SEC Info  
    Home      Search      My Interests      Help      Sign In      Please Sign In

GeoPark Ltd – ‘DRS’ from 7/24/13

On:  Wednesday, 7/24/13, at 9:50pm ET   ·   As of:  7/25/13   ·   Private-to-Public:  Filing  –  Release Delayed to:  9/9/13   ·   Accession #:  912057-13-249   ·   File #:  377-00258

Find Words in Filings emoji
 
  in    Show  and   Hints

  As Of                Filer                Filing    For·On·As Docs:Size              Issuer               Agent

 7/25/13  GeoPark Ltd                       DRS9/09/13   12:11M                                    Merrill Corp/FA

Delayed-Release Draft Registration Statement by an Emerging Growth Company or a Foreign Private Issuer   —   Form DRS
Filing Table of Contents

Document/Exhibit                   Description                      Pages   Size 

 1: DRS         Draft Registration Statement by an Emerging Growth  HTML   4.60M 
                Company or a Foreign Private Issuer                              
 2: EX-3.1      Articles of Incorporation/Organization or By-Laws   HTML     10K 
 3: EX-3.2      Articles of Incorporation/Organization or By-Laws   HTML     25K 
 4: EX-3.3      Articles of Incorporation/Organization or By-Laws   HTML    376K 
 5: EX-4.2      Instrument Defining the Rights of Security Holders  HTML    811K 
 6: EX-4.3      Instrument Defining the Rights of Security Holders  HTML     61K 
 7: EX-4.4      Instrument Defining the Rights of Security Holders  HTML     57K 
 8: EX-10.1     Material Contract                                   HTML    194K 
 9: EX-10.2     Material Contract                                   HTML    304K 
10: EX-10.3     Material Contract                                   HTML    379K 
11: EX-21.1     Subsidiaries                                        HTML     18K 
12: EX-99.1     Miscellaneous Exhibit                               HTML    509K 


‘DRS’   —   Draft Registration Statement by an Emerging Growth Company or a Foreign Private Issuer
Document Table of Contents

Page (sequential)   (alphabetic) Top
 
11st Page  –  Filing Submission
"Table of Contents
"Presentation of financial and other information
"Iii
"Prospectus summary
"Risk factors
"Forward-looking statements
"Use of proceeds
"Dividend policy
"Capitalization
"Dilution
"Exchange rates
"Market information
"Selected historical financial data
"Unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data
"Management's discussion and Analysis of Financial condition and results of operations
"Industry and regulatory framework
"131
"Business
"156
"Management
"201
"Principal shareholders
"211
"Certain relationships and related party transactions
"213
"Description of share capital
"215
"Common shares eligible for future sale
"221
"Certain tax considerations
"223
"Underwriting
"227
"Expenses of the offering
"240
"Legal matters
"241
"Experts
"242
"Enforcement of judgments
"243
"Where you can find additional information
"246
"Glossary of oil and natural gas terms
"A-1
"Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
"F-1
"Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012
"Consolidated statement of income and statement of comprehensive income
"F-6
"Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012
"Consolidated statement of financial position
"F-7
"Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012
"Consolidated statement of changes in equity
"F-8
"Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012
"Consolidated statement of cash flow
"F-9
"Notes to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012
"Selected explanatory notes
"F-10
"Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
"F-22
"Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011
"Consolidated statement of income
"F-23
"Consolidated statement of comprehensive income
"Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2012 and 2011
"F-24
"Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011
"F-25
"Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011
"F-26
"Notes to the Audited Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011
"Notes to the consolidated financial statements
"F-27
"Supplemental information on oil and gas producing activities
"F-70
"Independent Auditor's Report
"F-79
"Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012
"Consolidated statement of income and consolidated statement of comprehensive income
"F-80
"Consolidated Balance Sheets as of January 31, 2012
"F-81
"Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012
"F-82
"Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012
"F-83
"Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012
"F-84
"F-104
"Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011
"F-105
"Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2011
"F-106
"Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011
"F-107
"Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011
"F-108
"Notes to the Audited Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011
"F-109
"F-132
"F-133
"F-134
"F-135
"F-136
"Notes to the consolidated statement
"F-137
"F-154
"F-155
"F-156
"F-157
"F-158
"F-159
"F-178
"Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2012
"Consolidated balance sheet
"F-179
"Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012
"F-180
"Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012
"Consolidated statement of changes in members equity
"F-181
"Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012
"F-182
"Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012
"F-183
"F-200
"F-201
"F-202
"F-203
"F-204
"F-205
"Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012
"Income statements
"F-221
"Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012
"Statements of comprehensive income
"F-222
"Balance sheets
"F-223
"Statements of changes in equity
"F-224
"Cash flow statements
"F-225
"Notes to financial statements
"F-226
"Independent auditor's report on financial statements
"F-242
"Consolidated Statements of Income for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011
"F-244
"Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011
"F-245
"F-246
"F-247
"F-248
"F-249

This is an HTML Document rendered as filed.  [ Alternative Formats ]




Table of Contents

As confidentially submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 24, 2013
This draft registration statement has not been filed publicly with the Securities and Exchange Commission
and all information herein remains strictly confidential.

Registration No. 333-               

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549



FORM F-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933



GeoPark Holdings Ltd
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Not Applicable
(Translation of Registrant's name into English)

Bermuda
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
  1311
(Primary Standard Industrial
Classification Code Number)
  NOT APPLICABLE
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)

Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles 179
Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
+56 (2) 2242-9600

(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant's Principal Executive Offices)



CT Corporation System
111 Eighth Avenue
New York, NY 10011
212-894-8940

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)



Copies to:

Maurice Blanco
Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP
450 Lexington Avenue
New York, NY 10017
Phone: (212) 450-4000
Fax: (212) 701-5800

 

Pedro Aylwin
Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles 179
Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
Phone: +56 (2) 2242-9600
Fax: +56 (2) 2242-9600 ext. 2016

 

John R. Vetterli
White & Case LLP
1155 Avenue of the Americas,
New York, NY 10036
Phone: (212) 819-8200
Fax: (212) 354-8113



Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:
As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.    o

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    o

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    o

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    o



CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

       
 
Title of each class of securities to be registered
  Proposed maximum
aggregate offering
price(1)(2)

  Amount of
registration fee

 

Common shares, par value US$0.001 per share

  US$                 US$              

 

(1)
Includes common shares which the underwriters have the option to purchase.

(2)
Estimated solely for the purpose of computing the amount of the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to such Section 8(a), may determine.

 C:     


 C: 

Table of Contents

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED JULY 24, 2013

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not a solicitation of an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Preliminary Prospectus

Common Shares

GRAPHIC

GeoPark Holdings Limited
(an exempted company incorporated under the laws of Bermuda)
US$               per common share

This is an initial public offering in the United States of common shares, par value US$0.001 per share, of GeoPark Holdings Limited. We are offering               common shares.

We expect the public offering price of our common shares to be between US$              and US$              per common share. We intend to apply to list our common shares on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, under the symbol "              ." Prior to this offering, our common shares have traded, and immediately subsequent to this offering will continue to trade, on the Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange, or the AIM, under the symbol "GPK" and on the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange under the symbol "GPK." We intend to cancel admission of our common shares to the AIM and the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange following the listing of our common shares on the NYSE.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and, as such, may elect to comply with certain reduced United States public company reporting requirements.

Investing in our common shares involves risks. See "Risk factors" beginning on page 32 of this prospectus.

   

    Per common
share
    Total  
   

Public offering price

  US$     US$    

Underwriting discounts and commissions(1)

  US$     US$    

Proceeds to us, before expenses

  US$     US$    
   
(1)
See "Underwriting—Underwriting discounts and commissions" for a description of the compensation payable to the underwriters.

We have granted the underwriters an option, at any time in whole, or from time to time in part, on or before the thirtieth day following the date of this prospectus, exercisable upon written notice from J.P. Morgan Securities LLC to us, to purchase up to              additional common shares, at the public offering price less an amount per common share equal to any dividends or distributions, if any, declared by us and payable on our common shares but not payable on these additional common shares, to cover over-allotments, if any. See "Underwriting—Over-allotment option."

Delivery of our common shares will be made on or about                           , 2013.

Neither the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

Global Coordinator
and Joint Bookrunner
  Joint Bookrunners

J.P. Morgan   BTG Pactual   Itaú BBA

   

The date of this prospectus is                           , 2013.


Table of Contents

Table of contents

 
  Page
 

Presentation of financial and other information

    iii  

Prospectus summary

    1  

Risk factors

    32  

Forward-looking statements

    70  

Use of proceeds

    72  

Dividend policy

    73  

Capitalization

    74  

Dilution

    75  

Exchange rates

    76  

Market information

    78  

Selected historical financial data

    80  

Unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data

    84  

Management's discussion and Analysis of Financial condition and results of operations

    95  

Industry and regulatory framework

    131  

Business

    156  

Management

    201  

Principal shareholders

    211  

Certain relationships and related party transactions

    213  

Description of share capital

    215  

Common shares eligible for future sale

    221  

Certain tax considerations

    223  

Underwriting

    227  

Expenses of the offering

    240  

Legal matters

    241  

Experts

    242  

Enforcement of judgments

    243  

Where you can find additional information

    246  

Glossary of oil and natural gas terms

    A-1  

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

    F-1  



Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references in this prospectus to "GeoPark," the "Company," "we," "our," "ours," "us" or similar terms refer to GeoPark Holdings Limited, together with its subsidiaries.



This prospectus has been prepared by us solely for use in connection with the proposed offering of our common shares in the United States and elsewhere. J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Banco BTG Pactual S.A.—Cayman Branch, and Itau BBA USA Securities, Inc., or the underwriters, will act as underwriters with respect to the offering of our common shares.

i


Table of Contents

Neither we nor the underwriters or their affiliates have authorized anyone to provide you with additional information or information different from that contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus prepared by us or on our behalf. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus is not an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy these common shares in any circumstances under which the offer or solicitation is unlawful.

Until                             , 2013, all dealers effecting transactions in our common shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers' obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

ii


Table of Contents


Presentation of financial and other information

Certain definitions

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references in this prospectus to:

"GeoPark Holdings," "GeoPark," "we," "us," "our," the "company" and words of a similar effect, are to GeoPark Holdings Limited, an exempted company incorporated under the laws of Bermuda, together with its consolidated subsidiaries;

"Agencia" are to GeoPark Latin America Limited Agencia en Chile, an established branch, under the laws of Chile, of GeoPark Latin America Limited, an exempted company incorporated under the laws of Bermuda;

"GeoPark Latin America" are to GeoPark Latin America Limited, an exempted company incorporated under the laws of Bermuda;

"GeoPark Fell" are to GeoPark Fell SpA., a sociedad por acciones incorporated under the laws of Chile;

"GeoPark Chile" are to GeoPark Chile S.A., a sociedad anónima cerrada incorporated under the laws of Chile;

"GeoPark Colombia" are to GeoPark Colombia S.A., a sociedad anónima cerrada incorporated under the laws of Chile;

"Winchester" are to Winchester Oil and Gas S.A., now Geopark Colombia PN S.A. Sucursal Colombia, a Colombian branch of a sociedad anónima incorporated under the laws of Panama;

"Luna" are to La Luna Oil Company Limited S.A., a sociedad anónima incorporated under the laws of Panama;

"Cuerva" are to GeoPark Cuerva LLC, formerly known as Hupecol Caracara LLC, a limited liability company incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware;

"LGI" are to LG International Corp., a company incorporated under the laws of Korea;

"Panoro" are to Panoro Energy do Brasil Ltda., a limited liability company incorporated under the laws of Brazil and a subsidiary of Panoro Energy ASA, a company incorporated under the laws of Norway, with assets in Brazil and Africa;

"Rio das Contas" are to Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda., a limited liability company incorporated under the laws of Brazil;

our "Brazil Acquisitions" are to our acquisition of Rio das Contas and the separate award to us of seven new concessions in Brazil, each expected to be completed by the end of 2013;

"Chile" are to the Republic of Chile;

"Colombia" are to the Republic of Colombia;

"Brazil" are to the Federative Republic of Brazil;

"Argentina" are to the Argentine Republic;

iii


Table of Contents

"Peru" are to the Republic of Peru;

"US$" and "U.S. dollars" are to the official currency of the United States of America;

"Ch$" and "Chilean pesos" are to the official currency of Chile;

"Col$" and "Colombian pesos" are to the official currency of Colombia;

"GBP" are to the official currency of the United Kingdom;

"AR$" and "Argentine pesos" are to the official currency of Argentina;

"real," "reais" and "R$" are to the official currency of Brazil;

"IFRS" are to International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB;

"US GAAP" are to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States;

"ANP" are to the National Brazilian Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis);

"CNPE" are to the Brazilian National Council on Energy Policy (Conselho Nacional de Política Energética);

"ANH" are to the Colombian National Hydrocarbons Agency (Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos);

"economic interest" means an indirect participation interest in the net revenues from a given block based on bilateral agreements with the concessionaires; and

"working interest" means the right granted to the lessee of a property to explore for and to produce and own oil, gas, or other minerals. The working interest owners bear the exploration, development and operating costs on either a cash, penalty or carried basis.

Financial statements

Our consolidated financial statements

This prospectus includes our audited consolidated financial statements as of and for each of the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, or the Annual Consolidated Financial Statements, and our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2013 and for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, or our Interim Consolidated Financial Statements. We refer to our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements and our Interim Consolidated Financial Statements as our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Our Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in U.S. dollars and are prepared in accordance with IFRS. Our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements have been audited by Price Waterhouse & Co. S.R.L., Buenos Aires, Argentina, a member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers Network, or PwC, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Our fiscal year ends December 31. References in this prospectus to a fiscal year, such as "fiscal year 2012," relate to our fiscal year ended on December 31 of that calendar year.

iv


Table of Contents

Colombian acquisitions

In the first quarter of 2012, we extended our operations into Colombia, through our acquisitions of Winchester and Luna on February 14, 2012 and the acquisition of Cuerva on March 27, 2012. For accounting purposes, such acquisitions were computed as if they had occurred on January 31, 2012 and March 31, 2012, respectively. Included in this prospectus are the audited consolidated financial statements of each of Winchester and Luna, each in accordance with IFRS, and Cuerva, in accordance with US GAAP, as of and for the year ended December 31, 2011, which we refer to as the Winchester Annual Consolidated Financial Statements, the Luna Annual Consolidated Financial Statements and the Cuerva Annual Consolidated Financial Statements, respectively, and as the Colombian Acquisitions Audited Consolidated Financial Statements, collectively. Also included in this prospectus are the Consolidated Financial Statements for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012 of each of Winchester and Luna, each in accordance with IFRS and the Consolidated Financial Statements for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 for Cuerva, in accordance with US GAAP, which we refer to collectively as the Colombian Acquisitions Consolidated Financial Statements. Accordingly, our results for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 and the year ended December 31, 2012 are not fully comparable with prior periods.

The Colombian Acquisitions Audited Consolidated Financial Statements have been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda., Colombia, a member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers Network, independent accountants, as stated in their reports appearing herein. We refer to the Colombian Acquisitions Audited Consolidated Financial Statements and the Colombian Acquisitions Consolidated Financial Statements as the Colombian Acquisitions Consolidated Financial Statements.

Acquisition of Rio das Contas

On May 14, 2013, we agreed to acquire all of the issued and outstanding shares of Rio das Contas from Panoro, for a total cash consideration of US$140.0 million subject to certain purchase price and easement adjustments. The closing of the acquisition is subject to certain conditions, including approval by the ANP, among others. We expect the acquisition to close by the end of 2013.

This prospectus includes the consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS of Rio das Contas at and for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, or the Rio das Contas Audited Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been audited by Ernst & Young Terco Auditores Independentes S.S., or Ernst & Young Terco, as stated in their report appearing herein, and the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements of Rio das Contas at March 31, 2013 and for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, or the Rio das Contas Interim Consolidated Financial Statements. References to Rio das Contas Consolidated Financial Statements are to the Rio das Contas Audited Consolidated Financial Statements and the Rio das Contas Interim Consolidated Financial Statements. Accordingly, our results as reflected in our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this prospectus are not comparable to our results for any period following the future date on which we consolidate the results of Rio das Contas.

Pro forma financial data

In light of our Colombian acquisitions and our pending Rio das Contas acquisition, we include in this prospectus unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial data to illustrate:

the combined results of operations for GeoPark for the year ended December 31, 2012 to give pro forma effect to the acquisitions of Winchester, Luna, Cuerva and Rio das Contas and to the disposition of the 20% equity interest in GeoPark Colombia as if such transactions had occurred as of January 1, 2012;

v


Table of Contents

the combined results of operations for GeoPark for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 to give pro forma effect to the acquisition of Rio das Contas as if such acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2012; and

the combined statement of financial position for GeoPark at March 31, 2013 to give pro forma effect to the acquisition of Rio das Contas as if such acquisition had occurred as of March 31, 2013.

We refer to the above-described pro forma financial statements as our Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data. For purposes of preparing our Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data, we have made certain adjustments to the historical and pre-acquisition financial information of Winchester, Luna, Cuerva and Rio das Contas. See "Summary unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data" and "Unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data." Our Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data is presented for informational purposes only and does not purport to represent our results of operations or financial condition had our acquisitions of Winchester, Luna, Cuerva or Rio das Contas and to the disposition of the 20% equity interest in GeoPark Colombia occurred at the respective dates indicated above.

Our historical financial information and pro forma financial data should be read in conjunction with "Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations," our Consolidated Financial Statements, the Colombian Acquisitions Consolidated Financial Statements and the Rio das Contas Consolidated Financial Statements, including, in each case, the accompanying notes thereto, included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Non-IFRS financial measures

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA is a supplemental non-IFRS financial measure that is used by management and external users of our financial statements, such as industry analysts, investors, lenders and rating agencies.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as profit for the period before net finance cost, income tax, depreciation, amortization and certain non-cash items such as impairments and write-offs of unsuccessful efforts, accrual of stock options and stock awards and bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure of profit or cash flows as determined by IFRS.

Our management believes Adjusted EBITDA is useful because it allows us to more effectively evaluate our operating performance and compare the results of our operations from period to period without regard to our financing methods or capital structure. We exclude the items listed above from profit for the period in arriving at Adjusted EBITDA because these amounts can vary substantially from company to company within our industry depending upon accounting methods and book values of assets, capital structures and the method by which the assets were acquired. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to, or more meaningful than, profit for the period or cash flows from operating activities as determined in accordance with IFRS or as an indicator of our operating performance or liquidity. Certain items excluded from Adjusted EBITDA are significant components in understanding and assessing a company's financial performance, such as a company's cost of capital and tax structure and significant and/or recurring write-offs, as well as the historic costs of depreciable assets, none of which are components of Adjusted EBITDA. Our computations of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies.

For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the IFRS financial measure of profit for the period/year, see "Prospectus summary—Summary historical financial data."

vi


Table of Contents

We have also included pro forma Adjusted EBITDA in this prospectus to show our Adjusted EBITDA after giving pro forma effect to our recent acquisitions. For a reconciliation of pro forma Adjusted EBITDA to the IFRS financial measure of pro forma profit for the period/year, see "Unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data."

Oil and gas reserves and production information

The information included in this prospectus regarding estimated quantities of proved reserves, the future net revenues from those reserves and their present value in Chile, Colombia and Argentina is derived, in part, from estimates of the proved reserves and present values of proved reserves as of December 31, 2012. The reserves estimates are derived from the report, or the D&M Reserves Report, included as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, prepared by DeGolyer and MacNaughton, or D&M, independent reserves engineers. These estimates and the D&M Reserves Report are included in this prospectus in reliance upon the authority of such firm as an expert in these matters.

The D&M Reserves Report was prepared by D&M for us and presents an appraisal as of December 31, 2012 of oil and gas reserves located in the Fell Block in Chile, the Del Mosquito, Cerro Doña Juana and Loma Cortaderal Blocks in Argentina and the La Cuerva, Llanos 32, Llanos 34 and Yamú Blocks in Colombia. The reserves information presented in this prospectus based on the D&M Reserves Report only presents reserves estimates for our working interests in the blocks covered by such report as of the date of such report.

The information included in this prospectus regarding estimated quantities of proved reserves in Brazil is derived from our internal estimates of the proved reserves attributable to Rio das Contas's interest in the BCAM-40 Concession.

Market share and other information

Market data, other statistical information, information regarding recent developments in Chile, Colombia, Brazil and Argentina and certain industry forecast data used in this prospectus were obtained from internal reports and studies, where appropriate, as well as estimates, market research, publicly available information (including information available from the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, website) and industry publications. Industry publications generally state that the information they include has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but that the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. Similarly, internal reports and studies, estimates and market research, which we believe to be reliable and accurately extracted by us for use in this prospectus, have not been independently verified. However, we believe such data is accurate and agree that we are responsible for the accurate extraction of such information from such sources and its correct reproduction in this prospectus.

Measurements, oil and natural gas terms and other data

In this prospectus, we use the following measurements:

"m" or "meter" means one meter, which equals approximately 3.28084 feet;

"km" means one kilometer, which equals approximately 0.621371 miles;

"sq km" means one square kilometer, which equals approximately 247.1 acres;

vii


Table of Contents

"bbl" or "barrel of oil" means one stock tank barrel, which is equivalent to approximately 0.15898 cubic meters;

"boe" means one barrel of oil equivalent, which equals approximately 160.2167 cubic meters, determined using the ratio of 6,000 cubic feet of natural gas to one barrel of oil;

"cf" means one cubic foot;

"m," when used before bbl, boe or cf, means one thousand bbl, boe or cf, respectively;

"mm," when used before bbl, boe or cf, means one million bbl, boe or cf, respectively; and

"b," when used before bbl, boe or cf, means one billion bbl, boe or cf, respectively.

In addition, we have provided definitions for certain industry terms used in this prospectus in the "Glossary of Oil and Natural Gas Terms" included as Appendix A to this prospectus.

Rounding

We have made rounding adjustments to some of the figures included in this prospectus. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that precede them.

viii


Table of Contents


Prospectus summary

This summary highlights certain information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary may not contain all the information that may be important to you, and we urge you to read this entire prospectus carefully, including the "Risk Factors," "Forward-looking Statements," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data" sections, our Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes, the Colombian Acquisitions Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes, and the Rio das Contas Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes, included in this prospectus, before deciding to invest in our common shares. Although we believe that the estimates and projections included in this prospectus are based on reasonable assumptions, investors should be aware that these estimates and projections are subject to many risks and uncertainties as described in "Risk Factors" and "Forward-looking Statements." We have provided definitions for certain industry terms used in this prospectus in the "Glossary of Oil and Natural Gas Terms" included as Appendix A to this prospectus.

Our business

Overview

We are an independent oil and natural gas exploration and production, or E&P, company with operations in South America and a proven track record of growth in production, reserves and cash flows since 2006. We operate in Chile, Colombia and, to a lesser extent, in Argentina, and we expect to begin operating in Brazil by the end of 2013, following the closing of our pending Rio das Contas acquisition and the separate award to us of seven new concessions in Brazil (which we refer to collectively as our Brazil Acquisitions). See "—Recent developments."

