Initial Public Offering (IPO): Pre-Effective Amendment to Registration Statement (General Form) — Form S-1 Filing Table of Contents
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1: S-1/A Amendment No. 6 to Form S-1 HTML 54K
2: EX-1.1 Ex-1.1: Form of Underwriting Agreement HTML 149K
3: EX-3.1 Ex-3.1: Amended and Restated Certificate of HTML 60K
Incorporation
4: EX-3.2 Ex-3.2: Amendment to the Amended and Restated HTML 11K
Certifcate of Incorporation
5: EX-3.3 Ex-3.3: Second Amendment to the Amended and HTML 12K
Restated Certificate of Incorporation
6: EX-3.4 Ex-3.4: Third Amendment to the Amended and HTML 14K
Restated Certificte of Incorporation
7: EX-3.5 Ex-3.5: Fourth Amendment to the Amended and HTML 13K
Restated Certificate of Incorporation
8: EX-3.6 Ex-3.6: Form of Second Amended and Restated HTML 24K
Certificate of Incorporation
9: EX-3.7 Ex-3.7: By-Laws HTML 61K
10: EX-3.8 Ex-3.8: Amendment to the By-Laws HTML 10K
11: EX-3.9 Ex-3.9: Form of Amended and Restated By-Laws HTML 76K
12: EX-4.1 Ex-4.1: Form of Common Stock Certificate HTML 11K
13: EX-5.1 Ex-5.1: Opinion of Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP HTML 14K
14: EX-10.17 Ex-10.17: 2009 Equity Incentive Plan HTML 70K
15: EX-10.18 Ex-10.18: Form of Employment Agreement HTML 74K
16: EX-10.19 Ex-10.19: Form of Employment Agreement HTML 74K
17: EX-10.20 Ex-10.20: Form of Employment Agreement HTML 72K
EX-3.9 — Ex-3.9: Form of Amended and Restated By-Laws
CHANGING WORLD TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(a Delaware corporation)
ARTICLE I
Offices
SECTION 1. Registered Office. The registered office of Changing World Technologies,
Inc. (the “Corporation”) shall be fixed in the Corporation’s certificate of incorporation, as the
same may be amended and/or restated from time to time (as so amended and/or restated, the
“Certificate of Incorporation”).
SECTION 2. Other Offices. The Corporation’s Board of Directors (the “Board of
Directors”) may at any time establish other offices at any place or places where the Corporation
is qualified to do business or as the business of the Corporation may require.
ARTICLE II
Meetings of Stockholders
SECTION 1. Annual Meetings. The annual meeting of stockholders for the election of
directors and for the transaction of such other business as may properly come before the meeting
shall be held each year at such place, date and time, within or without the State of Delaware, as
the Board of Directors shall determine.
SECTION 2. Special Meetings. Special meetings of stockholders for the transaction of
such business as may properly come before the meeting may be held only upon call by the Board of
Directors or the Chief Executive Officer or by stockholders holding together at least a majority
of all the shares of the Corporation entitled to vote at the meeting, and shall be held at such
place, date and time, within or without the State of Delaware, as may be specified by such body or
person or persons in such call.
SECTION 3. Notice of Meetings. Written notice of all meetings of the stockholders,
stating the place (if any), date and hour of the meeting, the means of remote communications, if
any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at
such meeting, and the place within the city or other municipality or community at which the list
of stockholders may be examined, shall be mailed or delivered to each stockholder not less than 10
nor more than 60 days prior to the meeting. Notice of any special meeting shall state in general
terms the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is to be held. Only business within the
purpose or purposes described in the notice may be conducted at a special meeting of stockholders.
SECTION 4. Postponement and Cancellation of Meeting. Any previously scheduled annual
or special meeting of the stockholders may be postponed, and any
previously scheduled annual or special meeting of the stockholders called by the Board of
Directors may be canceled, by resolution of the Board of Directors upon public notice given prior
to the time previously scheduled for such meeting of stockholders.
SECTION 5. Stockholder Lists. The officer who has charge of the stock ledger of the
Corporation shall prepare and make, at least 10 days before every meeting of stockholders, a
complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, arranged in alphabetical order,
and showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each
stockholder. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose
germane to the meeting, either at a place within the city where the meeting is to be held, which
place shall be specified in the notice of the meeting, or, if not so specified, at the place where
the meeting is to be held. The list shall also be produced and kept at the time and place of the
meeting during the whole time thereof, and may be inspected by any stockholder who is present.
The stock ledger shall be the only evidence as to who are the stockholders entitled to examine
the stock ledger, the list required by this section or the books of the Corporation, or to vote in
person or by proxy at any meeting of stockholders.
SECTION 6. Quorum. Except as otherwise provided by law or the Certificate of
Incorporation, a quorum for the transaction of business at any meeting of stockholders shall
consist of the holders of record of a majority of the issued and outstanding shares of the capital
stock of the Corporation entitled to vote at the meeting, present in person or by proxy. If there
be no such quorum, the holders of a majority of such shares so present or represented may adjourn
the meeting from time to time, without further notice, until a quorum shall have been obtained.
When a quorum is once present it is not broken by the subsequent withdrawal of any stockholder.
