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Cygnus Inc/DE – ‘10-K’ for 12/31/97

As of: Friday, 2/6/98 · For: 12/31/97 · Accession #: 1047469-98-3849 · File #: 0-18962

  As Of                Filer                Filing    For·On·As Docs:Size              Issuer               Agent

 2/06/98  Cygnus Inc/DE                     10-K       12/31/97    4:282K                                   Merrill Corp/New/FA

Annual Report — Form 10-K
Filing Table of Contents

Document/Exhibit                   Description                      Pages   Size 

 1: 10-K        Annual Report                                         56    311K 
 2: EX-10.26    Material Contract                                     39    142K 
 3: EX-10.36    Material Contract                                      6     25K 
 4: EX-27       Financial Data Schedule (Pre-XBRL)                     2      7K

10-K — Annual Report
Document Table of Contents

Page	(sequential)	\|	(alphabetic)	Top
			Alternative Formats (Word, et al.) Accounting for Stock Based Compensation Business Certain Relationships and Related Transactions Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Consolidated Statements of Operations Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant Executive Compensation Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules, and Reports on Form 8-K Financial Statements and Exhibits - Exhibits 99.1 and 99.2 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Legal Proceedings Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Market for Registrant's Common Equity and Related Shareholder Matters Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Properties Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Report of Ernst & Young Llp, Independent Auditors Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management Selected Financial Data Signatures Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders
1	1st Page - Filing Submission
3	Item 1. Business
15	Item 2. Properties
16	Item 3. Legal Proceedings
"	Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders
19	Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity and Related Shareholder Matters
20	Item 6. Selected Financial Data
21	Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
27	Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
"	Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
"	Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
28	Item 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant
"	Item 11. Executive Compensation
"	Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management
"	Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions
29	Item 14. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules, and Reports on Form 8-K
"	Item 7. Financial Statements and Exhibits - Exhibits 99.1 and 99.2
33	Signatures
37	Report of Ernst & Young Llp, Independent Auditors
"	Consolidated Balance Sheets
40	Consolidated Statements of Operations
42	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
43	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
45	Accounting for Stock Based Compensation

10-K 1st Page of 56 TOC ↑Top Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 1st
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(X) Annual report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Act of
1934 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1997 or
( ) Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934.

COMMISSION FILE NO. 0-18962
-------

CYGNUS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

DELAWARE 94-2978092
(State or other jurisdiction of (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) Identification No.)

400 PENOBSCOT DRIVE, REDWOOD CITY, CALIFORNIA 94063
(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)

(650) 369-4300
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: NONE
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: COMMON STOCK,
$ 0.001 PAR VALUE

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required
to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during
the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was
required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing
requirements for the past 90 days. Yes X No
--- ---

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405
of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the
best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements
incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this
Form 10-K. [ ]

The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the
registrant, based upon the closing price of Common Stock on FEBRUARY 4, 1998
as reported on the Nasdaq National Market was APPROXIMATELY $355,667,442.
Determination of affiliate status for this purpose is not a determination of
affiliate status for any other purpose.

20,179,713
----------
(Number of shares of common stock outstanding as of FEBRUARY 4, 1998)

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Registrant's definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A
for its 1998 Annual Meeting of Stockholders is incorporated by reference into
Part III hereof.

10-K 2nd Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 2nd
CYGNUS, INC.
1997 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
----

PART I

ITEM 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
ITEM 2. Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
ITEM 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders. . . . . . . . 16

PART II

ITEM 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity and Related
Stockholder Matters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
ITEM 6. Selected Financial Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
ITEM 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . 26
ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. . . . . . . . . . . . 26
ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting
and Financial Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

PART III

ITEM 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant . . . . . . . . 27
ITEM 11. Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management . . 27
ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions . . . . . . . . . . 27

PART IV

ITEM 14. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules and Reports on Form 8-K. . 28

SIGNATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

10-K 3rd Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 3rd
PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

OVERVIEW

This Report on Form 10-K contains projections and forward looking statements
regarding future events and the future financial performance of the Company. We
wish to caution you that these statements are only our predictions and
objectives. Actual events or results may differ materially. Please note in
particular throughout this document where we have highlighted specific risks
associated with the Company and its activities. We also refer you to documents
the Company files from time to time, such as its Form 10-Q and Form 8-K reports.
This document, as well as the Company's Form 10-Q and Form 8-K reports, contain
important factors that could cause our actual results to differ from our current
expectations and the forward-looking statements contained in this Report on Form
10-K.

Cygnus, Inc. ("Cygnus" or the "Company") is engaged in the development and
manufacture of diagnostic and drug delivery systems, utilizing proprietary
technologies to satisfy unmet medical needs cost effectively. The Company's
current efforts are primarily focused on two core areas: a painless, bloodless
and automatic glucose monitoring device (the GlucoWatch system) and transdermal
drug delivery systems.

The Company entered into Note Purchase Agreements dated as of February 3,
1998 with certain institutional investors to issue and sell approximately $43
million of 4% Senior Subordinated Convertible Notes due 2005 (the "Notes").
This transaction closed on February 5, 1998. The Notes were sold at par and
mature on February 1, 2005 and bear interest at a rate of 4% per annum. After
deducting the debt issuance costs, the Company received approximately $40.0
million. Interest on the Notes may be paid in Common Stock or cash at the
option of the Company. The Notes are convertible into Common Stock of the
Company at a conversion price equal to the average of the two lowest trade
prices of the Common Stock as reported on the Nasdaq National Market for a
specified number of trading days immediately preceding the conversion date
until February 1, 2000. The conversion price will be subject to maximum
conversion prices until February 1, 2000 and minimum conversion prices until
February 1, 1999. Commencing February 1, 2000, the conversion price of the
Notes will be set at a fixed price equal to the greater of $150.00 per share
and 150% of the market price of the Common Stock for 20 trading days
preceding such date. Debt issuance costs of approximately $2.6 million will
result in additional interest charges to be recorded over the term of the
Notes.

On February 4, 1998, the Company completed a direct public offering of
905,740 shares of its Common Stock for total proceeds to the Company of
approximately $13.8 million. The Common Stock was sold at a discount from the
market price.

THE GLUCOWATCH SYSTEM.
The Company's GlucoWatch system represents a potential advance in diabetes
care technology as compared to the currently prevailing "finger stab" blood
monitoring method. The GlucoWatch is designed to measure glucose painlessly,
bloodlessly and automatically through the ease and convenience of a device worn
like a wristwatch. Worldwide sales of blood glucose self-monitoring products
were approximately $2.5 billion in 1996, which represented an increase of
approximately 14% over 1995 levels. It is estimated that more than 40 million
people in North America, Europe, Japan and Korea have diabetes. In the United
States ("U.S.") alone, more than ten million people have been diagnosed with
another five million believed to have the condition. The number of people
with diabetes is expected to continue to grow with the aging of the
population, while the number of diagnosed cases is also expected to increase
with changes in diagnostic standards and new diagnostic technologies.
Clinical studies sponsored by the National Institutes of Health ("NIH")
indicate that better management of glucose levels through more frequent
testing would enable people with diabetes to reduce or significantly delay
many serious diabetes-related health complications. However, largely due to
the pain of repetitive finger stabbing and the associated disruption of daily
life, the Company believes most people with diabetes currently test their
glucose levels less than half as often as recommended. As a result of the
drawbacks of the finger stab method, the Company believes that there is a
significant unmet demand for a painless, bloodless, automatic
glucose-monitoring device.

To address this unmet demand, the Company is developing the GlucoWatch,
which is expected to reduce or eliminate significant drawbacks of the finger
stab testing technique. The device, which is worn like a wristwatch is
designed to

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automatically extract and measure glucose levels painlessly through intact
skin every twenty or thirty minutes. The extracted glucose is collected in a
consumable transdermal pad called the AutoSensor, which is attached to the
back of the device and replaced approximately every twelve hours. The
GlucoWatch system is intended to offer a combination of features not
available in currently marketed devices, such as: an electronic memory to
store and display glucose levels; the ability to download stored information
to personal computers to analyze glucose data and trends; alarms indicating
hypo- and hyperglycemic conditions; and event markers which record factors
that affect glucose levels. The GlucoWatch can be worn during the day and
night for continuous glucose monitoring. The Company believes the GlucoWatch
system will provide the frequent testing and trend analysis of glucose
levels necessary to enable people with diabetes to better manage their
condition and eliminate the pain and inconvenience associated with
repetitively stabbing the finger to test the blood. The Company believes
this unique combination of features will result in better control of glucose
levels, improved quality of life and more cost-effective healthcare.

In developing the GlucoWatch, the Company has sought to design a device
that would offer the above features and be substantially equivalent to finger
stab blood glucose monitoring in terms of accuracy and precision. Test
results from a clinical study using a prototype of the GlucoWatch, which were
published in NATURE MEDICINE (November 1995), indicated a level of accuracy
and precision that the Company believes is comparable to those associated
with finger stab blood glucose monitoring devices. In 1997, Cygnus completed
extensive research clinical studies using a version of the GlucoWatch
designed for commercial sale. The results of these studies demonstrated that
the GlucoWatch is able to measure glucose levels with statistically
significant accuracy and precision across a variety of conditions. Based on
the Company's research clinical studies and published performance data for
certain currently marketed finger stab monitoring devices, the Company
believes the GlucoWatch is capable of a level of accuracy and precision
comparable to such devices. There can be no assurance that the Company will
be able to successfully develop the GlucoWatch or that it will obtain
clearance or approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the "FDA").

To prepare a submission to the FDA for approval of the GlucoWatch, the
Company has initiated registration clinical trials. Based on discussions with
the FDA, the Company believes that the submission will be in the form of a
510(k) notification, although the final determination will not be made until the
FDA receives the submission. The Company anticipates submitting a 510(k)
notification in the second quarter of 1998, although the potential exists for
this filing to be deferred until the second half of 1998.

Although the Company believes its clinical results to date are
encouraging, to seek FDA approval for the GlucoWatch system, the Company will
need to conduct registration clinical trials. No assurance can be given that
data generated in such trials will be as favorable as data generated in
clinical trials to date or that, even if such data are as favorable, such
data will provide a sufficient basis for the approval of the GlucoWatch
system by the FDA.

In 1996, Cygnus entered into collaborations with Becton Dickinson and
Yamanouchi for the commercialization of the GlucoWatch. Under the Becton
Dickinson agreement, the Company has granted Becton Dickinson exclusive
worldwide marketing and distribution rights, with the exception of Japan and
Korea. Under this agreement, the Company has primary responsibility for product
development, regulatory approvals, manufacturing and customer support, and
retains the option to participate in sales and marketing. The Company also
entered into an agreement with Yamanouchi for the marketing and distribution of
the GlucoWatch in Japan and Korea. Under these agreements, Cygnus is eligible to
receive up-front and milestone payments totaling $30 million prior to
commercialization and to receive a percentage of the product's future commercial
success. In June 1997, Cygnus granted Becton Dickinson exclusive worldwide
marketing rights, with the exception of Japan and Korea, for the Company's
second generation glucose monitor. Becton Dickinson has agreed to fund, in part,
the development of the product. In the past some of the Company's licensees,
distributors and collaborators have approached the Company requesting
modification of the terms of existing agreements. Becton Dickinson has recently
approached the Company to discuss modifying the non-compete terms of the
existing agreement. The Company is unable to predict the outcome of these
discussions.

TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS.
Transdermal drug delivery systems provide for the controlled release of
drugs directly into the bloodstream through intact skin. The Company's
transdermal drug delivery products are thin multilayer systems, in the form of
small adhesive patches. Transdermal delivery can provide a number of advantages
over conventional methods of drug administration, including enhanced efficacy,
increased safety, greater convenience and improved patient compliance. By
delivering a steady flow of drugs into the bloodstream over an extended period
of time, transdermal systems can avoid the "peak and valley" effect of oral or
injectable therapy and can enable more controlled, effective treatment. By
avoiding first pass metabolism through the gastrointestinal tract and the liver,
the therapeutically equivalent dosage for the transdermal delivery of certain
compounds can be significantly less than the corresponding oral dosage,
potentially reducing dosage-related side-effects.

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The Company's transdermal product line is focused on contraception, hormone
replacement therapy and smoking cessation. The Company has two marketed
products, the Nicotrol nicotine patch and the FemPatch estrogen hormone
replacement patch. The Company has strategic collaborations for its transdermal
products with Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation, a subsidiary of Johnson &
Johnson (contraception), American Home Products Corporation, Sanofi and
Warner-Lambert (hormone replacement therapy), and Pharmacia (smoking cessation).

PORTFOLIO OF PRODUCTS
The data in the following table summarize Cygnus' current product portfolio,
the potential indications, development status and licensees of marketing and
distribution rights. The data in the table are qualified by reference to the
more detailed descriptions set forth herein. Development of the various
products listed is being funded by the designated licensee or distributor, the
Company, or both. The Company has additional products in early development,
which are not listed below, and is conducting a number of new product
feasibility studies.

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PRODUCT PORTFOLIO

[Enlarge/Download Table]

PRODUCT INDICATIONS STATUS (1) MARKETING RIGHTS
------- ----------- ---------- ----------------

DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS:
------------------
PAINLESS, AUTOMATIC GLUCOSE MONITORING:
---------------------------------------

GlucoWatch Diabetes Registration clinicals Becton Dickinson
Yamanouchi

DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS:
----------------------
TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY:
--------------------------

SMOKING CESSATION:
Nicotrol Smoking cessation Commercialized in North Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc.:
America and certain Johnson & Johnson (2)
European countries
Nicotine Patch Smoking cessation Phase 2 clinicals completed Cygnus

HORMONE REPLACEMENT:
Estrogen 7-Day:
FemPatch Menopausal symptoms Commercialized in North Sanofi: Warner-Lambert (3)
America
E(2)III Menopausal symptoms Phase 3 clinicals American Home Products

Estrogen/Progestin:
Combination Menopausal symptoms Phase 3 clinicals American Home Products
3.5-Day

CONTRACEPTION:
Estrogen/Progestin:
Combination 7-Day Contraception Phase 3 clinicals Johnson & Johnson (4)

(1) The Company's products are generally developed in the following stages:
development, prototype, pre-clinical studies (preparing to file an
Investigational New Drug Application ("IND"), clinical trials, and
regulatory submission.
(2) Pharmacia has worldwide rights, and has sublicensed rights in North America
to Johnson & Johnson.
(3) Sanofi has granted a sublicense of such rights with respect to North
America to Warner-Lambert.
(4) The Company's agreement with Johnson & Johnson grants Johnson & Johnson
exclusive rights to the estrogen/progestin combination 7-day contraception
product.

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PAINLESS, BLOODLESS AND AUTOMATIC GLUCOSE MONITORING

MARKET OPPORTUNITY

People with diabetes measure blood glucose levels to adjust their diet and
insulin use to better control their glucose levels to prevent diabetes-related
complications. Currently, to measure their glucose levels, people with diabetes
must stab their fingers with a lancet, draw blood and place a drop of blood on a
glucose reagent strip inserted in an instrument which provides a glucose
reading. Each day of testing can involve numerous stabs and the complete
procedure is not only painful but disruptive to daily life. As a result of this
pain and disruption, the Company believes most people with diabetes monitor
their blood glucose levels less than twice per day, instead of the recommended
four to seven times per day. Even at this level of testing, the market for
products for self-monitoring of glucose levels by people with diabetes is quite
substantial.

Worldwide sales of products for the self-monitoring of blood glucose levels
were approximately $2.5 billion in 1996, which represented an increase of
approximately 14% over 1995 levels. The Company believes that approximately 80%
to 90% of the sales were related to disposable glucose reagent strips for finger
stab monitoring. In the U.S., a relatively small segment of people with diabetes
who measure their glucose level account for the majority of testing: for
example, of these people, just 22% (about 1.7 million) account for 68% of the
tests performed and 37% (about 2.9 million) account for 87% of tests performed.
It is estimated that more than 40 million people in North America, Europe, Japan
and Korea have diabetes. In the U.S. alone, more than ten million people have
been diagnosed with diabetes with another five million believed to be
undiagnosed. The number of people diagnosed with diabetes has been growing and
is expected to continue to grow due to the aging of the population, changes in
diagnostic standards and new diagnostic technologies. Specifically, the
diagnostic standards in the U.S. have been changed such that a fasting plasma
glucose value of greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL now indicates a diagnosis of
diabetes, whereas such diagnosis previously required a value of greater than or
equal to 140 mg/dL. Diabetes can lead to severe complications over time,
including blindness, loss of kidney function and peripheral neuropathy, causing
circulation problems to the arms and legs and pain and potential amputation. The
American Diabetes Association ("ADA") estimated that the complications arising
from diabetes cost the U.S. healthcare system in excess of $45 billion in 1992.
These complications are largely a consequence of years of poor management of
glucose levels by people with diabetes. Results of the Diabetes Control and
Complication Trial, a major clinical trial sponsored by the NIH and published in
1993, showed that more frequently monitored blood glucose levels and rigid
adherence to a program of diet, exercise and insulin injections could prevent or
significantly delay the onset of many of the long-term complications of
diabetes.

