. Summarized information for Enron's Plans is as follows: [Download Table] 1998 1997 1996 Weighted Weighted Weighted Average Average Average Exercise Exercise Exercise (Shares in Thousands) Shares Price Shares Price Shares Price Outstanding, beginning of year 39,429 $35.77 25,476 $32.69 22,493 $29.02 Granted(a) 7,851 49.97 17,658 38.63 7,370 39.71 Exercised (6,536) 31.39 (2,165) 23.29 (3,615) 24.41 Forfeited (749) 39.54 (1,514) 35.25 (749) 31.66 Expired (193) 39.52 (26) 34.59 (23) 30.65 Outstanding, end of year 39,802 39.19 39,429 $35.77 25,476 $32.69 Exercisable, end of year 22,971 $36.31 21,252 $33.55 12,883 $30.65 Available for grant, end of year(b) 5,249 13,047 6,505 Weighted average fair value of options granted $ 8.39 $ 7.10 $ 9.44 <FN> (a) Includes 1,768,074 shares issued in 1997 in connection with business acquisitions discussed in Note 2. (b) Includes up to 5,248,835 shares, 12,246,040 shares and 5,232,218 shares as of December 31, 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively, which may be issued either as restricted stock or pursuant to stock options. The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 1998 (shares in thousands): [Download Table] Options Outstanding Options Exercisable Weighted Average Weighted Weighted Number Remaining Average Number Average Range of Outstanding Contractual Exercise Exercisable Exercise Exercise Prices at 12/31/98 Life Price at 12/31/98 Price $10.69 to $30.25 4,119 4.1 $25.94 3,708 $25.66 30.50 to 36.06 6,779 4.9 31.71 5,498 31.87 36.75 to 39.88 10,310 6.9 37.73 6,322 37.73 40.00 to 45.00 12,810 6.3 42.21 6,489 42.32 46.38 to 57.06 5,784 9.2 53.33 954 52.46 $10.69 to 57.06 39,802 6.4 $39.19 22,971 $36.31 Restricted Stock Plan. Under Enron's Restricted Stock Plan, participants may be granted stock without cost to the participant. The shares granted under this plan vest to the participants at various times ranging from immediate vesting to vesting at the end of a five-year period. Upon vesting, the shares are released to the participants. The following summarizes shares of restricted stock under this plan: [Download Table] (Shares in Thousands) 1998 1997 1996 Outstanding, beginning of year 2,537 825 159 Granted 1,061 2,088 1,772 Released to participants (532) (321) (1,062) Forfeited or expired (49) (55) (44) Outstanding, end of year 3,017 2,537 825 Available for grant, end of year 5,249 12,246 5,232 Weighted average fair value of restricted stock granted $47.40 $38.26 $37.04 12 PENSION AND OTHER BENEFITS Enron maintains a retirement plan (the Enron Plan) which is a noncontributory defined benefit plan covering substantially all employees in the United States and certain employees in foreign countries. The benefit accrual is in the form of a cash balance of 5% of annual base pay. Portland General has a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan (the Portland General Plan) covering substantially all of its employees. Benefits under the Plan are based on years of service, final average pay and covered compensation. Enron also maintains a noncontributory employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) which covers all eligible employees. Allocations to individual employees' retirement accounts within the ESOP offset a portion of benefits earned under the Enron Plan. All shares included in the ESOP have been allocated to the employee accounts. At December 31, 1998 and 1997, 10,919,050 shares and 13,508,794 shares, respectively, of Enron common stock were held by the ESOP, a portion of which may be used to offset benefits under the Enron Plan. Assets of the Enron Plan and the Portland General Plan are comprised primarily of equity securities, fixed income securities and temporary cash investments. It is Enron's policy to fund all pension costs accrued to the extent required by federal tax regulations. Enron provides certain postretirement medical, life insurance and dental benefits to eligible employees and their eligible dependents. Benefits are provided under the provisions of contributory defined dollar benefit plans. Enron is currently funding that portion of its obligations under these postretirement benefit plans which are expected to be recoverable through rates by its regulated pipelines and electric utility operations. Enron accrues these postretirement benefit costs over the service lives of the employees expected to be eligible to receive such benefits. Enron is amortizing the transition obligation which existed at January 1, 1993 over a period of approximately 19 years. Enron adopted SFAS No. 132, "Employers' Disclosures about Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits," in 1998. This statement changed the disclosure requirements, but not the method of measurement or recognition of these obligations. The following table sets forth information related to changes in the benefit obligations, changes in plan assets, a reconciliation of the funded status of the plans and components of the expense recognized related to Enron's pension and other postretirement plans: [Download Table] Pension Benefits Other Benefits (In Millions) 1998 1997 1998 1997 Change in benefit obligation Benefit obligation, beginning of year $617 $308 $148 $144 Service cost 27 22 2 2 Interest cost 44 32 9 10 Plan participants' contributions - - 3 3 Plan amendments - - 3 (4) Actuarial loss (gain) 26 35 (16) (14) Acquisitions and divestitures - 255 - 27 Benefits paid (27) (35) (15) (20) Benefit obligation, end of year $687 $617 $134 $148 Change in plan assets Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year(a) $727 $315 $ 54 $ 15 Actual return on plan assets 41 84 3 3 Acquisitions and divestitures - 360 - 32 Employer contribution 33 3 8 8 Plan participants' contributions - - 3 3 Benefits paid (27) (35) (8) (7) Fair value of plan assets, end of year(a) $774 $727 $ 60 $ 54 Reconciliation of funded status, end of year Funded status, end of year $ 87 $110 $(74) $(94) Unrecognized transition obligation (asset) (18) (24) 58 