SECTION 7. Organization. Meetings of stockholders shall be presided over by the
Chairman, if any, or if none or in the Chairman’s absence the Vice Chairman, if any, or if none or
in the Vice Chairman’s absence the President, if any, or if none or in the President’s absence a
Vice President, or, if none of the foregoing is present, by a chairman to be chosen by the
stockholders entitled to vote who are present in person or by proxy at the meeting. The Secretary
of the Corporation, or in the Secretary’s absence an Assistant Secretary, shall act as secretary
of every meeting, but if neither the Secretary nor an Assistant Secretary is present, the
presiding officer of the meeting shall appoint any person present to act as secretary of the
meeting. The Board of Directors may adopt before a meeting such rules for the conduct of the
meeting, including an agenda and limitations on the number of speakers and the time which any
speaker may address the meeting, as the Board of Directors determines to be necessary or
appropriate for the orderly and efficient conduct of the meeting. Subject to any rules for the
conduct of the meeting adopted by the Board of Directors, the person presiding at the meeting may
also adopt, before or at the meeting, rules for the conduct of the meeting.
SECTION 8. Voting; Proxies; Required Votes; Action by Written Consent.
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(a) General. At each meeting of stockholders, every stockholder shall be entitled to
vote in person or by proxy appointed by instrument in writing, subscribed by such stockholder or by
such stockholder’s duly authorized attorney-in-fact (but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon
after three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period), and, unless the
Certificate of Incorporation provides otherwise, shall have one vote for each share of stock
entitled to vote registered in the name of such stockholder on the books of the Corporation on the
applicable record date fixed pursuant to these Bylaws.
(b) Director Elections. At all elections of directors the voting may but need not be
conducted by written ballot. A nominee for director shall be elected to the Board of Directors if
the votes cast for such nominee’s election exceed the votes cast (which includes votes withheld)
against such nominee’s election; provided, however, that directors shall be elected by a
plurality of the votes to be cast at any meeting of stockholders for which the election of
directors is “contested” by one or more stockholders. For purposes of this Section 8(b), an
election of directors is “contested” if (i) the Secretary of the Corporation receives a notice
that a stockholder has nominated a person for election to the Board of Directors in compliance with
the advance notice requirements for stockholder nominees for director set forth in Article II,
Section 10 of these Bylaws and (ii) such nomination has not been withdrawn by such stockholder on
or prior to the day next preceding the date the Corporation first furnishes its notice of meeting
for such meeting to the stockholders. The election of directors at such meeting of stockholders
shall for all purposes remain “contested” under this Section 8(b) (and the plurality voting rule
shall continue to apply) even if the stockholder nominating such director candidate withdraws the
nomination of such candidate on any date after the Corporation first furnishes its notice of
meeting to stockholders but before the date the meeting is held.
(c) All Other Matters. Except as otherwise required by law or the Certificate of
Incorporation, any other action of the stockholders shall be authorized by the vote of the majority
of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote on the
subject matter. Where a separate vote by a class or classes, present in person or represented by
proxy, shall constitute a quorum entitled to vote on that matter, the affirmative vote of the
majority of shares of such class or classes present in person or represented by proxy at the
meeting shall be the act of such class, unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of
Incorporation.
(d) Actions by Written Consent. Any action required or permitted to be taken by the
stockholders of the Corporation may only be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of
the stockholders of the Corporation, and may not be effected by the stockholders in writing in lieu
of such a meeting, unless such action by written consent of stockholders is unanimously recommended
by the directors of the Corporation then in office.
SECTION 9. Advance Notification of Business to be Transacted at Meetings of
Stockholders. To be properly brought before the annual or any special meeting of the
stockholders, any business to be transacted at an annual or special meeting of stockholders
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must be either (a) specified in the notice of meeting (or any supplement or amendment
thereto) given by or at the direction of the Board of Directors (or any duly authorized committee
thereof), (b) otherwise properly brought before the meeting by or at the direction of the Board of
Directors (or any duly authorized committee thereof), or (c) solely in the case of the annual
meeting, otherwise properly brought before the meeting by any stockholder of the Corporation (i)
who is a stockholder of record on the date of the giving of the notice provided for in this
Section 9 and on the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to notice of and
to vote at the meeting and (ii) who complies with the advance notice procedures set forth in this
Section 9.
In addition to any other applicable requirements, for business to be properly brought before
an annual meeting by a stockholder, such stockholder must have given timely notice thereof in
proper written form to the Secretary of the Corporation. To be timely, a stockholder’s written
notice must to the Secretary of the Corporation be delivered to or mailed and received at the
principal executive offices of the Corporation not less than ninety (90) days nor more than one
hundred twenty (120) days prior to the first anniversary of the date of the immediately preceding
year’s annual meeting of stockholders; provided, however, that if the date of the annual meeting is
advanced more than thirty (30) days prior to or delayed by more than thirty (30) days after the
anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting, to be timely, notice by the stockholder must be
so received not later than the close of business on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which
notice of the date of the annual meeting was mailed or public disclosure of the date of the annual
meeting is first given or made (which for this purpose shall include any and all filings of the
Corporation made on the EDGAR system of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) or any
similar public database maintained by the SEC), whichever first occurs.
To be in proper written form, a stockholder’s notice to the Secretary of the Corporation must
set forth as to each matter such stockholder proposes to bring before the annual meeting: (i) a
brief description of the business desired to be brought before the meeting and the reasons for
conducting such business at the meeting; (ii) the name and record address of such stockholder
proposing such business and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is made;
(iii) the class or series and number of shares of capital stock of the Corporation which are owned
beneficially or of record by such stockholder; (iv) whether and the extent to which any hedging or
other transaction or series of transactions has been entered into by or on behalf of such
stockholder, or any other agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any short position or
any borrowing or lending of shares) has been made, the effect or intent of which is to mitigate
loss to or manage risk or benefit of share price changes for, or to increase or decrease the voting
power of, such stockholder with respect to any share of stock of the Corporation; (v) a description
of all arrangements or understandings between such stockholder and any other person or persons
(including their names) in connection with the proposal of such business by such stockholder and
any material interest of such stockholder in such business; and (vi) a representation that such
stockholder intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to bring such business before
the meeting.