THE GLUCOWATCH SYSTEM

The Company believes that there is an unmet demand for painless,
bloodless and automatic glucose monitoring. To address this unmet demand, the
Company has developed the GlucoWatch, which is worn like a wristwatch and
automatically extracts and measures glucose levels painlessly through intact
skin every twenty or thirty minutes. The GlucoWatch then displays and stores
current and past glucose levels and trend data. The extracted glucose is
collected in a consumable transdermal pad called the AutoSensor, which is
attached to the back of the device and replaced approximately every twelve
hours. The GlucoWatch system offers a combination of features not available
in currently marketed devices, in a portable and discreet device. These
include frequent data collection, electronic memory to store and display
glucose levels, personal computer downloading for trend analysis, alarms
indicating hypo- and hyperglycemic conditions and event markers which record
factors that affect glucose levels. The GlucoWatch is designed to be worn day
and night for continuous glucose monitoring. The GlucoWatch is expected to
reduce or eliminate significant drawbacks of the finger stab technique, such
as the pain of repetitive stabbing and the disruption of normal activities
caused by indiscreet, cumbersome procedures. The Company believes the
GlucoWatch can lead to improved disease management, enabling people with
diabetes to prevent or delay severe complications associated with the
condition.

The GlucoWatch extracts glucose molecules through intact skin utilizing a
patented proprietary process called electroosmosis, which uses low levels of
electric current. Glucose molecules are collected in the AutoSensor, which
adheres to the skin, contains a biosensor and is attached to the back of the
GlucoWatch. The collected glucose triggers an electro-chemical reaction in the
AutoSensor, generating electrons. The biosensor measures the electrons and an
application specific integrated circuit ("ASIC") in the GlucoWatch equates the
number of electrons to a concentration of glucose in the blood. The GlucoWatch
automatically measures glucose levels at frequent intervals. The GlucoWatch

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displays the most recent readings and trends at the push of a button. Its
electronic memory capabilities permit the retrieval and downloading of data,
allowing longer-term trend analysis for better disease management.

The GlucoWatch system was designed to be simple and easy to use. Each day
the rechargeable battery is replaced and a new AutoSensor is attached on the
back of the GlucoWatch. A finger stab blood glucose measurement is input into
the GlucoWatch for calibration. Measurements will then be generated
automatically by the GlucoWatch system, providing up to thirty-six glucose
measurements over a twelve hour period.

The Company believes approximately 80% to 90% of current sales in the
glucose monitoring market come from the consumable test strips on which a drop
of blood is placed and inserted into a meter. The GlucoWatch uses a similar
approach. The "watch device" is designed to function for a number of years while
the consumable AutoSensor is designed to last for approximately twelve hours.

REGULATORY APPROVAL

Although the Company believes its clinical results to date are encouraging,
to seek FDA approval for the GlucoWatch system, the Company will need to conduct
registration clinical trials. However, no assurance can be given that data
generated in such trials will be as favorable as data generated in clinical
trials to date or that, even if such data are as favorable, such data will
provide a sufficient basis for the approval of the GlucoWatch system by the FDA.

COMPETITION

The glucose monitoring market is highly competitive. Currently the market is
dominated by finger stab blood glucose monitoring products. This monitoring
technique presents a number of barriers to generating more frequent blood
glucose measurements, including the pain of repetitive finger lancing and the
disruption of normal activities as people with diabetes typically do not want to
go through the finger stab process in public. Several companies are attempting
to develop non-invasive or less invasive methods to monitor glucose levels. One
technology that a number of companies are pursuing is the use of infrared
spectroscopy, which uses radiation to measure glucose levels. Other companies
are attempting to develop a variety of methods to extract interstitial fluid and
measure the glucose concentration therein. The Company believes that none of the
currently marketed finger stab products nor other products in development have
the range of features and benefits offered by the GlucoWatch to address the
unmet needs of this category.

TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

Transdermal drug delivery systems provide for the controlled release of
drugs directly into the bloodstream through intact skin. The Company's
transdermal drug delivery products are thin multilayer systems, in the form of
small adhesive patches. Transdermal delivery can provide a number of advantages
over conventional methods of drug administration, including enhanced efficacy
increased safety, greater convenience and improved patient compliance. By
delivering a steady flow of drugs into the bloodstream over an extended period
of time, transdermal systems can avoid the "peak and valley" effect of oral or
injectable therapy and can enable more controlled, effective treatment. By
avoiding first pass metabolism through the gastrointestinal tract and the liver,
the therapeutically equivalent dosage for the transdermal delivery of certain
compounds can be significantly less than the corresponding oral dosage,
potentially reducing dosage-related side-effects.

Cygnus has established a comprehensive, integrated approach to the
development of transdermal delivery systems. Cygnus develops a unique product
profile for each transdermal product based on an evaluation of several key
variables that change with each drug and therapeutic indication. Based on its
assessment of the product profile and the interrelationship between the drug and
the physical and biological characteristics of the skin, Cygnus formulates the

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appropriate materials and designs the structure of the transdermal system to
achieve desired product characteristics such as comfort, extended wear, delayed
or enhanced onset and controlled release.

CONTRACEPTION

The contraceptive market is estimated to have had 1996 worldwide sales of
$2.4 billion. The market is dominated by oral contraceptive pills. There are no
transdermal patches currently marketed. The Company believes a seven day
contraceptive patch could lead to improved dosing compliance and is developing
such a product under an agreement with Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation
("Ortho"), a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson. Ortho has exclusive worldwide
marketing rights to the product. Cygnus has received up-front payments and will
receive milestone payments as well as a percentage of net sales, if and when the
product is commericialized, and is responsible for the development and
manufacture of the product. This product is currently in Phase 3 clinical
trials.

HORMONE REPLACEMENT

The hormone replacement market is large, with $1.75 billion in sales
worldwide in 1996, and is expected to grow as more women reach the age of
menopause. The Company believes that its transdermal hormone replacement
products have a competitive advantage over certain transdermal hormone
replacement products as a result of their seven-day extended delivery systems
and superior patient comfort profile. Many hormone replacement products under
development by competitors last for only 3.5 days. The Company believes, based
in part on its market research, that patients and physicians prefer 7-day
systems to 3.5 day systems because of increased convenience and comfort, which
could also lead to improved compliance.

The Company has three hormone replacement products. FemPatch, a 7-day
estrogen patch launched in 1997, was developed under an agreement with Sanofi.
Warner-Lambert, which is Sanofi's sublicensee, is marketing FemPatch in North
America. For a discussion of the Company's recent arbitration settlement with
Sanofi, see "Business--Legal Proceedings." Cygnus' two other hormone replacement
products, a 7-day estrogen patch, and an estrogen/progestin combination patch
are currently in Phase 3 clinical trials. These products are being developed
under an agreement with American Home Products. Under the terms of the
agreement, American Home Products has worldwide marketing rights with respect to
the products resulting from the collaboration. Cygnus received up-front fees and
is entitled to receive milestone payments as well as a percentage of net sales
on all products to be manufactured by Cygnus for the worldwide market. In
addition, American Home Products will pay for all clinical trial expenses.
Cygnus is otherwise responsible for financing the development and manufacture of
the products. Cygnus will pay Sanofi a percentage of net sales on the two
products licensed to American Home Products.

SMOKING CESSATION

The smoking cessation market is estimated to have had 1996 worldwide sales
of $450 million. The Company's Nicotrol product was initially introduced in the
U.S. as a prescription product in 1992 and subsequently approved for
over-the-counter sale in the U.S. in 1996. Nicotrol is currently marketed in
North America by Johnson & Johnson and many European countries by Pharmacia.
Cygnus receives royalties on the worldwide sales of Nicotrol. The Company is
developing a second generation nicotine patch designed to address currently
unsatisfied patient needs. These products are being developed to match the
nicotine dosing level with the patient's level of addiction. Phase 2 clinical
trials have been completed and the Company is seeking a marketing collaboration
to fund further work on this product. The Company believes that the number of
people who wish to stop smoking will increase, which could positively affect the
smoking cessation category.

NEED TO DEVELOP NEW PRODUCTS; DEVELOPMENT STAGE OF CURRENT PRODUCTS.

For the Company to be successful, it will need to develop and
commercialize new drug delivery and diagnostic products. Several products
based on the Company's technologies are currently under development by Cygnus
and its licensees. These products (including the GlucoWatch) will require
significant additional development and investment, including preclinical and
clinical testing, prior to their commercialization and are not expected to be
commercially available for several years, if at all. There can be no
assurance that such products or future products (including the GlucoWatch)
can or will be successfully developed, prove to be safe and effective in
clinical trials, meet applicable regulatory standards, be capable of being
manufactured in commercial quantities at reasonable cost or be marketed
successfully. During 1994 and early 1995, the Company ceased certain of its
previous development efforts. For example, the Company has suspended the
development of

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transdermal systems for the delivery of alprazolam and prazosin, primarily due
to the systems' failure to meet financial/market goals. As illustrated by the
product development efforts recently terminated by the Company, there can be no
assurance that initial product development efforts or third party collaborations
will be successful.

Before the Company can market the GlucoWatch, it must first conduct
registration clinical trials using a version of the product designed for
commercial sale, prepare a submission to the FDA and obtain clearance or
approval from the FDA. Approval from other U.S. or foreign government
regulatory agencies may also be required. Each of these stages will involve
certain risks and challenges. The Company has completed research clinical
studies using a commercial version of the product and has initiated
registration clinical trials for submission to the FDA. There can be no
assurance that the commercial product will produce results that are
substantially equivalent to FDA-approved glucose monitoring products or that
will support the necessary regulatory filings and approvals. In addition, if
the Company receives the necessary regulatory approvals for the GlucoWatch,
there can be no assurance that unforeseen problems will not occur in product
manufacturing and commercial scale up or marketing or product distribution.
Any such occurrence could significantly delay the commercialization of the
GlucoWatch or prevent its market introduction entirely. Furthermore, if the
GlucoWatch is successfully developed, the commercial success of the
GlucoWatch will depend on its acceptance in the market.

GOVERNMENT REGULATION.
The development, manufacture and marketing of drug delivery systems and
diagnostic devices are subject to regulation by the FDA and other U.S. and
foreign federal, state and local entities. These entities regulate, among other
things, research and development activities and the testing, manufacture,
safety, effectiveness, labeling, storage, record keeping, approval, advertising
and promotion of the Company's products. Sales of the Company's products outside
the U.S. are subject to comparable regulatory requirements. These requirements
vary widely from country to country.

FDA permission to market and distribute a new device can be obtained in one
of two ways. If a new or significantly modified device is "substantially
equivalent" to an existing legally marketed device, the new device can be
commercially introduced after submission of a 510(k) notification to the FDA,
and after the subsequent clearance or approval by the FDA. Changes to existing
devices that do not significantly affect safety or effectiveness can be made by
the Company without a 510(k) notification.

The second, more comprehensive approval process applies to a new device that
is not substantially equivalent to an existing product. First, the Company must
conduct clinical trials in compliance with testing protocols approved by an
Institutional Review Board ("IRB") for the participating research institution
and the FDA's investigational device exemption regulations. Second, the Company
must submit a pre-market approval ("PMA") application that contains, among
other things, the results of the clinical trials. The PMA application also
contains other information required under the Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act, such as a full description of the device and its components, a
full description of the methods, facilities and controls used for
manufacturing and proposed labeling. Finally, the manufacturing site for the
product subject to the PMA must operate using Good Manufacturing Practices
("GMP") and pass an FDA Pre-Approval Inspection ("PAI") before product
approvals.

The process required by the FDA before a drug delivery system may be
marketed in the U.S. depends on whether the compound has existing approval for
use in other dosage forms. If the drug is a new chemical entity that has not
been approved, then the process includes (i) pre-clinical laboratory and animal
tests, (ii) the filing of an Investigational New Drug ("IND") application, (iii)
adequate and controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and
efficacy of the drug in its intended indication and (iv) FDA approval of an New
Drug Application ("NDA"). If the drug has been previously approved, then the
approval process is similar, except that certain toxicity tests normally
required for the IND and NDA applications may not be necessary. In addition to
the foregoing, the FDA requires proof that the drug delivery system delivers
sufficient quantities of the drug to the bloodstream to produce the desired
therapeutic result.

The results of preclinical studies and clinical studies are submitted to the
FDA in a submission for approval or clearance of the marketing and commercial
shipment of a drug delivery or diagnostic system. The FDA may deny a clearance
or approval if applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied, or may require
additional clinical testing. Even if such data are submitted, the FDA may
ultimately decide that the submission does not satisfy the criteria for
clearance or approval. Product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with
regulatory standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product
reaches the market. The FDA may require testing in addition to surveillance
programs

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to monitor the effect of products that have been commercialized, and it has the
power to prevent or limit further marketing of the product based on the results
of these post-marketing programs.

Cygnus' drug delivery product licensees historically have been responsible
for the clinical and regulatory approval procedures. Cygnus has participated in
this process by submitting to the licensee portions of the Drug Master File
maintained by Cygnus and data concerning the manufacturing process for the drug
delivery system. Cygnus' ability to manufacture and sell products developed
under contract depends upon the licensee's completing satisfactory clinical
trials and obtaining the foregoing approvals or clearances. Cygnus may prepare
and submit an IND application, or obtain Non-Significant Risk device
investigation status from an IRB, and perform initial clinical studies before
licensing the product for marketing. The Company is increasingly taking a more
active role with its collaborative partners in the clinical trials and
regulatory processes of its products.

There can be no assurance that problems will not arise that could delay or
prevent the commercialization of the Company's products, or that the FDA, state
and foreign regulatory agencies will be satisfied with the results of the
clinical trials and approve the marketing of any products.

REGULATORY APPROVALS.
The Company's products require the approval of the FDA before they can be
marketed in the U.S. In addition, approvals are required from regulatory
agencies in most foreign countries before the Company's product can be marketed
in such countries. To date, the Company has two products which have received FDA
approval, Nicotrol and FemPatch. Before a regulatory submission can be filed
with the FDA, a product must undergo extensive clinical trials. The Company's
drug delivery systems require the filing of a NDA with the FDA, and the FDA's
approval of the NDA. Devices such as the glucose monitoring system under
development by the Company will require the filing and FDA clearance or approval
of a medical device submission. The time required for regulatory approval of
the Company's products after a filing is uncertain. There can be no assurance
that problems will not arise that could delay or prevent the commercialization
of the Company's products or that the FDA and foreign regulatory agencies will
be satisfied with the results of clinical trials or approve the marketing of any
products. Moreover, even if regulatory approval is granted, such approval may
include significant limitations on indicated uses for which any such products
could be marketed.

The Company believes that the submission to the FDA for the GlucoWatch will
be in the form of a premarket notification (a "510(k) notification"), although
the final determination of the type of submission cannot be made until
the FDA receives the submission. In the event that a 510(k) notification is
not accepted by the FDA, the Company will be required to submit a PMA for
this product, rather than a 510(k) notification. The FDA approval process for
a PMA is typically more involved and requires more time than a 510(k)
submission.

A drug or medical device and its manufacturer are subject to continual
review after approval, and later discovery of previously unknown problems with a
product or the manufacturing process may result in restrictions on such product
or the manufacturer, including withdrawal of the product or products from the
market. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements may, among
other things, result in fines, suspensions of regulatory approvals, product
recalls, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution. In addition, new
government regulations may be established that could delay or prevent regulatory
approval of the Company's potential products. Cygnus is also subject to
regulation under federal, state and local regulations regarding work place
safety, environmental protection and hazardous and controlled substance
controls, among others.

DEPENDENCE ON LICENSEES, DISTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATIVE ARRANGEMENTS.
Cygnus depends on its licensees and distributors to fund a significant
portion of product development costs, to conduct clinical testing, to obtain
regulatory approvals and to market products. The Company is dependent on
Pharmacia and its sublicensee, Johnson & Johnson, for the marketing of Nicotrol.
The company is also dependent upon Sanofi and its sublicensee, Warner-Lambert
Company ("Warner-Lambert"), for the marketing of FemPatch. If the GlucoWatch is
commercialized the company will be dependent upon Becton Dickinson and
Yamanouchi for marketing and distribution. The Company's licensees and
distributors generally have the right to terminate the development funding or
marketing arrangements for a product at any time prior to regulatory approval
for any reason without significant penalty. Licensees have exercised this right
in the past, and there can be no assurance that current and future licensees or
distributors will not exercise this right in the future. In the past some of the
Company's licensees distributors and collaborators have approached the Company
requesting modification of the

10-K 12th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 12th
terms of existing agreements. Becton Dickinson has recently approached the
Company to discuss modifying the non-compete terms of the existing agreement.
The Company is unable to predict the outcome of these discussions.

The resources and attention a licensee or distributor devotes to a product
are not within the Company's control. As a result, there may be delays in
clinical testing, the preparation and processing of regulatory filings and
commercialization efforts conducted by the company's licensees or distributors.
Certain of the Company's licensees may also be permitted to offer products that
are competitive with those of the Company, which could interfere with their
efforts on behalf of the Company. The Company's ability to develop and
commercialize products in the future will also depend on its ability to enter
into collaborative arrangements. There can be no assurance that the Company will
be able to enter into new collaborative arrangements or renew existing
collaborative arrangements. Additionally, there can be no assurance that
existing or future collaborative arrangements will be successful.