We have a well-balanced portfolio of assets that includes working and/or economic interests in 19 onshore hydrocarbons blocks, with nine blocks currently in production and eight additional blocks upon the closing of the Brazil Acquisitions. We produced a net average of 13,426 boepd during the first quarter of 2013, 63% of which was produced in Chile, 37% of which was produced in Colombia and 0.4% of which was produced in Argentina, and of which 78% was oil. Including the Brazil Acquisitions, on a pro forma basis, we would have produced an average of 17,566 boepd during the first quarter of 2013, with Chile, Colombia and Brazil and representing 48%, 28% and 24% of our production, respectively, and with oil representing 60% of our total production. As of December 31, 2012, we had net proved reserves of 16.8 mmboe (comprising 71% oil and 29% natural gas), of which 61% and 39% were in Chile and Colombia, respectively, and we estimate that Rio das Contas had net proved reserves of 8.0 mmboe (comprising approximately 98% natural gas) as of June 30, 2013.

We have developed our company around three principal capacities:

our ability to successfully explore the subsurface in the search for oil and gas;

our ability to efficiently operate, drill, produce and market hydrocarbons from our properties; and

our ability to acquire and consolidate assets in the main oil- and natural gas-producing regions in South America.

We believe that our risk and capital management policies have enabled us to compile a geographically diverse portfolio of properties that balances exploration, development and production and oil with gas. These attributes have also allowed us to raise capital and to partner with premier international companies. Finally, we believe we have developed a distinctive culture within our organization that promotes and

 

1


Table of Contents

rewards partnership, entrepreneurship and merit. Consistent with this approach, all of our employees are eligible to participate in our long-term incentive program, or our Performance-Based Employee Long-Term Incentive Program. See "Management—Compensation—Executive compensation—Performance-Based Employee Long-Term Incentive Program."

In Chile, we are the first and the largest non-state-controlled oil and gas producer. We began operations in 2006 in the Fell Block and have evolved from having a non-operated, non-producing interest to having a fully-owned and operated asset with over 10.2 mmboe of net proved reserves as of December 31, 2012 and average production of 8,436 boepd in the first three months of 2013. In addition, we operate five other hydrocarbon blocks in Chile with significant prospective resources.

In Colombia, following our successful acquisitions of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva in early 2012, we have an asset base of 10 hydrocarbon blocks where we were able to increase average production to 4,938 boepd in the first three months of 2013, an increase of 68% on a pro forma basis as compared to the first three months of 2012. As of December 31, 2012, we had net proved reserves of 6.6 mmboe in Colombia.

In May 2013, we expanded our footprint to Brazil, and were awarded, subject to confirmation of approval requirements and entry into concession agreements with the ANP, seven new concessions in the onshore Recôncavo Basin in the State of Bahia and in the onshore Potiguar Basin in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. We also agreed, in May 2013, to acquire Rio das Contas from Panoro, which holds a 10% working interest in the shallow offshore Manati Field, the largest non-associated gas field in Brazil, which produced, in the year ended December 31, 2012, approximately 8.7% of the gas produced in Brazil. Rio das Contas's 10% working interest in the Manati Field represented 4,140 boepd of production during the first quarter of 2013. See "—Recent developments."

The table below sets forth certain of our financial and operating data for the periods indicated, as well as pro forma data reflecting our acquisitions of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva in Colombia and our pending Brazil Acquisitions.

   
 
  For the three-month
period ended March 31,
  For the year ended
December 31,
 
 
  2013
  2012
  2012
  2011
 

 

 

                         
 
  (unaudited)
   
   
 

Financial data

                         

Revenues (US$ thousands)

    89,774     51,321     250,478     111,580  

Pro forma revenues (US$ thousands) (unaudited)(1)

    103,925         325,403      

Adjusted EBITDA(2) (US$ thousands)

    49,652     34,253     121,404     63,391  

Pro forma Adjusted EBITDA(1)(2) (US$ thousands) (unaudited)

    60,600         168,708      

Operating data (unaudited)

                         

Production (boepd)

    13,426     9,682     11,292     7,593  

% oil and liquids

    78%     53%     66%     33%  

Pro forma production (boepd)(3)

    17,566         14,952      

Pro forma % oil and liquids(4)

    60%         50%      
   

(1)    Pro forma revenues and pro forma Adjusted EBITDA are revenues and Adjusted EBITDA, respectively, after giving effect to the acquisitions of Winchester, Luna, Cuerva and Rio das Contas for the year ended December 31, 2012 and, after giving effect to the acquisition of Rio das Contas, for March 31, 2013, in each case as if such acquisitions had occurred as of January 1, 2012. For a reconciliation of pro forma Adjusted EBITDA to the IFRS financial measure of profit for the period before income tax, see "Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data-Note 6."

 

2


Table of Contents

(2)    We define Adjusted EBITDA as profit for the period before net finance cost, income tax, depreciation, amortization and certain non-cash items such as impairments and write-offs of unsuccessful efforts, accrual of stock options and stock awards and bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure of profitability or cash flows as determined by IFRS. See "Presentation of financial and other information—Non-IFRS financial measures." For a reconciliation of pro forma Adjusted EBITDA to the IFRS financial measure of profit before income tax, see "Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data—Note 6."

(3)    Pro forma production is production after giving effect to the acquisitions of Winchester, Luna, Cuerva and Rio das Contas for the year ended December 31, 2012 and, after giving effect to the acquisition of Rio das Contas, for March 31, 2013, in each case as if such acquisitions had occurred as of January 1, 2012.

(4)   Pro forma % oil and liquids is % oil and liquids after giving effect to the acquisitions of Winchester, Luna, Cuerva and Rio das Contas for the year ended December 31, 2012 and, after giving effect to the acquisition of Rio das Contas, for March 31, 2013, in each case as if such acquisitions had occurred as of January 1, 2012.

Our history

We were founded in 2002 by Gerald E. O'Shaughnessy and James F. Park, who have over 25 and 35 years of international oil and natural gas experience, respectively, and who, as of March 31, 2013, collectively held approximately 32.31% of our common shares and are involved in our operations and strategy. Mr. O'Shaughnessy currently serves as our Executive Chairman and Mr. Park currently serves as our Chief Executive Officer and Deputy Chairman, and both actively contribute to our ongoing operations and business decisions.

Our history commenced with the purchase of AES Corporation's upstream oil and natural gas assets in Chile and Argentina. Those assets included a non-operating working interest in the Fell Block in Chile, which at that time was operated by the Empresa Nacional de Petróleo, or ENAP, the Chilean state-owned hydrocarbon company, and operating working interests in the Del Mosquito, Cerro Doña Juana and Loma Cortaderal blocks in Argentina, which we collectively refer to as the Argentina Blocks. Since 2002, our business has grown significantly.

In 2006, after demonstrating our technical expertise and committing to an exploration and development plan, we obtained a 100% operating working interest in the Fell Block by the Republic of Chile. Also in 2006, the International Finance Corporation, or the IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, became one of our principal shareholders, and we listed our common shares on the Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange, or the AIM, in an initial public offering outside the United States of common shares. Subsequently, in 2008 and 2009, we issued and sold additional common shares outside the United States.

In 2008 and 2009, we continued our growth in Chile by acquiring operating working interests in each of the Otway and Tranquilo Blocks, and by forming partnerships with Pluspetrol, Wintershall, Methanex and IFC.

In 2010, we formed a strategic partnership with LGI, a Korean conglomerate, to jointly acquire and develop upstream oil and gas projects in South America. LGI's business includes a portfolio of energy and raw material projects, including oil and gas projects in the Middle East and in Southeast and Central Asia.

In 2011, we were awarded operating working interests in each of the Isla Norte, Flamenco and Campanario blocks in Tierra del Fuego, Chile, which we refer to collectively as the Tierra del Fuego Blocks, and in 2012, we formalized and entered into special operation contracts (Contratos Especiales de Operación para la Exploración y Explotación de Yacimientos de Hidrocarburos), each of which we refer to as a CEOP, with Chile for the exploration and exploitation of these blocks.

Also in 2011, LGI acquired a 20% equity interest in GeoPark Chile and a 14% equity interest in GeoPark TdF S.A., or GeoPark TdF, for US$148.0 million. LGI also provided to GeoPark TdF US$84.0 million in stand-by letters of credit to partially secure the US$101.4 million performance bond required by the

 

3


Table of Contents

Chilean government to guarantee GeoPark TdF's obligations with respect to the minimum work program under the Tierra del Fuego CEOPs. Our agreement with LGI in the Tierra del Fuego Blocks allows us to earn back up to 12% equity participation in GeoPark TdF, depending on the success of our operations in Tierra del Fuego. See "Business—Significant agreements—Agreements with LGI."

In the first quarter of 2012, we moved into Colombia by acquiring three privately held E&P companies, Winchester, Luna and Cuerva. These acquisitions provide us with an attractive platform in Colombia that includes working interests and/or economic interests in 10 blocks located in the Llanos, Magdalena and Catatumbo Basins and covering an area of approximately 575,000 gross acres.

In December 2012, LGI acquired a 20% equity interest in GeoPark Colombia for US$20.1 million, including the assumption of existing debt and the commitment to provide additional funding to cover LGI's share of required future investments in Colombia. In addition, our agreement with LGI in Colombia allows us to earn back up to 12% of equity participation in GeoPark Colombia, depending on the success of our operations in Colombia. See "Business—Significant agreements—Agreements with LGI." We and LGI also agreed that we would extend our strategic partnership to build a portfolio of upstream oil and gas assets throughout South America through 2015. We believe our partnership with LGI represents a positive independent assessment and validation of the quality of our Chilean and Colombian asset inventory, the extent of our technical and operational expertise and the ability of our management to structure significant transactions.

In May 2013, we entered into agreements to expand our operations to Brazil. See "—Recent developments."

Our operations

We have been able to successfully develop our assets through drilling, with a 67% success ratio, resulting from 85 of the 126 wells that we drilled from 2006 through March 31, 2013 having become productive wells. We have grown our business through winning new licenses and acquiring strategic assets and businesses, with 15 new blocks incorporated into our portfolio since January 1, 2006 and eight more expected to be incorporated upon the closing of our Brazil Acquisitions. Furthermore, we believe that we are well-positioned through our prospect development efforts, our drilling program and our long-term strategic alliances with key industry participants to de-risk our prospects and unlock the potential of our blocks. Since our inception, we have supported our growth by developing long-term strategic partnerships, accessing debt and equity capital markets and developing and retaining a technical team with vast experience and a successful track record of finding and producing oil and gas in South America. A key factor behind our success ratio is our experienced team of geologists, geophysicists and engineers, including professionals with specialized expertise in geological conditions in each of Chile, Colombia, Brazil and Argentina.

Currently, we are in the midst of our most significant exploration and drilling plan to date. For the first three months of 2013, we drilled 12 new wells (seven in Chile and five in Colombia) in blocks in which we have working interests and/or economic interests. We invested US$74.8 million (US$45.8 million and US$28.9 million in Chile and Colombia, respectively) for the first three months of 2013, of which US$32.6 million related to exploration. We intend to continue this program through the rest of 2013, and expect our total investments for 2013 to be between US$200 to US$230 million in Chile and Colombia, which will include the drilling of 35 to 45 wells.

 

4


Table of Contents

The following map shows the countries in which we have blocks with working and/or economic interests.

GRAPHIC


(1)    We entered into an agreement on May 10, 2013 with Panoro to acquire Rio das Contas, which holds a 10% working interest in the BCAM-40 Concession. We were also awarded seven new licenses in the Recôncavo and Potiguar Basins in Brazil. We expect these acquisitions to be completed by the end of 2013. See "—Recent developments."

The following table sets forth our net proved reserves and other data at and for the year ended December 31, 2012.

   
Country
  Oil
(mmbbl)

  Gas
(bcf)

  Oil
equivalent
(mmboe)

  % Oil
  Revenues
(in thousands
of US$)

  % of total
revenues

 

 

 

                                     
 
  For the year ended December 31, 2012  

Chile

    5.3     29.6     10.2     52%     149,927     60%  

Colombia

    6.6         6.6     100%     99,501     40%  

Argentina

                    1,050      
       

Total

    11.9     29.6     16.8     71%     250,478     100%  
   

As of June 30, 2013, we estimate that the total net proved reserves attributable to Rio das Contas in Brazil as 8.0 mmboe, which generated revenues of US$51.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012.

 

5


Table of Contents

Our commitment to growth has translated into a strong compounded annual growth rate, or CAGR, of 51.3% for production in the period from 2007 to 2012, as measured by boepd in the table below.

   
 
  For the year ended December 31,  
 
  2012
  2011
  2010
  2009
  2008
  2007
 
   

Average net production (mboepd)

    11.3     7.6     6.9     6.3     3.4     1.4  

% oil

    66.3%     33.0%     28.4%     19.5%     9.8%     12.0%  
   

During the year ended December 31, 2012, Rio das Contas produced 3.7 mboepd.

The following table sets forth our production of oil and natural gas in the blocks in which we have a working interest and/or economic interest as of March 31, 2013.

   
 
  Average daily production  
 
  For the three months ended March 31, 2013  
 
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
 
   

Oil production

                   

Total crude oil production (bopd)

    5,507     4,932     41  

Average sales price of crude oil (US$/bbl)

    83.2     104.3     67.5  

Natural gas production

                   

Total natural gas production (mcf/day)

    17,573     34     64  

Average sales price of natural gas (US$/mcf)

    4.39     4.18     1.17  

Oil and natural gas production cost

                   

Weighted average production cost (US$/boe)

    22.6     46.4     111.4  
   

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, Rio das Contas produced an average of 4,140 boepd, with an average sales price of US$42.4/boe and an average production cost of US$22.5/boe.

Our assets

According to the D&M Reserves Report, as of December 31, 2012, the blocks in Chile, Colombia and Argentina in which we have a working interest had 16.8 mmboe of net proved reserves, with 61%, or 10.2 mmboe, and 39%, or 6.6 mmboe, of such net proved reserves located in Chile and Colombia, respectively. For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, we produced an average of 13,426 boepd, 63% of which, or 8,436 boepd, was produced in the Fell Block, 37% of which, or 4,938 boepd, was produced in the Colombia blocks and 0.4%, or 52 boepd, was produced in the Argentina blocks.

 

6


Table of Contents

We are the operator of a majority of the blocks in which we have a working interest. The following table summarizes certain information about our Chilean, Colombian and Argentine blocks as of March 31, 2013, except as otherwise indicated.

 
Country
  Block
  Operator
  Working
interest
(%)(1)(2)

  Basin
  Gross area
(thousand
acres)(3)

  Net proved
reserves
(mmboe)(4)

  % of
oil

  Net
production
(boepd)(5)

  % of
oil

  Concession
expiration year

 

Chile

  Fell   GeoPark     100%   Magallanes     367.8     10.2     52%     8,436     65%   Exploitation: 2032

Chile

  Tranquilo   GeoPark     29%   Magallanes     92.4                   Exploitation: 2043

Chile

  Otway   GeoPark     25%   Magallanes     1,474.0(7 )                 Exploitation: 2044

Chile

  Isla Norte   GeoPark     60%(6 ) Magallanes     130.2                   Exploration: 2019
Exploitation: 2044

Chile

  Campanario   GeoPark     50%(6 ) Magallanes     192.2                   Exploration: 2020
Exploitation: 2045

Chile

  Flamenco   GeoPark     50%(6 ) Magallanes     141.3                   Exploration: 2019
Exploitation: 2044
                           

Subtotal Chile

                      2,397.9     10.2     52%     8,436     65%    
         

Colombia

  La Cuerva   GeoPark     100%   Llanos     47.0     2.2     100%     1,837     100%   Exploration: 2014
Exploitation: 2038

Colombia

  Llanos 34   GeoPark     45%   Llanos     82.2     3.9     100%     2,219     100%   Exploration: 2015
Exploitation: 2039

Colombia

  Llanos 62   GeoPark     100%   Llanos     44.0                   Exploration: 2017
Exploitation: 2041

Colombia

  Yamú   GeoPark     54.5/75%(8 ) Llanos     11.2     0.4     100%     496     100%   Exploration: 2013
Exploitation: 2036

Colombia

  Llanos 17   Ramshorn     36.8%(9 ) Llanos     108.8                   Exploration: 2015
Exploitation: 2039

Colombia

  Llanos 32   P1 Energy     10%(10 ) Llanos     100.3     0.02     100%     136     100%   Exploration: 2015
Exploitation: 2039

Colombia

  Jagüeyes 3432A   Columbus     5%   Llanos     61.0                   Exploration: 2014
Exploitation: 2038
                           

Subtotal Colombia

                      454.5     6.6     100%     4,688     100%    
                           

Argentina

  Del Mosquito   GeoPark     100%   Austral     17.3             52     79%   Exploitation: 2016

Argentina

  Cerro Doña Juana   GeoPark     100%   Neuquén     28.3                   Exploitation: 2017

Argentina

  Loma Cortaderal   GeoPark     100%   Neuquén     19.6                   Exploitation: 2017

Subtotal Argentina

                      65.2             52     79%    
                           

Total Geopark

                      2,899.6     16.8           13,176          
 

(1)    Working interest corresponds to the working interests held by our respective subsidiaries in such block, net of any working interests and/or economic interests held by other parties in such block.

(2)    As of the date of this prospectus, LGI has a 20% equity interest in our Chilean operations through GeoPark Chile and a 20% equity interest in our Colombian operations through GeoPark Colombia.

(3)    Gross area refers to the total acreage of each block.

(4)   Reflects net proved reserves as of December 31, 2012.

(5)    Reflects net average production for the first quarter of 2013. Net production refers to average production for each block, net of any working interests or economic interests held by others in such block but gross of any royalties due to others.

(6)   LGI has a 14% direct equity interest in our Tierra del Fuego operations through GeoPark TdF and a 20% direct equity interest in GeoPark Chile, for a total of a 31.2% effective interest in our Tierra del Fuego operations. See "Business—Our operations—Operations in Chile—Tierra del Fuego Blocks (Isla Norte, Campanario and Flamenco Blocks)."

(7)    In April 2013, we voluntarily relinquished to the Chilean Government all of our acreage in the Otway Block, except for 49,421 acres. In May 2013, our partners under the joint operating agreement governing the Otway Block decided to withdraw from such joint operating agreement and to apply to withdraw from the Otway Block CEOP, such that, subject to the Chilean Ministry of Energy's approval, we will be the sole participant, and have a working interest of 100%, in our two remaining areas in the Otway Block. See "Business—Our operations—Operations in Chile—Otway and Tranquilo Blocks."

(8)   Although we are the sole title holder of the working interest in the Yamú Block, other parties have been granted economic interests in fields in this block. Taking those other parties' interests into account, we have a 54.5% interest in the Carupana Field and a 75% interest in the Yamú Field, both located in the Yamú Block.

(9)   We have a 40% working interest in the Llanos 17 Block, although we have applied to the ANH to approve the assignment of 3.2% of our working interest in this block to another party.

(10)  We have a 10% economic interest in the Llanos 32 Block. The transfer of the 10% ownership interest to us is currently subject to the approval of ANH.

 

7


Table of Contents

The table below summarizes information as of March 31, 2013, unless otherwise indicated, regarding the blocks in Brazil in which we expect to have a working interest following the closing of our Brazil Acquisitions.

 
Block
  Gross acres (thousand acres)
  % working
interest(1)

  Partners
  Operator
  Net proved
reserves
(mmboe)(2)

  Production
(boepd)(3)

  Basin
 

BCAM-40

    22.8     10%   Petrobras; QGEP;
Brasoil
  Petrobras     8.0     4,140   Camamu-Almada

REC-T 94

    7.7     100%     GeoPark           Recôncavo

REC-T 85

    7.7     100%     GeoPark           Recôncavo

POT-T 664

    7.9     100%     GeoPark           Potiguar

POT-T 665

    7.9     100%     GeoPark           Potiguar

POT-T 619

    7.9     100%     GeoPark           Potiguar

POT-T 620

    7.9     100%     GeoPark           Potiguar

POT-T 663

    7.9     100%     GeoPark           Potiguar
                               

Total Brazil

    77.7                   8.0     4,140    
 

(1)    Working interest corresponds to the working interests we expect to hold in such concession, net of any working interests held by other parties in such concession following the completion of the Brazil Acquisitions.

(2)    Based on our internal estimates as of June 30, 2013.

(3)    Average daily production of barrels of oil equivalent per day for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013.

Our strengths

We believe that we benefit from the following competitive strengths:

High quality and diversified asset base built through a successful track record of organic growth and acquisitions

Our assets include a diverse portfolio of oil- and natural gas-producing reserves, operating infrastructure, operating licenses and valuable geological surveys. According to the D&M Reserves Report, as of December 31, 2012, we had 16.8 mmboe of net proved reserves in Chile and Colombia of which 71%, or 11.9 mmboe, was in oil, and 29%, or 4.9 mmboe, was in gas, and of which 37%, or 6.2 mmboe, were net proved developed reserves. Throughout our history, we have delivered continuous growth in our production, and our management team has been able to identify unexploited assets and turn them into valuable, productive assets. For example, in 2002, we acquired a non-operating working interest in the Fell Block in Chile, which at the time had no material oil and gas production or reserves despite having been actively explored and drilled over the course of more than 50 years. Since 2006, when we became the operator of the Fell Block, through March 31, 2013, we have invested approximately US$410 million and drilled approximately 88 wells in the block, with 72% of such wells becoming productive during that period. Currently, we are the operator and sole concessionaire of the Fell Block which, during the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, produced approximately 8,436 boepd from 54 active wells. As of May 31, 2013, we generated 70% of Chile's total oil production and 19% of its gas production, according to information provided by the Chilean Ministry of Energy.

The acquisitions of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva in Colombia in the first quarter of 2012 gave us access to an additional 574,979 of gross exploratory and productive acres across 10 blocks in what we believe to be one of South America's most attractive oil and gas geographies. According to the D&M Reserves Report, as of December 31, 2012, the blocks in Colombia in which we have a working interest had 6.6 mmboe of net proved reserves, all of which were in oil. Since we acquired Winchester, Luna and Cuerva, we were able to increase average production to 4,938 boepd in Colombia in the first three months of 2013, an increase of

 

8


Table of Contents

68% (on a pro forma basis) as compared to the first three months of 2012. Also, we have been able to leverage our technical expertise and have made several discoveries in the Llanos Basin, including the first discovery of oil located in the down throw side of an extension fault in our Llanos 34 Block—a play that was not generally seen as viable prior to our discovery.

In line with our growth strategy, we announced the expansion of our footprint to Brazil. See "—Recent developments."

Significant drilling inventory and resource potential from existing asset base

Our portfolio includes large land holdings in high-potential hydrocarbon basins and blocks with multiple drilling leads and prospects in different geological formations, which provide a number of attractive opportunities with varying levels of risk. Our drilling inventory consists of over 200 identified drilling locations, and our development plans target locations that we believe are low-cost, provide attractive economics and support a predictable production profile. Currently, we are in the midst of our most significant exploration and drilling plan to date:

In Chile, we recently completed a 3D seismic survey covering 296,000 gross acres, or 64% of the gross acres in our Tierra Del Fuego Blocks, and drilled our first successful well (Chercán 1) in the Flamenco Block. We are currently exploring efforts to construct flowlines to connect this well to existing infrastructure and put it into production. Our Tierra del Fuego Blocks have similar geological characteristics to the Fell Block, and we intend to replicate the exploration and development strategy we successfully executed in the Fell Block in these blocks. We have also recently initiated a technical assessment of the oil and gas shale potential in the Estratos con Favrella shale formation in some of our blocks in Chile; and

In Colombia, following our identification of several leads and prospects in our Llanos 34 Block, our most prospective Colombian block, we have begun a 3D seismic survey on the remaining 50% of the acreage that had not been previously surveyed. Furthermore, in the second quarter of 2013, we successfully put into production our third discovery, the Potrillo 1 well in the Yamú Block, and our fourth discovery, the Tarotaro 1 well in the Llanos 34 Block.