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Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this section, a stockholder shall also comply with
all applicable requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)
and the rules and regulations thereunder with respect to the matters set forth in this Section 9.
Nothing in this Section 9 shall be deemed to affect any rights of stockholders to request inclusion
of proposals in the Corporation’s proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act.
Notwithstanding anything in these Bylaws to the contrary, no business shall be conducted at
the annual or any special meeting of the stockholders except business brought before the meeting in
accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 9; provided, however, that, once business
has been properly brought before the meeting in accordance with such procedures, nothing in this
Section 9 shall be deemed to preclude discussion by any stockholder of any such business. The
officer of the Corporation presiding at the meeting shall, if the facts warrant, determine and
declare to the meeting that the business was not properly brought before the meeting in accordance
with the provisions of this Section 9, and if such officer shall so determine, such officer shall
so declare to the meeting that any such business not properly brought before the meeting shall not
be transacted.
SECTION 10. Advance Notification of Nominations for Directors. Only persons who are
nominated in accordance with the following procedures shall be eligible for election as directors
of the Corporation, except as may be otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation with
respect to the rights, if any, of the holders of shares of preferred stock of the Corporation to
nominate and elect a specified number of directors in certain circumstances. All nominations of
persons for election to the Board of Directors shall be made at any annual meeting of the
stockholders, or at any special meeting of the stockholders called for the purpose of electing
directors, (a) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors (or any duly authorized committee
thereof), or (b) by any stockholder of the Corporation (i) who is a stockholder of record on the
date of the giving of the notice provided for in this Section 10 and on the record date for the
determination of stockholders entitled to notice of and to vote at such meeting and (ii) who
complies with the advance notice procedures set forth in this Section 10.
In addition to any other applicable requirements, for a director nomination to be properly
made by a stockholder, such stockholder must have given timely notice thereof in proper written
form to the Secretary of the Corporation. To be timely, a stockholder’s written notice to the
Secretary of the Corporation must be delivered to or mailed and received at the principal executive
offices of the Corporation, in the case of: (x) an annual meeting, not less than ninety (90) days
nor more than one hundred twenty (120) days prior to the first anniversary of the date of the
immediately preceding year’s annual meeting of stockholders; provided, however, that if the date of
the annual meeting is advanced more than thirty (30) days prior to or delayed by more than sixty
(60) days after the anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting, to be timely, notice by the
stockholder must be so received not later than the close of business on the tenth (10th) day
following the day on which notice of the date of the annual meeting was mailed or public disclosure
of the date of the annual meeting is first given or made (which for this purpose shall include any and
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all filings of the Corporation made on the EDGAR system of the SEC or any similar public
database maintained by the SEC), whichever first occurs; and (y) a special meeting of the
stockholders called for the purpose of electing directors, not later than the close of business on
the tenth (10th) day following the day on which notice of the date of the special meeting was
mailed or public disclosure of the date of the special meeting is first given or made (which for
this purpose shall include any and all filings of the corporation made on the EDGAR system of the
SEC or any similar public database maintained by the SEC).
To be in proper written form, a stockholder’s notice to the Secretary of the Corporation must
set forth:
(a) as to each person whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for election as a
director: (i) the name, age, business address and residence address of the person; (ii)
the principal occupation or employment of the person; (iii) the class or series and number
of shares of capital stock of the corporation which are owned beneficially or of record by
the person, if any; (iv) whether and the extent to which any hedging or other transaction
or series of transactions has been entered into by or on behalf of the stockholder, or any
other agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any short position or any
borrowing or lending of shares) has been made, the effect or intent of which is to mitigate
loss to or manage risk or benefit of share price changes for, or to increase or decrease
the voting power of, such stockholder with respect to any share of stock of the
Corporation; (v) a statement whether such person, if elected, intends to tender, promptly
following such person’s election or reelection, an irrevocable resignation effective upon
such person’s failure to receive the required vote for re-election at the next meeting at
which such person would face re-election and upon acceptance of such resignation by the
Board of Directors, in accordance with the Corporation’s Corporate Governance Guidelines;
(vi) any direct or indirect voting commitments or other arrangements of such person with
respect to their actions as a director; and (vii) any other information relating to the
person that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings of the
proposing stockholder required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for
election of directors pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act, and the rules and
regulations promulgated thereunder; and
(b) as to the stockholder giving the notice: (i) the name and record address of such
stockholder proposing such nomination and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the
nomination is made; (ii) the class or series and number of shares of capital stock of the
Corporation which are owned beneficially or of record by such stockholder; (iii) a
description of all arrangements or understandings between such stockholder and each
proposed nominee and any other person or persons (including their names) pursuant to which
the nomination(s) are to be made by such stockholder; (iv) whether and the extent to which
any hedging or other transaction or series of transactions has been entered into by or on
behalf of, or any other agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any short
position or any borrowing or lending of shares) has been made, the effect or intent of
which is to mitigate loss to or manage risk or benefit of share price changes for, or to
increase
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or decrease the voting power of, such stockholder with respect to any share of stock
of the Corporation; (v) a representation that such stockholder intends to appear in person
or by proxy at the meeting to nominate the persons named in its notice; and (vi) any other
information relating to such stockholder that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy
statement or other filings of the proposing stockholder required to be made in connection
with solicitations of proxies for election of directors pursuant to Section 14 of the
Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Such notice must be
accompanied by a written consent of each proposed nominee to being named or referred to as
a nominee and to serve as a director if elected. The Corporation may require any proposed
nominee to furnish such other information (which may include attending meetings to discuss
the furnished information) as may reasonably be required by the Corporation to determine
the eligibility of such proposed nominee to serve as a director of the Corporation.
Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this section, a stockholder shall also comply with
all applicable requirements of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder with
respect to matters set forth in this Section 10.
Notwithstanding anything in these Bylaws to the contrary, no person shall be eligible for
election as a director of the Corporation unless nominated in accordance with the procedures set
forth in this Section 10. The officer of the Corporation presiding at the meeting shall, if the
facts warrant, determine and declare to the meeting that the nomination was not made in accordance
with the provisions of this Section 9, and if such officer shall also determine, such officer shall
so declare to the meeting that any such defective nomination shall be disregarded.
SECTION 11. Inspectors. The Board of Directors, in advance of any meeting, may, but
need not, appoint one or more inspectors of election to act at the meeting or any adjournment
thereof. If an inspector or inspectors are not so appointed, the person presiding at the meeting
may, but need not, appoint one or more inspectors. In case any person who may be appointed as an
inspector fails to appear or act, the vacancy may be filled by appointment made by the directors in
advance of the meeting or at the meeting by the person presiding thereat. Each inspector, if any,
before entering upon the discharge of his or her duties, shall take and sign an oath faithfully to
execute the duties of inspector at such meeting with strict impartiality and according to the best
of his ability. The inspectors, if any, shall determine the number of shares of stock outstanding
and the voting power of each, the shares of stock represented at the meeting, the existence of a
quorum, and the validity and effect of proxies, and shall receive votes, ballots or consents, hear
and determine all challenges and questions arising in connection with the right to vote, count and
tabulate all votes, ballots or consents, determine the result, and do such acts as are proper to
conduct the election or vote with fairness to all stockholders. On request of the person presiding
at the meeting, the inspector or inspectors, if any, shall make a report in writing of any
challenge, question or matter determined by such inspector or inspectors and execute a certificate
of any fact found by such inspector or inspectors.
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ARTICLE III
Board of Directors
SECTION 1. General Powers. The business, property and affairs of the Corporation
shall be managed by, or under the direction of, the Board of Directors.
SECTION 2. Qualification; Number; Term; Remuneration. (a) Each director shall be at
least eighteen (18) years of age. A director need not be a stockholder, a citizen of the United
States, or a resident of the State of Delaware. The number of directors constituting the entire
Board shall at all times be not less than three (3) nor more than fifteen (15), the exact number of
which shall be fixed from time to time by action of the Board of Directors, one of whom may be
selected by the Board of Directors to be its Chairman. The use of the phrase “entire Board” herein
refers to the total number of directors which the Corporation would have if there were no
vacancies.
(b) Directors who are elected at an annual meeting of stockholders, and directors who are
elected in the interim to fill vacancies and newly created directorships, shall hold office until
the annual meeting of stockholders of the year in which such director’s term expires and until
their successors are elected and qualified or until their earlier resignation or removal. No
decrease in the number of directors shall shorten the term of any incumbent director.
(c) Directors may be reimburse or paid in advance their expenses, if any, of attendance at
each meeting of the Board of Directors and may be paid a fixed sum for attendance at each meeting
of the Board of Directors or a stated salary as director. No such payment shall preclude any
director from serving the Corporation in any other capacity and receiving compensation therefor.
Members of special or standing committees may be allowed like compensation for attending committee
meetings.
SECTION 3. Quorum and Manner of Voting. Except as otherwise provided by law, a
majority of the entire Board then in office shall constitute a quorum. A majority of the directors
present, whether or not a quorum is present, may adjourn a meeting from time to time to another
time and place without notice. The vote of the majority of the directors present at a meeting at
which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board of Directors.
SECTION 4. Places of Meetings. Meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at any
place within or without the State of Delaware, as may from time to time be fixed by resolution of
the Board of Directors, or as may be specified in the notice of meeting.
SECTION 5. Annual Meeting. Following the annual meeting of stockholders, the newly
elected Board of Directors shall meet for the purpose of the election of officers and the
transaction of such other business as may properly come before the meeting. Such meeting may be
held without notice immediately after the annual meeting of stockholders at the same place at which
such stockholders’ meeting is held.
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SECTION 6. Regular Meetings. Regular meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held
at such times and places as the Board of Directors shall from time to time by resolution determine.
Notice need not be given of regular meetings of the Board of Directors held at times and places
fixed by resolution of the Board of Directors.
SECTION 7. Special Meetings. Special meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held
whenever called by the Chairman of the Board, President or by a majority of the directors then in
office.
SECTION 8. Notice of Meetings. A notice of the place, date and time and the purpose
or purposes of each meeting of the Board of Directors shall be given to each director by mailing
the same at least two days before the special meeting, or by telephoning or emailing the same or by
delivering the same personally not later than the day before the day of the meeting.
SECTION 9. Organization. At all meetings of the Board of Directors, the Chairman, if
any, or if none or in the Chairman’s absence or inability to act the President, or in the
President’s absence or inability to act any Vice President who is a member of the Board of
Directors, or in such Vice President’s absence or inability to act as chairman chosen by the
directors, shall preside. The Secretary of the Corporation shall act as secretary at all meetings
of the Board of Directors when present, and, in the Secretary’s absence, the presiding officer may
appoint any person to act as secretary of the meeting.