Since all payments to the Company under it's licensing and distribution
agreements following their execution are contingent on the occurrence of future
events or sales levels, and the agreements are terminable by the licensee or
distributor, no assurance can be given as to whether the Company will receive
any particular payment thereunder or as to the amount or timing of any such
payment. The Company may choose to self-fund certain research and development
projects or sales and marketing efforts in order to exploit its technologies.
Any increase in Company-sponsored research and development or sales and
marketing activities will have an immediate adverse effect on the Company's
results of operations.

COMPETING PRODUCTS AND CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY.
A large number of pharmaceutical companies are involved or are becoming
involved in the development and commercialization of products incorporating
advanced or novel drug delivery and diagnostic systems. This field is highly
competitive, and Cygnus believes that competition will substantially increase in
the future. A number of pharmaceutical companies have invested, and are
continuing to invest, significant resources in the development of their own drug
delivery and diagnostic systems. In addition, a number of companies have been
formed to develop specific advanced drug delivery and diagnostic systems. Many
of these pharmaceutical and other companies have greater financial, research and
development and other resources than Cygnus, as well as more experience than
Cygnus in commercializing pharmaceutical, drug delivery and diagnostic products.
Such companies may improve existing drug formulations and products more
efficiently than Cygnus and thus may represent significant potential
competitors. Other companies, which have substantially greater financial and
research and development resources than Cygnus, may acquire the skills required
to design and develop transdermal drug delivery and diagnostic systems and thus
may represent significant potential for future competition.

The blood glucose monitoring industry is characterized by frequent new
product introductions and changes in technology. The Company's primary
competitors in the glucose monitoring industry are expected to include companies
that currently market finger stab method products. These companies have
significantly greater resources than Cygnus and could use these resources to
hinder the market penetration of the Company's product. In addition, a number of
companies are engaged in the development of products using technology which is
different than that under development by Cygnus, but also intended to permit
painless glucose monitoring. For example, a number of competitors are developing
non-invasive glucose monitoring devices based on infrared spectroscopy. These
devices would illuminate body tissue with radiation and measure the rate at
which the radiation is absorbed. There can be no assurance that these products
will not render the Company's glucose monitor uncompetitive or obsolete. In
addition, a number of companies are seeking to develop new drugs to treat
diabetes, and if any such development is successful it could reduce demand for
glucose monitoring systems.

The drug delivery industry is a rapidly evolving field. A number of other
companies, including major pharmaceutical companies, are also developing and
marketing transdermal, mucosal and similar systems for the controlled delivery
of drugs. Products currently on the market or under development by competitors
deliver the same drugs, or other drugs to treat the same indications as many of
the products under development by the Company. The first pharmaceutical product
to reach the market in a therapeutic area often obtains and maintains
significant market share relative to later entrants to the market. The Company's
transdermal and mucosal drug delivery products will also compete with drugs
marketed not only in similar drug delivery systems but also in traditional
dosage forms such as oral administration, bolus injection and continuous
infusion. New drugs, new therapeutic approaches or future developments in
alternative drug delivery technologies, such as time-release capsules, liposomes
and implants, may provide therapeutic or cost advantages over the drug delivery
systems being developed by the Company.

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Changes in drug delivery and diagnostic technology will require substantial
investments by companies to maintain their competitive position and may provide
opportunities for new competitors to enter the industry. There can be no
assurance that developments by others will not render the Company's drug
delivery or diagnostic products or other technologies noncompetitive or
obsolete.

Cygnus generally seeks to retain rights to manufacture the transdermal
products developed for its licensees. To date, Cygnus has manufactured only
Nicotrol in commercial quantities on a continuous basis. No assurance can be
given that manufacturing or control problems will not arise as the Company
increases production of its products or as additional facilities are required in
the future. Cygnus must continue to develop, adapt or acquire the production
technology, facilities and technical and managerial personnel to manufacture
each of its planned products in commercial quantities or find alternative means,
if available, to manufacture such products. No assurance can be given that
Cygnus will be able to successfully increase its manufacturing capabilities at a
reasonable cost. The production of the GlucoWatch will involve the manufacture
and assembly of electronic and other components that require manufacturing and
sourcing capabilities with which the Company has little experience. No assurance
can be given that the Company will be able to develop these manufacturing
capabilities or arrange for qualified sources of those components that it is not
able to manufacture.

Furthermore, the manufacture of the Company's products is subject to current
good manufacturing practices ("cGMP") requirements prescribed by the FDA or
other standards prescribed by the appropriate regulatory agency in the
country of use. Additionally, the Company's agreements with licensees either
specify pricing formulas for products manufactured and sold by Cygnus to its
licensees or specify that prices will be negotiated in the future. There can
be no assurance that prices for the Company's products will cover the
manufacturing costs for these products in light of the Company's limited
manufacturing experience and general supply and demand conditions in the
marketplace.

The Company expects to market and sell certain of its products directly or
through co-promotion with third parties. The Company has limited experience in
sales, marketing or distribution. If the Company wishes to market a product
directly, the Company must develop a substantial marketing staff and sales force
with technical expertise. There can be no assurance that the Company will be
able to build such a marketing staff or sales force, that the cost of
establishing such a marketing staff or sales force will not exceed any product
revenues, or that the Company's direct sales and marketing efforts will be
successful. In addition, the Company may have to compete with other companies
that currently have extensive and well-funded marketing and sales operations.

PATENTS AND PROPRIETARY RIGHTS.
It is the Company's policy to aggressively protect its investments in
technology and marketing by filing patent and trademark applications in the U.S.
and key foreign countries. The Company also relies on trade secrets, know-how,
licensing opportunities, and collaborative relationships to develop and maintain
its competitive position.

As of December 1997, the Company had approximately 40 U.S. patents and more
than 85 foreign patents issued or allowed. These patents cover various aspects
of transdermal technology including transdermal patch formulations (such as
those used in hormone replacement therapy, contraception, and nicotine
dependence therapy), and glucose monitoring systems. The Company has numerous
additional patent applications pending worldwide.

The Company's GlucoWatch system incorporates technology developed in-house
as well as technology licensed exclusively to the Company by the Regents of the
University of California ("Regents"). Regents holds several U.S. patents
covering technology for transdermal extraction of glucose and other analytes.
Corresponding foreign patent applications are also pending. The Company has an
exclusive license worldwide under these patents.

MANUFACTURING.

The Company's GlucoWatch has not yet been manufactured for commercial sale.
To successfully commercialize the GlucoWatch, the device will have to be
manufactured in compliance with regulatory requirements, in a timely manner and
in sufficient quantities while maintaining product performance, quality and
acceptable manufacturing costs. The Company is responsible for all aspects of
manufacturing the GlucoWatch system, although the "watch device" will be
manufactured by an outside supplier. Manufacturers often encounter difficulties
in scaling up production of new products, including problems involving product
performance production yields, quality control and assurance and

10-K 14th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 14th
shortages of personnel. In the past, the Company has experienced these problems
in sealing up its products for commercial launch. There is no assurance that
similar problems will not be encountered in the future. In addition, there can
be no assurance that the Company will be able to achieve and maintain product
performance, quality and reliability if and when producing the GlucoWatch in the
quantities required for commercialization, nor that the GlucoWatch can be
assembled and manufactured at an acceptable cost.

The GlucoWatch will be manufactured from components to be purchased from
outside suppliers, most of which are the Company's single source for such
components. In the event the Company is unable to obtain these components from
its suppliers, the Company would be required to obtain components from alternate
suppliers. Any interruption in the supply of GlucoWatch components could have a
material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and
results of operations.

The Company recently received ISO 9002 certification. Consequently, the
Company expects to receive approval for the use of the "CE" mark for sales of
its products in Europe.

The Company's transdermal products are manufactured using several
proprietary materials and production technologies developed by Cygnus in
conjunction with equipment and material suppliers. Since the Company designs a
unique transdermal system for each drug, Cygnus' process development engineers
become involved early in the product design process. The Company believes that
close interaction at the design stage permits development of efficient
manufacturing techniques. In addition, Cygnus performs analytical testing
in-house for each aspect of the manufacturing process, from raw material studies
to final product characterization. The Company has developed proprietary assays
to measure patch characteristics such as drug release rate, drug and solvent
residues, and product stability. The Company has patented certain aspects of its
manufacturing processes.

Several materials used in the Company's drug delivery products are currently
obtained from single sources. Although the Company has not experienced
difficulty acquiring these materials for the manufacture of its products for
sale or clinical trials, there can be no assurance that supply interruptions
will not occur or that the Company will not have to obtain substitute vendors,
if such vendors are available, which would require additional regulatory
submissions and approvals. Any such interruption of supplies could have a
material adverse effect on the Company's ability to develop, manufacture and
sell its products.

The Company leases a 21,000 square foot manufacturing facility used in the
commercial production of FemPatch and the clinical supply of other products. The
Company believes this facility will have sufficient capacity to support the
planned market introduction of its current drug delivery products. The Company
is currently establishing its commercial AutoSensor manufacturing operations in
an existing third-party facility. Each of the foregoing facilities complies with
applicable regulatory requirements.

EMPLOYEES

As of December 31, 1997, the Company had 157 full time employees. Of this
total number of employees, 66 were engaged in research and development,
including process development, 26 in scientific affairs and quality assurance,
25 in general administrative, and 40 in operations. None of the Company's
employees is represented by a labor union. Cygnus has experienced no work
stoppages and it believes its employee relations are good.

The Company's success will depend in large part on the continued services of
its scientific, managerial and manufacturing personnel. The loss of a
significant group of key personnel could have a material adverse effect on the
Company. The Company's success also depends upon its ability to continue to
attract and retain other highly qualified scientific, managerial and
manufacturing personnel. Competition for such personnel is intense. In this
respect, the Company competes with numerous pharmaceutical and health care
companies, as well as universities and nonprofit research organizations. There
can be no assurance that the Company will continue to be able to attract and
retain sufficient qualified personnel.

THIRD-PARTY REIMBURSEMENT.

Successful commercialization of certain of the Company's products may depend
in part on the availability of reimbursement from third-party health care
payors, such as private insurance plans and the government. There can be

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no assurance that such reimbursement will be available. Third-party payors are
increasingly attempting to contain health care costs by limiting both coverage
and the level of reimbursement for new therapeutic and diagnostic products.
There can be no assurance that adequate levels of reimbursement will be
available to enable the Company to achieve market acceptance of the GlucoWatch
or other new products under development or to maintain price levels sufficient
to realize an appropriate return on its investment. In certain international
countries, the period of time needed to obtain such reimbursement can be
lengthy. The Company may delay the launch of its products into certain countries
until eligibility for reimbursement is established. This could potentially have
an adverse effect on the Company.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Cygnus leases approximately 92,000 square feet in four buildings. Three are
located in Redwood City, California and the fourth is located in Menlo Park,
California. The first, approximately 38,000 square feet, is the headquarters
building, used for laboratories and administrative offices. The second,
approximately 21,000 square feet, is used for manufacturing, laboratories and
support offices. The third facility, also in Redwood City, California, has
approximately 11,000 square feet of which approximately 8,000 square feet are
utilized for additional administrative offices and the remainder is reserved for
expansion purposes. The fourth facility, which is located in Menlo Park, has
approximately 22,000 square feet, and is used for storage of manufacturing
materials and final products.

The three facilities in Redwood City are leased through 1998 with an option
to renew at the then fair market value through 2003. The facility in Menlo Park
is leased over a three year period ending in 1999.

The manufacturing facility was designed and constructed to comply with cGMP
standards. Cygnus has received licenses from the California Department of Health
Services and the United States Drug Enforcement Agency for the manufacture of
drug products in this facility, and has filed a Drug Master File for the
facility with the FDA. The Company believes that this manufacturing facility has
sufficient capacity to meet current operating requirements and satisfy
foreseeable future demands for its current drug delivery products. The Company
is currently establishing its commercial AutoSensor manufacturing operations in
an existing third-party facility which complies with applicable regulatory
requirements.

As the Company completes the development of its hormone replacement
products, it will begin evaluating its existing manufacturing plans under which
a new manufacturing site may become necessary.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

On June 30, 1994, Sanofi filed a request for arbitration against Cygnus with
the International Court of Arbitration. In its request for arbitration, Sanofi
alleged that Cygnus breached its existing contract with Sanofi by, among other
things, entering into a product development agreement with another company for
the development of transdermal systems in the field of hormone replacement
therapy (which agreements pertain to each of the Company's hormone replacement
products other than FemPatch). Sanofi, in the original filing sought to recover
from Cygnus in excess of $60.0 million for damages attributable to the alleged
breach. International Chambers of Commerce (the "Tribunal") announced an interim
award in the arbitration proceedings in October 1996. The Tribunal found that
two transdermal products for hormone replacement therapy licensed by Cygnus to
another company fall within the scope of an exclusive license previously granted
to Sanofi.

In September, 1997, the Company and Sanofi agreed to a settlement of the
arbitration dispute. Under the terms of the settlement, Cygnus (i) paid Sanofi
$14.0 million in cash in January 1998, (ii) will make royalty payments of
between 6.5% and 8.5% of any and all net sales of two products, which are
subject to minimum payments in an aggregate amount equal to $17.0 million,
commencing in 2001 and ending in 2005, whether or not any net sales of the two
products have occurred, and (iii) issued in December 1997, convertible
promissory note in the principal amount of $6.0 million, payable in full at the
end of four years and bearing interest at 6.5% per annum. The note will be
convertible into the Company's Common Stock at Sanofi's option, exercisable at
any time during the four year term, at a conversion rate of $21.725 per share.
Overall, Cygnus' non-recurring expenses attributable to the arbitration
settlement recorded in the quarter ended September 30, 1997 totaled $39.7
million. Of the total related liability of $39.2, at December 31, 1997, $23.0
million is long-term.

In May 1997 Cygnus reported it had initiated arbitration proceedings against
Pharmacia & Upjohn ("Pharmacia") relating to Nicotrol-Registered Trademark-,
Cygnus' smoking cessation patch. In March of this year, Cygnus announced that
Pharmacia exercised its option to purchase the U.S. manufacturing rights for
Nicotrol. The agreement between Cygnus and Pharmacia provided that Pharmacia
would be obligated to pay Cygnus for, among other things, existing inventory
costs and for certain purchase order commitments. Pharmacia disputes their
obligations regarding certain purchase order commitments. The arbitration is
intended to resolve these matters. Separately, Cygnus and Pharmacia are not in
agreement regarding certain royalty calculations for 1996 and 1997. If this
issue is unable to be resolved by the two Companies, it could become part of the
arbitration proceedings. However, the Company does not believe the resolution of
this issue will have a material adverse effect on its financial position or
results of operations.

ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS

No matters were brought to a vote of the Company's Stockholders in the
quarter ended December 31, 1997.

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EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

As of November 24, 1997 the executive officers of the Company, who serve at
the discretion of the Board of Directors, are as follows:

NAME AGE TITLE
---- --- -----

Gary W. Cleary, Ph.D. 55 Chairman of the Board of Directors and
Chief Technical Officer

Gregory B. Lawless, Ph.D. 57 President, Chief Executive Officer and
Director

Neil R. Ackerman, Ph.D. 54 Senior Vice President, Research &
Development

Craig W. Carlson 49 Senior Vice President, Finance

James F. Grady, Jr., Ph.D. 49 Senior Vice President, Human Resources &
Administration

John C. Hodgman 43 President, Cygnus Diagnostics and Chief
Financial Officer

Stephen N. Kirnon 35 President, Drug Delivery Division

Alan F. Russell, Ph.D. 55 Senior Vice President, Scientific
Affairs

DR. CLEARY, the Company's founder and Chairman of the Board of Directors,
also served as the Company's President and Chief Executive Officer from its
inception until July 1986. Since 1986, Dr. Cleary has served as Chief Technical
Officer of the Company. During his professional career, Dr. Cleary has served as
an investigator with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and held research and
management positions at Cutter Labs, Alza Corporation, Key Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
and Genentech Inc. Dr. Cleary holds an M.B.A. in Health Sciences from the
University of Miami, a Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from Rutgers University
and a Pharm.D. in Pharmacy from the University of California, San Francisco.

DR. LAWLESS joined Cygnus in January 1992 as President, Chief Executive
Officer and Director. From March 1989 to January 1992, Dr. Lawless was President
and Chief Operating Officer of Chiron Corporation, a biopharmaceutical company.
Prior to joining Chiron he held various positions with the DuPont Co. from May
1969 to February 1989, including serving as Chief Operating Officer of its
pharmaceutical subsidiary and as Director of DuPont Specialty Diagnostic
Division. He holds a Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Chemistry from Temple University.