62 Unrecognized prior service cost 33 35 17 22 Unrecognized net actuarial loss (gain) 79 34 (10) 6 Prepaid (accrued) benefit cost $181 $155 $ (9) $ (4) Weighted-average assumptions at December 31 Discount rate 6.75% 7.25% 6.75% 7.25% Expected return on plan assets (pre-tax) (b) (b) (c) (c) Rate of compensation increase (d) (d) (d) (d) Components of net periodic benefit cost Service cost $ 27 $ 22 $ 2 $ 2 Interest cost 44 32 9 10 Expected return on plan assets (63) (43) (3) (2) Amortization of transition obligation (asset) (6) (6) 4 4 Amortization of prior service cost 5 5 1 1 Recognized net actuarial loss (gain) 2 2 - 1 Net periodic benefit cost $ 9 $ 12 $ 13 $ 16 <FN> (a) Includes plan assets of the ESOP of $139 million and $135 million at December 31, 1998 and 1997, respectively. (b) Long-term rate of return on assets is assumed to be 10.5% for the Enron Retirement Plan and 9.0% for the Portland General Plan. (c) Long-term rate of return on assets is assumed to be 7.5% for the Enron assets and 9.5% for the Portland General assets. (d) Rate of compensation increase is assumed to be 4.0% for the Enron Plan and 4.0% to 9.5% for the Portland General Plan. Included in the above amounts are the unfunded obligations for the supplemental executive retirement plans. At December 31, 1998 and 1997, respectively, the projected benefit obligation for these unfunded plans was $54 million and $48 million and the fair value of assets was $2 million and $1 million. The measurement date of the Enron Plan and the ESOP is September 30, and the measurement date of the Portland General Plan and the postretirement benefit plans is December 31. The funded status as of the valuation date of the Enron Plan, the Portland General Plan, the ESOP and the postretirement benefit plans reconciles with the amount detailed above which is included in "Other Assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. For measurement purposes, a 7.0% annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered health care benefits was assumed for 1999. The rate was assumed to decrease to 5.0% by 2003. Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the health care plans. A one-percentage point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects: [Download Table] 1-Percentage 1-Percentage (In Millions) Point Increase Point Decrease Effect on total of service and interest cost components $0.4 $(0.4) Effect on postretirement benefit obligation 5.4 (4.5) Additionally, certain Enron subsidiaries maintain various incentive based compensation plans for which participants may receive a combination of cash or stock options of the subsidiaries, based upon the achievement of certain performance goals. 13 RATES AND REGULATORY ISSUES Rates and regulatory issues related to certain of Enron's natural gas pipelines and its electric utility operations are subject to final determination by various regulatory agencies. The domestic interstate pipeline operations are regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and the electric utility operations are regulated by the FERC and the Oregon Public Utility Commission (OPUC). As a result, these operations are subject to the provisions of SFAS No. 71, "Accounting for the Effects of Certain Types of Regulation," which recognizes the economic effects of regulation and, accordingly, Enron has recorded regulatory assets and liabilities related to such operations. The regulated pipelines operations' net regulatory assets were $241 million and $283 million at December 31, 1998 and 1997, respectively, which are expected to be recovered over varying time periods. The electric utility operations' net regulatory assets at December 31, 1998 and 1997, respectively, were $494 million and $561 million. Based on rates in place at December 31, 1997, Enron estimates that it will collect the majority of these regulatory assets within the next 10 years and substantially all of these regulatory assets within the next 20 years. Pipeline Operations. On May 1, 1998, Northern Natural Gas Company (Northern) filed a general rate case proceeding with the FERC which fulfilled a commitment made in a previous settlement. The rate case included an annual increase of $35 million to Northern's revenues over 1997. The FERC accepted the rate case for filing and suspended the filed rates. Northern implemented the filed rates effective November 1, 1998, subject to refund. Transwestern Pipeline Company implemented on November 1, 1998, a rate escalation of settled transportation rates, per a May 1996 settlement. Electric Utility Operations. PGE is a 67.5% owner of the Trojan Nuclear Plant (Trojan). In March 1995, the OPUC issued an order authorizing PGE to recover all of the estimated costs of decommissioning Trojan and 87% of its remaining investment in the plant. At December 31, 1998, PGE's regulatory asset related to recovery of Trojan costs from customers was $438 million. Amounts are to be collected over Trojan's original license period ending in 2011. As discussed in Note 14, the OPUC's order and the agency's authority to grant recovery of the Trojan investment under Oregon law are being challenged in state courts. Enron believes, based upon its experience to date and after considering appropriate reserves that have been established, that the ultimate resolution of pending regulatory matters will not have a material impact on Enron's financial position or results of operations. 