SECTION 10. Participating in Meeting by Conference Telephone. Members of the Board of
Directors, or any committee thereof, may participate in a meeting of such Board or committee by
means of conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons
participating in the meeting can hear each other at the same time and such participation shall
constitute presence in person at such meeting.
SECTION 11. Resignation. Any director may resign at any time upon written notice to
the Corporation and such resignation shall take effect upon receipt thereof by the President or
Secretary, unless otherwise specified in the letter of resignation.
SECTION 12. Removal. (a) Notwithstanding any other provisions of the Certificate of
Incorporation or these Bylaws (and notwithstanding the fact that some lesser percentage may be
specified by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation), any director
or the entire Board of Directors of the Corporation may be removed from office for cause by the
affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the
Corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of directors (considered for this purpose as
one class) cast at a meeting of the stockholders called for that purpose, the notice for which
states that the purpose or one of the purposes of the meeting is the removal of such director. For
purposes of this Section 12, “cause” shall mean, with respect to any director, (i) the willful
failure by such director to perform, or the gross negligence of such director in performing, the
duties of a director, (ii) the engaging by such director in willful or serious misconduct that is
injurious to the
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Corporation or (iii) the conviction of such director of, or the entering by such director of a
plea of nolo contendere to, a crime that constitutes a felony.
(b) Any director maybe removed from office without cause by the affirmative vote of at least
75% of the outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote in an election of directors.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, and except as otherwise required by law, whenever the holders
of any one or more series of the Corporation’s preferred stock shall have the right, voting
separately as a class, to elect one or more directors of the Corporation, the provisions (a) and
(b) of this Section 12 shall not apply with respect to the director or directors elected by such
holders of preferred stock.
SECTION 13. Vacancies. Vacancies on the Board of Directors for any reason, whether
caused by resignation, death, disqualification, removal, an increase in the authorized number of
directors or otherwise, may be filled only by the Board of Directors (and not by the stockholders)
by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors, although less than a quorum, or
by a sole remaining director.
SECTION 14. Action by Written Consent. Any action required or permitted to be taken
at any meeting of the Board of Directors may be taken without a meeting if all the directors
consent thereto in writing, and the writing or writings are filed with the minutes of proceedings
of the Board of Directors.
ARTICLE IV
Committees
SECTION 1. Appointment; Limitations. From time to time the Board of Directors by a
resolution adopted by a majority of the entire Board may appoint any committee or committees for
any purpose or purposes, to the extent lawful, which shall have powers as shall be determined and
specified by the Board of Directors in the resolution of appointment. No Committee of the Board
shall take any action to amend the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, adopt any
agreement to merge or consolidate the Corporation, declare any dividend or recommend to the
stockholders a sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of the assets and property of
the Corporation, a dissolution of the Corporation or a revocation of a dissolution of the
Corporation. No Committee of the Board shall take any action which is required in these Bylaws, in
the Certificate of Incorporation or by statute to be taken by a vote of a specified proportion of
the whole Board of Directors.
SECTION 2. Procedures, Quorum and Manner of Acting. Each committee shall fix its own
rules of procedure, and shall meet where and as provided by such rules or by resolution of the
Board of Directors. Except as otherwise provided by law, the presence of a majority of the then
appointed members of a committee shall constitute a quorum for the
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transaction of business by that committee, and in every case where a quorum is present the
affirmative vote of a majority of the members of the committee present shall be the act of the
committee. Each committee shall keep minutes of its proceedings, and actions taken by a committee
shall be reported to the Board of Directors.
SECTION 3. Action by Written Consent. Any action required or permitted to be taken at
any meeting of any committee of the Board of Directors may be taken without a meeting if all the
members of the committee consent thereto in writing, and the writing or writings are filed with the
minutes of proceedings of the committee.
SECTION 4. Term; Termination. In the event any person shall cease to be a director of
the Corporation, such person shall simultaneously therewith cease to be a member of any committee
appointed by the Board of Directors.
ARTICLE V
Officers
SECTION 1. Election and Qualifications. The Board of Directors shall elect the
officers of the Corporation, which shall include a President and a Secretary, and may include, by
election or appointment, a Chief Executive Officer, one or more Vice Presidents (any one or more of
whom may be given an additional designation of rank or function), a Treasurer and such Assistant
Secretaries, such Assistant Treasurers and such other officers as the Board may from time to time
deem proper. Each officer shall have such powers and duties as may be prescribed by these Bylaws
and as may be assigned by the Board of Directors or the President. Any two or more offices may be
held by the same person unless specifically prohibited therefrom by law.
SECTION 2. Term of Office and Remuneration. The term of office of all officers shall
be one year and until their respective successors have been elected and qualified, but any officer
may be removed from office, either with or without cause, at any time by the Board of Directors.
Any vacancy in any office arising from any cause may be filled for the unexpired portion of the
term by the Board of Directors. The remuneration of all officers of the Corporation may be fixed
by the Board of Directors or in such manner as the Board of Directors shall provide.
SECTION 3. Resignation; Removal. Any officer may resign at any time upon written
notice to the Corporation and such resignation shall take effect upon receipt thereof by the
President or Secretary, unless otherwise specified in the resignation. Any officer shall be
subject to removal, with or without cause, at any time by vote of a majority of the entire Board of
Directors, and any officer appointed by an executive officer or by a committee may be removed
either with or without cause by the officer or committee who appointed him or her by the Chairman
or President.
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SECTION 4. Chairman of the Board. The Chairman of the Board of Directors, if there be
one, shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors and shall have such other powers and
duties as may from time to time be assigned by the Board of Directors.