DR. ACKERMAN joined Cygnus in May of 1994 as Vice President, Research &
Development. In January 1997, Dr. Ackerman was promoted to Senior Vice
President, Research & Development. From 1990 to May 1994, Dr. Ackerman served as
Vice President of Research and Development for Glycomed, leading its discovery
efforts focused on cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. From 1982 to 1990,
he was Research Director, Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases with DuPont
Pharmaceuticals, responsible for leading a 100-person staff that had the

10-K 18th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 18th
objective of discovering therapeutics for cancer, inflammatory and immune-based
diseases. Prior to that he was employed by Syntex Corporation and Pfizer, Inc.
in research and management capacities. Dr. Ackerman received B.S. and Ph.D.
degrees from the University of Maryland and completed a post-doctoral fellowship
at Stanford University.

MR. CARLSON joined the Company in July 1993 as Vice President, Corporate
Communications, after 15 years in the advertising and marketing industry. In
September 1997, Mr. Carlson was given additional responsibilities for Finance
and Information Technology. His current title is Senior Vice President, Finance.
From 1988 to July 1993, he was Vice President and Group Director at Young &
Rubicam Advertising in San Francisco. Prior to that, Mr. Carlson was Vice
President of Campbell-Mithun Advertising. He holds a B.A. from Union College and
an M.B.A. from Stanford University.

DR. GRADY joined the Company in May 1993 as Vice President, Human Resources.
From June 1995 to September 1997, Dr. Grady also served as Vice President of
Operations at the Company. In September 1997, he was appointed Senior Vice
President, Human Resources and Administration. From January 1989 to May 1993,
Dr. Grady led the human resources department for a division of Beckman
Instruments. From 1986 to January 1989, Dr. Grady held various positions with
SmithKline Beckman (now SmithKline Beechum), including Director of Compensation
& Organizational Development for its worldwide research and development business
unit. He received a B.S. in Psychology and a Ph.D. in Education from the
University of Pittsburgh.

MR. HODGMAN joined Cygnus in August 1994 as Vice President, Finance and
Chief Financial Officer. In June 1995, Mr. Hodgman was additionally appointed
President of Cygnus Diagnostics. Prior to joining Cygnus, Mr. Hodgman served as
Vice President of Operations and Finance and Chief Financial Officer for Central
Point Software, a personal computer and networking software company. Prior to
that, he was the Vice President of Finance and Administration and Chief
Financial Officer of Ateq Corporation. Mr. Hodgman holds a B.S. degree from
Brigham Young University and an M.B.A. from the University of Utah.

MR. KIRNON joined Cygnus in April 1993 as Director, Business Development. In
September 1997, Mr. Kirnon was promoted to President, Drug Delivery Division.
Prior to joining Cygnus, Mr. Kirnon served as the National Sales & Marketing
Manager for BioGenex, Inc. Prior to that, he worked at SmithKline Beecham
Corporation. Mr. Kirnon holds a B.A. in Biochemical Sciences from Harvard
University and an M.B.A. from Pepperdine University in General Management.

DR. RUSSELL joined the Company in May 1992 as Vice President, Scientific
Affairs, and was promoted to Senior Vice President, Scientific Affairs in
November 1994. Dr. Russell was Vice President for Scientific Affairs at Chiron
Corporation from 1987 to April 1992. He held the same position at Beecham
Laboratories from 1983 to 1987, prior to which he held various positions at
Syntex Corporation from 1971 to 1983, including Director of Regulatory Affairs
for Investigational Drugs. He holds a Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from the
University of New South Wales in Australia and M.B.A. and J.D. degrees from the
University of Santa Clara.

10-K 19th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 19th
PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS

The market price for shares of the Company's Common Stock has been highly
volatile. Factors such as the results of preclinical studies and clinical trials
for Cygnus' products or products of its competitors, announcements of
technological innovations, strategic relationships, new product introductions by
the Company or its competitors, governmental regulation, regulatory approvals or
delays or developments relating to patent or proprietary rights, as well as
period-to-period fluctuations in financial results, may have a significant
impact on the market price of the Common Stock. Additionally, in recent years,
the stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations.

The Company's Common Stock trades on the Nasdaq National Market tier of the
Nasdaq Stock Market-SM- under the symbol "CYGN." The following table sets
forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low closing sale prices per share
of the Common Stock as reported by the national market.

1997: High Low
---- ---

First Quarter $ 16 5/8 $ 13 3/8
Second Quarter 17 1/4 10 5/8
Third Quarter 19 3/4 16
Fourth Quarter 24 5/8 18 3/4

1996: High Low
---- ---

First Quarter $ 24 1/2 $ 19 3/8
Second Quarter 23 15
Third Quarter 17 1/4 11
Fourth Quarter 16 7/8 12

As of December 31, 1997, there were approximately 557 record holders of the
Company's Common Stock. Cygnus has not paid any cash dividends since its
inception and does not intend to pay any cash dividends on its Common Stock in
the foreseeable future. In addition, the Company is precluded from paying any
dividends under certain of its financing arrangements.

10-K 20th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 20th
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The selected consolidated financial data presented below are derived from
the audited consolidated financial statements of Cygnus, Inc. The financial
consolidated statements as of December 31, 1997 and 1996 and for each of the
three years ended December 31, 1997 are included elsewhere herein. The selected
financial data as of December 31, 1995, 1994, and 1993 and for each of the years
in the two-year period ended December 31, 1994, are derived from audited
consolidated financial statements not included herein. The data should be read
in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes, the
information set forth under "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Conditions and Results of Operations" and other financial information included
herein.

No dividends have been paid for any of the periods presented.

[Enlarge/Download Table]

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
-------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
---- ---- ---- ---- ----
(In thousands, except per share data)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA:
Product revenues $ 4,212 $ 17,211 $ 3,704 $ 1,917 $ 8,587
Contract revenues 14,106 13,085 12,579 14,533 7,156
Royalty and other revenues 11,184 5,907 2,723 4,820 1,734
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Total revenues 29,502 36,203 19,006 21,270 17,477

Costs and expenses:
Costs of products sold 10,413 16,659 4,746 3,293 9,534
Research and development 22,328 23,165 20,029 21,605 13,675
Marketing, general and
administrative 8,695 9,296 7,369 5,491 5,846
Arbitration settlement 39,666 - - - -
Purchase of in process research
and development - - - 9,000 -
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Total costs and expenses 81,102 49,120 32,144 39,389 29,055
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Loss from operations (51,600) (12,917) (13,138) (18,119) (11,578)
Other income and expense 1,140 1,865 296 759 969
------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Net loss $ (50,460) $(11,052) $(12,842) $(17,360) $(10,609)
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Basic and diluted net loss per share $ (2.67) $ (0.60) $ (0.79) $ (1.24) $ (0.77)
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Shares used in computation of basic and
diluted net loss per share 18,928 18,544 16,265 13,947 13,752
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------

DECEMBER 31,
-------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
---- ---- ---- ---- ----
(In thousands)

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Working capital $ 9,941 $ 36,386 $ 38,555 $ 18,041 $ 24,044
Total assets 49,277 68,798 57,854 38,116 46,861
Long-term obligations 33,234 13,437 8,331 7,398 6,509
Accumulated deficit (136,528) (86,071) (75,014) (62,588) (44,814)
Stockholders' equity (net capital deficiency) (13,800) 31,213 38,252 18,117 26,243

10-K 21st Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 21st
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS
OF OPERATIONS

THE DISCUSSION SET FORTH BELOW CONTAINS PROJECTIONS AND FORWARD-LOOKING
STATEMENTS REGARDING FUTURE EVENTS AND THE FUTURE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF THE
COMPANY. WE WISH TO CAUTION YOU THAT THESE STATEMENTS ARE ONLY OUR PREDICTIONS
AND OBJECTIVES. ACTUAL EVENTS OR RESULTS MAY DIFFER MATERIALLY. PLEASE NOTE IN
PARTICULAR THROUGHOUT THIS DOCUMENT WHERE WE HAVE HIGHLIGHTED SPECIFIC RISKS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE COMPANY AND ITS ACTIVITIES. WE ALSO REFER YOU TO DOCUMENTS
THE COMPANY FILES FROM TIME TO TIME WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION,
SUCH AS ITS FORM 10-K, ITS FORM 10-Q AND FORM 8-K REPORTS. THESE DOCUMENTS AND
THE DISCUSSION BELOW CONTAIN IMPORTANT FACTORS, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION
THOSE INVOLVING CERTAIN ONGOING ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS INVOLVING THE COMPANY
THAT COULD CAUSE OUR ACTUAL RESULTS TO DIFFER FROM OUR CURRENT EXPECTATIONS AND
THE FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS CONTAINED HEREIN.

GENERAL

Cygnus is engaged in the development and manufacture of diagnostic and drug
delivery systems, utilizing its proprietary technologies to satisfy unmet
medical needs cost-effectively. The Company's current efforts are primarily
focused on two core areas: a painless, bloodless and automatic glucose
monitoring device (the GlucoWatch system) and transdermal drug delivery systems.

The Company's product development efforts have been and are expected to
continue to be either self-funded, funded by licensees or distributors, or both.
In general, the Company's agreements provide that Cygnus will manufacture its
products and receive manufacturing revenues from sales of these products to its
licensees or distributors. Cygnus may also receive royalties based on certain of
its licensees' or distributors' product sales. In certain circumstances, the
Company may elect to license manufacturing rights for a product to its licensee
in exchange for a technology transfer fee and/or a higher royalty rate.

Cygnus' licensees and distributors generally have the right to abandon a
product development effort at any time for any reason without significant
penalty. Such cancellations may result in delays, suspension or abandonment of
clinical testing, the preparation and processing of regulatory filings and
product development and commercialization efforts. Licensees have exercised this
right in the past, and there can be no assurance that current and future
licensees or distributors will not exercise this right in the future. If a
licensee or distributor were to cease funding one of the Company's products,
Cygnus would either self-fund development efforts, identify and enter into an
agreement with an alternative licensee or distributor or suspend further
development work on the product. There can be no assurance that, if necessary,
the Company would be able to negotiate an agreement with an alternative licensee
or distributor on acceptable terms. Since all payments to the Company under its
agreements following their execution are contingent on the occurrence of future
events or sales levels, and the agreements are terminable by the licensee or
distributor, no assurance can be given as to whether the Company will receive
any particular payment thereunder or as to the amount or timing of any such
payment. The Company may choose to self-fund certain research and development
projects in order to exploit its technologies. Any increase in Company-sponsored
research and development activities will have an immediate adverse effect on the
Company's results of operations. However, should such Company-sponsored research
and development activities result in a commercial product, the long-term effect
on the Company's results of operations could be favorable. In the past some of
the Company's licensees, distributors and collaborators have approached the
Company requesting modification of the terms of existing agreements. Becton
Dickinson has recently approached the Company to discuss modifying the
non-compete terms of the existing agreement. The Company is unable to predict
the outcome of these discussions.

For the Company to remain competitive, it will need to develop, in-license
or acquire new diagnostic and drug delivery products. Furthermore, the Company's
ability to develop and commercialize products in the future will depend on its
ability to enter into collaborative arrangements with additional licensees on
favorable terms. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to
enter into new collaborative arrangements on such terms, if at all.

The Company's results of operations vary significantly from year to year
and depend on, among other factors, the signing of new product development
agreements and the timing of recognizing payment amounts specified thereunder,
the timing of recognizing license or distribution fees and cost reimbursement
payments made by pharmaceutical licensees, the demand for its Nicotrol product,
the demand for and shipments of its FemPatch product, and the costs associated
with its manufacture. Up front and interim milestone payments from contracts are
generally earned and recognized based on the percentage of actual efforts
expended compared to total expected efforts during the

10-K 22nd Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 22nd
development period for each contract. However, contract revenues are not always
aligned with the timing of related expenses. To date, research and development
expenses have generally exceeded contract revenue in any particular period and
the Company expects the same situation to continue for the next few years. In
addition, the level of revenues in any given period is not necessarily
indicative of expected revenues in future periods. The Company has incurred net
losses each year since its inception and does not believe it will achieve
profitability in 1998. At December 31, 1997, after recording the $39.7 million
arbitration settlement discussed below, the Company's accumulated deficit and
net capital deficiency were approximately $136.5 million and $13.8 million,
respectively.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS:

COMPARISON FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997 AND 1996

PRODUCT REVENUES for the year ended December 31, 1997 were $4.2 million
compared to $17.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. Included in
product revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1997, are initial shipments
of FemPatch, the Company's second commercialized product. FemPatch is a
low-dose, 7-day estrogen replacement transdermal patch for the treatment of
menopausal symptoms. Sanofi, the Company's worldwide licensee, has
sublicensed U.S. marketing rights to Warner-Lambert. Cygnus manufactures
FemPatch and first recorded revenue from its initial shipments in the third
quarter of 1997. The reduction in total product revenue resulted from the
discontinuation of Nicotrol manufacturing in the first quarter of 1997.

In May 1997 Cygnus reported it had initiated arbitration proceedings
against Pharmacia & Upjohn ("Pharmacia") relating to Nicotrol, Cygnus'
smoking cessation patch. In March of this year, Cygnus announced that
Pharmacia exercised its option to purchase the United States manufacturing
right of Nicotrol. The agreement between Cygnus and Pharmacia provided that
Pharmacia would be obligated to pay Cygnus for, amount other things, existing
inventory costs and for certain purchase order commitments. Pharmacia
disputes its obligations regarding certain purchase order commitments. The
arbitration is intended to resolve these matters. Separately, Cygnus and
Pharmacia are not in agreement regarding certain royalty calculations for
1996 and 1997. If this issue is unable to be resolved by the two companies,
it could become part of the arbitration proceedings. However, the Company
does not believe the resolution of this issue will have a material adverse
effect on its financial position or results of operations.

Due to the above factors, the uncertainty of the success of the Company's
recently launched FemPatch product, and the uncertainty regarding when and if
additional products will obtain clearance from the FDA and when and if licensees
will sell and market such products, the Company believes that the level of
product revenues experienced to date are not indicative of future results and
may fluctuate from year to year.

CONTRACT REVENUES for the year ended December 31, 1997 were $14.1 million
compared to the $13.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1996. Contract
revenues primarily reflect labor and material cost reimbursements associated
with certain transdermal delivery systems and the amortization of milestone
payments relating to certain transdermal delivery systems and the glucose
monitoring device. The increase in contract revenues is primarily due to a $1.0
million payment from Pharmacia for the exercise of its option to purchase the
manufacturing rights for Nicotrol, as noted above.

In February 1996, the Company entered into an agreement with Becton
Dickinson and Company for the marketing and distribution of the GlucoWatch, a
painless, automatic glucose monitoring device being developed by Cygnus. Under
the terms of the agreement, Becton Dickinson has exclusive worldwide marketing
and distribution rights, with the exception of Japan and Korea. Cygnus will have
primary responsibility for completing product development, obtaining regulatory
approvals and manufacturing. In addition, Cygnus may participate in sales,
marketing and customer service and support for the product. In the first half of
1996, Cygnus received an up-front, non-refundable payment from Becton Dickinson.
The Company is also eligible to receive future milestone payments as well as a
percentage of the product's future commercial success.

In July 1996, the Company entered into an agreement with Yamanouchi for the
marketing and distribution of the GlucoWatch. Under the terms of this agreement,
Yamanouchi has exclusive marketing and distribution rights in Japan and Korea.
Cygnus will have primary responsibility for completing product development and
for manufacturing. In the third quarter of 1996, Cygnus received an up-front,
non-refundable payment from Yamanouchi and is eligible to

10-K 23rd Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 23rd
receive milestone payments as well as a percentage of the product's future
commercial sales. In July 1996, the Company also entered into a development and
marketing agreement with Yamanouchi for a 7-day transdermal product to deliver a
proprietary Yamanouchi compound. Under the terms of the agreement, Cygnus will
receive funding for the development of the transdermal product and will have
exclusive rights to manufacture and supply Yamanouchi with the product and
Yamanouchi will have exclusive worldwide marketing rights to the product.

Contract revenues are expected to fluctuate from quarter to quarter and
from year to year, and future contract revenues cannot be reasonably predicted.
The contributing factors to achieving contract revenues include, but are not
limited to, future successes in finalizing new collaborative agreements, timely
achievement of milestones under current contracts, and strategic decisions on
self-funding certain projects. Cygnus' licensees and distributors generally have
the ability to abandon the rights to a product and the obligation to make
related payments. Since all future payments to the Company under these
agreements following their execution are contingent on the occurrence of future
events or sales levels, and the agreements are terminable by the licensee or
distributor, no assurance can be given as to whether the Company will receive
any particular payment thereunder or as to the amount or timing of any such
payment. The Company is unable to predict to what extent potential future
terminations of existing contracts by current partners, or new collaborative
agreements, if any, will impact overall contract revenues in 1998 and subsequent
future periods.

ROYALTY AND OTHER REVENUES for the year ended December 31, 1997 were
$11.2 million, compared to $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1996.
The amounts include royalties from sales by Pharmacia of the Company's nicotine
transdermal product in Europe and Canada and by Pharmacia's marketing partner in
the United States. The net increase in royalty and other revenues is primarily
due to the recognition of previously deferred royalty payments associated with
the U.S. OTC sales of Nicotrol during the second half of 1996 and a $2.5 million
reimbursement payment from Pharmacia relating to inventory and purchase
commitments previously expensed by the Company in 1996.