14 LITIGATION AND OTHER CONTINGENCIES Enron is a party to various claims and litigation, the significant items of which are discussed below. Although no assurances can be given, Enron believes, based on its experience to date and after considering appropriate reserves that have been established, that the ultimate resolution of such items, individually or in the aggregate, will not have a materially adverse impact on Enron's financial position or its results of operations. Litigation. In 1995, several parties (the Plaintiffs) filed suit in Harris County District Court in Houston, Texas, against Intratex Gas Company (Intratex), Houston Pipe Line Company and Panhandle Gas Company (collectively, the Enron Defendants), each of which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Enron. The Plaintiffs were either sellers or royalty owners under numerous gas purchase contracts with Intratex, many of which have terminated. Early in 1996, the case was severed by the Court into two matters to be tried (or otherwise resolved) separately. In the first matter, the Plaintiffs alleged that the Enron Defendants committed fraud and negligent misrepresentation in connection with the "Panhandle program," a special marketing program established in the early 1980s. This case was tried in October 1996 and resulted in a verdict for the Enron Defendants. In the second matter, the Plaintiffs allege that the Enron Defendants violated state regulatory requirements and certain gas purchase contracts by failing to take the Plaintiffs' gas ratably with other producers' gas at certain times between 1978 and 1988. The court has certified a class action with respect to ratability claims. The Enron Defendants deny the Plaintiffs' claims and have asserted various affirmative defenses, including the statute of limitations. The Enron Defendants believe that they have strong legal and factual defenses, and intend to vigorously contest the claims. Although no assurances can be given, Enron believes that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a materially adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations. On November 21, 1996, an explosion occurred in or around the Humberto Vidal Building in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The explosion resulted in fatalities, bodily injuries and damage to the building and surrounding property. San Juan Gas Company, Inc. (San Juan), an Enron subsidiary, operated a propane/air distribution system in the vicinity. Although San Juan did not provide service to the building, the investigation report of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) concluded that the probable cause of the incident was propane leaking from San Juan's distribution system. San Juan and Enron strongly disagree with the NTSB findings. The NTSB investigation found no path of migration of propane from San Juan's system to the building and no forensic evidence that propane fueled the explosion. Enron, San Juan, several San Juan affiliates and third parties have been named as defendants in numerous lawsuits filed in U.S. District Court for the district of Puerto Rico and the Commonwealth court of Puerto Rico. These suits, which seek damages for wrongful death, personal injury, business interruption and property damage, allege that negligence of Enron and San Juan, among others, caused the explosion. Enron and San Juan are vigorously contesting the claims. Although no assurances can be given, Enron believes that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations. Trojan Investment Recovery. In early 1993, PGE ceased commercial operation of Trojan. In April 1996 a circuit court judge in Marion County, Oregon, found that the OPUC could not authorize PGE to collect a return on its undepreciated investment in Trojan, contradicting a November 1994 ruling from the same court. The ruling was the result of an appeal of PGE's 1995 general rate order which granted PGE recovery of, and a return on, 87% of its remaining investment in Trojan. The 1994 ruling was appealed to the Oregon Court of Appeals and was stayed pending the appeal of the Commission's March 1995 order. Both PGE and the OPUC have separately appealed the April 1996 ruling, which appeals were combined with the appeal of the November 1994 ruling at the Oregon Court of Appeals. On June 24, 1998, the Court of Appeals of the State of Oregon ruled that the OPUC does not have the authority to allow PGE to recover a rate of return on its undepreciated investment in the Trojan generating facility. The court upheld the OPUC's authorization of PGE's recovery of its undepreciated investment in Trojan. PGE has filed a petition for review with the Oregon Supreme Court. The OPUC has also filed such a petition for review. Also on August 26, 1998, the Utility Reform Project filed a Petition for Review with the Oregon Supreme Court seeking review of that portion of the Oregon Court of Appeals decision relating to PGE's recovery of its undepreciated investment in Trojan. Enron cannot predict the outcome of these actions. Additionally, due to uncertainties in the regulatory process, management cannot predict, with certainty, what ultimate rate-making action the OPUC will take regarding PGE's recovery of a rate of return on its Trojan investment. Although no assurances can be given, Enron believes that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations. Environmental Matters. Enron is subject to extensive federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations. These laws and regulations require expenditures in connection with the construction of new facilities, the operation of existing facilities and for remediation at various operating sites. The implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments is expected to result in increased operating expenses. These increased operating expenses are not expected to have a material impact on Enron's financial position or results of operations. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has informed Enron that it is a potentially responsible party at the Decorah Former Manufactured Gas Plant Site (the Decorah Site) in Decorah, Iowa, pursuant to the provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA, also commonly known as Superfund). The manufactured gas plant in Decorah ceased operations in 1951. A predecessor company of Enron purchased the Decorah Site in 1963. Enron's predecessor did not operate the gas plant and sold the Decorah Site in 1965. The EPA alleges that hazardous substances were released to the environment during the period in which Enron's predecessor owned the site, and that Enron's predecessor assumed the liabilities of the company that operated the plant. Enron contests these allegations. To date, the EPA has identified no other potentially responsible parties with respect to this site. Enron has entered into a consent order with the EPA by which it has agreed, although admitting no liability, to replace affected topsoil and remove impacted subsurface soils in certain areas of the tract where the plant was formerly located. Enron completed the final removal actions at the site in November 1998, and expects to conclude all remaining site activities in the spring of 1999. In 1998, Enron's expenses related to the Decorah Site were $300,000 as compared with $400,000 in 1997. Enron believes that expenses incurred in connection with this matter will not have a materially adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations. Enron has also received from the EPA an Order issued under CERCLA alleging that Enron and two other parties are responsible for the cost of demolition and proper disposal of two 110 foot towers that apparently had been used in the manufacture of carbon dioxide at a site called the "City Bumper Site" in Cincinnati, Ohio. The carbon dioxide plant, according to agency documents, was in operation from 1926 to 1966. Houston Natural Gas Corporation, a predecessor of Enron Corp., merged with Liquid Carbonic Industries (LCI) on January 31, 1969. Liquid Carbonic Corporation (LCC), a subsidiary of LCI, had title to the site. Twenty-eight days after the merger, on February 28, 1969, the site was sold to a third party. In 1984, LCC was sold to an unaffiliated party in a stock sale. Although Enron does not admit liability with respect to any costs at this site, it agreed to cooperate with the EPA and other potentially responsible parties to undertake the work contemplated by EPA's Order. The tower demolition and removal activities were completed in October 1998, and a final project report has been prepared for submission to the EPA. In 1998, Enron's expenses related to the City Bumper Site were $600,000. Enron does not expect to incur material expenditures in connection with this site. Enron's natural gas pipeline companies conduct soil and groundwater remediation of a number of their facilities. In 1998, these expenses were $1.3 million as compared with $1.7 million in 1997. Enron does not expect to incur material expenditures in connection with soil and groundwater remediation. 15 COMMITMENTS Firm Transportation Obligations. Enron has firm transportation agreements with various joint venture pipelines. Under these agreements, Enron must make specified minimum payments each month. At December 31, 1998, the estimated aggregate amounts of such required future payments were $53 million, $67 million, $69 million, $71 million and $72 million for 1999 through 2003, respectively, and $601 million for later years. The costs recognized under firm transportation agreements, including commodity charges on actual quantities shipped, totaled $30 million, $27 million and $25 million in 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively. Enron has assigned firm transportation contracts with two of its joint ventures to third parties and guaranteed minimum payments under the contracts averaging approximately $36 million annually through 2001 and $3 million in 2002. Other Commitments. Enron leases property, operating facilities and equipment under various operating leases, certain of which contain renewal and purchase options and residual value guarantees. Future commitments related to these items at December 31, 1998 were $208 million, $210 million, $324 million, $148 million and $131 million for 1999 through 2003, respectively, and $954 million for later years. Guarantees under the leases total $1,039 million at December 31, 1998. Total rent expense incurred during 1998, 1997 and 1996 was $147 million, $156 million and $149 million, respectively. Enron guarantees certain long-term contracts for the sale of electrical power and steam from a cogeneration facility owned by one of Enron's equity investees. Under terms of the contracts, which initially extend through June 1999, Enron could be liable for penalties should, under certain conditions, the contracts be terminated early. Enron also guarantees the performance of certain of its unconsolidated affiliates in connection with letters of credit issued on behalf of those unconsolidated affiliates. At December 31, 1998, a total of $209 million of such guarantees were outstanding, including $44 million on behalf of EOTT. In addition, Enron is a guarantor on certain liabilities of unconsolidated affiliates and other companies totaling approximately $755 million, including $366 million related to EOTT trade obligations. The EOTT letters of credit and guarantees of trade obligations are secured by the assets of EOTT. Enron has also guaranteed $453 million in lease obligations for which it has been indemnified by an "Investment Grade" company. Management does not consider it likely that Enron would be required to perform or otherwise incur any losses associated with the above guarantees. In addition, certain commitments have been made related to 1999 planned capital expenditures and equity investments. 16 QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (Unaudited) Summarized quarterly financial data is as follows: [Download Table] (In Millions, Except First Second Third Fourth Total Per Share Amounts) Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter Year 1998 Revenues $5,682 $6,557 $11,320 $7,701 $31,260 Income before interest, minority interests and income taxes 471 345 405 361 1,582 Net income 214 145 168 176 703 Earnings per share: Basic $ 0.69 $ 0.44 $ 0.50 $ 0.52 $ 2.14(a) Diluted 0.65 0.42 0.47 0.49 2.02(a) 1997 Revenues $5,344 $3,251 $ 5,806 $5,872 $20,273 Income (loss) before interest, minority interests and income taxes 429 (548) 311 373 565 Net income (loss) 222 (420) 134 169 105 Earnings (loss) per share: Basic $ 0.88 $(1.71) $ 0.44 $ 0.55 $ 0.32(a) Diluted 0.81 (1.71) 0.42 0.53 0.32(a) <FN> (a) The sum of earnings per share for the four quarters may not equal earnings per share for the total year due to changes in the average number of common shares outstanding. Additionally, certain items in the diluted earnings per share computation were antidilutive in the second quarter and total year 1997. 