SECTION 5. President and Chief Executive Officer. The President shall be the chief
executive officer of the Corporation, and shall have such duties as customarily pertain to that
office. The President shall have general management and supervision of the property, business and
affairs of the Corporation and over its other officers; may appoint and remove assistant officers
and other agents and employees, other than officers referred to in Section 1 of this Article V; may
execute and deliver in the name of the Corporation powers of attorney, contracts, bonds and other
obligations and instruments; and shall have such other powers and authority as from time to time
may be assigned by the Board of Directors.
SECTION 6. Vice President. A Vice President may execute and deliver in the name of
the Corporation contracts and other obligations and instruments pertaining to the regular course of
the duties of said office, and shall have such other authority as from time to time may be assigned
by the Board of Directors or the President.
SECTION 7. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall in general have all duties incident to the
position of Treasurer and such other duties as may be assigned by the Board of Directors or the
President.
SECTION 8. Secretary. The Secretary shall in general have all the duties incident
to the office of Secretary and such other duties as may be assigned by the Board of Directors or
the President.
SECTION 9. Assistant Officers. Any assistant officer shall have such powers and
duties of the officer such assistant officer assists as such officer or the Board of Directors
shall from time to time prescribe.
ARTICLE VI
Indemnification of Directors, Officers and Others
SECTION 1. Indemnification of Directors, Officer and Others. (a) Each person who is
or is made a party or is threatened to be made a party to or is involved in any action, suit or
proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (hereinafter a “proceeding”),
by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer of the Corporation or, while
serving as such director or officer, is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a
director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation or of a partnership, joint venture,
trust or other enterprise, including, without limitation, service with respect to employee benefit
plans (an “Other Entity”), shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation to the fullest
extent authorized by the DGCL, as the same exists or may hereafter be amended (but, in the case of
any such
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amendment, only to the extent that such amendment permits the Corporation to provide broader
indemnification rights than said law permitted the Corporation to provide prior to such amendment),
against all expense, liability and loss (including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines, and amounts
paid in settlement) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection therewith if the
person acted in good faith and in a manner the person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed
to the best interests of the Corporation and with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had
no reasonable cause to believe the person’s conduct was unlawful, and such indemnification shall
continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director or officer of the Corporation and shall
inure to the benefit of such person’s heirs, executors and administrators; provided, however, that,
except as provided in the third paragraph hereof, the Corporation shall indemnify any such person
seeking indemnification in connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such person
only if such proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the Board of Directors. The Corporation
may adopt Bylaws or enter into agreements with any such person for the purpose of providing for
such indemnification.
SECTION 2. Reimbursement and Advancement of Expenses. The Corporation shall, from
time to time, reimburse or advance to any current or former director or officer the funds necessary
for payment of expenses (including attorney’s fees and disbursements) actually and reasonably
incurred by such person in investigating, responding to, defending or testifying in any threatened,
pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or
investigative in nature, to which such person becomes or is threatened to be made a party by reason
of the fact that such person is or was, or is alleged to have been, a director or officer of the
Corporation, or is or was, or is alleged to have been, serving at the request of the Corporation as
a director or officer or in any other fiduciary capacity of or for any Other Entity; provided,
however, that if the DGCL requires, the Corporation may pay such expenses in advance of the final
disposition of such action, suit or proceeding only upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf
of such person to repay such amount if it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision
that such person is not entitled to be indemnified by the Corporation against such expenses as
authorized by this Article VI. Expenses may be similarly advanced or reimbursed to persons who are
and were not directors or officers of the Corporation in respect of their service to the
Corporation or to any Other Entity at the request of the Corporation to the extent the Board of
Directors at any time determines that such persons should be so entitled to advancement or
reimbursement of such expenses, and the Corporation may enter into agreements with such persons for
the purpose of providing such advances or reimbursement.
SECTION 3. Insurance. The Corporation may maintain insurance, at its expense, to
protect itself and any director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation or another
corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any such expense,
liability or loss, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify such person
against such expense, liability or loss under the DGCL.
SECTION 4. Preservation of Other Rights. The right to indemnification and the payment
of expenses incurred in defending a proceeding in advance of its final
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disposition conferred in this Article VI shall not be exclusive of, and the Corporation is
authorized to honor or provide, any other right that any person may have or hereafter acquire under
any statute, provision of the Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws, agreement, vote of stockholders
or disinterested directors or otherwise, which other right may provide indemnification and
advancement in excess of the indemnification and advancement otherwise permitted by Section 145 of
the DGCL, subject only to limits created by applicable Delaware law (statutory or non-statutory),
with respect to actions for breach of duty to the Corporation, its stockholders and others.
SECTION 5. Survival. (a) The rights to indemnification and reimbursement or
advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article VI shall continue as to a
person who has ceased to be a director or officer of the Corporation and shall inure to the benefit
of such person’s heirs, executors and administrators.
(b) The provisions of this Article VI shall be a contract between the Corporation, on the one
hand, and each person who was a director and officer at any time while this Article VI is in effect
and any other person indemnified hereunder, on the other hand, pursuant to which the Corporation
and each such person intend to be legally bound. Any repeal or modification of the provisions of
this Article VI shall not adversely affect any right or protection of any director, officer,
employee or agent of the Corporation existing at the time of such repeal or modification,
regardless of whether a claim arising out of such action, omission or state of facts is asserted
before or after such repeal or amendment.