Royalty revenue will fluctuate from period to period since it is primarily
based upon sales by the Company's licensees. The level of royalty income for a
product also depends on various external factors, including the size of the
market for the product, product pricing levels and the ability of the Company's
licensee to market the product. Therefore, the level of royalty revenue for any
given period is not indicative of the expected royalty revenue for future
periods. The Company expects royalty and other revenue to decrease in 1998 due
to the non recurring $2.5 million payment mentioned above and the high level of
royalty payments earned in early 1997.

COSTS OF PRODUCTS SOLD for the year ended December 31, 1997, were
$10.4 million compared to $16.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1996.
Costs of products sold primarily include direct and indirect production,
facility and personnel costs required to meet future anticipated production
levels. The decrease in costs of products sold largely reflects the reduction of
direct expenses related to Nicotrol production as a result of Pharmacia
exercising its option to purchase the manufacturing rights of Nicotrol. Cost of
products sold for the year ended December 31, 1997 include the initial shipments
of FemPatch, the Company's second commercialized product. The Company
experienced negative product margins for the year ended December 31, 1997 due to
low production volumes which prevented the Company from absorbing all of its
fixed manufacturing costs.

Due to the above factors, the uncertainty of the success of the Company's
recently launched FemPatch product, and the uncertainty regarding when and if
additional products will obtain clearance from the FDA and when and if licensees
will sell and market such products, the Company believes that the level of costs
of products sold experienced to date are not indicative of future results and
may fluctuate from year to year.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES for the year ended December 31, 1997 were
$22.3 million compared to $23.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1996.
Research and development and clinical activities primarily include the glucose
monitoring development program, the support of the Company's hormone replacement
therapy products (one of which, FemPatch, was launched in September 1997 and two
of which are in clinical trials) and a contraception product. While current
levels are slightly lower than the prior year, Cygnus anticipates that the
development of new products, continued research of new technologies and
preparation for regulatory filings and clinical trials will result in an
increase in its overall research and development expenses.

MARKETING, GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES for the year ended
December 31, 1997 were $8.7 million, compared to $9.3 million for the year ended
December 31, 1996. The decrease primarily reflects decreased professional

10-K 24th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 24th
fees associated with the Company's legal proceedings involving Sanofi (See Note
7 to the Financial Statements). The Company expects that marketing, general and
administrative expenses will increase in the future as the Company expands its
operations.

ARBITRATION SETTLEMENT EXPENSE for the year ended December 31, 1997 was
$39.7 million. As of December 31, 1997, the Company had accrued liabilities
related to the arbitration settlement of $39.2 million. These amounts
represent a non-recurring arbitration settlement expense. Of the total
accrued liability of $39.2 million, $23.0 million is long-term. Under the
terms of the settlement, Cygnus (i) paid Sanofi $14.0 million in cash in
January 1998, (ii) will make royalty payments of between 6.5% and 8.5% of any
and all net sales of two products, which are subject to minimum payments in
an aggregate amount equal to $17.0 million, commencing in 2001 and ending in
2005, whether or not any net sales of the two products have occurred, and
(iii) issued in December 1997, a convertible promissory note in the principal
amount of $6.0 million, payable in full at the end of four years and bearing
interest at 6.5% per annum. The note will be convertible into the Company's
Common Stock at Sanofi's option, exercisable at any time during the four year
term, at a conversion rate of $21.725 per share.

INTEREST INCOME, NET OF INTEREST AND OTHER EXPENSE for the year ended
December 31, 1997 was $1.1 million as compared to $1.9 million for the year
ended December 31, 1996. The decrease is due primarily to higher interest
expense associated with the Company's June 1996 $8.0 million bank loan
agreement for short-term working capital. In addition, interest income earned
has decreased in conjunction with the decrease in the cash and cash
equivalents balance. There will be interest expenses recorded in 1998
reflecting the issuance of the convertible debt and the amortization of the
financing fees related to this debt (see Note 8 to the consolidated financial
statements)

COMPARISON FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996 AND 1995

PRODUCT REVENUES for the year ended December 31, 1996 were $17.2 million
compared to $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1995. This reflects
increased demand for additional shipments of Nicotrol during 1996 due to the
change of Nicotrol's status from a prescription to an over-the-counter ("OTC")
product. On July 3, 1996 the United States ("U.S.") Food and Drug Administration
(the "FDA") approved Nicotrol as the first OTC smoking cessation transdermal
patch.

CONTRACT REVENUES for the year ended December 31, 1996 were $13.1 million
compared to the $12.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1995. Contract
revenues primarily reflect labor and material cost reimbursements associated
with certain transdermal delivery systems and the amortization of milestone
payments relating to certain transdermal delivery systems and the glucose
monitoring device. In 1996, the Company received up-front non-refundable
payments from Becton Dickinson and Yamanouchi.

ROYALTY AND OTHER REVENUES for the year ended December 31, 1996 were $5.9
million, compared to $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1995. The
amounts include royalties from sales by Pharmacia of the Company's nicotine
transdermal product in Europe and Canada, and by Pharmacia's marketing partner
in the U.S. Additionally, in the first half of 1995, amounts included the
amortization of the unearned balance of prepayments from Pharmacia. As of June
30, 1995, all of the prepayments were fully amortized. The net increase in
royalty and other revenues is primarily due to the significant increase in
volume of units shipped as a result of the change of Nicotrol's status to OTC in
the U.S.

COSTS OF PRODUCTS SOLD for the year ended December 31, 1996, were $16.7
million compared to $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1995. Costs of
products sold include direct and indirect manufacturing costs of Nicotrol
production and facility and personnel costs required to meet production levels.
In addition, due to uncertainties related to the level of the future sales of
Nicotrol, the Company recorded in 1996 as part of cost of products sold, certain
expenses relating to estimated committed future production costs. Costs of
products sold increased primarily due to increased Nicotrol shipments as a
result of the change of Nicotrol's status to OTC in the U.S. and the expenses
related to the estimated committed future productions costs. While the Company
experienced a positive product margin during 1996 due to increased demand for
additional shipments of Nicotrol, the Company experienced negative product
margins during 1995, primarily due to low production volumes which prevented the
Company from absorbing all of the fixed costs associated with its production of
Nicotrol.

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES for the year ended December 31, 1996 were
$23.2 million compared to $20.0 million for the year ended December 31, 1995.
This increase reflects the Company's accelerated level of research and
development costs primarily associated with the glucose monitoring system.
Research and development and clinical activities primarily include the glucose
monitoring development program, the support of the Company's hormone replacement
therapy products (one of which, FemPatch, was approved by FDA on December 5,
1996 and two of which are in clinical trials), and a contraception product.

MARKETING, GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES for the year ended December
31, 1996 were $9.3 million, compared to $7.4 million for the year ended December
31, 1995. The increase resulted from increased legal expenses primarily related
to the Sanofi arbitration, which has been settled (See Note 7 to the Financial
Statements).

INTEREST INCOME, NET OF INTEREST AND OTHER EXPENSE for the year ended
December 31, 1996 was $1.9 million as compared to $0.3 million for the year
ended December 31, 1995. The increase is due primarily to interest earned on
the proceeds from the Company's 1995 public offering.

IMPACT OF YEAR 2000

On January 1, 1998, the Company implemented a new suite of financial and
manufacturing applications which are fully year 2000 compliant. The Company
uses these applications for the management of all financial data as well as
inventory control and planning. The Company is instituting a program to analyze
all other ancillary programs to ensure year 2000 compliance. This program is
expected to be completed prior to December 31, 1998 and is not expected to
result in material expenditures to resolve year 2000 issues. In addition the
Company has initiated a program to review year 2000 compliance by all major
suppliers and customers in order to determine any exposure to year 2000 issues.
This program should be completed by December 31, 1998. It is not anticipated
that there will be any significant exposure areas, but it is possible that non
compliance to year 2000 concerns by major vendors or customers could have a
material adverse effect on the Company.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Overall, the cash, cash equivalents and short-term investment balances as
of December 31, 1997 totaled $34.8 million, representing a decrease of
$14.6 million from the total as of December 31, 1996. At December 31, 1997, the
Company had a negative net worth of $13.8 million.

Through October 1995, the Company received net proceeds of approximately
$82.1 million from public offerings of its Common Stock. Through 1996, the
Company financed approximately $8.4 million of manufacturing and research
equipment under capital loan and lease arrangements. In 1997, the Company
entered into a new loan agreement for $1.3 million to finance additional capital
equipment. Borrowings under this agreement are secured by specific Company
Assets and a security deposit of $631.

In December of 1994, the Company borrowed $1.7 million under a bank line of
credit to finance the purchase of manufacturing and research equipment. This
line is being repaid in monthly installments through June 30, 1998. As of
December 31, 1997 there was $0.2 million outstanding under this agreement. In
June 1996, the Company received $8.0 million under a bank loan agreement for
short-term working capital. This loan is being repaid monthly through December
1999. As of December 31, 1997 there was $6.2 million outstanding under this
agreement. The bank loans are subject to a number of financial and other
covenants. In the event of default, the Bank may, at its option, exercise its
rights to remedies specified in the loan agreements which include, among other
things, the acceleration of amounts due under the agreements. As a result of
recording the arbitration settlement, the Company was in default of these
agreements due to the breach of several financial covenants, including those
related to the ratio of Debt to Tangible Net Worth and the total Tangible Net
Worth. The Company could remove the default condition on the June 1996 loan by
pledging cash or certificates of deposit in the amount of 55% of the $6.2
million December 31, 1997 outstanding balance. However, since the bank had
agreed to forbear from exercising its rights under the Loan Documents until
March 31, 1998, the Company did not provide this collateral as of December 31,
1997.

As of December 31, 1997, the Company also was in violation of similar
financial covenants with one leasing company, which had agreed to waive the
covenant defaults until February 15, 1998.

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On February 5, 1998, the Company completed financing arrangements which
raised gross cash proceeds of $56.8 million. The Company issued $43.0 million
of convertible notes and $13.8 million of equity before offering costs and
expenses (see Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements). Both the bank
and the leasing company have agreed to include the convertible debt in equity
for purposes of measuring covenant compliance. As a result of the receipt of
proceeds from the financing arrangements, the Company has cured the default
conditions with the bank and the leasing company as of February 5, 1998 and
the Company expects to remain in compliance with these financial covenants
throughout 1998.

In addition to the cash received from the public offerings, equipment lease
and short-term working capital financing, the Company has been financing its
operations primarily through revenues and interest income.

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 1997
was $14.6 million, compared with net cash used of $6.3 million for year ended
December 31, 1996. Cash used in operating activities during the year ended
December 31, 1997 was primarily due to the Company's net loss of $50.5 million,
decrease of $10.4 million in deferred revenue, decrease of $2.1 million in
accounts payable and other accrued liabilities and an increase of $3.2 million
in prepaid expenses and other current assets. This was offset by the $39.2
million increase in Sanofi obligations, decrease of $5.7 million in accounts
receivable, $2.7 million of depreciation and amortization and an increase of
$1.5 million in deferred compensation and other long term liabilities. Cash used
in operations during the year ended December 31, 1996 was primarily due to the
Company's net loss of $11.1 million, increase of $5.4 million in accounts
receivable offset by an increase of $6.6 million in deferred revenue and $2.8
million of depreciation and amortization.

The current level of cash used in operating activities is not necessarily
indicative of the level of future cash usage. For example, in January 1998 the
Company paid Sanofi $14.0 million of its arbitration settlement obligation
recorded in 1997. As a result of increased expenditures for the development of
new products, preparation for regulatory filings and clinical trials and the
expected reduction in product revenues, the Company has experienced an increase
in cash usage in 1997 and anticipates an increase in cash usage for future
operating activities.

Net cash used in investing activities of $0.8 million for the year ended
December 31, 1997 resulted primarily from $3.1 million in capital expenditures
offset by $2.3 million in net maturity and sales of short-term investments. Net
cash used in investing activities of $1.5 million for the year ended
December 31, 1996 resulted primarily from $1.5 million in capital expenditures.

Net cash provided by financing activities of $3.0 million for the year
ended December 31, 1997 included $2.5 million from the exercise of warrants to
purchase common stock, $2.9 million of common stock issuance proceeds and $1.3
million received from the Company's capital equipment loan offset by $3.8
million in long-term debt and capital lease repayments. Net cash provided by
financing activities of $10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1996
includes $8.0 million received from the Company's working capital loan and
security agreement, $4.0 million of common stock issuance proceeds and $0.5
million received under the equipment lease agreement offset by $2.0 million in
long-term debt and capital lease repayments.

The Company's long-term capital expenditure requirements will depend upon
numerous factors, including: the progress of the Company's research and
development programs; the time required to obtain regulatory approvals; the
resources that the Company devotes to the development of self-funded products,
proprietary manufacturing methods and advanced technologies; the ability of the
Company to obtain additional licensing arrangements and to manufacture products
under those arrangements; the additional expenditures to support the manufacture
of new products if and when approved; and possible acquisitions of products,
technologies and companies. As the Company evaluates the progress of its
development projects, in particular the GlucoWatch and hormone replacement
products, its commercialization plans and the lead time to set up manufacturing
capabilities, Cygnus may commence long-term planning for another manufacturing
site. Nevertheless, the Company believes that such long-term planning will not
result in any material impact on cash flows and liquidity for 1998.

Based upon current expectations for operating losses, arbitration
settlement payments, and projected short-term capital expenditures, the
Company believes that its existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term
investments of $34.8 million as of December 31, 1997, when coupled with cash
from revenues, earnings from investments and the recently completed financing
arrangements which raised net proceeds of approximately $53.8 million, will
be sufficient to meet its operating expenses and capital expenditure
requirements at least through the end of 1998. However, there can be no
assurance that the Company will

10-K 27th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 27th
not require additional financing depending upon future business strategies,
results of clinical trials and management decisions to accelerate certain
research and development programs and other factors.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

The Company's investments are all categorized as available for sale, and
are invested in short term, highly liquid instruments. The unrealized gain or
loss at December 31, 1997 is immaterial. These investments conform to the
Company's investment policy and are invested in either Treasuries, Government
Agency securities, or other instruments with an A1/P1/AAA rating.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31,
1997, 1996 and 1995 are submitted as a separate section of this Form 10-K. See
Item 14.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.

Not Applicable.

10-K 28th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 28th
PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT

Cygnus incorporates by reference the information concerning its directors
set forth under the heading "Proposal One - Re-Election of Directors" in the
Company's definitive Proxy Statement to be filed for its 1998 Annual Meeting of
Stockholders.

Information concerning Cygnus' executive officers appears at the end of
Part I of this report.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Cygnus incorporates by reference the information set forth under the
heading "Executive Compensation and Other Information" in the Company's
definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A for its 1998
Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT

Cygnus incorporates by reference the information set forth under the
heading "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" in the
Company's definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A for
its 1998 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS

Cygnus incorporates by reference the information set forth under the
headings "Proposal One - Re-Election of Directors" and "Executive Compensation
and Other Information" in the Cygnus' definitive Proxy Statement to be filed
pursuant to Regulation 14A for its 1998 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

10-K 29th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 29th
PART IV

ITEM 14. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES, AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K

[Enlarge/Download Table]

a.1) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND REPORT OF ERNST & YOUNG LLP, INDEPENDENT AUDITORS Page
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----

Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Auditors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-3
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 1997 and 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-4
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended
December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-5
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity (net capital deficiency) for the years ended
December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended
December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-7
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-8

a.2) FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE

II. Valuation and Qualifying Accounts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S-1

All other schedules have been omitted since the required information is
not present or is not present in amounts sufficient to require
submission of the schedule, or because the information required is
included in the consolidated financial statements, including the notes
thereto.

b) REPORTS ON FORM 8-K

The Company filed a Report on Form 8-K on November 25, 1997.

Item 5. Other events - Cygnus, Inc. issued a press release announcing
the results of research clinical studies conducted on its
GlucoWatch glucose monitoring system. Cygnus, Inc. also issued
a second press release, announcing its intent to conduct a
public offering of its convertible subordinated notes.

Item 7. Financial Statements and Exhibits - Exhibits 99.1 and 99.2

c) EXHIBITS

The following exhibits are filed herewith or incorporated by reference:

3.1 Bylaws of the Registrant, as amended, incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Registrant's Registration
Statement Form S-1 No. 33-38363.
3.2 Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, as
amended to date, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of
the Registrant's Registration Statement Form S-1 No. 33-38363.
4.1 Specimen of Common Stock certificate of the Registrant,
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant's
Registration Statement Form S-1 No. 33-38363.
4.2 Rights Agreement dated September 21, 1993 between the Company
and Chemical Trust Bank of California (the "Transfer Agent"),
which includes the Certificate of Determination for the Series
A Junior Participating Preferred Stock as Exhibit A, the form
of Right Certificate as Exhibit B and the Summary of Rights to
purchase Preferred Shares as Exhibit C, incorporated by
reference to Exhibit I of the Registrant's Form 8-A filed on
October 21, 1993, Registration No. 0-18962.
4.3 Form of Senior Indenture incorporated herein by reference to
Exhibit 4.1 filed with the Company's Registration Statement on
Form S-3 (File No. 33-39275) declared effective by the
Securities and Exchange Commission on November 12, 1997 (the
"November 1997 Form S-3")
4.4 Form of Subordinated indenture incorporated herein by
reference to Exhibit 4.2 filed with the Company's November
1997 Form S-3.
4.5 Form of Senior Debt Security (included in Exhibit 4.1)
incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 filed with the
Company's November 1997 Form S-3.