17 GEOGRAPHIC AND BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION Enron adopted SFAS No. 131, "Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information," during the fourth quarter of 1998. SFAS No. 131 establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments in annual financial statements and requires selected information about operating segments in interim financial reports. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available and evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Enron's chief operating decision making group is the Management Committee, which consists of the Chairman, President, and other key officers. The segments described below aggregate similar businesses together based on such factors as regulatory environment, products and services and customers. Enron's operations are classified into the following business segments: Exploration and Production - Natural gas and crude oil exploration and production primarily in the United States, Canada, Trinidad and India. Transportation and Distribution - Regulated industries. Interstate transmission of natural gas. Management and operation of pipelines. Electric utility operations. Wholesale Energy Operations and Services - Energy commodity sales and services, risk management products and financial services to wholesale customers. Development, acquisition and operation of power plants, natural gas pipelines and other energy related assets. Retail Energy Services - Sale of natural gas and electricity directly to end-use customers, particularly in the commercial and industrial sectors, including the outsourcing of energy-related activities. Corporate and Other - Includes operation of water, telecommunications and renewable energy businesses and clean fuels plants, as well as Enron's investment in crude oil transportation activities. Financial information by geographic and business segment follows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1998. Geographic Segments [Download Table] Year Ended December 31, (In Millions) 1998 1997 1996 Operating revenues from unaffiliated customers United States $25,247 $17,328 $11,262 Foreign 6,013 2,945 2,027 $31,260 $20,273 $13,289 Income (loss) before interest, minority interests and income taxes United States $ 1,008 $ 601 $ 938 Foreign 574 (36) 300 $ 1,582 $ 565 $ 1,238 Long-lived assets United States $ 9,382 $ 8,425 $ 6,490 Foreign 1,275 745 622 $10,657 $ 9,170 $ 7,112 [Enlarge/Download Table] Business Segments Wholesale Exploration Transportation Energy Retail Corporate and and Operations Energy and (In Millions) Production Distribution and Services Services Other(c) Total 1998 Unaffiliated revenues(a) $ 750 $1,833 $27,220 $1,072 $ 385 $31,260 Intersegment revenues(b) 134 16 505 - (655) - Total revenues 884 1,849 27,725 1,072 (270) 31,260 Depreciation, depletion and amortization 315 253 195 31 33 827 Operating income (loss) 133 562 880 (124) (73) 1,378 Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates - 33 42 (2) 24 97 Interest income 1 3 61 - 17 82 Other income, net (6) 39 (15) 7 - 25 Income (loss) before interest, minority interests and income taxes 128 637 968 (119) (32) 1,582 Capital expenditures 690 310 706 75 124 1,905 Identifiable assets 3,001 6,955 12,205 747 2,009 24,917 Investments in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates - 661 2,632 - 1,140 4,433 Total assets $3,001 $7,616 $14,837 $ 747 $3,149 $29,350 1997 Unaffiliated revenues(a) $ 789 $1,402 $17,344 $ 683 $ 55 $20,273 Intersegment revenues(b) 108 14 678 2 (802) - Total revenues 897 1,416 18,022 685 (747) 20,273 Depreciation, depletion and amortization 278 160 133 7 22 600 Operating income (loss) 185 398 376 (105) (839) 15 Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates - 40 172 (1) 5 216 Interest income 2 3 52 - 11 68 Other income, net (4) 139 54 (1) 78 266 Income (loss) before interest, minority interests and income taxes 183 580 654 (107) (745) 565 Capital expenditures 626 337 318 36 75 1,392 Identifiable assets 2,668 7,115 8,661 322 1,130 19,896 Investments in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates - 521 1,932 - 203 2,656 Total assets $2,668 $7,636 $10,593 $ 322 $1,333 $22,552 1996 Unaffiliated revenues(a) $ 647 $ 702 $11,413 $ 513 $ 14 $13,289 Intersegment revenues(b) 177 23 491 15 (706) - Total revenues 824 725 11,904 528 (692) 13,289 Depreciation, depletion and amortization 251 66 138 - 19 474 Operating income (loss) 205 337 287 - (139) 690 Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates - 35 168 - 12 215 Interest income 2 4 28 - 7 41 Other income, net (7) 148 (17) - 168 292 Income before interest, minority interests and income taxes 200 524 466 - 48 1,238 Capital expenditures 540 175 136 - 13 864 Identifiable assets 2,371 2,363 8,879 - 823 14,436 Investments in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates - 516 1,005 - 180 1,701 Total assets $2,371 $2,879 $ 9,884 $ - $1,003 $16,137 <FN> (a) Unaffiliated revenues include sales to unconsolidated affiliates. (b) Intersegment sales are made at prices comparable to those received from unaffiliated customers and in some instances are affected by regulatory considerations. (c) Includes consolidating eliminations. 