Our geoscience team continues to identify new discoveries and expand our inventory of prospects and drilling opportunities, including the seven new exploratory concessions that were awarded to us by the ANP, subject to confirmation of approval requirements and entry into concession agreements with the ANP.

Strong liquidity and financial flexibility to fund expansion

We benefit from both historically consistent cash flows and access to debt and equity capital markets, as well as other funding sources, which have provided us with strong liquidity and the financial flexibility to finance our organic growth and the pursuit of potential new opportunities. We generated US$82.7 million and US$131.8 million in cash from operations in three months ended March 31, 2013 and the year ended December 31, 2012, respectively, and had US$176.0 million and US$38.3 million in cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.

In 2006, we completed an initial public offering of our common shares outside the United States on the AIM and, in 2008 and 2009, we issued and sold additional common shares outside the United States.

In 2007, we obtained financing from Methanex Chile S.A., or Methanex, the Chilean subsidiary of the Methanex Corporation, a leading global methanol producer, in an amount of US$40 million, structured as a gas pre-sale agreement with a six-year term at an interest rate equal to LIBOR.

 

9


Table of Contents

In 2010, we issued US$133.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7.75% secured notes in the international markets, or the Notes due 2015, which was redeemed following our issuance in 2013 of US$300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7.50% senior secured notes due 2020, or the Notes due 2020.

Highly committed founding shareholders and technical and management teams with proven industry expertise and technically-driven culture

Our founding shareholders, management and operating teams have significant experience in the oil and gas industry and a proven technical and commercial performance record in onshore fields, as well complex projects in South America and around the world, including expertise in identifying acquisition and expansion opportunities. Moreover, we differentiate ourselves from other E&P companies through our technically-driven culture, which fosters innovation, creativity and timely execution. Our geoscientists, geophysicists and engineers are pivotal to the success of our business strategy, and we have created an environment and supplied the resources that enable our technical team to focus its knowledge, skills and experience on finding and developing oil and gas fields.

In addition, we strive to provide a safe and motivating workplace for employees in order to attract, protect, retain and train a quality team in the competitive marketplace for capable energy professionals.

Our CEO, Mr. James Park, has been involved in E&P projects in South America since 1978. He has been closely involved in grass-roots exploration activities, drilling and production operations, surface and pipeline construction, legal and regulatory issues, crude oil marketing and transportation, and investment raising for the industry. Mr. Park currently holds 16.05% of our outstanding common shares.

Our management and operating team has an average experience in the energy industry of approximately 25 years, including in companies such as Chevron, San Jorge, Petrobras, Total, Pluspetrol, ENAP and YPF, among others. Throughout our history, our management and operating team has had success in unlocking unexploited value from previously underdeveloped assets.

In addition, on a fully diluted basis, as of March 31, 2013, our executive directors, management and employees (excluding our founding shareholders) owned 7.95% of our outstanding common shares, aligning their interests with those of all our shareholders and helping retain the talent we need to continue to support our business strategy. See "Management—Compensation." Our founding shareholders are also involved in our daily operations and strategy.

Long-term strategic partnerships and strong strategic relationships, such as with LGI and the IFC, which provide us with additional funding flexibility to pursue further acquisitions

We benefit from a number of strong partnerships and relationships. In March 2010, we entered into a framework agreement with LGI to establish a strategic growth partnership to jointly acquire and invest in oil and natural gas projects throughout South America. In May 2011, our partnership with LGI was strengthened by LGI's acquisition of a 10% interest in our existing Chilean operations. In October 2011, LGI acquired an additional 10% in GeoPark Chile and a 14% equity interest in GeoPark TdF, and agreed to provide additional financial support for the further development of the Tierra del Fuego Blocks. Our relationship with LGI continues to grow. In December 2012, LGI acquired a 20% interest in our Colombian business. We also agreed with LGI to extend our strategic partnership, in order to build a portfolio of upstream oil and gas assets throughout South America through 2015. We are currently the only independent E&P company in which LGI has equity investments in South America. See "Business—Significant agreements—Agreements with LGI" for additional information relating to these agreements.

 

10


Table of Contents

In addition, the IFC has been one of our shareholders since 2006, holding an 8% interest in us. In line with the IFC's standards, our commitment to our environmental and social responsibilities is a major component of our business strategy. In Chile, we have strong long-term commercial relationships with Methanex and ENAP, and in Colombia, through our acquisitions of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva, we have inherited a strong relationship with Ecopetrol, the Colombian state-owned oil and gas company.

In Brazil, following the closing of our Rio das Contas acquisition, we expect to benefit from Rio das Contas' long-term relationship with Petrobras.

Our strategy

Continue to grow a risk-balanced asset portfolio

We intend to continue to focus on maintaining a risk-balanced portfolio of assets, combining cash flow generating assets with upside potential opportunities, and on increasing production and reserves through finding, developing and producing oil and gas reserves in the countries in which we operate. For example, in our recently announced expansion into Brazil, we have secured steady cash flows through the acquisition of Rio das Contas, as well as exploratory potential through our success in an ANP international bidding round in which we were awarded seven concessions in Brazil, subject to confirmation of approval requirements and entry into concession agreements with the ANP. We believe this approach will allow us to sustain continuous and profitable growth and also participate in higher-risk growth opportunities with upside potential.

Maintain conservative financial policies

We seek to maintain a prudent and sustainable capital structure and a strong financial position to allow us to maximize the development of our assets and capitalize on business opportunities as they arise. We intend to remain financially disciplined by limiting substantially all our debt incurrence to identified projects with repayment sources. We expect to continue benefiting from diverse funding sources such as our partners and customers in addition to the international capital markets.

Pursue strategic acquisitions in South America

We have historically benefited from, and intend to continue to grow through, strategic acquisitions. Our recent Colombian acquisitions highlight our ability to identify and execute opportunities at what we believe to be attractive prices. These acquisitions have provided us with, and we expect that our pending Brazil Acquisitions will provide us with, attractive platforms in those countries. Our enhanced regional portfolio, primarily in investment-grade countries, and strong partnerships position us as a regional consolidator. We intend to continue to grow through strategic acquisitions and potentially in other investment-grade countries in South America, including Peru. Our acquisition strategy is aimed at maintaining a balanced portfolio of lower-risk cash flow generating properties and assets that have upside potential and on keeping a balanced mix of oil- and gas-producing assets (though we expect to remain weighted toward oil) and focuses on both assets and corporate targets.

Continue to foster a technically-driven culture and to capitalize on local knowledge

We intend to continue to build and strengthen an environment that will allow us to fully consider and understand risk and reward and to deliberately and collectively pursue strategies that maximize value. For this purpose, we intend to continue expanding our technical teams and to foster a culture that rewards talent according to results. For example, we have been able to maintain the technical teams we inherited through our Colombian acquisitions and intend to do so in Brazil following the closing of our Rio das

 

11


Table of Contents

Contas acquisition. We believe local technical and professional knowledge is key to operational and long-term success and intend to continue to secure local talent as we grow our business in different locations.

Maintain a high degree of operatorship

We currently are, and intend to continue to be, the operator of a majority of the blocks in which we have working interests. Operating the majority of our blocks gives us the flexibility to allocate our capital and resources opportunistically and efficiently. We believe that this strategy has allowed, and will continue to allow, us to leverage our unique culture and our talented technical, operating and management teams. As of December 31, 2012, 99.9% of our net proved reserves and 97% of our production came from blocks in which we are the operator. On a pro forma basis, accounting for Rio das Contas acquisition, approximately 74% of our production as of March 31, 2013 would have come from blocks that we operate.

Maintain our commitment to environmental and social responsibility

A major component of our business strategy is our focus on our environmental and social responsibility. We are committed to minimizing the impact of our projects on the environment. We also aim to create mutually beneficial relationships with the local communities in which we operate in order to enhance our ability to create sustainable value in our projects. These commitments are embodied in our in-house designed Environmental, Health, Safety and Security management program, which we refer to as "S.P.E.E.D." (Safety, Prosperity, Employees, Environment and Community Development). Our S.P.E.E.D. program was developed in accordance with several international quality standards, including ISO 14001 for environmental management issues, OHSAS 18001 for occupational health and safety management issues, SA 8000 for social accountability and workers' rights issues, and applicable World Bank standards. See "Business—Health, safety and environmental matters."

Our corporate structure

We are an exempted company incorporated pursuant to the laws of Bermuda. We operate and own our assets directly and indirectly through a number of subsidiaries.

 

12


Table of Contents

The following chart shows our corporate structure.

GRAPHIC

Following the closing of our Brazil Acquisitions, GeoPark Brazil Exploracão e Producão de Petróleo e Gás Ltda. (Brazil), or GeoPark Brazil, will hold the assets we acquire in Brazil.

Recent developments

Award of seven licenses in Brazil

On May 14, 2013, following an invitation for bids from the ANP, we were awarded, in an international bidding round, seven new concessions in Brazil (subject to confirmation of approval requirements and entry into concession agreements with the ANP), in the following basins:

the Recôncavo Basin in the State of Bahia: REC-T 94 and REC-T 85 Concessions; and

the Potiguar Basin in the State of Rio Grande do Norte: POT-T 664, POT-T 665, POT-T 619, POT-T 620 and POT-T 663 Concessions.

Our winning bids are subject to confirmation of approval requirements, which is expected to occur in August 2013. For our winning bids on these seven concessions, we have committed to invest a minimum of US$15.3 million (including bonuses and work program commitment) during the first three years of the exploratory period for the concessions, which is expected to begin in August 2013. The new concessions cover an area of approximately 54,850 gross acres.

Acquisition of Rio das Contas

On May 14, 2013, we also agreed to acquire Rio das Contas, which holds a 10% working interest in the BCAM-40 Concession in the shallow-depth offshore Manati Field in the Camamu-Almada Basin, from

 

13


Table of Contents

Panoro. The total cash consideration for the acquisition is US$140 million, subject to certain purchase price and easement adjustments. The Manati Field, which is in the production phase, is operated by Petróleo Brasileiro S.A.—Petrobras, or Petrobras (with a 35% working interest), the Brazilian national company and the largest oil and gas operator in Brazil, in partnership with Queiroz Galvão Exploração e Produção, or QGEP (with a 45% working interest), and Brasoil Manati Exploração Petrolífera S.A., or Brasoil (with a 10% working interest).

We believe the Manati Field will provide us with a strategically important upstream asset in Brazil. The shallow offshore Manati Field is the largest non-associated gas field in Brazil, which produced in the year ended December 31, 2012 approximately 8.7% of the gas produced in Brazil. During the year ended December 31, 2012 and the first quarter of 2013 net production to Rio das Contas was approximately 3,677 boepd and 4,140 boepd, respectively, from the Manati Field.

We expect that our Rio das Contas acquisition in Brazil will provide us with a long-term off-take contract with Petrobras that covers approximately 75% of net proved gas reserves in the Manati Field, a valuable relationship with Petrobras and an established geoscience and administrative team to manage the assets and to seek new growth opportunities.

In the year ended December 31, 2012, Rio das Contas generated net income of approximately US$23.2 million and revenues of approximately US$51.1 million.

The purchase agreement also provides for possible future contingent payments by us over the next five years, depending on the economic performance and cash generation of the BCAM-40 Concession. The acquisition is subject to the approval of the ANP, among other regulatory authorities, and we expect to complete the acquisition by the end of 2013. See "Business—Significant agreements—Brazil—Rio das Contas Quota Purchase Agreement."

Exploration and production activities

Chile

In June 2013, we discovered a new oil and gas field in the Flamenco Block following the successful testing of the Chercán 1 well, the first well drilled by us in Tierra del Fuego. We conducted a production test in the Tobífera formation, in which gas flowed at a rate of approximately 4.0 mcfpd and oil flowed at rates of approximately 35 bopd. We have initiated efforts to design and construct flowlines to connect the Chercán 1 well to existing pipeline infrastructure. We also successfully tested gas production from a previously untested Springhill formation in the Yagan Norte 4 well, in the Fell Block, and carried out a production test, which flowed at a rate of approximately 3.3 mcfpd. We have also completed drilling two additional wells, the Omeling 1 and Yakamush 1 wells, in the Flamenco Block, which will be tested in the following weeks.

In the Otway Block, in April 2013, we announced to the Chilean Ministry of Energy our voluntary decision not to proceed with the second exploratory period and to terminate the exploratory phase under the Otway Block CEOP. Therefore, we will have to relinquish all areas of the Otway Block, except for two areas totaling 49,421 gross acres in which we declared the discovery of hydrocarbons, in the Cabo Negro and Tatiana Fields. In May 2013, our partners under the joint operating agreement governing the Otway Block decided to withdraw from such joint operating agreement and to apply to withdraw from the Otway Block CEOP, such that, subject to the Chilean Ministry of Energy's approval, we will be the sole participant, and have a working interest of 100%, in our two remaining areas in the Otway Block. See "Business—Our operations—Operations in Chile—Otway and Tranquilo Blocks."

 

14


Table of Contents

Colombia

In June 2013, we successfully drilled, tested and put into production two wells in the Llanos 34 Block, the Tua 4 well in the Tua Field and the Tarotaro 1 exploration well in the Tarotaro Field. A test conducted on the Tua 4 well resulted in a production rate of approximately 526 bopd, and a test conducted in the Tarotaro 1 well resulted in a production rate of approximately 2,239 bopd. In each case, surface facilities are already in place and the crude oil produced from the wells is now being marketed and sold. The Tua Field and the Tarotaro Field are the second and third oil fields, respectively, that we have discovered since our expansion into Colombia in the first half of 2012. A new development well, Tarotaro 2, has also been spud in the Tarotaro Field to further appraise the field.

In addition, in May 2013, we successfully drilled, tested and put into production a well in the Yamú Block, the Potrillo 1 exploration well—our third Colombian discovery—to a total depth of 3,560 meters. The well most recently tested at a production rate of 300 bopd. Surface facilities are already in place, and the crude oil produced from the well is now being marketed and sold.

Implications of being an emerging growth Company

As a company with less than US$1.0 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an "emerging growth company" as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:

a requirement to have only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations disclosure;

an exemption from the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; and

an exemption from any Public Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, rules mandating independent audit firm rotation or auditor discussion and analysis.

We may take advantage of these provisions for up to five years or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. If during that five-year period:

our annual gross revenue exceeds US$1.0 billion during any fiscal year;

the aggregate amount of debt securities we issue during any three-year period exceeds US$1.0 billion; or

the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of June 30 of any year, we would cease to be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31.

We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these reduced burdens. If we choose to take advantage of any of these reduced reporting burdens, the information that we provide shareholders may be different than you might receive from other public companies in which you hold investments.

Corporate information

We were incorporated as an exempted company pursuant to the laws of Bermuda as GeoPark Holdings Limited in February 2003. We maintain a registered office in Bermuda at Cumberland House, 9th Floor,

 

15


Table of Contents

1 Victoria Street, Hamilton HM 11, Bermuda. Our principal executive offices are located at Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles 179, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile, telephone number +562-2242-9600, and Florida 981, 1st floor, Buenos Aires, Argentina, telephone number +5411-4312-9400. Our website is www.geo-park.com. The information on our website does not constitute part of this prospectus.

 

16


Table of Contents


The offering

Issuer   GeoPark Holdings Limited

Underwriters

 

J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Banco BTG Pactual S.A.—Cayman Branch and Itau BBA USA Securities, Inc.

Offering

 

We are offering              common shares.

Offering price range

 

We expect the public offering price will be between US$              and US$              per common share.

Listing

 

We intend to apply to list our common shares on the NYSE under the symbol "              ".

 

 

Prior to this offering, our common shares have traded, and immediately subsequent to this offering will continue to trade, on the AIM under the symbol "GPK" and on the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange under the symbol "GPK." We intend to cancel admission of our common shares to the AIM and the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange following the listing of our common shares on the NYSE.

Use of proceeds

 

We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately US$              million, based on the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus after deducting underwriter discounts and commissions and estimated expenses of the offering that are payable by us. Each US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the public offering price per common share would increase (decrease) our net proceeds, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses, by US$              .

 

 

We intend to use the proceeds from this offering to finance our organic expansion in Chile, Colombia and Brazil and for opportunistic acquisitions in these and other countries in South America, including Peru. We will use the remainder of the proceeds from this offering to strengthen our balance sheet and for general corporate purposes.

 

 

In addition to being focused on the geographies mentioned above, our acquisition strategy (and expected use of proceeds from this offering) is aimed at maintaining a balanced portfolio of lower-risk cash flow generating properties and assets that have upside potential, as well as at keeping a balanced mix of oil- and gas-producing assets, though we expect to remain weighted toward oil.

 

 

See "Use of proceeds."

 

17


Table of Contents

Over-allotment option   We have granted the underwriters an option, at any time in whole, or from time to time in part, on or before the thirtieth day following the date of this prospectus, exercisable upon written notice from J.P. Morgan Securities LLC to us, to purchase up to              additional common shares, at the public offering price less an amount per common share equal to any dividends or distributions, if any, declared by us and payable on our common shares but not payable on these additional common shares, to cover over-allotments, if any. See "Underwriting—Over-allotment option."

Share capital before and after offering

 

As of the date of this prospectus, our share capital consists of              issued and outstanding common shares.

 

 

Immediately after the offering, we will have              common shares issued and outstanding, assuming no exercise of the underwriters' over-allotment option.

Voting rights

 

Subject to Bermuda law, holders of our common shares are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of holders of common shares. See "Description of share capital."

Dividend policy

 

Holders of common shares will be entitled to receive dividends, if any, paid on the common shares. The amount of any distributions will depend on many factors, such as our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, prospects and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors and shareholders.

 

 

We have never paid, and do not intend to pay in the foreseeable future, cash dividends on our common shares. At the present time, we intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, generated by our operations for the development and growth of our business. Additionally, we are subject to Bermuda legal constraints that may affect our ability to pay dividends on our common shares and make other payments. Under the Bermuda Companies Act 1981, as amended, we may not declare or pay a dividend if there are reasonable grounds for believing that we are, or would after the payment be, unable to pay our liabilities as they become due or that the realizable value of our assets would thereafter be less than our liabilities. See "Dividend policy" and "Description of share capital."

 

18


Table of Contents

Lock-up agreements   We and our directors, executive officers and certain of our significant shareholders intend to enter into lock-up agreements with the representatives of the underwriters, pursuant to which each of these persons or entities, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, may not, without the prior written consent of the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions: (1) issue (applicable to us only), offer, pledge, announce the intention to sell, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, or file with the SEC or any other securities regulatory authority a registration statement or similar application under the Securities Act or any other securities law relating to, any of our common shares or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for our common shares (including, without limitation, our common shares or such other securities which may be deemed to be beneficially owned by such person in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and securities which may be issued upon exercise of a stock option or warrant), or publicly disclose the intention to make any offer, sale, pledge, disposition or filing; (2) enter into any swap or other agreement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of our common shares or any such other securities, whether any such transaction described in clause (1) or (2) is to be settled by delivery of our common shares or such other securities, in cash or otherwise; or (3) make any demand for or exercise any right with respect to the registration of our common shares or any security convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for our common shares (applicable to our directors, executive officers and certain of our significant shareholders only). The underwriters have advised us that they have no present intention or arrangement to release any of the securities subject to a lock-up agreement and any future request for such a release will be considered in light of the particular circumstances surrounding the request. See "Underwriting—Lock-up agreements."

Certain tax considerations

 

For certain U.S. federal income tax consequences with respect to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common shares, see "Certain tax considerations."

Risk factors

 

Investing in our common shares involves a significant degree of risk. See "Risk factors" beginning on page 28 and the other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should consider before deciding to invest in our common shares.

 

19


Table of Contents

Except as otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus:

assumes no exercise of the underwriters' option to purchase up to              additional common shares to cover over-allotments, if any;

assumes that the common shares to be sold in this offering will be sold at US$              , which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus; and

excludes the awards and conversion thereof of              of our common shares granted to our employees and directors under our Performance-Based Employee Long-Term Incentive Program. See "Management—Compensation—Executive compensation—Performance-Based Employee Long-Term Incentive Program."

 

20


Table of Contents


Summary historical financial data

We have derived our summary historical statement of income, balance sheet and cash flow data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 from our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, which have been audited by PwC.

The summary historical financial data at March 31, 2013 and for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 have been derived from the Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, which in the opinion of our management, include all adjustments necessary to present fairly our results of operations and financial condition at the dates and for the periods presented. The results for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that you should expect for the entire year ended December 31, 2013 or any other period.

We maintain our books and records in U.S. dollars and prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS.

This financial information should be read in conjunction with "Presentation of Financial and Other Information," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes thereto, included elsewhere in this prospectus.

This summary historical financial data set forth in this section does not include any results or other financial information of the Colombia Acquisitions prior to their incorporation into our financial statements, or the pending Brazil Acquisitions.

 

21


Table of Contents

Statement of income data

   
 
  For the three-month
period ended March 31,
   
   
 
 
  For the year ended
December 31,
 
(In thousands of US$, except per share numbers)
  2013
(unaudited)

  2012
(unaudited)

 
  2012
  2011
 
   

Net oil sales

    83,710     42,754     221,564     73,508  

Net gas sales

    6,064     8,567     28,914     38,072  
       

Net revenue

    89,774     51,321     250,478     111,580  
       

Production costs

    (38,313 )   (19,362 )   (129,235 )   (54,513 )
       

Gross profit(1)

    51,461     31,959     121,243     57,067  
       

Gross margin (%)(2)

    57.3%     62.3%     48.4%     51.1%  
       

Exploration costs

    (7,305 )   (1,281 )   (27,890 )   (10,066 )

Administrative costs

    (9,606 )   (3,231 )   (28,798 )   (18,169 )

Selling expenses

    (7,906 )   (1,744 )   (24,631 )   (2,546 )

Other operating income/(expense)

    (154 )   (821 )   823     (502 )
       

Operating profit/(loss)

    26,490     24,882     40,747     25,784  

Financial income

    306     341     892     162  

Financial expenses

    (12,918 )   (4,219 )   (17,200 )   (13,678 )

Bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries

        8,401     8,401      
       

Profit/(loss) before tax

    13,878     29,405     32,840     12,268  

Income tax

    (4,433 )   (5,117 )   (14,394 )   (7,206 )
       

Profit/(loss) for the period/year

    9,445     24,288     18,446     5,062  
       

Non-controlling interest

    2,965     3,861     6,567     5,008  

Profit attributable to owners of the Company

    6,480     20,427     11,879     54  
       

Earnings per share for profit attributable to owners of the Company—Basic

    0.1490     0.4809     0.2784     0.0013  

Earnings per share for profit attributable to owners of the Company—Diluted(3)

    0.1427     0.4552     0.2693     0.0012  

Weighted average common share outstanding—Basic

    43,495,585     42,474,274     42,673,981     41,912,685  

Weighted average common share outstanding—Diluted(3)

    45,407,685     44,877,585     44,109,305     43,917,167  
   

(1)    Gross profit is defined as net revenue minus production costs.

(2)    Gross margin is defined as gross profit divided by net revenue.