10-K 30th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 30th
4.6 Form of Subordinated Debt Security (included in Exhibit 4.2)
incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 filed with the
Company's November 1997 Form S-3.
10.1 Warrant dated September 28, 1990 issued by the Registrant to
Paine Webber R&D Partners II, L.P., incorporated by reference
to Exhibit 10.5 of the Registrant's Registration Statement
Form S-1 No. 33-38363.
10.2 Agreement dated October 1, 1992 between the Registrant and
Kabi Pharmacia, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 19.1 of
the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30,
1992, Registration No. 0-18962.
10.3 Amended August 29, 1986 Agreement dated as of May 30, 1988
between the Registrant and Sanofi S.A. ("Sanofi"),
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9A of the Registrant's
Registration Statement Form S-1 No. 33-38363.
10.4 Amendment No. 1 made as of May 4, 1990 to the Amended August
29, 1986 Agreement between the Registrant and Sanofi,
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9B of the Registrant's
Form S-1 Registration Statement No. 33-38363.
10.5 Amendment No. 2 made as of August 31, 1990 to the Amended
August 29, 1986 Agreement between the Registrant and Sanofi,
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9C of the Registrant's
Form S-1 Registration Statement No. 33-38363.
10.6 Supply Agreement dated September 28, 1990 between the
Registrant and Warner-Lambert Company, incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.12 of the Registrant's Form S-1
Registration Statement No. 33-38363.
10.7 Agreement dated November 29, 1990 between the Registrant and
Warner-Lambert Company, incorporated by reference to Exhibit
10.13 of the Registrant's Form S-1 Registration Statement No.
33-38363.
10.8 Ten-year Industrial Net Lease Agreement (Building No. 2) dated
September 27, 1988 between the Registrant and Seaport Centre
Venture Phase I, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 of
the Registrant's Form S-1 Registration Statement No. 33-38363.
10.9 Ten-year Industrial Net Lease Agreement (Building No. 8) dated
September 27, 1988 between the Registrant and Seaport Centre
Venture Phase I, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 of
the Registrant's Form S-1 Registration Statement No. 33-38363.
10.10 Sublease Agreement dated June 12, 1990 between the Registrant
and M&T Publishing, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit
10.28 of the Registrant's Form S-1 Registration Statement No.
33-38363.
10.11 Letter Agreement dated December 18, 1991 between the
Registrant and Menlo Capital Corporation, incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.33 of the Registrant's Form S-1
Registration Statement No. 33-45180.
10.12 Lease Agreement dated as of October 15, 1991 between the
Registrant and Lincoln Menlo Associates Limited, a California
Limited Partnership, incorporated by reference to Exhibit
10.34 of the Registrant's Form S-1 Registration Statement No.
33-45180.
10.13 Services Agreement made as of April 6, 1990 between the
Registrant and DepoMed Systems, Inc., incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.35 of the Registrant's Form S-1
Registration Statement No. 33-45180.
10.14 Loan and Security Agreement dated June 26, 1992 between the
Registrant and AT&T Commercial Finance Corporation.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 of the Registrant's
Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1993.
* 10.15 Distributorship Agreement dated as of February 9, 1996 between
the Registrant and Becton Dickinson. Incorporated by reference
to exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Form 10-Q for the quarter
ended March 31, 1996.
* 10.16 Agreement dated November 11, 1993 between the Registrant and
Kabi Pharmacia (the "Kabi Agreement") Incorporated in
reference to exhibit 10.33 of the Company's Form 10-K for the
fiscal year ended December 31, 1993.
* 10.17 Development, Supply and License Agreement dated December 28,
1993 between the Registrant and Wyeth-Ayerst, a division of
American Home Products (the "U.S. Agreement") Incorporated by
reference to exhibit 10.34 of the Company's Form 10-K for the
fiscal year ended December 31, 1993.
* 10.18 Development, Supply and License Agreement dated December 28,
1993 between the Registrant and Wyeth-Ayerst, a division of
American Home Products (the "International Agreement")
Incorporated

10-K 31st Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 31st
by reference to exhibit 10.35 of the Company's Form 10-K for
the fiscal year ended December 31, 1993.
* 10.19 Loan and Security Agreement between the Registrant and Silicon
Valley Bank entered into as of June 24, 1996. Incorporated by
reference to exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Form 10-Q for the
quarter ended June 30, 1996.
10.20 Product Development, Supply and License Agreement dated June
8, 1994 between the Registrant and Ortho Pharmaceutical
Corporation, a division of Johnson & Johnson. Incorporated by
reference to exhibit 10.35 of the Company's Form 10-Q for the
quarter ended June 30, 1994.
10.21 Agreement dated November 22, 1994, between the Registrant and
Kabi Pharmacia (the "Kabi" Agreement). Incorporated by
reference to exhibit 10.39 of the Company's Form 10-K for the
fiscal year ended December 31, 1994.
10.22 Loan and Security Agreement between Silicon Valley Bank and
Registrant entered into as of December 21, 1994. Incorporated
by reference to exhibit 10.40 of the Company's Form 10-K for
the fiscal year ended December 31, 1994.
10.23 GMS Technology Purchase Agreement dated December 30, 1994,
between the Registrant and PaineWebber. Incorporated by
reference to exhibit 10.41 of the Company's Form 10-K for the
fiscal year ended December 31, 1994.
10.24 Lease Agreement dated January 18, 1995, between the Registrant
and Comdisco for $4.5 million. Incorporated by reference to
exhibit 10.42 of the Company's Form 10-K for the fiscal year
ended December 31, 1994.
* 10.25 Product Supply and Distribution Agreement between the
Registrant and Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., LTD. dated as of
July 14, 1996. Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 of
the Company's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1996.
10.26 Loan and Security Agreement dated June 27, 1997 between Heller
Financing and Registrant.
10.27 First Supplemental Indenture dated as of February 2, 1998 by
and between Cygnus, Inc. and State Street Bank and Trust
Company of California, N.A. Incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 4.5 of the Company's Form 8-K dated February 4,
1998.
10.28 Form of Note Purchase Agreement dated as of February 2, 1998
between Cygnus, Inc. and certain institutional investors.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 of the Company's
Form 8-K dated February 4, 1998.
10.29 Form Common Stock Purchase Agreement dated February 2, 1998
between Cygnus, Inc. and certain institutional investors.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 of the Company's
Form 8-K dated February 4, 1998.
99.1 Press Release, dated November 25, 1997, issued by Cygnus, Inc.
announcing the results of research clinical studies.
Incorporated by reference to exhibit 99.1 of the Company's
Form 8-K dated December 25, 1997.
99.2 Press Release, dated November 25, 1997, issued by Cygnus, Inc.
announcing a proposed public offering of convertible
subordinated notes. Incorporated by reference to exhibit 99.2
of the Company's Form 8-K dated December 25, 1997.

EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION PLANS AND ARRANGEMENTS

10.30 1994 Stock Option / Award Plan, incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 99.1 of the Registrant's Form S-8 Registration
Statement No. 333-18357.
10.31 Amended 1991 Employee Stock Purchase Plan incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 99.2 of the Registrant's Form S-8
Registration Statement No. 333-18357.
10.32 Form of Indemnification Agreement for Directors and Officers,
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 of the Registrant's
Form S-1 Registration Statement No. 33-38363.
10.33 1991 Bonus Plan for Director-Level Employees and Officers,
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 of the Registrant's
Form S-1 Registration Statement No. 33-45180.
10.34 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated January 29,
1996 between the Registrant and Gregory B. Lawless.
Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.30 of the Company's
Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1996.
10.35 Form of Agreement with Executive Officers relating to change
in control. Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.31 of the
Company's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31,
1996.
10.36 Employment Agreement dated May 30, 1992 between the Registrant
and Alan F. Russell

---------------

23.1 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Auditors (see page
34)

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25.1 Power of Attorney (see page 31)
27.0 Financial Data Schedule

---------------

* A confidential treatment request has been applied for or granted with respect
to a portion of this document.

10-K 33rd Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 33rd
SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its
behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 5th day of
February, 1998.

CYGNUS, INC.

By: /s/ JOHN C. HODGMAN
-------------------------------
John C. Hodgman
President, Cygnus Diagnostics
and Chief Financial Officer
(and Principal Accounting Officer)

10-K 34th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 34th
POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature
appears below constitutes and appoints, jointly and severally, Gregory B.
Lawless and John C. Hodgman, and each one of them, attorneys-in-fact for the
undersigned, each with the power of substitution, for the undersigned in any and
all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Report on Form 10-K, and
to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection
therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and
confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his substitute or
substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the undersigned has executed this Power of
Attorney as of the date indicated opposite his/her name.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this
Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the
Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

[Enlarge/Download Table]

Signature Title Date
--------- ----- ----

/s/ GARY W. CLEARY, Ph.D. Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief February 5, 1998
------------------------------------- Technical Officer
Gary W. Cleary, Ph.D.

/s/ GREGORY B. LAWLESS, Ph.D. President, Chief Executive Officer (Principal February 5, 1998
------------------------------------- Executive Officer) and Director
Gregory B. Lawless, Ph.D.

/s/ JOHN C. HODGMAN President, Cygnus Diagnostics and Chief February 5, 1998
------------------------------------- Financial Officer (and Principal Accounting
John C. Hodgman Officer)

/s/ JAMES F. GRADY, JR., Ph.D. Vice President, Human Resources, and February 5, 1998
------------------------------------- Administration (and Secretary)
James Grady, Jr., Ph.D.

/s/ FRANK T. CARY Director February 5, 1998
-------------------------------------
Frank T. Cary

/s/ ANDRE F. MARION Director February 5, 1998
-------------------------------------
Andre F. Marion

/s/ RICHARD G. ROGERS Director February 5, 1998
-------------------------------------
Richard G. Rogers

/s/ WALTER B. WRISTON Director February 5, 1998
-------------------------------------
Walter B. Wriston

10-K 35th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 35th
EXHIBIT 23.1

CONSENT OF ERNST & YOUNG LLP, INDEPENDENT AUDITORS

We consent to the use of our report dated January 16, 1998, except for the
fourth paragraph of Note 3 and for Note 8, as to which the date is February
5, 1998, in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Cygnus, Inc.

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements
(Form S-8 Nos. 33-41502, 33-43710, 33-59774, 33-86038 and 333-18357) pertaining
to the Amended 1986 Stock Option Plan, the 1991 Amended Employee Stock Purchase
Plan, the Amended 1986 Incentive Stock Plan and the 1994 Stock Option/Award Plan
of Cygnus, Inc. of our report dated January 16, 1998, except for the fourth
paragraph of Note 3 and for Note 8, as to which the date is February 5, 1998
with respect to the consolidated financial statements and schedule of Cygnus,
Inc. included in the Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December
31, 1997.

Palo Alto, California /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP
February 5, 1998

10-K 36th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 36th
CYGNUS, INC.

Consolidated Financial Statements

For the Years ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995

with

Report of Independent Auditors

F-1

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CYGNUS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the Years ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995

CONTENTS

Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Auditors. . . . . . . . . . . . . F-3

Audited Consolidated Financial Statements:

Consolidated Balance Sheets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-4
Consolidated Statements of Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-5
Consolidated Statement of Shareholders' Equity (net capital deficiency). . F-6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-7
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-8

F-2

10-K 38th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 38th
REPORT OF ERNST & YOUNG LLP, INDEPENDENT AUDITORS

The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Cygnus, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cygnus,
Inc. as of December 31, 1997 and 1996, and the related consolidated statements
of operations, stockholders' equity (net capital deficiency) and cash flows for
each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1997. Our audits also
included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 14(a).
These financial statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company's
management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial
statements and schedule based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting
the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes
assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by
management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.
We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly,
in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Cygnus, Inc. at
December 31, 1997 and 1996, and the consolidated results of its operations and
its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31,
1997, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our
opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation
to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly in all
material respects the information set forth therein.

Palo Alto, California
January 16, 1998, except for the fourth paragraph of Note 3 and for Note 8,
as to which the date is February 5, 1998

F-3

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CYGNUS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands)

[Enlarge/Download Table]

DECEMBER 31,
1997 1996
------------------------------

ASSETS:
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 20,669 $ 33,148
Short-term investments 14,163 16,286
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance (1997 - $123;
1996 -$1,137) 2,040 7,759
Inventories 924 2,331
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 1,988 1,010
------------------------------
Total current assets 39,784 60,534

EQUIPMENT AND IMPROVEMENTS:
Office and laboratory equipment 14,856 12,781
Leasehold improvements 885 6,681
------------------------------
15,741 19,462
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization (11,145) (13,872)
------------------------------
Net equipment and improvements 4,596 5,590

Deferred compensation and other assets 4,897 2,674
------------------------------
Total Assets $ 49,277 $ 68,798
------------------------------
------------------------------

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY ( NET CAPITAL
DEFICENCY)
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Accounts payable $ 1,294 $ 2,153
Current portion of arbitration obligation 16,223 --
Accrued compensation 3,298 3,177
Accrued professional services 842 691
Other accrued liabilities 1,263 2,465
Customer advances 624 1,146
Current portion of deferred revenue 1,846 10,912
Current portion of long-term debt 3,767 2,289
Current portion of capital lease obligations 686 1,315
------------------------------
Total current liabilities 29,843 24,148

Long-term portion of deferred revenue 1,188 2,567
Long-term portion of debt 3,812 6,444
Long-term portion of capital lease obligations 390 1,076
Long-term portion of arbitration obligation 23,000 --
Deferred compensation and other long-term liabilities 4,844 3,350

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (NET CAPITAL DEFICIENCY):
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value: 5,000 shares authorized;
no shares issued and outstanding -- --
Common stock, $0.001 par value: 30,000 shares authorized;
issued and outstanding: 19,273 and 18,691 shares at
December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively 122,728 117,284
Accumulated deficit (136,528) (86,071)
------------------------------
Total stockholders' equity (net capital deficiency) (13,800) 31,213
------------------------------
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity (net capital deficiency) $ 49,277 $ 68,798
------------------------------
------------------------------

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES.

F-4

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CYGNUS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share data)

[Enlarge/Download Table]

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
1997 1996 1995
-----------------------------------------------

REVENUES:

Product revenues $ 4,212 $ 17,211 $ 3,704
Contract revenues 14,106 13,085 12,579
Royalty and other revenues 11,184 5,907 2,723
-----------------------------------------------
TOTAL REVENUES 29,502 36,203 19,006

COSTS AND EXPENSES:

Costs of products sold 10,413 16,659 4,746
Research and development 22,328 23,165 20,029
Marketing, general and administrative 8,695 9,296 7,369
Arbitration settlement 39,666 --- ---
-----------------------------------------------
TOTAL COSTS AND EXPENSES 81,102 49,120 32,144

Loss from operations ( 51,600) ( 12,917) ( 13,138)

Interest and other income 2,989 2,851 1,139
Interest and other expense (1,849) (986) (843)
-----------------------------------------------

NET LOSS $ ( 50,460) $ ( 11,052) $ ( 12,842)
-----------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------

BASIC AND DILUTED NET LOSS PER SHARE $ (2.67) $ (0.60) $ (0.79)
-----------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------

Shares used in computation of basic and diluted
net loss per share 18,928 18,544 16,265
-----------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES.

F-5

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CYGNUS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
For the Years Ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995
(In thousands)

[Enlarge/Download Table]

TOTAL
STOCKHOLDERS'
COMMON ACCUMULATED EQUITY (NET CAPITAL
STOCK DEFICIT DEFICIENCY)
------------------------------------------------------

BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 1994 80,705 (62,588) 18,117
Issuance of 245 shares of common stock 2,129 -- 2,129
Issuance of 2,300 shares of common stock in third public offering,
net of issuance costs of $2,379 29,821 -- 29,821
Issuance of 105 shares of common stock under the Employee Stock
Purchase Plan 611 -- 611
Unrealized gain on investments -- 416 416
Net loss -- (12,842) (12,842)
------------------------------------------------------
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 1995 113,266 (75,014) 38,252
------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------
Issuance of 333 shares of common stock 2,749 -- 2,749
Issuance of 90 shares of common stock under the Employee Stock
Purchase Plan 823 -- 823
Issuance of 45 shares of common stock through exercise of
warrant 446 446
Change in unrealized loss on investments -- (5) (5)
Net loss -- (11,052) (11,052)
------------------------------------------------------
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 1996 $ 117,284 $ (86,071) $ 31,213
------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------
Issuance of 258 shares of common stock 2,212 -- 2,212
Issuance of 64 shares of common stock under the Employee Stock
Purchase Plan 707 -- 707
Issuance of 255 shares of common stock through exercise of
warrant 2,525 2,525
Change in unrealized loss on investments -- 3 3
Net loss -- (50,460) (50,460)
------------------------------------------------------
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 1997 $ 122,728 $ (136,528) $ (13,800)
------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES.