SECTION 6. Enforceability of Right to Indemnification. The rights to indemnification
and reimbursement or advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article VI
shall be enforceable by any person entitled to such indemnification or reimbursement or advancement
of expenses in any court of competent jurisdiction. If a claim under Sections 1 and 2 of this
Article VI is not paid in full by the Corporation within thirty (30) days after a written claim has
been received by the Corporation, the claimant may at any time thereafter bring suit against the
Corporation to recover the unpaid amount of the claim. The burden of proving that such
indemnification or reimbursement or advancement of expenses is not appropriate shall be on the
Corporation. Neither the failure of the Corporation (including its Board of Directors, its
independent legal counsel and its stockholders) to have made a determination prior to the
commencement of such action that such indemnification or reimbursement or advancement of expenses
is proper in the circumstances nor an actual determination by the Corporation (including its Board
of Directors, its independent legal counsel and its stockholders) that such person is not entitled
to such indemnification or reimbursement or advancement of expenses shall constitute a defense to
the action or create a presumption that such person is not so entitled. Such a person shall also
be indemnified by the Corporation against any expenses reasonably incurred in connection with
successfully establishing his or her right to such indemnification or reimbursement or advancement
of expenses, in whole or in part.
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ARTICLE VII
Books and Records
SECTION 1. Location. The books and records of the Corporation may be kept at such
place or places within or outside the State of Delaware as the Board of Directors or the respective
officers in charge thereof may from time to time determine. The record books containing the names
and addresses of all stockholders, the number and class of shares of stock held by each and the
dates when they respectively became the owners of record thereof shall be kept by the Secretary as
prescribed in the Bylaws and by such officer or agent as shall be designated by the Board of
Directors.
SECTION 2. Addresses of Stockholders. Notices of meetings and all other corporate
notices may be delivered personally or mailed to each stockholder at the stockholder’s address as
it appears on the records of the Corporation.
SECTION 3. Fixing Date for Determination of Stockholders of Record. (a) In order
that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting
of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which
record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted
by the Board of Directors and which record date shall not be more than 60 nor less than 10 days
before the date of such meeting. If no record date is fixed by the Board of Directors, the record
date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders
shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or,
if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the
meeting is held. A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a
meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the
Board of Directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.
(b) Provided that the Board of Directors has authorized stockholder action by written consent
under Article II, Section 8(a) hereof, in order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders
entitled to consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, the Board of Directors may
fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing
the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors and which date shall not be more than 10 days
after the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of
Directors. If no record date has been fixed by the Board of Directors, the record date for
determining stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, when
no prior action by the Board of Directors is required, shall be the first date on which a signed
written consent setting forth the action taken or proposed to be taken is delivered to the
Corporation by delivery to its registered office in this State, its principal place of business, or
an officer or agent of the Corporation having custody of the book in which proceedings of meetings
of stockholders are recorded. Delivery made to the Corporation’s registered office shall be by
hand or by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested. If no record date has been
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fixed by the Board of Directors and prior action by the Board of Directors is required by this
chapter, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action in
writing without a meeting shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of
Directors adopts the resolution taking such prior action.
(c) In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to receive payment
of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights or the stockholders entitled to
exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock, or for the purpose
of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall
not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of
Directors and which record date shall be not more than 60 days prior to such action. If no record
date is fixed, the record date for determining stockholders for any such purpose shall be at the
close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating
thereto.
ARTICLE VIII
Certificates Representing Stock
SECTION 1. Certificates; Signatures; Rules and Regulations. There may be issued to
each holder of fully paid shares of capital stock of the Corporation a certificate or certificates
for such shares, however, the Corporation may issue uncertificated shares of its capital stock.
Every holder of capital stock represented by certificates and upon request every holder of
uncertificated shares shall be entitled to have a certificate, signed by or in the name of the
Corporation by the Chairman or Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors, or the President or Vice
President, and by the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer, or the Secretary or an Assistant
Secretary of the Corporation, representing the number of shares registered in certificate form.
Any and all signatures on any such certificate may be facsimiles. In case any officer, transfer
agent or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon a certificate
shall have ceased to be such officer, transfer agent or registrar before such certificate is
issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect as if he were such officer,
transfer agent or registrar at the date of issue. The name of the holder of record of the shares
represented thereby, with the number of such shares and the date of issue, shall be entered on the
books of the Corporation. The Board of Directors may appoint one or more transfer agents for the
Corporation’s capital stock and may make, or authorize such agent or agents to make, all such rules
and regulations as are expedient governing the issue, transfer and registration of shares of the
capital stock of the Corporation and any certificates representing such shares.
SECTION 2. Transfers of Stock. The capital stock of the Corporation shall be
transferred only upon the books of the Corporation either (a) if such shares are certificated, by
the surrender to the Corporation or its transfer agent of the old stock certificate therefor
properly endorsed or accompanied by a written assignment or power of attorney properly executed,
with transfer stamps (if necessary) affixed, or (b) if such shares are uncertificated, upon proper
instructions from the holder thereof, in each case with such
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proof of the authenticity of signature as the Corporation or its transfer agent may reasonably
require. Prior to due presentment for registration of transfer of a security (whether certificated
or uncertificated), the Corporation shall treat the registered owner of such security as the
person exclusively entitled to vote, receive notifications and dividends, and otherwise to exercise
all the rights and powers of such security.