18 OIL AND GAS PRODUCING ACTIVITIES (Unaudited except for Results of Operations for Oil and Gas Producing Activities) The following information regarding Enron's oil and gas producing activities should be read in conjunction with Note 1. This information includes amounts attributable to a minority interest of 46%, 45%, 47% and 39% at December 31, 1998, 1997, 1996 and 1995, respectively. [Download Table] Capitalized Costs Relating to Oil and Gas Producing Activities December 31, (In Millions) 1998 1997 Proved properties $ 4,630 $ 4,070 Unproved properties 184 221 Total 4,814 4,291 Accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization (2,138) (1,904) Net capitalized costs $ 2,676 $ 2,387 [Download Table] Costs Incurred in Oil and Gas Property Acquisition, Exploration and Development Activities(a) (In Millions) United States Foreign Total 1998 Acquisition of properties Unproved $ 33 $ 3 $ 36 Proved 198 13 211 Total 231 16 247 Exploration 82 55 137 Development 298 97 395 Total $611 $168 $779 1997 Acquisition of properties Unproved $ 69 $ 8 $ 77 Proved 43 38 81 Total 112 46 158 Exploration 74 27 101 Development 333 109 442 Total $519 $182 $701 1996 Acquisition of properties Unproved $ 39 $ 6 $ 45 Proved 69 - 69 Total 108 6 114 Exploration 61 27 88 Development 283 123 406 Total $452 $156 $608 <FN> (a) Costs have been categorized on the basis of Financial Accounting Standards Board definitions which include costs of oil and gas producing activities whether capitalized or charged to expense as incurred. Results of Operations for Oil and Gas Producing Activities(a) The following tables set forth results of operations for oil and gas producing activities for the three years in the period ended December 31, 1998: [Download Table] (In Millions) United States Foreign Total 1998 Operating revenues Associated companies $118 $ 15 $133 Trade 432 193 625 Gains on sales of reserves and related assets 29 (3) 26 Total 579 205 784 Exploration expenses, including dry hole costs 64 25 89 Production costs 99 45 144 Impairment of unproved oil and gas properties 30 2 32 Depreciation, depletion and amortization 265 49 314 Income before income taxes 121 84 205 Income tax expense 23 45 68 Results of operations $ 98 $ 39 $137 1997 Operating revenues Associated companies $207 $ 15 $222 Trade 449 160 609 Gains on sales of reserves and related assets 4 5 9 Total 660 180 840 Exploration expenses, including dry hole costs 51 24 75 Production costs 106 43 149 Impairment of unproved oil and gas properties 24 3 27 Depreciation, depletion and amortization 239 39 278 Income before income taxes 240 71 311 Income tax expense 69 40 109 Results of operations $171 $ 31 $202 1996 Operating revenues Associated companies $253 $ 14 $267 Trade 282 153 435 Gains on sales of reserves and related assets 19 1 20 Total 554 168 722 Exploration expenses, including dry hole costs 45 23 68 Production costs 77 42 119 Impairment of unproved oil and gas properties 19 2 21 Depreciation, depletion and amortization 209 42 251 Income before income taxes 204 59 263 Income tax expense 54 39 93 Results of operations $150 $ 20 $170 <FN> (a) Excludes net revenues associated with other marketing activities, interest charges, general corporate expenses and certain gathering and handling fees, which are not part of required disclosures about oil and gas producing activities. Oil and Gas Reserve Information The following summarizes the policies used by Enron in preparing the accompanying oil and gas supplemental reserve disclosures, Standardized Measure of Discounted Future Net Cash Flows Relating to Proved Oil and Gas Reserves and reconciliation of such standardized measure from period to period. Estimates of proved and proved developed reserves at December 31, 1998, 1997 and 1996 were based on studies performed by Enron's engineering staff for reserves in the United States, Canada, Trinidad, India and China. Opinions by DeGolyer and MacNaughton, independent petroleum consultants, for the years ended December 31, 1998, 1997 and 1996 covered producing areas, in the United States, Canada and Trinidad, containing 39%, 54% and 64%, respectively, of proved reserves, excluding deep Paleozoic reserves, of Enron on a net-equivalent-cubic-feet-of- gas basis. These opinions indicate that the estimates of proved reserves prepared by Enron's engineering staff for the properties reviewed by DeGolyer and MacNaughton, when compared in total on a net-equivalent-cubic-feet-of-gas basis, do not differ by more than 5% from those prepared by DeGolyer and MacNaughton's engineering staff. In addition, the deep Paleozoic reserves were covered by the opinion of DeGolyer and MacNaughton at December 31, 1995. All reports by DeGolyer and MacNaughton were developed utilizing geological and engineering data provided by Enron. The standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows does not purport, nor should it be interpreted, to present the fair market value of Enron's crude oil and natural gas reserves. An estimate of fair value would also take into account, among other things, the recovery of reserves not presently classified as proved reserves, anticipated future changes in prices and costs and a discount factor more representative of the time value of money and the risks inherent in reserve estimates. [Download Table] Standardized Measure of Discounted Future Net Cash Flows Relating to Proved Oil and Gas Reserves (In Millions) United States Foreign Total 1998 Future cash inflows(a) $ 5,471 $ 4,724 $10,195 Future production costs (1,281) (1,351) (2,632) Future development costs (316) (608) (924) Future net cash flows before income taxes 3,874 2,765 6,639 Future income taxes (904) (970) (1,874) Future net cash flows 2,970 1,795 4,765 Discount to present value at 10% annual rate (1,399) (845) (2,244) Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows relating to proved oil and gas reserves(a) $ 1,571 $ 950 $ 2,521 1997 Future cash inflows(a) $ 5,187 $2,994 $ 8,181 Future production costs (1,138) (836) (1,974) Future development costs (313) (124) (437) Future net cash flows before income taxes 3,736 2,034 5,770 Future income taxes (888) (810) (1,698) Future net cash flows 2,848 1,224 4,072 Discount to present value