(3)    See Note 18 to our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

22


Table of Contents

Balance sheet data

   
 
  As of March 31,    
   
 
 
  As of December 31,  
 
  2013
(unaudited)

 
(In thousands of US$)
  2012
  2011
 
   

Assets

                   

Non-current assets

                   

Property, plant and equipment

    510,942     457,837     224,635  

Prepaid taxes

    12,690     10,707     2,957  

Other financial assets

    2,657     7,791     5,226  

Deferred income tax

    13,103     13,591     450  

Prepayments and other receivables

    452     510     707  
       

Total non-current assets

    539,844     490,436     233,975  
       

Current assets

                   

Other financial assets

            3,000  

Inventories

    3,506     3,955     584  

Trade receivables

    39,939     32,271     15,929  

Prepayments and other receivables

    42,690     49,620     24,984  

Prepaid taxes

    6,026     3,443     147  

Cash at bank and in hand

    176,005     48,292     193,650  
       

Total current assets

    268,166     137,581     238,294  
       

Total assets

    808,010     628,017     472,269  
       

Equity attributable to owners of the Company

    247,708     239,421     208,889  
       

Equity attributable to non-controlling interest

    75,630     72,665     41,763  
       

Total equity

    323,338     312,086     250,652  
       

Liabilities

                   

Non-current liabilities

                   

Borrowings

    290,913     165,046     134,643  

Provisions for other long-term liabilities

    28,209     25,991     9,412  

Deferred income tax

    22,885     17,502     13,109  
       

Total non-current liabilities

    342,007     208,539     157,164  
       

Current liabilities

                   

Borrowings

    8,472     27,986     30,613  

Current income tax

    10,807     7,315     187  

Trade and other payable

    123,386     54,890     28,535  

Provisions for other liabilities

        17,201     5,118  

Total current liabilities

    142,665     107,392     64,453  
       

Total liabilities

    484,672     315,931     221,617  
       

Total equity and liabilities

    808,010     628,017     472,269  
   

 

23


Table of Contents

Cash flow data

   
 
  For the three-month
period ended March 31,
   
   
 
 
  For the year ended December 31,  
 
  2013
(unaudited)

  2012
(unaudited)

 
(In thousands of US$)
  2012
  2011
 
   

Cash provided by (used in)

                         

Operating activities

    82,732     37,543     131,802     68,763  

Investing activities

    (74,791 )   (152,816 )   (303,507 )   (101,276 )

Financing activities

    129,726     297     26,375     131,739  
       

Net (decrease) increase in cash

    137,667     (114,976 )   (145,330 )   99,226  
   

Other financial data

   
 
  For the three-month
period ended March 31,
   
   
 
 
  For the year ended December 31,  
 
  2013
(unaudited)

  2012
(unaudited)

 
 
  2012
  2011
 
   

Adjusted EBITDA(1)

                         

(US$ thousands)

    49,652     34,253     121,404     63,391  

Adjusted EBITDA margin(2)

    55.3%     66.7%     48.5%     56.8%  
   

(1)    Adjusted EBITDA is a non-IFRS financial measure. For a definition of Adjusted EBITDA, see "Presentation of financial and other information—Non-IFRS financial measures."

(2)    Adjusted EBITDA margin is defined as Adjusted EBITDA divided by net revenue.

The following tables present a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the IFRS financial measure of profit for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 and for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011.

   
 
  For the three-month period ended
March 31,
  For the year ended December 31,  
(In thousands of US$, except for percentages)
  2013
(unaudited)

  2012
(unaudited)

  % change
from prior
period

  2012
  2011
  % change
from prior
period

 
   

Profit for the period/year attributable to owners of the Company

    6,480     20,427     (68)%     11,879     54     21,898%  

Non-controlling interest

    2,965     3,861     (23)%     6,567     5,008     31%  
       

Profit for the period/year

    9,445     24,288     (61)%     18,446     5,062     264%  
       

Income tax

    4,433     5,117     (13)%     14,394     7,206     100%  

Net finance cost

    12,612     3,878     225%     16,308     13,516     21%  

Others(1)

    (331 )   (8,967 )   (96)%     (12,009 )   (1,362 )   782%  

Impairment and write-off of unsuccessful efforts

    5,917     259     2,185%     25,552     7,263     252%  

Accrual of stock options and stock awards

    1,807     1,247     45%     5,396     5,298     2%  

Depreciation

    15,769     8,431     87%     53,317     26,408     102%  
       

Adjusted EBITDA

    49,652     34,253     45%     121,404     63,391     92%  
   

(1)    Includes bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries of US$8.4 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 and for the year ended December 31, 2012. Includes capitalized costs relating to direct labor costs of our geological and geophysical department for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 and for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011.

 

24


Table of Contents

The following tables present a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the IFRS financial measure of profit for the period/year for Chile and Colombia for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 and for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011.

   
 
  For the three-month period ended March 31,   For the year ended December 31,  
 
  2013 (unaudited)   2012 (unaudited)   2012   2011  
(In thousands of US$)
  Chile
  Colombia
  Chile
  Colombia
  Chile
  Colombia
  Chile
  Colombia
 
   

Profit for the period/year attributable to owners of the Company

    4,872     6,624     14,535     9,341     24,357     6,250     14,447      

Non-controlling interest

    1,216     1,749     3,861         6,567         5,008      
       

Profit for the period/year

    6,088     8,373     18,396     9,341     30,924     6,250     19,455      
       

Income tax

    1,403     3,545     4,686     780     11,349     4,976     7,194      

Net finance cost

    8,851     1,274     1,943     203     6,007     5,452     12,549      

Others(1)

    (331 )       (566 )   (8,401 )   (3,608 )   (8,401 )   (1,362 )    

Impairment and write-off of unsuccessful efforts

    4,565     1,352     259         18,490     5,147     5,919      

Accrual of stock options and stock awards

    391         390         2,012         1,369      

Depreciation

    8,208     7,493     7,356     808     28,734     21,050     25,297      
       

Adjusted EBITDA(2)

    29,175     22,037     32,464     2,731     93,908     34,474     70,421      
   

(1)    Includes bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries of US$8.4 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 and for the year ended December 31, 2012. Includes capitalized costs relating to direct labor costs of our geological and geophysical department for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 and for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011.

(2)    Our other operations accounted for US$(1.6) million and US$(0.9) million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, and US$(7.0) million and US$(7.0) million for the year ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

 

25


Table of Contents


Summary unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data

The following tables present our summary unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data for the periods indicated below.

The summary unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data should be read in conjunction with "Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data," "Selected Historical Financial Data" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes, the Colombian Acquisitions Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes and the Rio das Contas Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes, each included elsewhere in this prospectus.

We have derived the summary unaudited pro forma statement of income data for the year ended December 31, 2012 and for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013; and the summary unaudited pro forma balance sheet data as of March 31, 2013 from the Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data included elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited pro forma statement of income data has been prepared to illustrate our combined results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2012 and for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 to give pro forma effect to the acquisitions of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva, to our pending Rio das Contas acquisition and to the disposition of the 20% equity interest in GeoPark Colombia as if these transactions had occurred as of January 1, 2012, but does not give effect to the potential sale of a non-controlling interest in our pending Rio das Contas operations. The unaudited pro forma balance sheet data has been prepared to illustrate our combined financial condition as of March 31, 2013 to give pro forma effect to the probable acquisition of Rio das Contas as if it had been consummated on March 31, 2013.

 

26


Table of Contents

Pro forma statement of income data

   
 
  For the three-month
period ended March 31, 2013
  For the year ended
December 31, 2012
 
(In thousands of US$, except per share numbers)
  Pro forma
(unaudited)

  Actual
(unaudited)

  Pro forma
(unaudited)

  Actual
 
   

Net revenue

    103,925     89,774     325,403     250,478  
       

Production costs

    (46,708 )   (38,313 )   (176,953 )   (129,235 )
       

Gross profit

    57,217     51,461     148,450     121,243  
       

Exploration costs

    (7,305 )   (7,305 )   (28,227 )   (27,890 )

Administrative costs

    (10,183 )   (9,606 )   (34,331 )   (28,798 )

Selling expenses

    (7,906 )   (7,906 )   (28,974 )   (24,631 )

Other operating expense/(income)

    (154 )   (154 )   2,384     (823 )
       

Operating profit/(loss)

    31,669     26,490     59,302     40,747  
       

Net financial results

    (13,753 )   (12,612 )   (21,591 )   (16,308 )

Bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries

            8,401     8,401  

Profit before tax

    17,916     13,878     46,112     32,840  
       

Income tax

    (5,330 )   (4,433 )   (16,121 )   (14,394 )
       

Profit for the period/year

    12,586     9,445     29,991     18,446  
       

Attributable to:

                         

Owners of the Company

    9,621     6,480     21,724     11,879  

Non-controlling interest

    2,965     2,965     8,267     6,567  

Depreciation

   
(21,538

)
 
(15,769

)
 
(80,518

)
 
(53,317

)
   

 

27


Table of Contents

Pro forma balance sheet data

   
 
  As of March 31, 2013  
(in thousands of US$)
  Pro forma
(unaudited)

  Actual
(unaudited)

 
   

Assets

             

Non-current assets

             

Property, plant and equipment

    660,924     510,942  

Other

    31,950     28,902  

Total non-current assets

    692,874     539,844  
       

Current assets

             

Trade receivables

    51,357     39,939  

Prepayments and other receivables

    42,871     42,690  

Cash at bank and in hand

    88,618     176,005  

Other

    9,605     9,532  

Total current assets

    192,451     268,166  
       

Total assets

    885,325     808,010  
       

Equity

             

Share premium

    116,817     116,817  

Reserves

    128,421     128,421  

Other

    2,470     2,470  

Attributable to owners of the Company

    247,708     247,708  
       

Non-controlling interest

    75,630     75,630  
       

Total equity

    323,338     323,338  
       

Liabilities

             

Non-current liabilities

             

Borrowings

    350,913     290,913  

Provisions for other long-term liabilities

    31,113     28,209  

Deferred income tax

    27,652     22,885  

Contingent payment

    5,359      

Total non-current liabilities

    415,037     342,007  

Current liabilities

             

Trade and other payable

    127,671     123,386  

Other

    19,279     19,279  

Total current liabilities

    146,950     142,665  

Total liabilities

    561,987     484,672  
       

Total equity and liabilities

    885,325     808,010  
   

 

28


Table of Contents

Pro forma other financial data

   
 
  For the three-month
period ended March 31, 2013
  For the year ended
December 31, 2012
 
 
  (unaudited)
  (unaudited)
 
   

Pro forma Adjusted EBITDA(1)

             

(US$ thousands)

    60,600     168,708  

Pro forma Adjusted EBITDA margin(2)

    58.3%     51.8%  
   

(1)    Pro forma Adjusted EBITDA is Adjusted EBITDA after giving effect to the acquisitions of Winchester, Luna, Cuerva and Rio das Contas. See "Unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data-Note 6" for a reconciliation.

(2)    Pro forma Adjusted EBITDA margin is Adjusted EBITDA after giving effect to the acquisitions of Winchester, Luna, Cuerva and Rio das Contas divided by pro forma net revenue.

 

29


Table of Contents


Summary historical reserves and operating data

Reserves data—Chile

The following table summarizes reserves data for the blocks in Chile in which we have a working interest for the year ended December 31, 2012, which are derived from the D&M Reserves Report, included in this prospectus.

   
 
  For the year ended
December 31, 2012

 
   

Estimated net proved reserves

       

Oil (mmbbl)

    5.3  

Gas (bcf)

    29.6  

Total proved (mmboe)

    10.2  

Proved developed (mmboe)

   
4.2
 

Proved undeveloped (mmboe)

    6.0  

Proved developed reserves as a percentage of total proved reserves

    41%  

Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flow (US$ in thousands)(1)

   
202,449
 
   

(1)    After corporate income taxes but before deducting non-controlling interest.

Reserves data—Colombia

The following table summarizes reserves data for the blocks in Colombia in which we have a working interest for the year ended December 31, 2012, which are derived from the D&M Reserves Report included in this prospectus.

   
 
  For the year ended
December 31, 2012

 
   

Estimated net proved reserves

       

Oil (mmbbl)

    6.6  

Gas (bcf)

     

Total proved (mmboe)

    6.6  

Proved developed (mmboe)

   
2.0
 

Proved undeveloped (mmboe)

    4.6  

Proved developed reserves as a percentage of total proved reserves

    30%  

Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flow (US$ in thousands)(1)

   
133,645
 
   

(1)    After corporate income taxes but before deducting non-controlling interest.

We estimate that Rio das Contas had net proved reserves of 8.0 mmboe at June 30, 2013.

As of December 31, 2012, our reserves-to-production (or reserve life) ratio for net proved reserves in Chile and Colombia was 4.1 years. Our operations in Argentina include no proved reserves.

As a result of our oil and gas production and drilling during 2013, our proved reserves estimates for the year ended December 31, 2013 may change when compared to the estimates as of December 31, 2012. However, we expect that our proved reserves in Chile will remain relatively unchanged, with new proved reserves derived from discoveries offsetting the depletion of our proved reserves through our production

 

30


Table of Contents

throughout the year. In Colombia, we expect that our new discoveries in our blocks in the Llanos Basin will more than offset our production throughout the year.

Operating data

The following table summarizes our operating data as of the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 and for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012.

Our consolidated operating data for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 includes the operating data of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva as of the dates of their respective acquisitions during the first quarter of 2012 and thus is not directly comparable to our operating data for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013. Information relating to our pending Brazil Acquisitions is not included below.

   
 
  For the three-month
period ended March 31,
  For the year ended
December 31,
 
 
  2013
  2012
  2012
  2011
 
   

Net production volumes:

                         

Oil (mbbl)

    943     470     2,513     916  

Gas (mmcf)

    1,590     2,468     8,346     11,135  

Total (mboe)

    1,208     881     3,904     2,771  

Average net production (boepd)

    13,426     9,682     11,292     7,593  

Average realized sales price:

                         

Oil (US$/bbl)(1)

    92.2     96.1     90.5     83.8  

Gas (US$/mcf)(2)

    4.4     4.0     4.0     3.9  

Average realized sales price per boe

    78.0     63.8     69.1     44.6  

Average unit costs per boe:

                         

Production costs

    31.7     22.0     33.1     19.7  

Exploration costs

    6.1     1.5     7.1     3.6  

Administrative costs

    8.0     3.7     7.4     6.6  

Selling expenses

    6.6     2.0     6.3     0.9  
   

(1)    Averaged realized sales price for oil does not include our Argentine blocks because our Argentine operations were not material during such period.

(2)    Averaged realized sales price for gas does not include our Argentine blocks because our Argentine operations were not material during such period.

 

31


Table of Contents


Risk factors

An investment in our common shares involves a high degree of risk. You should consider and read carefully all of the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information contained in this prospectus, including our Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes, the Colombian Acquisitions Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes and the Rio das Contas Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes, each appearing at the end of this prospectus, before deciding to invest in our common shares. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In such case, the trading price of our common shares could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. The risks below are not the only ones facing our Company. Additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also adversely affect us.

For purposes of this section, the indication that a risk, uncertainty or problem may or will have a "material adverse effect on us" or that we may experience a "material adverse effect" means that the risk, uncertainty or problem could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations and/or the market price of our common shares, except as otherwise indicated or as the context may otherwise require. You should view similar expressions in this section as having a similar meaning.

Risks relating to our business

A substantial or extended decline in oil, natural gas and methanol prices may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The prices that we receive for our oil and natural gas production heavily influence our revenues, profitability, access to capital and growth rate. Historically, the markets for oil, natural gas and methanol (which historically have influenced prices for almost all of our Chilean gas sales) have been volatile and will likely continue to be volatile in the future. International oil, natural gas and methanol prices have fluctuated widely in recent years and may continue to do so in the future.

For example, from January 1, 2010 to March 31, 2013, NYMEX WTI crude oil contracts prices ranged from a low of US$64.78 per bbl to a high of US$113.39 per bbl, Henry Hub natural gas average monthly spot prices ranged from a low of US$1.82 per mmbtu to a high of US$7.51 per mmbtu, US Gulf methanol spot barge prices ranged from a low of US$324.61 per metric ton to a high of US$451.86 per metric ton and Brent spot prices ranged from a low of US$67.18 per barrel to a high of US$128.14 per barrel. We have historically not hedged our production to protect against fluctuations.

The prices that we will receive for our production and the levels of our production depend on numerous factors beyond our control. These factors include, but are not limited to the following:

global economic conditions;

changes in global supply and demand for oil, natural gas and methanol;

the actions of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC;

political and economic conditions, including embargoes, in oil-producing countries or affecting other countries;

32


Table of Contents

the level of oil- and natural gas-producing activities, particularly in the Middle East, Africa, Russia, South America and the United States;

the level of global oil and natural gas exploration and production activity;

the level of global oil and natural gas inventories;

the price of methanol;

availability of markets for natural gas;

weather conditions and other natural disasters;

technological advances affecting energy production or consumption;

domestic and foreign governmental laws and regulations, including environmental, health and safety laws and regulations;

proximity and capacity of oil and natural gas pipelines and other transportation facilities;

the price and availability of competitors' supplies of oil and natural gas in captive market areas;

quality discounts for oil production based, among other things, on API and mercury content;

taxes and royalties under relevant laws and the terms of our contracts;

our ability to enter into oil and natural gas sales contracts at fixed prices;

the level of global methanol demand and inventories and changes in the uses of methanol;

the price and availability of alternative fuels; and

future changes to our hedging policies.

Further, oil prices, natural gas and methanol prices do not necessarily fluctuate in direct relationship to each other. For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 and the year ended December 31, 2012, 93.2% and 88.4% of our revenues, respectively, were derived from oil. Giving effect to our pending Rio das Contas acquisition, on a pro forma basis, 81.2% and 90.3% of our revenues would have been derived from oil in the same periods. See "Prospectus summary—Summary unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data" and "Unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data." Because we expect that our production mix will continue to be weighted toward oil, our financial results are more sensitive to movements in oil prices.

We cannot predict future prices. Lower oil and natural gas prices may not only decrease our revenues on a per unit basis, but also may reduce the amount of oil and natural gas that we can produce economically. In addition, changes in oil and gas prices can impact our valuation of reserves and, in periods of sharply lower commodity prices, we may curtail production and capital spending projects or may defer or delay drilling wells because of lower cash flows. A substantial or extended decline in oil or natural gas prices would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

33


Table of Contents

Unless we replace our oil and natural gas reserves, our reserves and production will decline over time. Our business is dependent on our continued successful identification of productive fields and prospects and the identified locations in which we drill in the future may not yield oil or natural gas in commercial quantities.

Production from oil and gas properties declines as reserves are depleted, with the rate of decline depending on reservoir characteristics. Accordingly, our current proved reserves will decline as these reserves are produced. For instance, based on our internal projections, we believe that the daily production in our Colombian blocks will peak in 2014 and decline thereafter, and that the daily production in the Fell Block and the Tierra del Fuego Blocks will peak in 2016 and decline thereafter. As of December 31, 2012, our reserves-to-production (or reserve life) ratio for net proved reserves in Chile and Colombia was 4.1 years. According to estimates included in the D&M Reserves Report, if on January 1, 2013, we had ceased all drilling and development, including recompletions, refracs and workovers, then our proved developed producing reserves base in Chile, Colombia and Argentina would have declined at an annual effective rate of 40% over four years, including 41% during the first year. In Brazil, we believe that daily production in the Manati Field, in which we expect to acquire an interest following the closing of our Rio das Contas acquisition, will peak in March 2017 and decline thereafter.

Our future oil and natural gas reserves and production, and therefore our cash flows and income, are highly dependent on our success in efficiently developing our current reserves and economically finding or acquiring additional recoverable reserves. While we have had success in identifying and developing commercially exploitable deposits and drilling locations in the past, we may be unable to replicate that success in the future. We may not identify any more commercially exploitable deposits or successfully drill, complete or produce more oil or gas reserves, and the wells which we have drilled and currently plan to drill within our blocks or concession areas may not discover or produce any further oil or gas or may not discover or produce additional commercially viable quantities of oil or gas to enable us to continue to operate profitably. If we are unable to replace our current and future production, the value of our reserves will decrease, and our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially adversely affected.

We derive a significant portion of our revenues from sales to a few key customers.

In Chile, all of our crude oil and condensate sales are made to ENAP. For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, sales to ENAP represented 47% of our revenues from oil and 44% of our total revenues. ENAP imports the majority of the oil it refines and partially substitutes those imports with volumes supplied locally by its own operated fields and those operated by us. The initial term of our sales contract with ENAP expired on August 31, 2012, but the contract provides that, unless either we or ENAP provides prior notice of 45 days, the term of the contract is automatically extended every six months, until the expiration of the Fell Block CEOP, which is the earlier of August 24, 2032, or the date on which we cease exploitation of hydrocarbons in the Fell Block. We and ENAP are currently negotiating a new contract for a period of one year, which will be subject to extension in a similar fashion. However, if ENAP were to decrease or cease purchasing oil from us or decide not to renew its contract with us, or if we were unable to renew our contract with ENAP at a lower sales price or at all, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In Colombia, for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, we made 43% of our oil sales to Hocol S.A., or Hocol, a subsidiary of Ecopetrol, 27% to Trenaco and 22% to Gunvor, with Hocol accounting for 21%, Trenaco 13% and Gunvor 11% of our overall revenues for the same period. Our current sales contracts with Hocol, Trenaco and Gunvor are short-term agreements. If any of Hocol, Trenaco or Gunvor were to decrease or cease purchasing oil from us, or if any of them were to decide not to renew their

34


Table of Contents

contracts with us or to renew them at a lower sales price, this could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and financial condition.

In Brazil, pending the closing of our Rio das Contas acquisition, we expect that all of our revenues from the sale of gas in the Manati Field in Brazil will be generated from sales to Petrobras pursuant to a long-term gas off-take contract.

There are inherent risks and uncertainties relating to the exploration and production of oil and natural gas.

Our performance depends on the success of our exploration and production activities and on the existence of the infrastructure that will allow us to take advantage of our oil and gas reserves. Oil and natural gas exploration and production activities are subject to numerous risks beyond our control, including the risk that exploration activities will not identify commercially viable quantities of oil or natural gas. Our decisions to purchase, explore, develop or otherwise exploit prospects or properties will depend in part on the evaluation of seismic and other data obtained through geophysical, geochemical and geological analyses, production data and engineering studies, the results of which are often inconclusive or subject to varying interpretations.

Furthermore, the marketability of any oil and natural gas production from our projects may be affected by numerous factors beyond our control. These factors include, but are not limited to, proximity and capacity of pipelines and other means of transportation, the availability of upgrading and processing facilities, equipment availability and government laws and regulations (including, without limitation, laws and regulations relating to prices, sale restrictions, taxes, governmental stake, allowable production, importing and exporting of oil and natural gas, environmental protection and health and safety). The effect of these factors, individually or jointly, cannot be accurately predicted, but may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There can be no assurance that our drilling programs will produce oil and natural gas in the quantities or at the costs anticipated, or that our currently producing projects will not cease production, in part or entirely. Drilling programs may become uneconomic as a result of an increase in our operating costs or as a result of a decrease in market prices for oil and natural gas. Our actual operating costs or the actual prices we may receive for our oil and natural gas production may differ materially from current estimates. In addition, even if we are able to continue to produce oil and gas, there can be no assurance that we will have the ability to market our oil and gas production. See "—Our inability to access needed equipment and infrastructure in a timely manner may hinder our access to oil and natural gas markets and generate significant incremental costs or delays in our oil and natural gas production" below.