F-6

10-K 42nd Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 42nd
CYGNUS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Increase/(Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents
(In thousands)

[Enlarge/Download Table]

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
1997 1996 1995
-----------------------------------------------

CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss $ (50,460) $ (11,052) $ (12,842)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in)/provided by
operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 2,739 2,802 2,683
Loss on write-down and disposals of equipment 1,350 -- --
Other (133) (280) 88
(Increase)/decrease in assets:
Trade Accounts receivables 5,719 (5,449) (588)
Inventories 1,407 (1,953) (232)
Prepaid expenses and other assets (3,201) (1,888) (427)
Increase/(decrease) in liabilities:
Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities (2,061) 2,325 (1,166)
Accrued compensation 121 986 (670)
Accrued professional services 151 (35) 121
Customer advances (522) 300 (449)
Deferred revenue (10,445) 6,646 670
Arbitration liability 39,223 -- --
Deferred compensation and other liabilities 1,494 1,261 267
-----------------------------------------------
Net cash used in operating activities (14,618) (6,337) (12,545)
-----------------------------------------------

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Capital expenditures (3,095) (1,515) (2,405)
Purchases of short-term investments (30,148) (31,565) (21,697)
Maturity and sale of short-term investments 32,408 31,602 24,959
-----------------------------------------------
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities (835) (1,478) 857
-----------------------------------------------

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from sale and leaseback of assets -- 464 2,122
Issuance of common stock 5,444 4,018 32,561
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt 1,331 8,000 --
Principal payments of long-term debt (2,486) (490) (469)
Payment of capital lease obligations (1,315) (1,474) (1,301)
-----------------------------------------------
Net cash provided by financing activities 2,974 10,518 32,913
-----------------------------------------------

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (12,479) 2,703 21,225
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 33,148 30,445 9,220
-----------------------------------------------
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 20,669 $ 33,148 $ 30,445
-----------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES.

F-7

10-K 43rd Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 43rd
CYGNUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

NOTE 1: BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Cygnus, Inc. was incorporated in California in April 1985. In September
1995 the Company changed its name from Cygnus Therapeutic Systems to Cygnus,
Inc. and its place of incorporation to Delaware. Cygnus is engaged in the
development and manufacture of diagnostic and drug delivery systems, with its
current efforts primarily focused on two core areas: a painless, bloodless and
automatic glucose monitoring device (the Gluco Watch system), and transdermal
drug delivery systems. The Company's products in the most advanced stages of
development include two in the market (Nicotrol; marketed as
Nicorette-Registered Trademark- in Europe; collectively "Nicotrol Products" and
FemPatch) and several in different stages of clinical trials.

CONSOLIDATION

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company
and its wholly-owned subsidiaries after elimination of all material
inter-company balances and transactions. Cygnus' subsidiaries were inactive in
1997, 1996 and 1995.

USE OF ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally
accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and
assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and
accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

REVENUE RECOGNITION

Product sales are recorded when FemPatch or Nicotrol Products are shipped.
Nicotrol product shipments were discontinued in the first quarter of 1997 upon
Pharmacia's exercise of its option to purchase the U.S. manufacturing rights for
Nicotrol from Cygnus. Upfront and interim milestone payments from feasibility
and development contracts are generally earned and recognized based on
percentage of actual efforts expended compared to total expected efforts during
the development period for each contract. The total expected efforts under each
contract are estimated by management and updated periodically in light of the
current conditions and expected development timeline. Milestone payments
received at the end of the development period of an agreement are generally
recognized upon receipt. Deferred revenue includes the portion of upfront and
interim milestone payments received on research, development and distribution
agreements which have been deferred and will be recognized over the related
development period in relation to efforts expended under the agreement and at
December 31, 1996, portions of deferred royalty from U.S. over-the-counter
("OTC") sales of Nicotrol. Royalty income from Nicotrol Products is recognized
in the quarter following the quarter in which the sales occurred.

Two customers provided 84% and 16% of the 1997 product sales and royalty
and other income. In 1995 and in 1996, one of these customers provided 100% of
product sales and royalty and other income.

Five customers provided 33%, 14%, 11%, 10% and 10% of the 1997 contract
revenues. In 1996, four of these customers provided 28%, 25%, 14% and 13% of
this revenue, and in 1995, two of these customers provided 34% and 27% of this
revenue.

COSTS OF PRODUCTS SOLD

Direct and indirect costs associated with manufacturing FemPatch and
Nicotrol products are included in costs of products sold.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

F-8

10-K 44th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 44th
CYGNUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

The Company has entered into license, collaboration and distribution
agreements with certain companies. In general, these agreements provide that
Cygnus will create and/or manufacture the drug delivery or diagnostic system and
receive reimbursements for costs incurred, payment for product shipped to
licensees or distributors and royalties based on product sales by its licensees
and distributors. Additionally, under such agreements, Cygnus may receive one or
more upfront payments and milestone payments (which are made upon the occurrence
of certain events, such as the filing of the New Drug Application for a
product), as well as reimbursements of certain research and development
expenses. Research and development expenses consist of process development
costs, costs associated with work performed under development agreements and
self-funded research, and costs incurred in clinical studies and
regulatory/scientific affairs. Research and development expenses covered under
contracts partially funded by the Company's licensees and distributors for the
years ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995 were approximately $19,242,
$18,422, and $16,951, respectively. Cygnus' pharmaceutical company licensees
and distributors generally have the right to abandon the rights to a product and
the obligation to make related payments. Since all payments to the Company
under these agreements are contingent on the occurrence of future events or
sales levels, and the agreements are terminable by the licensee or distributor,
no assurance can be given as to whether the Company will receive any particular
payment thereunder or as to the amount or timing of any such payment.

INVENTORIES

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out method) or
market, after appropriate consideration was given to obsolescence and
inventories in excess of anticipated future demand. Net inventories consist of
the following:

DECEMBER 31,
1997 1996
--------------------------

Raw materials $ 787 $ 1,111
Work in process 86 842
Finished goods 51 378
--------------------------
$ 924 $ 2,331
--------------------------
--------------------------

Inventories at December 31, 1997 relate to the Company's estradiol
(FemPatch) transdermal product. Inventories at December 31, 1996 relate to the
Company's nicotine (Nicotrol) and estradiol (FemPatch) transdermal products.

F-9

10-K 45th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 45th
CYGNUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The Company currently does business with two companies that are principally
owned by a non-officer Vice President of the Company. These companies are
primarily engaged to design and build manufacturing equipment for the GlucoWatch
system, and to manufacture components of the GlucoWatch system. The Company
spent approximately $2.7 million with these companies in 1997, and this amount
is expected to increase in 1998. As of December 31, 1997, $0.3 million was
payable to these companies, and the Company had outstanding purchase commitments
to these companies totaling $1.1 million.

COMMITMENTS

As of December 31, 1997, the Company had non-cancelable purchase orders
totaling $1.1 million with a single vendor for the construction of manufacturing
equipment to be used to produce components of the GlucoWatch system.

RECEIVABLES

As of December 31, 1997, approximately 90% of the trade accounts receivable
are due from two customers. The remaining balance of the trade accounts
receivable are due from four customers, all of which are large pharmaceutical
companies. As of December 31, 1996, approximately 83% of the trade accounts
receivable are due from two customers. The remaining balance of the trade
accounts receivable are due from three customers, all of which are large
pharmaceutical companies. Generally, the Company does not require any collateral
on receivable balances.

EQUIPMENT AND IMPROVEMENTS

Equipment and improvements are recorded at the lower of cost or net
realizable value. Depreciation of equipment is computed on a straight-line basis
over the estimated useful lives of eighteen months to sixty months. Leasehold
improvements and assets recorded under capital leases are amortized using the
straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the assets
or the term of the leases. In 1997, the Company incurred charges of $1.3
million to write down the cost of Nicotrol equipment to its net realizable
value. This write down was due to the termination of Nicotrol manufacturing by
the Company.

DEFERRED COMPENSATION

In 1995, the Company adopted a non-qualified deferred compensation plan.
The Plan is intended to be unfunded and is maintained by the Company primarily
for the purpose of providing deferred compensation for a select group of
management. As of December 31, 1997 and 1996, the Company recorded $4.4 million
and $2.5 million, respectively, as other long-term assets and as other long-term
liabilities related to the plan which included both contributions and net
investment earnings. These investments are directed by the participants.

NET LOSS PER SHARE

In 1997, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement No. 128,
EARNINGS PER SHARE ("Statement 128"). Statement 128 replaced the calculation of
primary and fully diluted earnings per share with basic and diluted earnings per
share. Unlike primary earning per share, basic earnings per share excludes any
dilutive effects of options, warrants, and convertible securities. Diluted
earnings per share is very similar to the previously reported fully diluted
earnings per share. All earning per share amounts for all periods have been
presented and where appropriate restated to conform to the Statement 128
requirements.

Currently, basic and diluted net loss per share is computed using the
weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Shares issuable
from stock options and warrants outstanding are excluded from the diluted
earnings per share computation, as their effect is anti-dilutive.

ACCOUNTING FOR STOCK BASED COMPENSATION

F-10

10-K 46th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 46th
CYGNUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

Under Statement 123 "Accounting for Stock Based Compensation", stock-based
compensation expense to employees is measured using either the intrinsic value
method as prescribed by Accounting Principle Board Opinion No. 25 , "Accounting
for Stock Issued to Employees" (APB 25) or the fair-value method described in
FAS 123. Cygnus has elected to follow APB 25 and related interpretations in
accounting for its employee stock options and only disclose the pro-forma
impact of the fair-value method on net income and earnings per share (See Note
4).

ACCOUNTING FOR SEGMENTS OF AN ENTERPRISE

In June 1997, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statements of
Financial Accounting Standard No. 131, DISCLOSURES ABOUT SEGMENTS OF AN
ENTERPRISE AND RELATED INFORMATION (Statement 131), which is effective for years
beginning after December 15, 1997. Statement 131 establishes standards for the
way that public business enterprises report information about operating segments
in annual financial statements and requires that those enterprises report
selected information about operating segments in interim financial reports. It
also establishes standards for related disclosures about products and services,
geographic areas, and major customers. The Company will adopt the new
requirement retroactively in 1998. Management has not completed its review of
the impact of Statement 131, but anticipates that the adoption of this statement
will affect the number of segments the Company is required to report.

CONCENTRATION OF CREDIT RISK

The Company maintains its cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments
primarily with a bank and two brokerage houses. This practice is consistent with
the Company's policy to maintain high liquidity and ensure safety of principal.

SECURITIES AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE

Securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value, based on quoted
market prices, and the unrealized gains and losses have been combined with the
accumulated deficit due to immateriality. Realized gains and losses and
declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary on available-for-sale
securities are included in investment income. The cost of securities sold is
based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on
securities classified as available-for-sale are included in investment income.

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity from
the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The
Company invests its excess (to current demands) cash in short term, highly
liquid instruments. These investments have included, but are not limited to,
Treasury Notes, Federal Agency Securities, Auction Rate Certificates, Auction
Rate Preferred Stock, and Commercial Paper.

DEPENDENCE ON FEMPATCH; UNCERTAINTY OF MARKET

The Company currently relies on sales of Fempatch for all of its product
sales revenues. The long term demand for Fempatch is uncertain in both existing
and potential markets. Currently, in addition to Fempatch, there are other
estradiol patches available in the market which are not made by or licensed from
Cygnus. A reduction in demand for Fempatch will have the effect of reducing the
Company's revenues and therefore negatively impact its overall results of
operations.

DEPENDENCE ON SUPPLIERS

Several materials used in the Company's products are currently obtained
from single sources. Although the Company has not experienced difficulty
acquiring these materials for the manufacture of its products for sale or
clinical trials, there can be no assurance that supply interruptions will not
occur or that the Company will not have to obtain substitute vendors, if such
vendors are available, which would require additional regulatory submissions and
approvals. Any such interruption of supplies could have a material adverse
effect on the Company's ability to develop, manufacture and sell its products.

DEPENDENCE ON LICENSEES AND COLLABORATIVE ARRANGEMENTS

F-11

10-K 47th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 47th
CYGNUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

Cygnus depends on its licensees to fund a significant portion of product
development costs, to conduct clinical testing, to obtain regulatory approvals
and to market products. The Company is dependent on Pharmacia & Upjohn, a
subsidiary of Procordia AB ("Pharmacia") and its sublicensee Johnson & Johnson
for the marketing of Nicotrol. In February 1996, the Company entered into an
agreement with Becton Dickinson for the marketing and distribution of the
GlucoWatch. Under the terms of the agreement, Becton Dickinson has exclusive
worldwide marketing and distribution rights, with the exception of Japan and
Korea. Cygnus has primary responsibility for completing product development,
obtaining regulatory approvals, manufacturing, and customer service and support
for the product. In July 1996, the Company entered into an agreement with
Tokyo-based Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. for the marketing and
distribution of the GlucoWatch in Japan and Korea. Cygnus will have primary
responsibility for completing product development and for manufacturing. Cygnus
will be eligible to receive up-front and milestone payments as well as a
percentage of the product's future commercial success from both Becton Dickinson
and Yamanouchi. The Company's licensees generally have the right to terminate
the development funding for a product at any time for any reason without
significant penalty. Licensees have exercised this right in the past, and there
can be no assurance that current and future licensees will not also exercise
this right in the future. In the past some of the Company's licensees,
distributors and collaborators have approached the Company requesting
modification of the terms of existing agreements. Becton Dickinson has recently
approached the Company to discuss modifying the non-compete terms of the
existing agreement. The Company is unable to predict the outcome of these
discussions.

F-12

10-K 48th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 48th
CYGNUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

NOTE 2: FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 1997 and 1996 the net realized gains and losses
on available-for-sale securities were immaterial.

As of December 31, 1997 and 1996 all debt securities are classified as
available-for-sale. The following is a summary of available-for-sale securities
as of December 31, 1997 and 1996

[Enlarge/Download Table]

AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE SECURITIES
--------------------------------------------------------------
GROSS GROSS ESTIMATED
UNREALIZED UNREALIZED FAIR
COST GAINS LOSSES VALUE
--------------------------------------------------------------

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1997:

Cash Equivalents:
Money Market Fund $ 18,925 $ -- $ -- $ 18,925
---------- ------- ------- ----------
Total Cash Equivalents $ 18,925 $ -- $ -- $ 18,925
---------- ------- ------- ----------
---------- ------- ------- ----------
Short-Term Investments:
Treasury Bills $ 1,900 $ 1 $ -- $ 1,901
Federal Agency Securities 3,023 -- -- 3,023
Auction Rate Certificates 6,216 -- -- 6,216
Auction Rate Preferred 1,012 -- -- 1,012
Corporate Notes 2,013 -- (2) 2,011
---------- ------- ------- ----------
Total Short-Term Investments $ 14,164 $ 1 $ (2) $ 14,163
---------- ------- ------- ----------
---------- ------- ------- ----------

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1996:

Cash Equivalents:
Money Market Fund $ 5,952 $ -- $ -- $ 5,952
Short-term Corporate note / Commercial
Paper, due in less than ninety days 7,881 -- -- 7,881
Federal Agency Securities, due in less
than ninety days 13,981 -- -- 13,981
---------- ------- ------- ----------
Total Cash Equivalents $ 27,814 $ -- $ -- $ 27,814
---------- ------- ------- ----------
---------- ------- ------- ----------

Short-Term Investments:
Federal Agency Securities $ 2,006 $ -- $ (5) $ 2,001
Auction Rate Certificates 2,206 -- -- 2,206
Auction Rate Preferred 9,042 -- -- 9,042
Corporate Notes 3,037 -- -- 3,037
---------- ------- ------- ----------
Total Short-Term Investments $ 16,291 $ -- $ (5) $ 16,286
---------- ------- ------- ----------
---------- ------- ------- ----------

All cash equivalents and short-term investments as of December 31, 1997
and 1996 have maturity dates of less than one year.

F-13

10-K 49th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 49th
CYGNUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

NOTE 3: CREDIT LINE AND LEASES

In December 1994, the Company borrowed $1,712 under a bank line of credit
to finance the purchase of manufacturing and research equipment. The line bears
interest at two percentage points above the prime rate (10.50% in total as of
December 31, 1997). Borrowings under this line are secured by the equipment
purchased and will be paid off in monthly installments through June 30, 1998.
As of December 31, 1997, $245 was outstanding. In June of 1996, the Company
received $8,000 under a bank loan agreement for short-term working capital. The
line bears interest at a fixed rate of 9.57% per year. Borrowings under this
line are secured by the Company's assets excluding those securing lease lines of
credit. This line is repaid in monthly installments starting in January 1997
and is scheduled to be fully repaid by December 1999. As of December 31, 1997,
there was $6,200 outstanding under this agreement. In June 1997, the Company
entered into a loan agreement for $1,331 to finance additional capital
equipment. The line bears interest at a fixed rate of 9.39% per year. Borrowings
under this agreement are secured by specific Company's assets and a security
deposit of $631. This loan is being repaid monthly through June 2000. As of
December 31, 1997, there was $1,134 outstanding. All loan agreements are
subject to certain financial covenants, including minimum cash balances,
tangible net worth, and debt to net worth ratio. In the event of default, the
lenders may, at their option, exercise their rights to remedies specified in the
loan agreements which include, among other things, the acceleration of amounts
due under the agreements.