at 10% annual rate (1,298) (473) (1,771) Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows relating to proved oil and gas reserves(a) $ 1,550 $ 751 $ 2,301 1996 Future cash inflows(a) $ 9,391 $2,288 $11,679 Future production costs (1,640) (856) (2,496) Future development costs (306) (10) (316) Future net cash flows before income taxes 7,445 1,422 8,867 Future income taxes (2,260) (572) (2,832) Future net cash flows 5,185 850 6,035 Discount to present value at 10% annual rate (2,693) (273) (2,966) Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows relating to proved oil and gas reserves(a) $ 2,492 $ 577 $ 3,069 <FN> (a) Based on year-end market prices determined at the point of delivery from the producing unit. Based on natural gas and crude oil prices as of March 1, 1999, the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows for operations in the United States would have been lower by approximately 23%. Changes in other producing areas and changes in reported quantities were not material. [Download Table] Changes in Standardized Measure of Discounted Future Net Cash Flows (In Millions) United States Foreign Total December 31, 1995 $1,240(a) $345 $1,585(a) Sales and transfers of oil and gas produced, net of production costs (437) (126) (563) Net changes in prices and production costs 1,817 172 1,989 Extensions, discoveries, additions and improved recovery, net of related costs 581 275 856 Development costs incurred 58 4 62 Revisions of estimated development costs (14) 12 (2) Revisions of previous quantity estimates 7 79 86 Accretion of discount 137 47 184 Net change in income taxes (656) (191) (847) Purchases of reserves in place 162 - 162 Sales of reserves in place (103) (3) (106) Changes in timing and other (300) (37) (337) December 31, 1996 $2,492(a) $577 $3,069(a) Sales and transfers of oil and gas produced, net of production costs (519) (132) (651) Net changes in prices and production costs (1,664) (50) (1,714) Extensions, discoveries, additions and improved recovery, net of related costs 374 300 674 Development costs incurred 52 2 54 Revisions of estimated development costs 4 (28) (24) Revisions of previous quantity estimates (17) 26 9 Accretion of discount 328 89 417 Net change in income taxes 606 (67) 539 Purchases of reserves in place 44 53 97 Sales of reserves in place (29) - (29) Changes in timing and other (121) (19) (140) December 31, 1997 $1,550(a) $751 $2,301(a) Sales and transfers of oil and gas produced, net of production costs (424) (164) (588) Net changes in prices and production costs (34) (136) (170) Extensions, discoveries, additions and improved recovery, net of related costs 326 440 766 Development costs incurred 60 56 116 Revisions of estimated development costs (27) (80) (107) Revisions of previous quantity estimates (35) 32 (3) Accretion of discount 174 113 287 Net change in income taxes 48 (6) 42 Purchases of reserves in place 157 20 177 Sales of reserves in place (34) - (34) Changes in timing and other (190) (76) (266) December 31, 1998 $1,571(a) $950 $2,521(a) <FN> (a) Includes approximately $155 million, $86 million and $344 million (discounted, pre-tax) related to the reserves in the Big Piney deep Paleozoic formations at December 31, 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively. Reserve Quantity Information Enron's estimates of proved developed and net proved reserves of crude oil, condensate, natural gas liquids and natural gas and of changes in net proved reserves were as follows: [Download Table] United States Foreign Total Net proved developed reserves Natural gas (Bcf) December 31, 1995 1,218.1(a) 544.0 1,762.1(a) December 31, 1996 1,325.7(a) 814.3 2,140.0(a) December 31, 1997 1,349.0(a) 986.3 2,335.3(a) December 31, 1998 1,429.7(a) 1,077.8 2,507.5(a) Liquids (MBbl)(b) December 31, 1995 19,977 23,654 43,631 December 31, 1996 24,868 26,411 51,279 December 31, 1997 27,707 39,108 66,815 December 31, 1998 33,045 45,719 78,764 Natural gas (Bcf) Net proved reserves at December 31, 1995 2,654.1(a) 634.4 3,288.5(a) Revisions of previous estimates 3.6 76.7 80.3 Purchases in place 100.6 0.9 101.5 Extensions, discoveries and other additions 256.8 264.5 521.3 Sales in place (58.4) (4.3) (62.7) Production (210.2) (81.5) (291.7) Net proved reserves at December 31, 1996 2,746.5(a) 890.7 3,637.2(a) Revisions of previous estimates (50.8) 23.2 (27.6) Purchases in place 60.0 67.6 127.6 Extensions, discoveries and other additions 275.9 299.0 574.9 Sales in place (17.7) (0.4) (18.1) Production (229.1) (84.6) (313.7) Net proved reserves at December 31, 1997 2,784.8(a) 1,195.5 3,980.3(a) Revisions of previous estimates (55.9) 34.1 (21.8) Purchases in place 123.0 54.9 177.9 Extensions, discoveries and other additions 272.8 1,200.6 1,473.4 Sales in place (37.5) - (37.5) Production (233.8) (109.6) (343.4) Net proved reserves at December 31, 1998 2,853.4(a) 2,375.5 5,228.9(a) [Download Table] United States Foreign Total Liquids (MBbl)(b) Net proved reserves at December 31, 1995 25,399 24,997 50,396 Revisions of previous estimates 339 2,026 2,365 Purchases in place 312 2 314 Extensions, discoveries and other additions 7,103 3,779 10,882 Sales in place (447) (121) (568) Production (3,830) (4,272) (8,102) Net proved reserves at December 31, 1996 28,876 26,411 55,287 Revisions of previous estimates 3,515 213 3,728 Purchases in place 127 1,123 1,250 Extensions, discoveries and other additions 6,037 21,713 27,750 Sales in place (1,683) - (1,683) Production (5,223) (3,458) (8,681) Net proved reserves at December 31, 1997 31,649 46,002 77,651 Revisions of previous estimates (152) 1,583 1,431 Purchases in place 3,104 - 3,104 Extensions, discoveries and other additions 9,396 24,467 33,863 Sales in place (1,039) - (1,039) Production (6,131) (4,309) (10,440) Net proved reserves at December 31, 1998 36,827 67,743 104,570 <FN> (a) Includes 1,180 Bcf related to net proved deep Paleozoic natural gas reserves. (b) Includes crude oil, condensate and natural gas liquids.