Our identified potential drilling location inventories are scheduled over many years, making them susceptible to uncertainties that could materially alter the occurrence or timing of their drilling.

Our management team has specifically identified and scheduled certain potential drilling locations as an estimation of our future multi-year drilling activities on our existing acreage. As of March 31, 2013, approximately 50 of our specifically identified potential future drilling locations were attributed to proved undeveloped reserves in Chile, Colombia and Argentina. These identified potential drilling locations, including those without proved undeveloped reserves, represent a significant part of our growth strategy. In Brazil, we have not yet conducted seismic surveys in the seven concession areas that we will operate following the execution of the applicable concession agreements, which we expect will occur in August 2013, to allow us to identify any potential drilling locations; however, we expect such agreements to contain a minimum commitment to drill two wells in total in the three years following their execution.

35


Table of Contents

Our ability to drill and develop these identified potential drilling locations depends on a number of factors, including oil and natural gas prices, the availability and cost of capital, drilling and production costs, availability of drilling services and equipment, drilling results, lease expirations, the availability of gathering systems, marketing and transportation constraints, refining capacity, regulatory approvals and other factors. Because of the uncertainty inherent in these factors, there can be no assurance that the numerous potential drilling locations we have identified will ever be drilled or, if they are, that we will be able to produce oil or natural gas from these or any other potential drilling locations.

Our business requires significant capital investment and maintenance expenses, which we may be unable to finance on satisfactory terms or at all.

The oil and natural gas industry is capital intensive and we expect to make substantial capital expenditures in our business and operations for the exploration and production of oil and natural gas reserves. We made US$303.5 million and US$74.8 million of capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2012 and the first three months of 2013, respectively, and we expect to spend a total of approximately US$200 million to US$230 million to drill a total of 35 to 45 wells in 2013, of which we expect to spend approximately 64% and 36% in Chile and Colombia, respectively. In addition, we expect to spend US$140 million to acquire Rio das Contas in 2013. We also expect to make approximately US$5 million in payments to the ANP, relating to the closing of our seven Brazilian concessions.

The actual amount and timing of our future capital expenditures may differ materially from our estimates as a result of, among other things, commodity prices, actual drilling results, the availability of drilling rigs and other equipment and services, and regulatory, technological and competitive developments. In response to improvements in commodity prices, we may increase our actual capital expenditures. We intend to finance our future capital expenditures through cash generated by our operations and potential future financing arrangements. However, our financing needs may require us to alter or increase our capitalization substantially through the issuance of debt or equity securities or the sale of assets.

If our capital requirements vary materially from our current plans, we may require further financing. In addition, we may incur significant financial indebtedness in the future, which may involve restrictions on other financing and operating activities. These changes could cause our cost of doing business to increase, limit our ability to pursue acquisition opportunities, reduce cash flow used for drilling and place us at a competitive disadvantage. A significant reduction in cash flows from operations or the availability of credit could materially adversely affect our ability to achieve our planned growth and operating results.

We are subject to complex laws common to the oil and natural gas industry, which can have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The oil and natural gas industry is subject to extensive regulation and intervention by governments throughout the world, including extensive local, state and federal regulations, in such matters as the award of exploration and production interests, the imposition of specific exploration and drilling obligations, allocation of and restrictions on production, price controls, required divestments of assets and foreign currency controls, and the development and nationalization, expropriation or cancellation of contract rights.

We have been required in the past, and may be required in the future, to make significant expenditures to comply with governmental laws and regulations, including with respect to the following matters:

licenses, permits and other authorizations for drilling operations;
reports concerning operations;

36


Table of Contents

compliance with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations;
drafting and implementing emergency planning;
plugging and abandonment costs; and
taxation.

Under these laws and regulations, we could be liable for, among other things, personal injury, property damage, environmental damage and other types of damage. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may also result in the suspension or termination of our operations and subject us to administrative, civil and criminal penalties. Moreover, these laws and regulations could change in ways that could substantially increase our costs. Any such liabilities, obligations, penalties, suspensions, terminations or regulatory changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

In addition, the terms and conditions of the agreements under which our oil and gas interests are held generally reflect negotiations with governmental authorities and can vary significantly. These agreements take the form of special contracts, concessions, licenses, associations or other types of agreements. Any suspensions, terminations or regulatory changes in respect of these special contracts, concessions, licenses, associations or other types of agreements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Oil and gas operations contain a high degree of risk and we may not be fully insured against all risks we face in our business.

Oil and gas exploration and production is speculative and involves a high degree of risk. In particular, our operations may be disrupted by risks and hazards that are beyond our control and that are common among oil and gas companies, including environmental hazards, blowouts, industrial accidents, occupational safety and health hazards, technical failures, labor disputes, community protests or blockades, unusual or unexpected geological formations, flooding, earthquakes and extended interruptions due to weather conditions, explosions and other accidents. For example, we recently experienced a well control incident in our Chercán 1 well in the Flamenco Block in Chile. While we were able to bring that incident under control without injuries or environmental damage, there can be no assurance that we will not experience similar or more serious incidents in the future, which could result in damage to, or destruction of, wells or production facilities, personal injury, environmental damage, business interruption, financial losses and legal liability.

While we believe that we maintain customary insurance coverage for companies engaged in similar operations, we are not fully insured against all risks in our business. In addition, insurance that we do and may carry may contain significant exclusions from and limitations on coverage. We may elect not to obtain certain non-mandatory types of insurance if we believe that the cost of available insurance is excessive relative to the risks presented. The occurrence of a significant event or a series of events against which we are not fully insured and any losses or liabilities arising from uninsured or underinsured events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The development schedule of oil and natural gas projects is subject to cost overruns and delays.

Oil and natural gas projects may experience capital cost increases and overruns due to, among other factors, the unavailability or high cost of drilling rigs and other essential equipment, supplies, personnel and oil field services. The cost to execute projects may not be properly established and remains dependent upon a number of factors, including the completion of detailed cost estimates and final engineering,

37


Table of Contents

contracting and procurement costs. Development of projects may be materially adversely affected by one or more of the following factors:

shortages of equipment, materials and labor;

fluctuations in the prices of construction materials;

delays in delivery of equipment and materials;

labor disputes;

political events;

title problems;

obtaining easements and rights of way;

blockades or embargoes;

litigation;

compliance with governmental laws and regulations, including environmental, health and safety laws and regulations;

adverse weather conditions;

unanticipated increases in costs;

natural disasters;

accidents;

transportation;

unforeseen engineering and drilling complications;

environmental or geological uncertainties; and

other unforeseen circumstances.

Any of these events or other unanticipated events could give rise to delays in development and completion of our projects and cost overruns.

For example, the drilling and completion cost for the exploratory well Max x-1 in our Llanos 34 Block in Colombia was originally budgeted at US$9.7 million, but the actual cost of completion was approximately US$12.3 million, mainly due to the need for a side-track of the well after mechanical problems arose during the final phase of drilling.

Delays in the construction and commissioning of projects or other technical difficulties may result in future projected target dates for production being delayed or further capital expenditures being required. These projects may often require the use of new and advanced technologies, which can be expensive to develop, purchase and implement and may not function as expected. Such uncertainties and operating risks associated with development projects could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

38


Table of Contents

Competition in the oil and natural gas industry is intense, which makes it difficult for us to acquire properties and prospects, market oil and natural gas and secure trained personnel.

We compete with the major oil and gas companies engaged in the exploration and production sector, including state-owned exploration and production companies that possess substantially greater financial and other resources than we do for researching and developing exploration and production technologies, access to markets and equipment and labor and capital required to acquire, develop and operate our properties. We also compete for the acquisition of licenses and properties in the countries in which we operate.

Our competitors may be able to pay more for productive oil and natural gas properties and exploratory prospects and to evaluate, bid for and purchase a greater number of properties and prospects than our financial or personnel resources permit. Our competitors may also be able to offer better compensation packages to attract and retain qualified personnel than we are able to offer. In addition, there is substantial competition for capital available for investment in the oil and natural gas industry. As a result of each of the foregoing, we may not be able to compete successfully in the future in acquiring prospective reserves, developing reserves, marketing hydrocarbons, attracting and retaining quality personnel or raising additional capital, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. See "Business—Our competition."

In Chile, we partner with and sell to, and may from time to time compete with, ENAP and, to a lesser extent, some companies with operations in Argentina mentioned below. In Colombia, we partner with and sell to, and may from time to time compete with, Ecopetrol, as well as with privately-owned companies such as Pacific Rubiales, Gran Tierra, Petrominerales, Parex and Canacol, among others. In Brazil, we expect to partner with and sell to, and may from time to time compete with, Petrobras, as well as with privately-owned companies such as OGX, HRT, QGEP, Brasoil and some of the Colombian companies mentioned above, which have entered into Brazil, among others. In Argentina, we compete for resources with YPF, as well as with privately-owned companies such as Pan American Energy, Pluspetrol, Tecpetrol, Chevron, Wintershall, Total, Sinopec, and others.

Our estimated oil and gas reserves are based on assumptions that may prove inaccurate.

Our oil and gas reserves estimates in Chile, Colombia and Argentina are based on reports that were prepared by D&M as of December 31, 2012. Although classified as "proved reserves," the reserves estimates set forth in the D&M Reserves Report are based on certain assumptions that may prove inaccurate. D&M's primary economic assumptions in estimates included oil and gas sales prices determined according to SEC guidelines, future expenditures and other economic assumptions (including interests, royalties and taxes) as provided by us.

Our oil and gas reserves estimates in Brazil are not based on the analysis or report of any independent engineer but are based on our own internal estimates, which have not been separately validated. These estimates are also based in part on certain assumptions that may prove inaccurate. This includes the assumption that the gas compression facility for the Manati Field will be constructed in 2014. Oil and gas reserves engineering is a subjective process of estimating accumulations of oil and gas that cannot be measured in an exact way, and estimates of other engineers may differ materially from those set out herein. Numerous assumptions and uncertainties are inherent in estimating quantities of proved oil and gas reserves, including projecting future rates of production, timing and amounts of development expenditures and prices of oil and gas, many of which are beyond our control. Results of drilling, testing and production after the date of the estimate may require revisions to be made. For example, if we are unable to sell our oil and gas to customers, this may impact the estimate of our oil and gas reserves. Accordingly, reserves

39


Table of Contents

estimates are often materially different from the quantities of oil and gas that are ultimately recovered, and if such recovered quantities are substantially lower that the initial reserves estimates, this could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our inability to access needed equipment and infrastructure in a timely manner may hinder our access to oil and natural gas markets and generate significant incremental costs or delays in our oil and natural gas production.

Our ability to market our oil and natural gas production depends substantially on the availability and capacity of processing facilities, oil tankers, transportation facilities (such as pipelines, crude oil unloading stations and trucks) and other necessary infrastructure, which may be owned and operated by third parties. Our failure to obtain such facilities on acceptable terms or on a timely basis could materially harm our business. We may be required to shut in oil and gas wells because access to transportation or processing facilities may be limited or unavailable when needed. If that were to occur, then we would be unable to realize revenue from those wells until arrangements were made to deliver the production to market, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the shutting in of wells can lead to mechanical problems upon bringing the production back on line, potentially resulting in decreased production and increased remediation costs. The exploitation and sale of oil and natural gas and liquids will also be subject to timely commercial processing and marketing of these products, which depends on the contracting, financing, building and operating of infrastructure by third parties.

In Chile, we transport the crude oil we produce in the Fell Block by truck to ENAP's processing, storage and selling facilities at the Gregorio Refinery. ENAP currently purchases all of the crude oil we produce in Chile. We rely upon the continued good condition, maintenance and accessibility of the roads we use to deliver the crude oil we produce. If the condition of these roads were to deteriorate or if they were to become inaccessible for any period of time, this could delay delivery of crude oil in Chile and materially harm our business. For example, in January 2011, social and labor unrest resulted in the roads to the Gregorio Refinery being closed for two days, and we were unable to deliver crude oil to ENAP.

In the future, once production begins in the Tierra del Fuego Blocks, we will temporarily depend on the existence of continuous ferry service to be able to transport crude oil from the island of Tierra del Fuego to the mainland. Ferry service may be adversely affected by weather conditions, in particular by certain combinations of strong winds and tidal currents that may occur, which may adversely affect our ability to deliver the crude oil we produce in Tierra del Fuego. In the Fell Block, we depend on ENAP-owned gas pipelines to deliver the gas we produce to Methanex, the sole purchaser of the gas we produce in Chile. If ENAP's pipelines were unavailable, this could have a materially adverse effect on our ability to deliver and sell our product to Methanex, which could have a material adverse effect on our gas sales. In addition, gas production in some areas in the Tierra del Fuego Blocks and the Otway and Tranquilo Blocks could require us to build a new network of gas pipelines in order for us to be able to deliver our product to market, which could require us to make significant capital investments.

In Colombia, producers of crude oil have suffered from tanker transportation feasibility issues and limited storage capacity, which cause delays in delivery and transfer of title of crude oil. Such capacity issues in Colombia may require us to transport crude from our Colombian operations via truck, which may increase the costs of those operations. Road infrastructure is limited in certain areas in which we operate, and there are communities that consistently oppose trucking of crude oil due to trucking's impact on roads and municipalities, which can sometimes interfere with our operations in these areas.

40


Table of Contents

While Brazil has a well-developed network of hydrocarbon pipelines, storage and loading facilities, we may not be able to access these facilities when needed. Pipeline facilities in Brazil are often full and seasonal capacity restrictions may occur, particularly in natural gas pipelines. Our failure to secure transportation or access to pipelines or other facilities once we commence operations in the seven concessions we expect to be awarded in Brazil on acceptable terms or on a timely basis could materially harm our business.

Our use of seismic data is subject to interpretation and may not accurately identify the presence of oil and natural gas.

Even when properly used and interpreted, seismic data and visualization techniques are tools only used to assist geoscientists in identifying subsurface structures as well as eventual hydrocarbon indicators, and do not enable the interpreter to know whether hydrocarbons are, in fact, present in those structures. In addition, the use of seismic and other advanced technologies requires greater pre-drilling expenditures than traditional drilling strategies, and we could incur losses as a result of these expenditures. Because of these uncertainties associated with our use of seismic data, some of our drilling activities may not be successful or economically viable, and our overall drilling success rate or our drilling success rate for activities in a particular area could decline, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Through our Rio das Contas acquisition, we will begin to face operational risks relating to offshore drilling that we have not faced in the past.

To date, we have operated solely as an onshore oil and gas exploration and production company. However, our operations in the Manati Field in Brazil, which we expect to commence following the closing of our Rio das Contas acquisition, will include shallow offshore drilling activity in two concession areas in the Caramú-Almada Basin, which we expect will be operated by Petrobras.

Offshore operations are subject to a variety of operating risks and laws and regulations, including among other things, with respect to environmental, health and safety matters, specific to the marine environment, such as capsizing, collisions and damage or loss from hurricanes or other adverse weather conditions. These conditions can cause substantial damage to facilities and interrupt production. As a result, we could incur substantial liabilities, compliance costs, fines or penalties that could reduce or eliminate the funds available for exploration, development or leasehold acquisitions, or result in loss of equipment and properties. For example, the Manati Field has been subject to administrative infraction notices, which have resulted in fines against Petrobras in an aggregate amount of US$12.5 million, all of which are pending a final decision of the Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Natural Renewable Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio-Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis), or IBAMA. Although the administrative fines were filed against Petrobras, as a party to the concession agreement governing the Manati Field, Rio das Contas may be liable up to its participation interest of 10%. See "Business—Health, safety and environmental matters—Other regulation of the oil and gas industry—Brazil."

Additionally, offshore drilling generally requires more time and more advanced drilling technologies, involving a higher risk of technological failure and usually higher drilling costs. Offshore projects often lack proximity to the physical and oilfield service infrastructure, necessitating significant capital investment in flow line infrastructure before we can market the associated oil or gas of a commercial discovery, increasing both the financial and operational risk involved with these operations. Because of the lack and high cost of infrastructure, some offshore reserve discoveries may never be produced economically.

Further, because we will not be the operator of our offshore drilling fields, all of these risks may be heightened since they are outside of our control. Following the closing of our Rio das Contas acquisition, we will obtain a 10% interest in the Manati Field which limits our operating flexibility in such offshore

41


Table of Contents

fields. See "—We are not, and may not be in the future, the sole owner or operator of all of our licensed areas and do not, and may not in the future, hold all of the working interests in certain of our licensed areas. Therefore, we may not be able to control the timing of exploration or development efforts, associated costs, or the rate of production of any non-operated and to an extent, any non-wholly owned, assets."

We may suffer delays or incremental costs due to difficulties in the negotiations with landowners and local communities where our reserves are located.

Access to the sites where we operate require agreements (including, for example, assessments, rights of way and access authorizations) with the landowners and local communities. If we are unable to negotiate agreements with landowners, we may have to go to court to obtain access to the sites of our operations, which may delay the progress of our operations at such sites. In Chile, for example, we have negotiated the necessary agreements for many of our current operations in the Magallanes Basin. In the Tierra del Fuego Blocks, although we have successfully negotiated access to our sites, any future disputes with landowners or court proceedings may delay our operations in Tierra del Fuego. In Colombia, although we have agreements with many landowners, the economic expectations of the landowners have recently increased. In addition, local communities in the Llanos Basin in Colombia have recently requested several oil and gas companies, including ourselves, to invest in remediating and improving access roads and have asked us to compensate them for any damages related to our use of such roads. We are also subject to road blockages relating to our conflicts with landowners in Colombia.

In Brazil, in the event that recent social unrest continues or intensifies, this may lead to delays or damages relating to our operations.

There can be no assurance that disputes with landowners and local communities will not delay our operations or that any agreements we reach with such landowners and local communities in the future will not require us to incur additional costs, thereby materially adversely affecting our business, financial condition and results of operations. Local communities may also protest or take actions that restrict or cause their elected government to restrict our access to the sites of our operations, which may have a material adverse effect on our operations at such sites.

Under the terms of some of our various CEOPs, E&P Contracts and concession agreements, we are obligated to drill wells, declare any discoveries and file periodic reports in order to retain our rights and establish development areas. Failure to meet these obligations may result in the loss of our interests in the undeveloped parts of our blocks or concession areas.

In order to protect our exploration and production rights in our license areas, we must meet various drilling and declaration requirements. In general, unless we make and declare discoveries within certain time periods specified in our various CEOPs, Exploration & Production Contracts, or E&P Contracts, and concession agreements, our interests in the undeveloped parts of our license areas may lapse. Should the prospects we have identified under these contracts and agreements yield discoveries, we may face delays in drilling these prospects or be required to relinquish these prospects. The costs to maintain or operate the CEOPs, E&P Contracts and concession agreements over such areas may fluctuate and may increase significantly, and we may not be able to meet our commitments under such contracts and agreements on commercially reasonable terms or at all, which may force us to forfeit our interests in such areas. For example, on January 17, 2013, we voluntarily and formally announced to the Chilean Ministry of Energy our decision not to proceed with the second exploration period and to terminate the exploration phase under the Tranquilo Block CEOP, such that we will have to relinquish all areas of the Tranquilo Block, except for an area of 92,417 gross acres, where we declared four hydrocarbons discoveries. Additionally, on April 10,

42


Table of Contents

2013, we voluntarily and formally announced to the Chilean Ministry of Energy our decision not to proceed with the second exploratory period and to terminate the exploration phase under the Otway Block CEOP, such that we will have to relinquish all areas of the Otway Block, except for two areas totaling 49,421 gross acres in which we have declared hydrocarbons discoveries. See "Business—Our operations—Operations in Argentina—Del Mosquito Block" and "Business—Our operations—Operations in Chile—Otway and Tranquilo Blocks."

For additional detail regarding the status of our operations with respect to our various special contracts and concession agreements, see "Business—Our operations."

A significant amount of our reserves and production have been derived from our operations in one block, the Fell Block.

For the year ended December 31, 2012, the Fell Block contained 61% of our net proved reserves and generated 69% of our total production. While the acquisitions of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva in Colombia and our expansion into Brazil mean that the Fell Block is a less significant component of our overall business than it has been in the past, we nonetheless expect that the Fell Block will continue to be responsible for a significant portion of our reserves and production. In the three months ended March 31, 2013, the Fell Block still generated approximately 63% of our total production. Any government intervention, impairment or disruption of our production due to factors outside of our control or any other material adverse event in our operations in the Fell Block would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our contracts in obtaining rights to explore and develop oil and natural gas reserves are subject to contractual expiration dates and operating conditions, and our CEOPs, E&P Contracts and concession agreements are subject to early termination in certain circumstances.

Under certain of the CEOPs, E&P Contracts and concession agreements to which we are or may in the future become parties, we are or may become subject to guarantees to perform our commitments and/or to make payment for other obligations, and we may not be able to obtain financing for all such obligations as they arise. If such obligations are not complied with when due, in addition to any other remedies that may be available to other parties, this could result in cancelation of our CEOPs, E&P Contracts and concession agreements or dilution or forfeiture of interests held by us. As of March 31, 2013, giving effect to our Brazil Acquisitions, the aggregate outstanding amount of this potential liability for guarantees was approximately US$109 million, mainly relating to guarantees of our minimum work program for the Tierra del Fuego Blocks and, to a significantly lesser extent, our minimum work programs for the eight Brazilian concession areas.

Additionally, certain of the CEOPs, E&P Contracts and concession agreements to which we are or may in the future become a party are subject to set expiration dates. Although we may want to extend some of these contracts beyond their original expiration dates, there is no assurance that we can do so, or that if we can do so, that we could extend them on terms that are acceptable to us.

In particular, in Chile, our CEOPs provide for early termination by Chile in certain circumstances, depending upon the phase of the CEOP. For example, in the Fell Block, we are in the exploitation phase, and pursuant to the Fell Block CEOP, Chile may terminate the CEOP if (i) we stop performing any of the substantial obligations assumed under the Fell Block CEOP without cause and do not cure such nonperformance pursuant to the terms of the concession, following notice of breach from the Chilean Ministry of Energy or (ii) our oil activities are interrupted for more than three years due to force majeure circumstances (as defined in the Fell Block CEOP) occurring outside Chile. If the Fell Block CEOP is terminated in the

43


Table of Contents

exploitation phase, we will have to transfer to Chile, free of charge, any productive wells and related facilities, provided that such transfer does not interfere with our abandonment obligations and excluding certain pipelines and other assets. See "Business—Significant agreements—Chile—CEOPs—Fell Block CEOP." If the CEOP is terminated early due to a breach of our obligations, we may not be entitled to any compensation. Additionally, our CEOPs for the Tierra del Fuego Blocks, which are in the exploration phase, may be subject to early termination during this phase under various circumstances, which include a failure by us to comply with minimum work commitments at the termination of any exploration period, or a failure to communicate our intention to proceed with the next exploration period 30 days prior to its termination, a failure to provide the Chilean Ministry of Energy the performance bonds required under the CEOP, a voluntary relinquishment by us of all areas under the CEOP, a failure by us to meet the requirements to enter into the exploitation phase upon the termination of the exploration phase, permanent suspension by us of all operations in the CEOP area or our declaration of bankruptcy. If the Tierra del Fuego Block CEOPs are terminated within the exploration phase, we are released from all obligations under the CEOPs, except for obligations regarding the abandonment of fields, if any. See "Business—Significant agreements—Chile—CEOPs." There can be no assurance that the early termination of any of our CEOPs would not have a material adverse effect on us.