SECTION 3. Fractional Shares. The Corporation may, but shall not be required to,
issue certificates for fractions of a share where necessary to effect authorized transactions, or
the Corporation may pay in cash the fair value of fractions of a share as of the time when those
entitled to receive such fractions are determined, or it may issue scrip in registered or bearer
form over the manual or facsimile signature of an officer of the Corporation or of its agent,
exchangeable as therein provided for full shares, but such scrip shall not entitle the holder to
any rights of a stockholder except as therein provided.
SECTION 4. Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificates. The Corporation may issue a new
certificate of stock in place of any certificate, theretofore issued by it, alleged to have been
lost, stolen or destroyed, and the Board of Directors may require the owner of any lost, stolen or
destroyed certificate, or his legal representative, to give the Corporation a bond sufficient to
indemnify the Corporation against any claim that may be made against it on account of the alleged
loss, theft or destruction of any such certificate or the issuance of any such new certificate.
ARTICLE IX
Dividends
Subject always to the provisions of law and the Certificate of Incorporation, the Board of
Directors shall have full power to determine whether any, and, if any, what part of any, funds
legally available for the payment of dividends shall be declared as dividends and paid to
stockholders; the division of the whole or any part of such funds of the Corporation shall rest
wholly within the lawful discretion of the Board of Directors, and it shall not be required at any
time, against such discretion, to divide or pay any part of such funds among or to the stockholders
as dividends or otherwise; and before payment of any dividend, there may be set aside out of any
funds of the Corporation available for dividends such sum or sums as the Board of Directors from
time to time, in its absolute discretion, thinks proper as a reserve or reserves to meet
contingencies, or for equalizing dividends, or for repairing or maintaining any property of the
Corporation, or for such other purpose as the Board of Directors shall think conducive to the
interest of the Corporation, and the Board of Directors may modify or abolish any such reserve in
the manner in which it was created.
ARTICLE X
Ratification
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Any transaction, questioned in any lawsuit on the ground of lack of authority, defective or
irregular execution, adverse interest of director, officer or stockholder, non-disclosure,
miscomputation, or the application of improper principles or practices of accounting, may be
ratified before or after judgment, by the Board of Directors or by the stockholders, and if so
ratified shall have the same force and effect as if the questioned transaction had been originally
duly authorized. Such ratification shall be binding upon the Corporation and its stockholders and
shall constitute a bar to any claim or execution of any judgment in respect of such questioned
transaction.
ARTICLE XI
Corporate Seal
The corporate seal shall have inscribed thereon the name of the Corporation and the year of
its incorporation, and shall be in such form and contain such other words and/or figures as the
Board of Directors shall determine. The corporate seal may be used by printing, engraving,
lithographing, stamping or otherwise making, placing or affixing, or causing to be printed,
engraved, lithographed, stamped or otherwise made, placed or affixed, upon any paper or document,
by any process whatsoever, an impression, facsimile or other reproduction of said corporate seal.
ARTICLE XII
Fiscal Year
The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be fixed, and shall be subject to change, by the
Board of Directors. Unless otherwise fixed by the Board of Directors, the fiscal year of the
Corporation shall be the calendar year.
ARTICLE XIII
Waiver of Notice
Whenever notice is required to be given by these Bylaws or by the Certificate of Incorporation
or by law, a written waiver thereof, signed by the person or persons entitled to said notice,
whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to notice.
SECTION 1. Bank Accounts and Drafts. In addition to such bank accounts as may be
authorized by the Board of Directors, the primary financial officer or any person designated by
said primary financial officer, whether or not an employee of the Corporation, may authorize such
bank accounts to be opened or maintained in the name and on behalf of the Corporation as he may
deem necessary or appropriate, payments from such bank accounts to be made upon and according to
the check of the Corporation in accordance with the written instructions of said primary financial
officer, or other person so designated by such primary financial officer.
SECTION 2. Contracts. The Board of Directors may authorize any person or persons, in
the name and on behalf of the Corporation, to enter into or execute and deliver any and all deeds,
bonds, mortgages, contracts and other obligations or instruments, and such authority may be general
or confined to specific instances.
SECTION 3. Proxies; Powers of Attorney; Other Instruments. The Chairman, the
President or any other person designated by either of them shall have the power and authority to
execute and deliver proxies, powers of attorney and other instruments on behalf of the Corporation
in connection with the rights and powers incident to the ownership of stock by the Corporation.
The Chairman, the President or any other person authorized by proxy or power of attorney executed
and delivered by either of them on behalf of the Corporation may attend and vote at any meeting of
stockholders of any company in which the Corporation may hold stock, and may exercise on behalf of
the Corporation any and all of the rights and powers incident to the ownership of such stock at any
such meeting, or otherwise as specified in the proxy or power of attorney so authorizing any such
person. The Board of Directors, from time to time, may confer like powers upon any other person.
SECTION 4. Financial Reports. The Board of Directors may appoint the primary
financial officer or other fiscal officer or any other officer to cause to be prepared and
furnished to stockholders entitled thereto any special financial notice and/or financial statement,
as the case may be, which may be required by any provision of law.
ARTICLE XV
Amendments
The Board of Directors shall have power to adopt, amend or repeal Bylaws. Bylaws adopted by
the Board of Directors may be repealed or changed, and new Bylaws made, by the stockholders, and
the stockholders may prescribe that any Bylaw made by them shall not be altered, amended or
repealed by the Board of Directors.
ARTICLE XVI
Miscellaneous
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When used in these Bylaws and when permitted by applicable law, the terms “written” and “in
writing” shall include any “electronic transmission,” as defined in Section 232(c) of the DGCL,
including without limitation any telegram, cablegram, facsimile transmission and communication by
electronic mail, and “address” shall include the recipient’s electronic address for such purposes.