10-K18th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 18th
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS ON FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE To Enron Corp.: We have audited in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards, the consolidated financial statements of Enron Corp. and subsidiaries included in this Form 10-K and have issued our report thereon dated March 5, 1999. Our audit was made for the purpose of forming an opinion on the basic financial statements taken as a whole. The schedule listed in Item 14(a)2 is the responsibility of the company's management and is presented for purposes of complying with the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and is not part of the basic financial statements. This schedule has been subjected to the auditing procedures applied in the audit of the basic financial statements and, in our opinion, fairly states in all material respects the financial data required to be set forth therein in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole. Arthur Andersen LLP Houston, Texas March 5, 1999
10-K19th “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 19th
[Enlarge/Download Table] SCHEDULE II ENRON CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998, 1997 AND 1996 (In Millions) Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Additions Deductions Balance at Charged to Charged For Purpose For Beginning Costs and to Other Which Reserves Balance at Description of Year Expenses Accounts Were Created End of Year 1998 Reserves deducted from assets from price risk management activities $282 $141 $ - $ 98 $325 Reserves for regulatory issues 262 15 27 57 247 Other reserves(a) 45 20 1 17 49 1997 Reserves deducted from assets from price risk management activities $249 $ 50 $ 6 $ 23 $282 Reserves for regulatory issues 8 28 249 23 262 Other reserves(a) 35 13 3 6 45 1996 Reserves deducted from assets from price risk management activities $207 $ 87 $ (8) $ 37 $249 Reserves for regulatory issues 51 1 - 44 8 Other reserves(a) 36 15 - 16 35 <FN> (a) Consists of allowance for doubtful accounts and reserve for insurance claims and losses.
10-KLast “Page” of 20TOC1stPreviousNextBottomJust 20th
SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on this 29th day of March, 1999. ENRON CORP. (Registrant) By: RICHARD A. CAUSEY (Richard A. Causey) Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting, Information and Administrative Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below on March 29, 1999 by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated. Signature Title KENNETH L. LAY Chairman of the Board, Chief (Kenneth L. Lay) Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) RICHARD A. CAUSEY Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting, (Richard A. Causey) Information and Administrative Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) ANDREW S. FASTOW Senior Vice President and Chief (Andrew S. Fastow) Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) ROBERT A. BELFER* Director (Robert A. Belfer) NORMAN P. BLAKE, JR.* Director (Norman P. Blake, Jr.) RONNIE C. CHAN* Director (Ronnie C. Chan) JOHN H. DUNCAN* Director (John H. Duncan) JOE H. FOY* Director (Joe H. Foy) WENDY L. GRAMM* Director (Wendy L. Gramm) KEN L. HARRISON* Director (Ken L. Harrison) ROBERT K. JAEDICKE* Director (Robert K. Jaedicke) CHARLES A. LeMAISTRE* Director (Charles A. LeMaistre) JEROME J. MEYER* Director (Jerome J. Meyer) JEFFREY K. SKILLING* Director and President and Chief (Jeffrey K. Skilling) Operating Officer JOHN A. URQUHART* Director (John A. Urquhart) JOHN WAKEHAM* Director (John Wakeham) CHARLS E. WALKER* Director (Charls E. Walker) HERBERT S. WINOKUR, JR.* Director (Herbert S. Winokur, Jr.) *By: PEGGY B. MENCHACA (Peggy B. Menchaca) (Attorney-in-fact for persons indicated)

Dates Referenced Herein   and   Documents Incorporated by Reference

Referenced-On Page
This ‘10-K’ Filing    Date First  Last      Other Filings
11/1/063
10/31/013
1/1/007
12/31/99710-K,  11-K,  U-3A-2,  U-3A-2/A
6/15/99717
5/4/9918DEF 14A,  PRE 14A
Filed on:3/31/9910-Q,  U-3A-2/A
3/29/9920
3/18/9998-K
3/5/991118
3/1/99117SC 13D
2/16/991
2/15/9978
1/26/9998-K
1/11/999
1/1/993
For Period End:12/31/9811911-K,  8-K,  U-3A-2,  U-3A-2/A
12/30/985
12/17/985U-57
12/15/98717SC 13D
11/6/9898-K/A
11/1/9817
10/16/9898-K
8/26/98417
6/24/98417
6/23/989
6/1/989
5/27/989
5/4/989
5/1/9817
4/3/987
12/31/9741910-K,  11-K,  8-K,  U-3A-2,  U-3A-2/A
11/18/9717
10/27/979
10/13/979
9/1/979
7/1/97717U-3A-2/A
5/23/979
5/8/979
3/24/979
1/1/979
12/31/9631910-K405,  U-3A-2
12/18/969
11/21/96417
11/1/963
7/20/969
1/1/969
12/31/95417
12/1/959
11/8/959
6/27/954
5/2/959
3/27/959
8/3/949
8/2/949
5/9/949
4/22/949
3/25/949
11/15/939
11/12/939
2/26/939
1/1/9317
11/24/929
10/1/923
8/27/929
 List all Filings 
Top
Filing Submission 0001024401-99-000007   –   Alternative Formats (Word / Rich Text, HTML, Plain Text, et al.)

Copyright © 2024 Fran Finnegan & Company LLC – All Rights Reserved.
AboutPrivacyRedactionsHelp — Tue., Apr. 30, 3:22:00.2pm ET