In addition, according to the Chilean Constitution, the State of Chile is entitled to expropriate our rights in our CEOPs by reasons of public interest. Although the State of Chile would be required to indemnify us for such expropriation, there can be no assurance that any such indemnification will be paid in a timely manner or in an amount sufficient to cover the harm to our business caused by such expropriation.

In Colombia, our E&P Contracts may be subject to early termination for a breach by the parties, a default declaration, application of any of the contracts' unilateral termination clauses, or pursuant to termination clauses mandated by Colombian law. Anticipated termination declared by the ANH results in the immediate enforcement of monetary guaranties against us and may result in an action for damages by the ANH and/or a restriction on our ability to engage in contracts with the Colombian government during a certain period of time. See "Business—Significant agreements—Colombia—E&P Contracts."

In Brazil, concession agreements generally may be renewed, at the ANP's discretion, for an additional period equivalent to the original concession period provided that a renewal request is made at least 12 months prior to the termination of the concession agreement and there has not been a breach of the terms of the concession agreement. Our concession agreements are expected to provide for early termination in the event of: (i) government expropriation for reasons of public interest; (ii) revocation of the concession pursuant the terms of the concession agreement; or (iii) failure by us or our partners to fulfill all of our respective obligations under the concession agreement (subject to a cure period). Administrative or monetary sanctions may also be applicable, as determined by the ANP, which shall be imposed based on applicable law and regulations. In the event of early termination of a concession agreement, the compensation to which we are entitled may not be sufficient to compensate us for the full value of our assets. Moreover, in the event of early termination of any concession agreement due to failure to fulfill obligations thereunder, we may be subject to fines and/or other penalties.

Early termination or nonrenewal of any CEOP, E&P Contract or concession agreement could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial situation or results of operations.

We sell all of our natural gas in Chile to a single customer, who has temporarily idled its principal facility.

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, all of our natural gas sales in Chile were made to Methanex under a long-term contract, which we refer to as the Methanex Gas Supply Agreement, which

44


Table of Contents

expires on April 30, 2017. Sales to Methanex represented 7% of our total revenues for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013. Methanex also buys gas from ENAP and a consortium that Methanex has formed with ENAP. While our contract with Methanex requires it to purchase the entirety of our production of natural gas from the Fell Block, because we currently have no arrangements in place to sell natural gas production from the Fell Block to other clients, if Methanex were to decrease or cease its purchase of gas from us, this would have a material adverse effect on our revenues derived from the sale of gas. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to extend or renew our contract with Methanex past April 30, 2017, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Methanex has three methanol producing facilities at its Cabo Negro production facility, near the city of Punta Arenas in southern Chile. However, when Argentine natural gas producers cut off exports to Chile in 2007, Methanex had to stop production at all but one of these facilities, and began to rely completely on local suppliers of natural gas, including ENAP, for its operations. Since 2009, however, the amount of natural gas that ENAP has been able to provide to Methanex has been decreasing, as ENAP has given priority to providing natural gas to the city of Punta Arenas. Although we sell all the natural gas we produce in the Fell Block to Methanex, and supplied approximately 50% of all the natural gas consumed by Methanex before the idling of its plant in April 2013, we alone cannot supply Methanex with all the natural gas it requires for its operations.

The plant was idled due to an anticipated insufficient supply of natural gas to its plant. The supply of natural gas was expected to decrease during the winter months of 2013 due to the increase in seasonal gas demand from the city of Punta Arenas, which is 100% supplied by ENAP, and to which ENAP gave priority. Methanex has continued to purchase from us the volume of gas required by Methanex for the plant's operation during the idling, and we are negotiating with Methanex an amendment to the Methanex Gas Supply Agreement, pursuant to which Methanex would pay us a premium over the current gas price for deliveries at or exceeding certain volumes of gas, in the six months immediately following Methanex's startup, which is expected to occur during the second half of 2013. Methanex has also committed to making investments aimed at lowering its plant's minimum gas requirements during the idling, so that the plant will be able to function with 21.2 mcfpd of gas when it resumes operations.

However, there can be no assurance that Methanex will resume operations during the second half of 2013, that it will continue to purchase the committed volume of gas from us, that the amendment to the Methanex agreement will be signed or that its efforts to reduce the risk of future shutdowns will be successful, which could have a material adverse effect on our gas revenues. Additionally, there can be no assurance that Methanex will have sufficient supplies of gas to operate its plant and continue to purchase our gas products. If Methanex were to cease purchasing from us, there can be no assurance that we would be able to sell our gas production to parties other than Methanex, or, if we were able to do so, that such sales would be at a similar price or on similar terms, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

We may not be able to meet delivery requirements under the agreement for the sale of our natural gas in Chile.

Under the Methanex Gas Supply Agreement, Methanex has committed to purchasing, and we have committed to selling, all of the gas that we produce in the Fell Block (subject to certain exceptions, including reasonable quantities required to maintain our operations and quantities that we might be required to pay in kind to Chile), with a minimum volume commitment that is defined by us on an annual basis. The agreement contains monthly deliver-or-pay, or DOP, obligations, which require us to deliver in a given month the minimum gas committed for that month or pay a deficiency penalty to Methanex, with a threshold of 90% of the committed quantities of gas. The agreement also contains monthly take-or-pay, or

45


Table of Contents

TOP, obligations, which require Methanex to take in a given month the minimum gas committed for that month or face higher TOP obligations in later months, with a threshold of 90% of the committed quantities of gas. These DOP and TOP obligations are subject to make-up provisions without penalty, for any delivery or off-take deficiencies in the three months following the month where delivery or off-take requirements were not met. We failed to meet our delivery requirements under the Methanex Gas Supply Agreement for each of the months of April through September of 2012, and could not recover with make-up gas deliveries. Due to this, we accrued US$1.7 million in DOP payments owed to Methanex under the agreement, all of which had been paid as of June 30, 2013. There can be no assurance that we or Methanex will be able to meet our respective DOP and TOP obligations under the Methanex Gas Supply Agreement or that we will not incur additional deficiency penalties, in the future.

We are not, and may not be in the future, the sole owner or operator of all of our licensed areas and do not, and may not in the future, hold all of the working interests in certain of our licensed areas. Therefore, we may not be able to control the timing of exploration or development efforts, associated costs, or the rate of production of any non-operated and, to an extent, any non-wholly owned, assets.

As of the date of this prospectus, we are not the sole owner or operator of the Llanos 17, Llanos 32 and Jagüeyes 3432 A Blocks in Colombia, which represented 1% of our total production as of March 31, 2013. In Brazil, following the closing of our Rio das Contas acquisition, we will not be the sole owner or operator of the BCAM-40 Concession, which represented approximately 25% of our total production for the three months ended March 31, 2013 (on a pro forma basis). Following this acquisition, we will not be the sole owner or operator of approximately 25.7% of our total production on a pro forma basis as of March 31, 2013.

In addition, the terms of the joint venture agreements or association agreements governing our other partners' interests in almost all of the blocks that are not wholly-owned or operated by us require that certain actions be approved by supermajority vote. The terms of our other current or future license or venture agreements may require at least the majority of working interests to approve certain actions. As a result, we may have limited ability to exercise influence over operations or prospects in the blocks operated by our partners, or in blocks that are not wholly owned or operated by us. A breach of contractual obligations by our partners who are the operators of such blocks could eventually affect our rights in exploration and production contracts in our blocks in Colombia. Our dependence on our partners could prevent us from realizing our target returns for those discoveries or prospects.

Moreover, as we are not the sole owner or operator of all of our properties, we may not be able to control the timing of exploration or development activities or the amount of capital expenditures and may therefore not be able to carry out our key business strategies of minimizing the cycle time between discovery and initial production at such properties. The success and timing of exploration and development activities operated by our partners will depend on a number of factors that will be largely outside of our control, including:

the timing and amount of capital expenditures;
the operator's expertise and financial resources;
approval of other block partners in drilling wells;
the scheduling, pre-design, planning, design and approvals of activities and processes;
selection of technology; and
the rate of production of reserves, if any.

This limited ability to exercise control over the operations on some of our license areas may cause a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

46


Table of Contents

LGI, our strategic partner in Chile and Colombia, may sell its interest in our Chilean and Colombian operations to a third party or may not consent to our taking certain actions.

We have a strategic partnership with LGI, which has a 20% equity interest in GeoPark Chile, a 14% direct equity interest in GeoPark TdF (31.2% taking into account direct and indirect participation through GeoPark Chile) and a 20% equity interest in GeoPark Colombia. Our shareholders' agreements with LGI in each of Chile and Colombia provides that we have a right of first offer if LGI decides to sell any of its interest in GeoPark Chile or GeoPark Colombia, respectively. There can be no assurance, however, that we will have the funds to purchase LGI's interest in Chile and/or Colombia and that LGI will not decide to sell its shares to a third party whose interests may not be aligned with ours.

In addition, our shareholders' agreements with LGI in Chile and Colombia contain provisions that require GeoPark Chile and GeoPark Colombia to obtain LGI's consent before undertaking certain actions. For example, under the terms of the shareholders' agreement with LGI in Colombia, LGI must approve GeoPark Colombia's annual budget and work programs and mechanisms for funding any such budget or program, the entering into any borrowings other than those provided in an approved budget or incurred in the ordinary course of business to finance working capital needs, the granting of any guarantee or indemnity to secure liabilities of parties other than those of our Colombian subsidiaries and disposing of any material assets other than those provided for in an approved budget and work program. Our inability to obtain LGI's consent or a delay by LGI in granting its consent may restrict or delay the ability of GeoPark Chile or GeoPark Colombia to take certain actions, which may have an adverse effect on our operations in such countries and on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, pursuant to our agreements with LGI in Chile and Colombia, we and LGI have agreed to vote our shares or otherwise cause GeoPark Chile, GeoPark TdF and GeoPark Colombia, as the case may be, to declare dividends only after allowing for retentions to meet anticipated future investments, costs and obligations, and certain other requirements. Any such inability to obtain a needed consent from LGI, or delays in receiving any such consents, may have an adverse effect on our operations in such countries and our business generally.

Acquisitions that we have completed and any future acquisitions, strategic investments, partnerships or alliances could be difficult to integrate and/or identify, divert the attention of key management personnel, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and adversely affect our financial results, including impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets.

One of our principal business strategies includes acquisitions of reserves, properties, prospects and leaseholds and other strategic transactions, including in jurisdictions in which we do not currently operate. The successful acquisition and integration of producing properties, including our recent acquisitions of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva in Colombia and our pending Brazil Acquisitions, requires an assessment of several factors, including:

recoverable reserves;
future oil and natural gas prices;
development and operating costs; and
potential environmental and other liabilities.

The accuracy of these assessments is inherently uncertain. In connection with these assessments, we perform a review of the subject properties that we believe to be generally consistent with industry practices. Our review and the review of advisors and independent reserves engineers will not reveal all existing or potential problems nor will it permit us or them to become sufficiently familiar with the properties to fully assess their deficiencies and potential recoverable reserves. Inspections may not always be performed on every well, and environmental conditions are not necessarily observable even when an

47


Table of Contents

inspection is undertaken. We, advisors or independent reserves engineers may apply different assumptions when assessing the same field. Even when problems are identified, the seller may be unwilling or unable to provide effective contractual protection against all or part of the problems. We often are not entitled to contractual indemnification for environmental liabilities and acquire properties on an "as is" basis. Even in those circumstances in which we have contractual indemnification rights for pre-closing liabilities, it remains possible that the seller will not be able to fulfill its contractual obligations. There can be no assurance that problems related to the assets or management of the companies and operations we have acquired, such as in Colombia, and expect to acquire in Brazil, or other companies or operations we may acquire in future, will not arise in future, and these problems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Significant acquisitions and other strategic transactions may involve other risks, including:

diversion of our management's attention to evaluating, negotiating and integrating significant acquisitions and strategic transactions;

challenge and cost of integrating acquired operations, information management and other technology systems and business cultures with those of ours while carrying on our ongoing business;

contingencies and liabilities that could not be or were not identified during the due diligence process, including with respect to possible deficiencies in the internal controls of the acquired operations; and

challenge of attracting and retaining personnel associated with acquired operations.

If we fail to realize the benefits we anticipate from an acquisition, our results of operations may be adversely affected.

It is also possible that we may not identify suitable acquisition, strategic investment or partnership or alliance candidates. Our inability to identify suitable acquisition targets, strategic investments, partners or alliances, or our inability to complete such transactions, may negatively affect our competitiveness and growth prospects. Moreover, if we fail to properly evaluate acquisitions, alliances or investments, we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of any such transaction and we may incur costs in excess of what we anticipate.

Future acquisitions financed with our own cash could deplete the cash and working capital available to adequately fund our operations. We may also finance future transactions through debt financing, the issuance of our equity securities, existing cash, cash equivalents or investments, or a combination of the foregoing. Acquisitions financed with the issuance of our equity securities could be dilutive, which could affect the market price of our stock. Acquisitions financed with debt could require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow to principal and interest payments and could subject us to restrictive covenants.

The present value of future net revenues from our proved reserves will not necessarily be the same as the current market value of our estimated oil and natural gas reserves.

You should not assume that the present value of future net revenues from our proved reserves is the current market value of our estimated oil and natural gas reserves. For the year ended December 31, 2012, we have based the estimated discounted future net revenues from our proved reserves on the 12-month

48


Table of Contents

unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of-the-month price for the preceding 12 months. Actual future net revenues from our oil and natural gas properties will be affected by factors such as:

actual prices we receive for oil and natural gas;
actual cost of development and production expenditures;
the amount and timing of actual production; and
changes in governmental regulations, taxation or the taxation stabilization guarantees in our CEOPs.

The timing of both our production and our incurrence of expenses in connection with the development and production of oil and natural gas properties will affect the timing and amount of actual future net revenues from proved reserves, and thus their actual value. In addition, the 10% discount factor we use when calculating discounted future net revenues may not be the most appropriate discount factor based on interest rates in effect from time to time and risks associated with us or the oil and natural gas industry in general.

The development of our proved undeveloped reserves may take longer and may require higher levels of capital expenditures than we currently anticipate. Therefore, our proved undeveloped reserves ultimately may not be developed or produced.

As of December 31, 2012, only approximately 37% of our net proved reserves have been developed. Development of our undeveloped reserves may take longer and require higher levels of capital expenditures than we currently anticipate. Additionally, delays in the development of our reserves or increases in costs to drill and develop such reserves will reduce the Standardized Measure value of our estimated proved undeveloped reserves and future net revenues estimated for such reserves, and may result in some projects becoming uneconomic, causing us to have to reclassify our proved reserves as probable reserves and our probable reserves as possible reserves. For example, in Argentina, although we had production in the blocks in which we have a working interest, D&M determined that there were no reserves in these blocks as of December 31, 2012. This was due to the uneconomic status of the reserves, given the proximity to the end of the concessions for these blocks, which does not allow for future capital investment in the blocks. There can be no assurance that we will not experience similar delays or increases in costs to drill and develop our reserves in the future, which could result in further reclassifications of our reserves.

We are exposed to the credit risks of our customers and any material nonpayment or nonperformance by our key customers could adversely affect our cash flow and results of operations.

Our customers may experience financial problems that could have a significant negative effect on their creditworthiness. Severe financial problems encountered by our customers could limit our ability to collect amounts owed to us, or to enforce the performance of obligations owed to us under contractual arrangements.

The combination of declining cash flows as a result of declines in commodity prices, a reduction in borrowing bases under reserves-based credit facilities and the lack of availability of debt or equity financing may result in a significant reduction of our customers' liquidity and limit their ability to make payments or perform on their obligations to us.

Furthermore, some of our customers may be highly leveraged, and, in any event, are subject to their own operating expenses. Therefore, the risk we face in doing business with these customers may increase. Other customers may also be subject to regulatory changes, which could increase the risk of defaulting on their obligations to us. Financial problems experienced by our customers could result in the impairment of

49


Table of Contents

our assets, a decrease in our operating cash flows and may also reduce or curtail our customers' future use of our products and services, which may have an adverse effect on our revenues and may lead to a reduction in reserves.

We may not have the capital to develop our unconventional oil and gas resources.

We have identified opportunities for analyzing the potential of unconventional oil and gas resources in some of our blocks in Chile, Colombia and Argentina. Our ability to develop this potential depends on a number of factors, including the availability of capital, seasonal conditions, regulatory approvals, negotiation of agreements with third parties, commodity prices, costs, access to and availability of equipment, services and personnel and drilling results. In addition, as we have no previous experience in drilling and exploiting unconventional oil and gas resources, the drilling and exploitation of such unconventional oil and gas resources depends on our ability to acquire the necessary technology, to hire personnel and other support needed for extraction or to obtain financing and venture partners to develop such activities. Because of these uncertainties, we cannot give any assurance as to the timing of these activities, or that they will ultimately result in the realization of proved reserves or meet our expectations for success.

Our operations are subject to operating hazards, including extreme weather events, which could expose us to potentially significant losses.

Our operations are subject to potential operating hazards, extreme weather conditions and risks inherent to drilling activities, seismic registration, exploration, production, development and transportation and storage of crude oil, such as explosions, fires, car and truck accidents, floods, labor disputes, social unrest, community protests or blockades, guerilla attacks, security breaches, pipeline ruptures and spills and mechanical failure of equipment at our or third party facilities. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our exploration and production operations, or disrupt transportation or other process-related services provided by our third party contractors.

We are highly dependent on certain members of our management and technical team, including our geologists and geophysicists, and on our ability to hire and retain new qualified personnel.

The ability, expertise, judgment and discretion of our management and our technical and engineering teams are key in discovering and developing oil and natural gas resources. Our performance and success are dependent to a large extent upon key members of our management and exploration team, and their loss or departure would be detrimental to our future success. In addition, our ability to manage our anticipated growth depends on our ability to recruit and retain qualified personnel. Our ability to retain our employees is influenced by the economic environment and the remote locations of our exploration blocks, which may enhance competition for human resources where we conduct our activities, thereby increasing our turnover rate. There is strong ongoing competition in our industry to hire employees in operational, technical and other areas, and the supply of qualified employees is limited in the regions where we operate and throughout South America generally. The loss of any of our executive officers or other key employees of our technical team or our inability to hire and retain new qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on us.

50


Table of Contents

Unfavorable credit and market conditions, such as the global financial crisis that began in 2008, have affected and could continue to affect negatively the economies of the countries in which we operate and may negatively affect our liquidity, business, and results of operations.

Global financial crises and related turmoil in the global financial system have had, and may continue to have, a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The lingering effects on our customers and on us of the global credit crisis that began in 2008, and of financial crises generally, cannot be predicted. Persistent uncertainty in international credit markets, exacerbated by the sovereign debt crises in Europe and the United States, may affect our ability to access the credit or capital markets at a time when we would need financing, which could have an impact on our flexibility to react to changing economic and business conditions. Any of the foregoing factors or a combination of these factors could have an adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.

We and our operations are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations which may result in material liabilities and costs.

We and our operations are subject to various international, foreign, federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations governing, among other things, the emission and discharge of pollutants into the ground, air or water; the generation, storage, handling, use, transportation and disposal of regulated materials; and human health and safety. Our operations are also subject to certain environmental risks that are inherent in the oil and gas industry and which may arise unexpectedly and result in material adverse effects on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Breach of environmental laws, as well as impacts on natural resources and unauthorized use of such resources, could result in environmental administrative investigations and/or lead to the termination of our concessions and contracts. Other potential consequences include fines and/or criminal environmental actions. Additionally, in Colombia, recent rulings have provided that environmental licenses are administrative acts subject to class actions that could eventually result in their cancellation, with potential adverse impacts on our E&P Contracts.

We are required to obtain environmental permits from governmental authorities for our operations, including drilling permits for our wells. We have not been and may not be at all times in complete compliance with these permits and the environmental and health and safety laws and regulations to which we are subject. If we violate or fail to comply with such requirements, we could be fined or otherwise sanctioned by regulators, including through the revocation of our permits or the suspension or termination of our operations. If we fail to obtain, maintain or renew permits in a timely manner or at all (such as due to opposition from partners, community or environmental interest groups, governmental delays or any other reasons) or if we face additional requirements due to changes in applicable laws and regulations, our operations could be adversely affected, impeded, or terminated, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We, as the owner, shareholder or the operator of certain of our past, current and future discoveries and prospects, could be held liable for some or all environmental, health and safety costs and liabilities arising out of our actions and omissions as well as those of our block partners, third-party contractors, predecessors or other operators. To the extent we do not address these costs and liabilities or if we do not otherwise satisfy our obligations, our operations could be suspended, terminated or otherwise adversely affected. We have also contracted with and intend to continue to hire third parties to perform services related to our operations. There is a risk that we may contract with third parties with unsatisfactory environmental, health and safety records or that our contractors may be unwilling or unable to cover any losses associated with their acts and omissions. Accordingly, we could be held liable for all costs and

51


Table of Contents

liabilities arising out of the acts or omissions of our contractors, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Releases of regulated substances may occur and can be significant. Under certain environmental laws and regulations applicable to us in the countries in which we operate, we could be held responsible for all of the costs relating to any contamination at our past and current facilities and at any third party waste disposal sites used by us or on our behalf. Pollution resulting from waste disposal, emissions and other operational practices might require us to remediate contamination, or retrofit facilities, at substantial cost. We also could be held liable for any and all consequences arising out of human exposure to such substances or for other damage resulting from the release of hazardous substances to the environment, property or to natural resources, or affecting endangered species or sensitive environmental areas. Environmental laws and regulations also require that wells be plugged and sites be abandoned and reclaimed to the satisfaction of the relevant regulatory authorities. We are currently required to, and in the future may need to, plug and abandon sites in certain blocks in each of the countries in which we operate, which could result in substantial costs.

In addition, we expect continued and increasing attention to climate change issues. Various countries and regions have agreed to regulate emissions of greenhouse gases, or GHGs, including methane (a primary component of natural gas) and carbon dioxide (a byproduct of oil and natural gas combustion). The regulation of GHGs and the physical impacts of climate change in the areas in which we, our customers and the end-users of our products operate could adversely impact our operations and the demand for our products.

Environmental, health and safety laws and regulations are complex and change frequently, and have tended to become increasingly stringent over time. Our costs of complying with current and future climate change, environmental, health and safety laws, the actions or omissions of our partners and third party contractors and our liabilities arising from releases of, or exposure to, regulated substances may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. See "Business—Health, safety and environmental matters" and "Industry and regulatory framework."

Legislation and regulatory initiatives relating to hydraulic fracturing and other drilling activities for unconventional oil and gas resources could increase the future costs of doing business, cause delays or impede our plans, and materially adversely affect our operations.

Hydraulic fracturing for unconventional oil and gas resources is a process that involves injecting water, sand, and small volumes of chemicals into the wellbore to fracture the hydrocarbon-bearing rock thousands of feet below the surface to facilitate a higher flow of hydrocarbons into the wellbore. We are contemplating such use of hydraulic fracturing in the production of oil and natural gas from certain reservoirs, especially shale formations. We currently are not aware of any proposals in Chile, Colombia and Argentina to regulate hydraulic fracturing beyond the regulations already in place. However, various initiatives in other countries with substantial shale gas resources have been or may be proposed or implemented to, among other things, regulate hydraulic fracturing practices, limit water withdrawals and water use, require disclosure of fracturing fluid constituents, restrict which additives may be used, or implement temporary or permanent bans on hydraulic fracturing. If any of the countries in which we operate adopts similar laws or regulations, which is something we cannot predict right now, such adoption could significantly increase the cost of, impede or cause delays in the implementation of any plans to use hydraulic fracturing for unconventional oil and gas resources.