Assets leased under capital leases are included in equipment with a cost of
$5,065 and $5,717 on December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively, with related
accumulated amortization of approximately $4,275 and $3,914 on December 31, 1997
and 1996, respectively. Upon the expiration of the lease, the Company has
purchase options for the leased equipment at market value. As of 12/31/97,
there was $1,076 outstanding. Under this lease agreement, in the event of
default, the leasing company can accelerate all amounts due.

At December 31, 1997, as a result of recording the arbitration settlement
in September 1997, the Company was in default of the December 1994 and June 1996
loan agreements and the lease agreement due to the breach of several financial
covenants, including those related to the ratio of debt to tangible net worth
and the total tangible net worth. As of December 31, 1997, the bank has agreed
to forbear from exercising its rights under the Loan Documents until March 31,
1998. The leasing company has agreed to waive the covenant defaults until
February 15, 1998.

On February 5, 1998 the Company completed the issuance of $43.0 million
of 4% Senior Subordinated Convertible Notes and on February 4, 1998 completed
the issuance of $13.8 million of common stock (see Subsequent Event, Note 8
to the consolidated financial statements for further description). Both the
bank and the leasing company have agreed to include the convertible debt in
equity for purposes of measuring covenant compliance. As a result of the
receipt of proceeds from the financing arrangements, the Company has cured
the default condition with the bank and the leasing company as of February 5,
1998 and expects to remain in compliance with these financial covenants
throughout 1998. Therefore, the Company has classified debt on the basis of
repayment terms.

The future aggregate principal payments of long-term debt and minimum lease
payments under capital leases, together with the present value of the net
minimum lease payments as of December 31, 1997 are as follows:

[Enlarge/Download Table]

LONG-TERM DEBT CAPITAL LEASES
-------------- --------------

Years ending December 31,
1998 $ 3,767 $ 737
1999 3,564 332
2000 248 72
--------------------------------------
Total principal and minimum lease payments, respectively $ 7,579 1,141
-----------------
-----------------
Less amount representing interest 65
---------------------
Present value of net minimum lease payments 1,076
Current portion 686
---------------------
Amounts due after one year $ 390
---------------------
---------------------

F-14

10-K 50th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 50th
CYGNUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

The fair market value of the equipment line of credit and short-term
working capital bank loan approximates their carrying value of $7,579.

The Company leases its facilities under a non-cancelable operating lease
expiring in 1998, with a five-year renewal option at the end of the lease. The
terms of the lease provide for rental payments on a graduated scale. The
Company is recognizing rent expense on a straight-line method over the lease
period and therefore has accrued for the rent expense incurred but not paid.
Additionally, the Company leases an off-site warehouse with a three-year lease
term ending in 1999.

Minimum future rental commitments under the operating leases on
December 31, 1997 amount to $1,172 in 1998, and $96 in 1999. Rent expense
amounted to $1,020, $1,013, and $1,011, for the years ended December 31, 1997,
1996, and 1995 respectively.

NOTE 4: STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

PREFERRED SHARE PURCHASE RIGHTS PLAN

Pursuant to the Company's Stockholder Rights Plan, the Board declared a
dividend distribution of one Preferred Share Purchase Right ("Right") for each
outstanding share of Common Stock, issuable on October 18, 1993 to stockholders
of record on that date. These rights will remain outstanding until
September 21, 2003.

WARRANTS

In September 1990, in connection with the Paine Webber product development
program, a warrant to purchase 300 shares of common stock at $9.90 per share was
issued to the development partner. All warrants have been exercised as of
December 31, 1997.

EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN

As part of an employee retention program, the Company established the 1991
Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "Stock Purchase Plan") to provide employees
with an opportunity to purchase common stock of the Company through payroll
deductions. A total of 575 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance to
eligible employees under the amended Stock Purchase Plan. The amended Stock
Purchase Plan will terminate in 2023 unless sooner terminated by the Board of
Directors. Under this Stock Purchase Plan, the Company's employees, subject to
certain restrictions, may purchase shares of common stock at 85 percent of the
lesser of the fair market value at either the date of enrollment or the date of
purchase. During 1997 and 1996, 64 and 90 shares, respectively, were issued
under the Stock Purchase Plan, and at December 31, 1997, 128 shares were
available for issuance.

STOCK OPTION PLAN

The Company has elected to follow Accounting Principles Board Opinion
NO.25, "Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees" (APB 25) and related
Interpretations in accounting for its employee stock options because, as
discussed below, the alternative fair value accounting provided for under FASB
Statement No. 123, "Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation," requires use of
option valuation models that were not developed for use in valuing employee
stock options. Under APB 25, because the exercise price of the Company's
employee stock options equals the market price of the underlying stock on the
date of grant, no compensation expense is recognized.

The Company has an Incentive Stock Plan (the "Stock Plan") which authorizes
the Board of Directors to grant incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock
options, stock purchase rights and stock bonuses to employees and consultants.
The Stock Plan, as amended, authorizes the issuance of up to 5,916 common shares
of which 575 are available for grant at December 31, 1997. Under the Stock Plan,
incentive stock options must be granted at fair market value at the date of
grant as determined by the Board of Directors or committee thereof. Options
vest over a four-year period and are exercisable for a term of ten years after
issuance unless otherwise determined by the Board of Directors or committee
thereof.

F-15

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CYGNUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

Pro forma information regarding net income and earnings per share is
required by Statement 123, which also requires that the information be
determined as if the Company has accounted for its employee stock options
granted subsequent to December 31, 1994 under the fair value method of that
Statement. The fair value for these options and the fair value for the stocks
issued under the 1991 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "Stock Purchase Plan")
were estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model
with the following weighted-average assumptions for 1997, 1996 and 1995:
risk-free interest rate of 5.41%, 6.125% and 6.125%, respectively; a dividend
yield of 0.0%; volatility factors of the expected market price of the Company's
common stock of .66, .68, and .69, respectively; and a weighted-average expected
life of the option of 5 years.

The Black-Scholes option valuation model was developed for use in
estimating the fair value of traded options which have no vesting restrictions
and are fully transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the
input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected stock price
volatility. Because the Company's employee stock options have characteristics
significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the
subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in
management's opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable
single measure of the fair value of its employee stock options.

For purposes of pro forma disclosures, the estimated fair value of the
options issued under the Stock Plan is amortized to expense over the options'
vesting period. The estimated fair value of the compensation benefit received
under the Stock Purchase Plan is expensed in the year of purchase. The
Company's pro forma information follows:

1997 1996 1995
---- ---- ----

Pro forma net loss $ (54,691) $ (13,653) $ (14,145)
Pro forma loss per share $ (2.89) $ (0.74) $ (0.87)

BECAUSE STATEMENT 123 IS APPLICABLE ONLY TO OPTIONS GRANTED SUBSEQUENT TO
DECEMBER 31, 1994 ITS PRO FORMA EFFECT WILL NOT BE FULLY REFLECTED UNTIL 1999.

F-16

10-K 52nd Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 52nd
CYGNUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

A summary of the Company's stock option activity, including the number,
weighted-average exercise price, and weighted-average remaining contractual life
for options outstanding and the number and weighted-average exercise price of
options exercisable for the year ended December 31, 1997 is as follows:

[Enlarge/Download Table]

OPTIONS OUTSTANDING EXERCISABLE
--------------------- --------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
Weighted Weighted Weighted
Range of Exercise Number Average Average Number Average
Prices Outstanding Remaining Exercise Exercisable Exercise
at Year-end Contractual Price at Year-end Price
Life
--------------------- --------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

$ 5.75 - $ 7.75 675 7.78 $7.03 506 $7.03
$ 7.875 - $14.625 853 7.38 $11.69 458 $9.85
$ 14.375 - $15.000 716 9.42 $14.52 21 $14.52
$ 15.125 - $17.000 566 5.23 $15.70 471 $15.71
$17.625 - $22.625 457 8.57 $20.45 171 $20.86
---------------- ----------------
$ 5.75 - $ 22.625 3,267 7.50 $13.27 1,627 $11.89

[Enlarge/Download Table]

OPTION ACTIVITY SUMMARY FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1997 1996 1995
------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------
Weighted - Weighted - Weighted -
Average Average Average
Options Exercise Options Exercise Options Exercise
(000) Price (000) Price (000) Price
------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------

Outstanding-beginning of year 2,432 $11.81 2,372 $ 9.66 2,174 $10.20
Granted 1,346 $14.96 486 $19.78 758 $ 7.51
Exercised (258) $ 8.35 (333) $ 8.41 (245) $ 8.59
Forfeited (253) $13.24 (93) $10.75 (315) $ 9.06
-------- -------- -------

Outstanding-end of year 3,267 $13.27 2,432 $11.81 2,372 $9.66
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------

Exercisable at end of year 1,627 $11.89 1,350 $10.90 1,008 $11.54
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------

Weighted-average fair value of
options granted during the year $7.13 $ 9.54 $ 3.65

Under the Stock Plan, stock may be sold and stock bonuses or rights to purchase
common stock may be granted by the Board of Directors or a committee thereof
(the "Board") for past services at the fair market value at the date of grant.
The Board may impose certain repurchase rights, in favor of the Company, in the
event that an employee is terminated prior to certain predetermined vesting
dates. As of December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995, no shares were subject to
repurchase.

COMMON STOCK RESERVED FOR FUTURE ISSUANCE

At December 31, 1997, the total number of shares of common stock reserved
for issuance under all stock plans was 3,971.

F-17

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CYGNUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

NOTE 5: INCOME TAXES

An income tax benefit has not been accrued on net losses due to the
uncertainty regarding the Company's future profitability.

Significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets for federal and
state income taxes as of December 31, 1997 and 1996 are as follows:

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
1997 1996
---- ----

Net operating loss carryforwards $ 25,900 $ 19,700
Research and development credits 2,400 1,980
Reserves and accruals 4,100 3,300
Deferred revenue 1,400 5,490
Capitalized R&D 5,700 5,940
Arbitration obligation 15,800
Other - net 2,000 1,140
---------------------------
Total deferred tax assets $ 57,300 $ 37,550
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets (57,300) (37,550)
---------------------------
Net deferred tax assets $ 0 $ 0
---------------------------
---------------------------

Approximately $2.9 million of the valuation allowance results from tax
deductions under the stock option plans and will be credited to common stock
when recognized.

At December 31, 1997, the Company had federal net operating loss and
research and development tax credits carryforwards of approximately $76.0
million and $1.6 million, respectively. The Company had state net operating loss
and tax credit carryforwards of approximately $2.0 million and $0.8 million,
respectively. These carryforwards will expire at various dates beginning in
1999. Approximately $73.0 million of the federal net operating loss
carryforwards will expire at various dates beginning in 2005.

Because of the "change in ownership" provisions of the Internal Revenue
Code, a substantial portion of the Company's net operating loss and tax credit
carryforwards may be subject to annual limitations. The annual limitation may
result in the expiration of net operating losses and tax credits before
utilization.

NOTE 6: STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS DATA

[Enlarge/Download Table]

1997 1996 1995
--------------------------------------

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOWS INFORMATION
Interest paid $ 1,631 $ 844 $ 548

SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE OF NON-CASH INVESTING AND
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Equipment purchased under capital leases $ --- $ 464 $ 2,122
Unrealized gain/(loss) on investments $ 3 $ (5) $ 416

F-18

10-K 54th Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 54th
CYGNUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

NOTE 7: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

On June 30, 1994, Sanofi filed a request for arbitration against Cygnus
with the International Court of Arbitration. In its request for arbitration,
Sanofi alleged that Cygnus breached its existing contract with Sanofi by, among
other things, entering into a product development agreement with another company
for the development of transdermal systems in the field of hormone replacement
therapy (which agreements pertain to each of the Company's hormone replacement
products other than FemPatch). Sanofi, in the original filing sought to recover
from Cygnus in excess of $60.0 million for damages attributable to the alleged
breach. International Chambers of Commerce (the "Tribunal") announced an interim
award in the arbitration proceedings in October 1996. The Tribunal found that
two transdermal products for hormone replacement therapy licensed by Cygnus to
another company fall within the scope of an exclusive license previously granted
to Sanofi.

In May 1997 Cygnus reported it had initiated arbitration proceedings
against Pharmacia & Upjohn ("Pharmacia") relating to Nicotrol-Registered
Trademark-, Cygnus' smoking cessation patch. In March of this year, Cygnus
announced that Pharmacia exercised its option to purchase the U.S. manufacturing
rights for Nicotrol. The agreement between Cygnus and Pharmacia provided that
Pharmacia would be obligated to pay Cygnus for, among other things, existing
inventory costs and for certain purchase order commitments. Pharmacia disputes
their obligations regarding certain purchase order commitments. The arbitration
is intended to resolve these matters. Separately, Cygnus and Pharmacia are not
in agreement regarding certain royalty calculations for 1996 and 1997. If this
issue is unable to be resolved by the two Companies, it could become part of the
arbitration proceedings. However, the Company does not believe the resolution of
this issue will have a material adverse effect on its financial position or
results of operations.

F-19

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CYGNUS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

NOTE 8: SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

F-20

10-K Last Page of 56 TOC 1st Previous Next ↓Bottom Just 56th
SCHEDULE II

CYGNUS, INC.

VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997, 1996, AND 1995
(Dollars in thousands)

[Enlarge/Download Table]

BALANCE AT CHARGED TO CHARGED TO BALANCE AT
BEGINNING OF COSTS AND OTHER END OF YEAR
YEAR EXPENSES ACCOUNTS DEDUCTIONS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Year ended December 31, 1997:
Deducted from asset accounts:
Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 1,137 $ -- $ -- $ (1,014) $ 123
Warranty reserve 435 -- -- -- 435
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ 1,572 $ -- $ -- $ (1,014) $ 558
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Year ended December 31, 1996:
Deducted from asset accounts:
Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 1,137 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 1,137
Warranty reserve 435 -- -- -- 435
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ 1,572 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 1,572
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Year ended December 31, 1995:
Deducted from asset accounts:
Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 1,028 $ 109 $ -- $ -- $ 1,137
Warranty reserve 435 -- -- -- 435
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ 1,463 $ 109 $ -- $ -- $ 1,572
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

S-1

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Dates Referenced Herein and Documents Incorporated by Reference

		Referenced-On Page
This ‘10-K’ Filing	Date	First	Last	Other Filings

	2/1/05	3	55	PRER14A
	9/21/03	50
	2/1/00	3	55
	2/1/99	3	55
	12/31/98	25	49	10-K
	6/30/98	25	49	10-Q
	3/31/98	25	49	10-Q, PRE 14A
	2/15/98	25	49
Filed on:	2/6/98
	2/5/98	3	55
	2/4/98	1	55	424B5, 8-K, 8-K/A
	2/3/98	3	55	8-K
	2/2/98	31
	1/16/98	35	38
	1/1/98	25
For Period End:	12/31/97	1	56
	12/25/97	31
	12/15/97	46
	11/25/97	29	31	424B5, 8-K
	11/24/97	17
	11/12/97	29		S-3/A
	9/30/97	16	54	10-Q
	6/27/97	31
	12/31/96	20	56	10-K
	12/5/96	25
	7/14/96	31
	7/3/96	24
	6/30/96	31		10-Q, 10-Q/A
	6/24/96	31
	3/31/96	30		10-Q, 10-Q/A
	2/9/96	30
	1/29/96	31
	12/31/95	20	56
	6/30/95	24
	1/18/95	31
	12/31/94	20	51
	12/30/94	31
	12/21/94	31
	11/22/94	31
	6/30/94	16	54
	6/8/94	31
	12/31/93	20	31
	12/28/93	30
	11/11/93	30
	10/21/93	29
	10/18/93	50
	9/21/93	29
	10/1/92	30
	9/30/92	30
	6/26/92	30
	5/30/92	31
				List all Filings

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Filing Submission 0001047469-98-003849 – Alternative Formats (Word / Rich Text, HTML, Plain Text, et al.)

Cygnus Inc/DE – ‘10-K’ for 12/31/97

As of: Friday, 2/6/98 · For: 12/31/97 · Accession #: 1047469-98-3849 · File #: 0-18962

Previous ‘10-K’: ‘10-K’ on 3/21/97 for 12/31/96 · Next: ‘10-K’ on 3/30/99 for 12/31/98 · Latest: ‘10-K’ on 3/16/05 for 12/31/04

Annual Report — Form 10-KFiling Table of Contents

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Dates Referenced Herein and Documents Incorporated by Reference

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