52


Table of Contents

Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial health and our ability to raise additional capital, and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations under our existing agreements.

At March 31, 2013, we had US$299.4 million of total indebtedness outstanding on a consolidated basis, of which US$294.2 million, or 98%, was secured. As of March 31, 2013, our annual debt service obligation is approximately US$22.5 million, which includes interest payments under the Notes due 2020. See "Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations—Indebtedness."

Our substantial indebtedness could:

make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our indebtedness, and any failure to comply with the obligations of any of our debt instruments, including restrictive covenants and borrowing conditions, could result in an event of default under the agreements governing our indebtedness;

require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to the payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund acquisitions, working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes;

place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to certain of our competitors that have less debt;

limit our ability to borrow additional funds;

in the case of our secured indebtedness, lose assets securing such indebtedness upon the exercise of security interests in connection with a default;

make us more vulnerable to downturns in our business or the economy; and

limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our operations or business and the industry in which we operate.

Similar restrictions could apply to us and our subsidiaries when we refinance or enter into new debt agreements which could intensify the risks described above.

Our Notes due 2020 include a covenant restricting dividend payments. For a description, see "Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations—Indebtedness." As a result of these covenants, we are limited in the manner in which we conduct our business, and we may be unable to engage in favorable business activities or finance future operations or capital needs.

Our results of operations could be materially adversely affected by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Although a majority of our net revenues is denominated in U.S. dollars, unfavorable fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates for certain of our expenses in Chile, Colombia and Argentina could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Furthermore, we have not entered, and do not anticipate entering, into derivative transactions to hedge the effect of changes in the exchange rate of local currencies to the U.S. dollar. Because our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, we must translate revenues, expenses and income, as well as assets and liabilities, into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect during or at the end of each reporting period.

In addition, we will be significantly exposed to fluctuations in the real against the U.S. dollar following the completion of our Brazil Acquisitions. Rio das Contas's revenues and expenses are denominated in reais, and we intend to enter into an approximately R$135 million (equivalent to approximately US$60 million)

53


Table of Contents

credit facility denominated in reais to finance, in part, our Rio das Contas acquisition. The Brazilian currency has experienced frequent and substantial variations in relation to the U.S. dollar and other foreign currencies. For example, the real was R$1.56 per US$1.00 in August 2008. Following the onset of the crisis in the global financial markets, the real depreciated 31.9% against the U.S. dollar and reached R$2.34 per US$1.00 at the end of 2008. In 2011, the real appreciated against the U.S. dollar, reaching R$1.876 per US$1.00 at the end of 2011. In 2012, however, the real depreciated and on December 31, 2012, the exchange rate was R$2.044 per US$1.00. As of June 30, 2013, the exchange rate was R$2.156 per US$1.00. Depending on the circumstances, either depreciation or appreciation of the real could materially and adversely affect the growth of the Brazilian economy and our business, financial condition and results of operations. See "Exchange rates."

Risks relating to the countries in which we operate

Our operations may be adversely affected by political and economic circumstances in the countries in which we operate and in which we may operate in the future.

All of our current operations are located in South America. For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, our operations in Chile and Colombia represented 63% and 37%, respectively, of our total production, with our Argentine operations representing less than 0.1% of our total production. Accounting for our pending Brazil Acquisitions, as of March 31, 2013, on a pro forma basis, Chile, Colombia and Brazil represented 48%, 28% and 24%, respectively, of our average production during the same period. If local, regional or worldwide economic trends adversely affect the economy of any of the countries in which we have investments or operations, our financial condition and results from operations could be adversely affected.

Oil and natural gas exploration, development and production activities are subject to political and economic uncertainties (including but not limited to changes in energy policies or the personnel administering them), changes in laws and policies governing operations of foreign-based companies, expropriation of property, cancellation or modification of contract rights, revocation of consents or approvals, the obtaining of various approvals from regulators, foreign exchange restrictions, price controls, currency fluctuations, royalty increases and other risks arising out of foreign governmental sovereignty, as well as to risks of loss due to civil strife, acts of war and community-based actions, such as protests or blockades, guerrilla activities, terrorism, acts of sabotage, territorial disputes and insurrection. In addition, we are subject both to uncertainties in the application of the tax laws in the countries in which we operate and to possible changes in such tax laws (or the application thereof), each of which could result in an increase in our tax liabilities. These risks are higher in developing countries, such as those in which we conduct our activities.

The main economic risks we face and may face in the future because of our operations in the countries in which we operate include the following:

difficulties incorporating movements in international prices of crude oil and exchange rates into domestic prices;

the possibility that a deterioration in Chile's, Colombia's, Argentina's or (once any of our pending Brazil Acquisitions is complete) Brazil's, relations with multilateral credit institutions, such as the IMF, will impact negatively on capital controls, and result in a deterioration of the business climate;

inflation, exchange rate movements (including devaluations), exchange control policies (including restrictions on remittance of dividends), price instability and fluctuations in interest rates;

54


Table of Contents

liquidity of domestic capital and lending markets;

tax policies; and

the possibility that we may become subject to restrictions on repatriation of earnings from the countries in which we operate in the future.

In addition, our operations in these areas increase our exposure to risks of guerilla activities, social unrest (including in Brazil), local economic conditions, political disruption, civil disturbance, community protests or blockades, expropriation, piracy, tribal conflicts and governmental policies that may:

disrupt our operations;
require us to incur greater costs for security;
restrict the movement of funds or limit repatriation of profits;
lead to U.S. government or international sanctions;
limit access to markets for periods of time; or
influence the market's perception of the risk associated with investments in these countries.

Some countries in the geographic areas where we operate have experienced political instability in the past. Disruptions may occur in the future, and losses caused by these disruptions may occur that will not be covered by insurance. Consequently, our exploration, development and production activities may be substantially affected by factors which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our operations may also be adversely affected by laws and policies of the jurisdictions, including Bermuda, Chile, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina and other jurisdictions in which we do business, that affect foreign trade and taxation. Changes in any of these laws or policies or the implementation thereof, and uncertainty over potential changes in policy or regulations affecting any of the factors mentioned above or other factors in the future may increase the volatility of domestic securities markets and securities issued abroad by companies operating in these countries, which could materially and adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Furthermore, we may be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of courts outside the United States or may not be successful in subjecting non-U.S. persons to the jurisdiction of courts in the United States, which could adversely affect the outcome of such dispute.

We depend on maintaining good relations with the respective host governments and national oil companies in each of our countries of operation.

The success of our business and the effective operation of the fields in each of our countries of operation depend upon continued good relations and cooperation with applicable governmental authorities and agencies, including national oil companies such as ENAP and Petrobras. For instance, for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, 100% of our crude oil and condensate sales in Chile were made to ENAP, the Chilean state-owned oil company, and 43% of our crude oil and condensate sales in Colombia were made to Hocol, a subsidiary of Ecopetrol, the Colombian state-owned oil and gas company. If we, the respective host governments and the national oil companies are not able to cooperate with one another, it could have an adverse impact on our business, operations and prospects.

Oil and natural gas companies in Chile, Colombia, Brazil and Argentina do not own any of the oil and natural gas reserves in such countries.

Under Chilean, Colombian, Brazilian and Argentine law, all onshore and offshore hydrocarbon resources in these countries are owned by the respective sovereign. Although we are the operator of the majority of the

55


Table of Contents

blocks and concessions in which we have a working and/or economic interest (or, in the case of Brazil, the concessions in which we expect to acquire an interest following the closing of our Brazil Acquisitions) and have the power to make decisions as how to market the hydrocarbons we produce, the Chilean, Colombian, Brazilian and Argentine governments have full authority to determine the rights, royalties or compensation to be paid by or to private investors for the exploration or production of any hydrocarbon reserves located in their respective countries.

Under the Chilean Constitution, the state is the exclusive owner of all mineral and fossil substances, including hydrocarbons, regardless of who owns the land on which the reserves are located. The exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons may be carried out by the state, companies owned by state or private persons through administrative concessions granted by the President of Chile by Supreme Decree or by CEOPs executed by the Minister of Energy. Hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation activities are regulated by the Chilean Ministry of Energy. In Chile, a participant is granted rights to explore and exploit certain assets under a CEOP. Although the government cannot unilaterally modify or terminate the rights granted in the CEOP once it is signed, if a participant fails to complete certain obligations under a CEOP, such participant may lose the right to exploit certain areas or may be required to return all or a portion of the awarded areas back to Chile.

In Colombia, oil and natural gas companies have acquired the exclusive right to explore, develop and produce reserves discovered within certain concession areas, pursuant to concession agreements awarded by the Colombian government through ANH or, prior to 2004, entered into with Ecopetrol. However, a concessionaire owns only the oil and natural gas that it extracts under the concession agreements to which it is a party. If the Colombian government were to restrict or prevent concessionaires, including us, from exploiting these oil and natural gas reserves, or otherwise interfere with our exploration through regulations with respect to restrictions on future exploration and production, price controls, export controls, foreign exchange controls, income taxes, expropriation of property, environmental legislation or health and safety, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, we are dependent on receipt of Colombian government approvals or permits to develop the concessions we hold in Colombia. There can be no assurance that future political conditions in Colombia will not result in the Colombian government adopting different policies with respect to foreign development and ownership of oil, environmental protection, health and safety or labor relations. This may affect our ability to undertake exploration and development activities in respect of present and future properties, as well as our ability to raise funds to further such activities. Any delays in receiving Colombian government approvals, permits or no objection certificates may delay our operations or may affect the status of our contractual arrangements or our ability to meet contractual obligations.

Pursuant to Article 20 of the Brazilian Constitution and Article 3 of Law No. 9,478, dated as of August 6, 1997, as amended, or the Brazilian Petroleum Law, oil, natural gas and hydrocarbon reserves located within the Brazilian territory, which encompasses onshore and offshore reserves, as well as deposits in the Brazilian continental shelf, territorial waters and exclusive economic zone, are considered assets of the Brazilian government. Therefore, the concessionaire owns only the oil and natural gas that it produces under the concession agreements. Oil and natural gas companies in Brazil acquire the exclusive right to explore, develop and produce reserves discovered within certain concession areas pursuant to concession agreements awarded by the Brazilian government. However, if the Brazilian government were to restrict or prevent concessionaires, including us, from exploiting these oil and natural gas reserves, or interfere in the

56


Table of Contents

sale or transfer of the production, our ability to generate income would be materially adversely affected, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Companies in the Brazilian oil and natural gas industry also rely primarily on the public auction process regulated by the ANP to acquire rights to explore oil and natural gas reserves. While the ANP may offer concessions in certain basins in future bidding rounds, there is a risk that future bidding rounds may not take place or that they do not include desirable locations, since they are conducted by and under the Brazilian government's discretion, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, expected results of operations and financial condition.

In Argentina, jurisdiction over oil and gas activities is now largely vested in the same provincial states who own the relevant underground oil and gas resources. The Federal Executive Branch is still empowered to design and rule federal energy policy and to rule on domestic inter-jurisdictional and international oil and gas transportation concessions and has, for example, imposed measures controlling oil and gas investments in the provincial states. Private companies must obtain exploration permits or exploitation concessions from the provincial states or otherwise enter into certain types of joint venture or association agreements with provincial state-owned oil and gas companies in order to undertake exploration and production activities onshore, and must enter into certain types of joint venture or association agreements with the federally-owned oil and gas company, ENARSA, to undertake these activities offshore. Additionally, whereas until 2012, exploration permit and exploitation concession holders had the right to freely dispose of and market up to 70% of the production they generated, on July 28th, 2012, the publication of Presidential Decree 1277/2012 abrogated this right. As of March 31, 2013, our production in Argentina represented less than 0.1% of our total production, though recent regulations affecting the oil and gas industry in Argentina may have an adverse impact on our business, operations and prospects in Argentina.

Oil and gas operators are subject to extensive regulation in the countries in which we operate.

In Chile, rights to exploration and exploitation of a particular area are established in a CEOP. According to article 19, No 24 of the Chilean Constitution, the President of Chile has the power to determine the terms and conditions for the granting of a particular CEOP. In addition, the CEOP is subject to extensive supervision by the government through the Chilean Ministry of Energy. The President of Chile may also decide to terminate a CEOP early, though with compensation to the counterparty, and only if the relevant area is located within an area declared relevant for national security reasons.

Although the government of Chile cannot unilaterally modify the rights granted in the CEOP once it is signed, exploration and exploitation are nonetheless subject to significant government regulations, such as regulations concerning the environment, tort liability, health and safety and labor, all of which have an impact on our business and operations. Changes in laws and regulations could have an adverse effect on the costs and timing of our operations. For example, in November 2012, the government approved new regulations governing the abandonment of oilfield operations that would require us to obtain prior approval for new oil wells and could also require us to post a bond in connection with the abandonment or closure of an oil well.

The Colombian hydrocarbons industry is subject to extensive regulation and supervision by the government in matters such as the environment, tort liability, health and safety, labor, the award of exploration and production contracts by the ANH, the imposition of specific drilling and exploration obligations, taxation, foreign currency controls, price controls, capital expenditures and required divestments. Existing Colombian regulation applies to virtually all aspects of our concessions or E&P Contracts in Colombia. The terms and

57


Table of Contents

conditions of the agreements with the ANH generally reflect negotiations with the ANH and other Colombian governmental authorities, and may vary by fields, basins and hydrocarbons discovered.

We are required, as are all oil companies undertaking exploratory and production activities in Colombia, to pay a percentage of our expected production to the Colombian government as royalties. The Colombian government has modified the royalty program for oil and natural gas production several times in the last 20 years, as it has modified the regime regulating new contracts entered into with the Colombian government. The royalty regime for contracts being entered into today for oil is tied to a scale ring-fenced by field starting at 8% for production of up to 5,000 mbopd and increases up to 25% for production above 600,000 mbopd. Royalties for natural gas production of onshore blocks where our assets are located, range between 8% and 25%. There are new regulations which the Colombian government is currently issuing which once again amend royalty payment levels for new contracts. These changes and other future changes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or expected results of operation.

In Brazil, the oil and natural gas industry is subject to extensive regulation and intervention by the Brazilian government in such matters as the award of exploration and production interests, taxation and foreign currency controls. Ultimately, those regulations may also address restrictions on production, price controls, mandatory divestments of assets and nationalization, expropriation or cancellation of contractual rights.

Under these laws and regulations, there is potential liability for personal injury, property damage and other types of damages. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in the suspension or termination of operations or our being subjected to administrative, civil and criminal penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and expected results of operations. We expect to also operate in a consortium in some of our concessions, which, under the Brazilian Petroleum Law, establishes joint and strict liability among consortium members. If the operator does not maintain the appropriate licenses, the consortium may suffer administrative penalties, including fines of R$10 to R$500 million.

In addition, the local content policy, which is a contractual requirement in a Brazilian concession agreements, has become a significant issue for oil and natural gas companies operating in Brazil given the penalties related with breaches thereof. The local content requirement will also apply to the production sharing contract regime. See "Industry and regulatory framework—Brazil."

The Argentine hydrocarbons industry is also extensively regulated both by federal and provincial state regulations in matters including the award of exploration permits and exploitation concessions, investment, royalty, canon, price controls, export restrictions and domestic market supply obligations. The terms of our exploitation concessions are embodied in Decrees and Administrative Decisions issued by the Federal Executive Power and incorporate statutory rights and obligations provided under the Hydrocarbons Law. The federal government is further empowered to design and implement federal energy policy and to rule on domestic inter-jurisdictional and international oil and gas transportation concessions, and has used these powers to establish export restrictions and duties, induce private companies to enter into price stability agreements with the government or otherwise impose price control regulations or create incentive programs to promote increased production. Jurisdictional controversies among the federal government and the provincial states are not uncommon.

Significant expenditures may be required to ensure our compliance with governmental regulations, including, without limitation, in respect of: licenses for drilling operations, environmental matters, drilling bonds, reports concerning operations, the spacing of wells, unitization of oil and natural gas accumulations, local content policy and taxation.

58


Table of Contents

Governmental actions in the countries in which we operate and in which we may operate in the future may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our financial condition and results of operations may be negatively affected by actions taken by the Chilean, Colombian, Brazilian and Argentine governments concerning the economy, including actions aimed at targeting inflation, interest rates, oil and gas price controls, foreign exchange controls and taxes.

Brazil has in the past periodically experienced extremely high rates of inflation. As measured by the National Consumer Price Index (Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo), Brazil had annual rates of inflation of 5.9% in 2010, 6.5% in 2011, 5.8% in 2012 and 3.15% for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013. Brazil may experience high levels of inflation in the future. Periods of higher inflation may slow the rate of growth of the Brazilian economy. Although the long-term off-take contract covering gas production in the Manati Field is indexed to inflation, inflation is likely to increase some of our costs and expenses, and, as a result, may reduce our profit margins and net income. Inflationary pressures could also lead to counter-inflationary prices that may harm our business. Any decline in our expected net sales or net income could lead to a deterioration in our financial condition.

In Argentina, since 2001, the Argentine government has imposed and expanded upon exchange controls and restrictions on the transfer of U.S. dollars outside of Argentina, which substantially limit the ability of companies to retain foreign currency or make payments abroad. These and other measures have led the AR$/US$ exchange rate to differ substantially from the official foreign exchange rate in Argentina. If the Argentine government decides once again to tighten the restrictions on the transfer of funds, we may be unable to make payments related to the import of products and services, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Additionally, the Argentine government expropriated 51% of YPF's capital stock owned by Repsol YPF of Spain, and 51% of the capital stock of Repsol YPF Gas owned by Repsol Butano. There can be no assurance that future economic, social and political developments in Argentina, which are out of our control, may impair our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations may be affected by tax reforms in the countries in which we operate and in which we may operate in the future.

Our operations may be affected by changes in tax laws in the countries in which we operate and in which we may operate in the future. For example, on December 26, 2012, the Colombian Congress approved a number of tax reforms. These changes include, among other things, VAT rate consolidation, a reduction in corporate income tax, changes to transfer pricing rules, the creation of a new corporate income tax to pay for health, education and family care issues, modifications in individual income tax, new "thin capitalization" rules and a reduction of social contributions paid by certain employees. The implementation of such tax reforms requires further administrative regulation. Although, as of the date of this prospectus, we cannot estimate the full impact of these recent tax reforms on our Colombian operations, there can be no assurance that these tax reforms will not have an adverse impact on our revenues and results of operations in Colombia.

In Brazil, the Brazilian government frequently implements changes to tax and social security regimes that may affect us and our customers. These changes include changes in prevailing tax and contribution rates and, occasionally, enactment of temporary taxes, the proceeds of which are earmarked for designated governmental purposes. Some of these changes may result in increases in our tax payments, which could materially adversely affect our profitability and increase the prices of our products and services, restrict our ability to do business in our existing and target markets and cause our results of operations to suffer.

59


Table of Contents

There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our projected cash flow and profitability following any increase in Brazilian taxes applicable to us and to our operations.

Colombia has experienced and continues to experience internal security issues that have had or could have a negative effect on the Colombian economy.

Colombia has experienced internal security issues, primarily due to the activities of guerrillas, including the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia), or the FARC, paramilitary groups and drug cartels. In the past, guerrillas have targeted the crude oil pipelines, including the Oleoducto Transandino, Caño Limón-Coveñas and Ocensa pipelines, and other related infrastructure disrupting the activities of certain oil and natural gas companies. On several occasions guerilla attacks have resulted in unscheduled shut-downs of the transportation systems in order to repair damaged sections and undertake clean-up activities. These activities, their possible escalation and the effects associated with them have had and may have in the future a negative impact on the Colombian economy or on our business, which may affect our employees or assets. In the context of the political instability, allegations have been made against members of the Colombian Congress and against government officials for possible ties with guerilla groups. This situation may have a negative impact on the credibility of the Colombian government, which could in turn have a negative impact on the Colombian economy or on our business in the future.

The Colombian government commenced peace talks with the FARC in August 2012. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by rapidly changing economic or social conditions, including the Colombian government's response to current peace negotiations which may result in legislation that increases our tax burden or that of other Colombian companies. Tensions with neighboring countries may affect the Colombian economy and, consequently, our results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, from time to time, community protests and blockades may arise near our operations in Colombia, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our operations may be adversely affected by political and economic circumstances in Argentina.

Some of our current operations and management offices are located in Argentina. If local political or economic trends adversely affect the Argentine economy, our financial condition and results from operations could be adversely affected. In particular, we face risks in Argentina related to the following: restrictions on Argentina's energy supplies and an inadequate governmental response to such restrictions, which could negatively affect Argentina's economic activity; social and political tensions and the governmental response to such tensions; requirements of the Federal General Environmental Law, which requires persons who carry out activities that are potentially hazardous to the environment to obtain insurance; and tax implications under Argentine law with respect to our incorporation in Bermuda, which may subject our Argentine subsidiaries to higher tax rates.

Risks related to the offering and our common shares

There has been no prior public market in the United States for our common shares, and an active, liquid and orderly trading market for our common shares may not develop or be maintained in the United States, which could limit your ability to sell our common shares.

There has been no public market in the United States for our common shares prior to this offering. Although we intend to apply to list our common shares on the NYSE, an active U.S. public market for our common shares may not develop or be sustained after this offering. If an active market does not develop,

60


Table of Contents

you may experience difficulty selling the common shares that you purchase in this offering. The initial public offering price for our common shares will be determined by negotiations between us and the underwriters and may not be indicative of the market price at which our common shares will trade after this offering. In particular, you may be unable to resell your common shares at or above the initial public offering price.

The following factors could affect our stock price:

our operating and financial performance and identified potential drilling locations, including reserve estimates;

quarterly variations in the rate of growth of our financial indicators, such as net income per common share, net income and revenues;

changes in revenue or earnings estimates or publication of reports by equity research analysts;

speculation in the press or investment community;

sales of our common shares by us or stockholders, or the perception that such sales may occur;

general market conditions, including fluctuations in commodity prices; and

domestic and international economic, legal and regulatory factors unrelated to our performance.

The stock markets in general have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common shares.

Our common share price may be highly volatile after the offering and, as a result, you could lose a significant portion or all of your investment.

Since 2006, our common shares have been admitted to the AIM and, since 2009, our common shares have been admitted to trade on the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange (Bolsa Off-Shore de la Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago) in Chile. However, we intend to cancel admission of our common shares from the AIM and the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange following the listing of our common shares on the NYSE. The market price of the common shares on the NYSE may fluctuate after listing as a result of several factors, including the following:

variations in our quarterly operating results;

volatility in our industry, the industries of our customers and the global securities markets;

changes in government regulations;

changes in our dividend policy;

risks relating to our business and industry, including those discussed above;

strategic actions by us or our competitors;

adverse judgments or settlements obligating us to pay damages;

actual or expected changes in our growth rates or our competitors' growth rates;

61


Table of Contents

investor perception of us, the industry in which we operate, the investment opportunity associated with our common shares and our future performance;

adverse media reports about us or our directors and officers;

addition or departure of our executive officers;

changes in financial estimates or publication of research reports by analysts regarding our common shares, other comparable companies or our industry generally;

any lack of coverage of our company by securities analysts after this offering;

trading volume of our common shares;

sales of our common shares by us or our shareholders;

future issuances of our common shares or other securities;

terrorist acts;

domestic and international economic, legal and regulatory factors unrelated to our performance; and

the release or expiration of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding common shares.

Furthermore, the stock markets recently have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions, such as recessions or interest rate changes, may cause the market price of our common shares to decline. If the market price of our common shares after this offering does not exceed the initial public offering price, you may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment.

New investors in our common shares will experience immediate and substantial book value dilution after this offering.

The initial public offering price of our common shares will be substantially higher than the pro forma net tangible book value per share of the outstanding common shares immediately after the offering. Based on an assumed initial public offering price of US$               per share (the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus) and our net tangible book value as of March 31, 2013, if you purchase our common shares in this offering you will pay more for your common shares than the amounts paid by our existing stockholders for their common shares, and you will suffer immediate dilution of approximately US$              per share in pro forma net tangible book value. As a result of this dilution, investors purchasing stock in this offering may receive significantly less than the full purchase price that they paid for the common shares purchased in this offering in the event of a liquidation.

We also have approximately 2,658,600 outstanding stock awards with exercise prices that are below the assumed initial public offering price of the common shares. To the extent that these options are exercised, there will be further dilution.

62


Table of Contents

We have never declared or paid, and do not intend to pay in the foreseeable future, cash dividends on our common shares, and, consequently, your only opportunity to achieve a return on your investment is if the price of our stock appreciates.

We have never paid, and do not intend to pay in the foreseeable future, cash dividends on our common shares. Any decision to pay dividends in the future, and the amount of any distributions, is at the discretion of our board of directors and our shareholders, and will depend on many factors, such as our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, prospects and other factors. We are also subject to Bermuda legal constraints that may affect our ability to pay dividends on our common shares and make other payments. Under the Bermuda Companies Act of 1981, as amended, or the Bermuda Companies Act, we may not declare or pay a dividend if there are reasonable grounds for believing that we are, or would after the payment be, unable to pay our liabilities as they become due or that the realizable value of our assets would thereafter be less than our liabilities. Consequently, your only opportunity to achieve a return on your investment in us will be if the market price of our common shares appreciates, which may not occur, and you sell your common shares at a profit. There is no guarantee that the price of our common shares that will prevail in the market after this offering will ever exceed the price that you pay.

We are a holding company dependent upon dividends from our subsidiaries, which may be limited by law and by contract from making distributions to us, which would affect our ability to pay dividends on the common shares.

As a holding company, our only material assets are our cash on hand, the equity interests in our subsidiaries and other investments. Our principal source of revenues and cash flow is distributions from our subsidiaries. Thus, our ability to pay dividends on the common shares will be contingent upon the financial condition of our subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries are and will be separate legal entities, and although they may be wholly-owned or controlled by us, they have no obligation to make any funds available to us, whether in the form of loans, dividends, distributions or otherwise. The ability of our subsidiaries to distribute cash to us will also be subject to, among other things, restrictions that are contained in our subsidiaries' financing (including our subsidiary's US$300.0 million secured Notes due 2020) and joint venture agreements, availability of sufficient funds in such subsidiaries and applicable state laws and regulatory restrictions. Claims of creditors of our subsidiaries generally will have priority as to the assets of such subsidiaries over our claims and claims of our creditors and stockholders. To the extent the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to us could be limited in any way, our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as our ability to pay dividends on the common shares, could be materially adversely affected.

Additionally, we may not be able to fully control the operations and the assets of our joint ventures and we may not be able to make major decisions or take timely actions with respect to our joint ventures unless our joint venture partners agree. For example, we have entered into shareholder agreements with LGI in Chile and Colombia that limit the amount of dividends that can be declared or returned to us, certain aspects related to the management of our Chilean and Colombian businesses, the incurrence of indebtedness, liens and our ability to sell certain assets. See "Risks relating to the countries in which we operate—LGI, our strategic partner in Chile and Colombia, may sell its interest in our Chilean and Colombian operations to a third party or may not consent to our taking certain actions."

63


Table of Contents

Sales of substantial amounts of our common shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our common shares to decline.

We may issue additional common shares or convertible securities in the future, for example, to finance potential acquisitions of assets, which we intend to continue to pursue. Sales of substantial amounts of our common shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our common shares to decline. This could also impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of our equity securities. Under our memorandum of association, we are authorized to issue up to 5,171,969,000 common shares, of which              common shares will be outstanding following this offering. We have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to offer, sell, or dispose of any shares of our share capital or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of our share capital during the 180-day period following the date of this prospectus. In the future, we may also issue our common shares in connection with investments or acquisitions. We cannot predict the size of future issuances of our shares or the effect, if any, that future sales and issuances of shares would have on the market price of our common shares.

Provisions of the Notes due 2020 could discourage an acquisition of us by a third party.

Certain provisions of the Notes due 2020 could make it more difficult or more expensive for a third party to acquire us, or may even prevent a third party from acquiring us. For example, upon the occurrence of a fundamental change, holders of the Notes due 2020 will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase all of their notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof plus any accrued and unpaid interest (including any additional amounts, if any) to the date of purchase. By discouraging an acquisition of us by a third party, these provisions could have the effect of depriving the holders of our common shares of an opportunity to sell their common shares at a premium over prevailing market prices.

Insiders will continue to have substantial control over us after this offering and could limit your ability to influence the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control.

Gerald E. O'Shaughnessy, James F. Park, Juan Cristóbal Pavez and Steven J. Quamme will control approximately              % of the outstanding shares of our common shares after this offering. As a result, these shareholders, if acting together, would be able to influence or control matters requiring approval by our shareholders, including the election of directors and the approval of amalgamations, mergers or other extraordinary transactions. They may also have interests that differ from yours and may vote in a way with which you disagree and which may be adverse to your interests. The concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change of control of our company, could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common shares as part of a sale of our company and might ultimately affect the market price of our common shares.

As a foreign private issuer, we are subject to different U.S. securities laws and NYSE governance standards than domestic U.S. issuers. This may afford less protection to holders of our common shares, and you may not receive corporate and company information and disclosure that you are accustomed to receiving or in a manner in which you are accustomed to receiving it.

As a foreign private issuer, the rules governing the information that we disclose differ from those governing U.S. corporations pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Although we intend to report quarterly financial results and report certain material events, we are not required to file quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or provide current reports on Form 8-K disclosing significant events within four days of their occurrence and our quarterly or current reports may contain less information than required under U.S. filings. In addition, we are exempt from the Section 14 proxy

64


Table of Contents

rules, and proxy statements that we distribute will not be subject to review by the SEC. Our exemption from Section 16 rules regarding sales of common shares by insiders means that you will have less data in this regard than shareholders of U.S. companies that are subject to the Securities Exchange Act. As a result, you may not have all the data that you are accustomed to having when making investment decisions. For example, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and "short-swing" profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder with respect to their purchases and sales of our common shares. The periodic disclosure required of foreign private issuers is more limited than that required of domestic U.S. issuers and there may therefore be less publicly available information about us than is regularly published by or about U.S. public companies. See "Where you can find additional information."

As a foreign private issuer, we will be exempt from complying with certain corporate governance requirements of the NYSE applicable to a U.S. issuer, including the requirement that a majority of our board of directors consist of independent directors. As the corporate governance standards applicable to us are different than those applicable to domestic U.S. issuers, you may not have the same protections afforded under U.S. law and the NYSE rules as shareholders of companies that do not have such exemptions.

We are an "emerging growth company," and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common shares less attractive to investors.

We are an "emerging growth company," as defined in the JOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not "emerging growth companies," including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We cannot predict if investors will find our common shares less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common shares and our share price may be more volatile.

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an "emerging growth company" can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an "emerging growth company" can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. However, we are choosing to "opt out" of such extended transition period, and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that our decision to opt out of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards is irrevocable.

The requirements of being a public company may increase our costs and disrupt the regular operations of our business.

This offering will have a significant transformative effect on us. We expect to incur significant legal, accounting, reporting and other expenses as a result of having publicly traded common shares. We will also incur costs which we have not incurred previously, including, but not limited to, costs and expenses for directors' fees, increased directors and officers insurance, investor relations, and various other costs of a public company.

65


Table of Contents

We also anticipate that we will incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules implemented by the SEC and NYSE. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some management and corporate governance activities more time-consuming and costly, particularly after we are no longer an "emerging growth company." These rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. This could have an adverse impact on our ability to recruit and bring on a qualified independent board.

The additional demands associated with being a public company may disrupt regular operations of our business by diverting the attention of some of our senior management team away from revenue producing activities to management and administrative oversight, adversely affecting our ability to attract and complete business opportunities and increasing the difficulty in both retaining professionals and managing and growing our businesses. Any of these effects could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

For as long as we are an "emerging growth company," our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years. See "Prospectus summary—Implications of being an Emerging Growth Company." Furthermore, after the date we are no longer an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accounting firm will only be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting depending on our market capitalization. Even if our management concludes that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective, our independent registered public accounting firm may still decline to attest to our management's assessment or may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, in connection with the implementation of the necessary procedures and practices related to internal control over financial reporting, we may identify deficiencies that we may not be able to remediate in time to meet the deadline imposed by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for compliance with the requirements of Section 404. Failure to comply with Section 404 could subject us to regulatory scrutiny and sanctions, impair our ability to raise revenue, cause investors to lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and negatively affect our share price.

There are regulatory limitations on the ownership and transfer of our common shares which could result in the delay or denial of any transfers you might seek to make.

The Bermuda Monetary Authority, or the BMA, must approve all issuances and transfers of securities of a Bermuda exempted company like us. We have received permission from the BMA to issue our common shares, and to freely transfer of our common shares as long as the common shares are listed on the NYSE and/or other appointed exchange (including the AIM), to and among persons who are non-residents of Bermuda for exchange control purposes. Any other transfers remain subject to approval by the BMA and such approval may be denied or delayed.

We are a Bermuda company, and it may be difficult for you to enforce judgments against us or against our directors and executive officers.

We are incorporated as an exempted company under the laws of Bermuda and substantially all of our assets are located in Chile, Colombia, Argentina and, pending the closing of our Brazil Acquisitions, Brazil.

66


Table of Contents

In addition, most of our directors and executive officers reside outside the United States and all or a substantial portion of the assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible to effect service of process within the United States upon us, or to recover against us on judgments of U.S. courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. Further, no claim may be brought in Bermuda against us or our directors and officers in the first instance for violation of U.S. federal securities laws because these laws have no extraterritorial application under Bermuda law and do not have force of law in Bermuda. However, a Bermuda court may impose civil liability, including the possibility of monetary damages, on us or our directors and officers if the facts alleged in a complaint constitute or give rise to a cause of action under Bermuda law.

We have been advised by Cox Hallett Wilkinson Limited, our Bermuda counsel, that there is no treaty in force between the United States and Bermuda providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. As a result, whether a United States judgment would be enforceable in Bermuda against us or our directors and officers depends on whether the U.S. court that entered the judgment is recognized by the Bermuda court as having jurisdiction over us or our directors and officers, as determined by reference to Bermuda conflict of law rules. A judgment debt from a U.S. court that is final and for a sum certain based on U.S. federal securities laws will not be enforceable in Bermuda unless the judgment debtor had submitted to the jurisdiction of the U.S. court, and the issue of submission and jurisdiction is a matter of Bermuda (not U.S.) law.

In addition, and irrespective of jurisdictional issues, the Bermuda courts will not enforce a U.S. federal securities law that is either penal or contrary to Bermuda public policy. It is the advice of Cox Hallett Wilkinson Limited that an action brought pursuant to a public or penal law, the purpose of which is the enforcement of a sanction, power or right at the instance of the state in its sovereign capacity, will not be entertained by a Bermuda court. Certain remedies available under the laws of U.S. jurisdictions, including certain remedies under U.S. federal securities laws, would not be available under Bermuda law or enforceable in a Bermuda court, as they would be contrary to Bermuda public policy.

We may become subject to taxes in Bermuda after March 31, 2035, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Under current Bermuda law, we are not subject to tax on income or capital gains. We have received from the Minister of Finance under The Exempted Undertaking Tax Protection Act 1966, as amended, an assurance that, in the event that Bermuda enacts legislation imposing tax computed on profits, income, any capital asset, gain or appreciation, or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance, then the imposition of any such tax shall not be applicable to us or to any of our operations or shares, debentures or other obligations, until March 28, 2035. We could be subject to taxes in Bermuda after that date. This assurance is subject to the proviso that it is not to be construed to prevent the application of any tax or duty to such persons as are ordinarily resident in Bermuda or to prevent the application of any tax payable in accordance with the provisions of the Land Tax Act 1967 or otherwise payable in relation to any property leased to us. We are incorporated in Bermuda as an exempted company and pay annual Bermuda government fees. In addition, all entities employing individuals in Bermuda are required to pay a payroll tax and there are other sundry taxes payable, directly or indirectly, to the Bermuda government. Neither we nor our Bermuda subsidiaries employ individuals in Bermuda as at the date of this prospectus.

67


Table of Contents

Bermuda law differs from the laws in effect in the United States and might afford less protection to shareholders.

Our shareholders could have more difficulty protecting their interests than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction of the United States. As a Bermuda company, we are governed by our memorandum of association and bye-laws and the corporate law of Bermuda. The provisions of the Bermuda Companies Act, which applies to us, differs in some material respects from laws generally applicable to U.S. corporations and shareholders, including the provisions relating to interested directors, mergers and acquisitions, takeovers, shareholder lawsuits and indemnification of directors. Set forth below is a summary of these provisions, as well as modifications adopted pursuant to our bye-laws, which differ in certain respects from provisions of Delaware corporate law. Because the following statements are summaries, they do not discuss all aspects of Bermuda law that may be relevant to us and our shareholders.

Interested Directors.    Under our bye-laws and the Bermuda Companies Act, a director shall declare the nature of his interest in any contract or arrangement with the company. Our bye-laws further provide that a director so interested shall not, except in particular circumstances, be entitled to vote or be counted in the quorum at a meeting in relation to any resolution on which he is prohibited from voting by reason of such interest. In addition, the director will not be liable to us for any profit realized from the transaction. In contrast, under Delaware law, such a contract or arrangement is voidable unless it is approved by a majority of disinterested directors or by a vote of shareholders, in each case if the material facts as to the interested director's relationship or interests are disclosed or are known to the disinterested directors or shareholders, or such contract or arrangement is fair to the corporation as of the time it is approved or ratified. Additionally, such interested director could be held liable for a transaction in which such director derived an improper personal benefit.

Amalgamations, Mergers and Similar Arrangements.    The amalgamation or merger of a Bermuda company with another company or corporation (other than certain affiliated companies) requires the amalgamation or merger agreement to be approved by the company's board of directors and by its shareholders. Unless the company's bye-laws provide otherwise, the approval of 75% of the shareholders voting at such meeting is required to approve the amalgamation or merger agreement, and the quorum for such meeting must be two persons holding or representing more than one-third of the issued shares of the company. Our bye-laws provide that an amalgamation (other than with a wholly owned subsidiary, per the Bermuda Companies Act) that has been approved by the board must also be approved by shareholders owning a majority of the issued and outstanding shares entitled to vote. Under Bermuda law, in the event of an amalgamation or merger of a Bermuda company with another company or corporation, a shareholder of the Bermuda company who is not satisfied that fair value has been offered for such shareholder's shares may, within one month of notice of the shareholders meeting, apply to the Supreme Court of Bermuda to appraise the fair value of those shares. Under Delaware law, with certain exceptions, a merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all the assets of a corporation must be approved by the board of directors and a majority of the issued and outstanding shares entitled to vote thereon. Under Delaware law, a shareholder of a corporation participating in certain major corporate transactions may, under certain circumstances, be entitled to appraisal rights pursuant to which such shareholder may receive cash in the amount of the fair value of the shares held by such shareholder (as determined by a court) in lieu of the consideration such shareholder would otherwise receive in the transaction.

Shareholders' Suit.    Class actions and derivative actions are generally not available to shareholders under Bermuda law. The Bermuda courts, however, would ordinarily be expected to permit a shareholder to commence an action in the name of a company to remedy a wrong to the company where the act

68


Table of Contents

complained of is alleged to be beyond the corporate power of the company or illegal, or would result in the violation of the company's memorandum of association or bye-laws. Furthermore, consideration would be given by a Bermuda court to acts that are alleged to constitute a fraud against the minority shareholders or where an act requires the approval of a greater percentage of the company's shareholders than that which actually approved it.

When the affairs of a company are being conducted in a manner which is oppressive or prejudicial to the interests of some part of the shareholders, one or more shareholders may apply to the Supreme Court of Bermuda, which may make such order as it sees fit, including an order regulating the conduct of the company's affairs in the future or ordering the purchase of the shares of any shareholders by other shareholders or by the company.

Our bye-laws contain a provision by virtue of which we and our shareholders waive any claim or right of action that they have, both individually and on our behalf, against any director or officer in relation to any action or failure to take action by such director or officer, except in respect of any fraud or dishonesty of such director or officer. Class actions and derivative actions generally are available to shareholders under Delaware law for, among other things, breach of fiduciary duty, corporate waste and actions not taken in accordance with applicable law. In such actions, the court has discretion to permit the winning party to recover attorneys' fees incurred in connection with such action.

Indemnification of Directors.    We may indemnify our directors and officers in their capacity as directors or officers for any loss arising or liability attaching to them by virtue of any rule of law in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust of which a director or officer may be guilty in relation to the company other than in respect of his own fraud or dishonesty. Under Delaware law, a corporation may indemnify a director or officer of the corporation against expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred in defense of an action, suit or proceeding by reason of such position if such director or officer acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, such director or officer had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. In addition, we have entered into customary indemnification agreements with our directors.

As a result of these differences, investors could have more difficulty protecting their interests than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in the United States.

Upon the completion of this offering, our common shares will for a time be listed on three separate stock markets, and investors seeking to take advantage of price differences between such markets may create unexpected volatility in our share price; in addition, investors may not be able to easily move common shares for trading between such markets.

Our common shares are currently admitted to the AIM and the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange, and we intend to apply to have them listed and traded on the NYSE. Although we intend to cancel admission of our common shares from the AIM and the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange following the listing of our common shares on the NYSE, our common shares will be traded on multiple markets for a period of time. During such time, price levels for our common shares could fluctuate significantly between markets, independent of our share price on the other markets. Investors could seek to sell or buy our common shares to take advantage of any price differences between the markets through a practice referred to as arbitrage.

Through this prospectus we are only offering common shares that are to be traded on the NYSE. However, any arbitrage activity could create unexpected volatility in the price of our common shares on the NYSE.

69


Table of Contents


Forward-looking statements

This prospectus contains statements that constitute forward-looking statements. Many of the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus can be identified by the use of forward-looking words such as "anticipate," "believe," "could," "expect," "should," "plan," "intend," "will," "estimate" and "potential," among others.

Forward-looking statements appear in a number of places in this prospectus and include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our intent, belief or current expectations. Forward-looking statements are based on our management's beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. Such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements due to various factors, including, but not limited to, those identified under the section entitled "Risk Factors" in this prospectus. These risks and uncertainties include factors relating to:

operating risks, including equipment failures and the amounts and timing of revenues and expenses;

termination of, or intervention in, concessions, rights or authorizations granted by the Chilean, Colombian, Brazilian (upon the closing of our Brazil Acquisitions) and Argentine governments to us;

uncertainties inherent in making estimates of our oil and natural gas data;

the volatility of oil and natural gas prices;

environmental constraints on operations and environmental liabilities arising out of past or present operations;

discovery and development of oil and natural gas reserves;

project delays or cancellations;

financial market conditions and the results of financing efforts;

political, legal, regulatory, governmental, administrative and economic conditions and developments in the countries in which we operate;

fluctuations in inflation and exchange rates in Chile, Colombia, Brazil (upon the closing of our Brazil Acquisitions) Argentina, and in other countries in which we may operate in the future;

availability and cost of drilling rigs, production equipment, supplies, personnel and oil field services;

contract counterparty risk;

projected and targeted capital expenditures and other cost commitments and revenues;

weather and other natural phenomena;

the impact of recent and future regulatory proceedings and changes, changes in environmental, health and safety and other laws and regulations to which our company or operations are subject, as well as changes in the application of existing laws and regulations;

current and future litigation;

70


Table of Contents

our ability to successfully identify, integrate and complete acquisitions, including any of our Brazil Acquisitions;

our ability to retain key members of our senior management and key technical employees;

competition from other similar oil and natural gas companies;

market or business conditions and fluctuations in global and local demand for energy;

the direct or indirect impact on our business resulting from terrorist incidents or responses to such incidents, including the effect on the availability of and premiums on insurance; and

other factors discussed under the heading "Risk Factors" in this prospectus.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we do not undertake any obligation to update them in light of new information or future developments or to release publicly any revisions to these statements in order to reflect later events or circumstances or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

71


Table of Contents


Use of proceeds

We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately US$               million, based on the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus after deducting underwriter discounts and commissions and estimated expenses of the offering that are payable by us. Each US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the public offering price per common share would increase (decrease) our net proceeds, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses, by US$              .

We intend to use the proceeds from this offering to finance our organic expansion in Chile, Colombia and Brazil and for opportunistic acquisitions in these and other countries in South America, including Peru. We will use the remainder of the proceeds from this offering to strengthen our balance sheet and for general corporate purposes.

In addition to being focused on the geographies mentioned above, our acquisition strategy (and expected use of proceeds from this offering) is aimed at maintaining a balanced portfolio of lower-risk cash flow generating properties and assets that have upside potential, as well as at keeping a balanced mix of oil-and gas- producing assets, though we expect to remain weighted toward oil.

However, we cannot predict with certainty all of the particular uses of the proceeds from this offering or the amounts that we will actually spend on the uses set forth above. Accordingly, our management will have significant flexibility in applying the net proceeds of this offering.

72


Table of Contents


Dividend policy

Holders of common shares will be entitled to receive dividends, if any, paid on the common shares.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common shares. We intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, generated by our operations for the development and growth of our business. Accordingly, we do not expect to pay cash dividends on our common shares in the foreseeable future. Because we are a holding company with no direct operations, we will only be able to pay dividends from our available cash on hand and any funds we receive from our subsidiaries. The terms of our indebtedness may restrict us from paying dividends, or restrict our subsidiaries from paying dividends to us. We are also subject to Bermuda legal constraints that may affect our ability to pay dividends on our common shares and make other payments. Any decision to pay dividends in the future, and the amount of any distributions, is at the discretion of our board of directors and our shareholders, and will depend on many factors, such as our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, prospects and other factors. See "Risk factors—Risks related to the offering and our common shares—We have never declared or paid, and do not intend to pay in the foreseeable future, cash dividends on our common shares, and, consequently, your only opportunity to achieve a return on your investment is if the price of our stock appreciates" and "—We are a holding company dependent upon dividends from our subsidiaries, which may be limited by law and by contract from making distributions to us, which would affect our ability to pay dividends on the common shares," as well as "Description of Share Capital."

73


Table of Contents


Capitalization

The following table sets forth our cash at bank and in hand, borrowings and capitalization as of March 31, 2013, derived from our Interim Consolidated Financial Statements prepared in accordance with IFRS:

on an actual basis; and

as adjusted to give effect to our sale of the common shares in the offering, and the receipt of approximately US$              in estimated net proceeds, considering an offering price of US$              per common share (the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover of this prospectus), and assuming no exercise of the option to purchase additional common shares by the underwriters, after deduction of the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us in connection with the offering, and the use of proceeds therefrom.

The table below should be read in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this prospectus.

   
 
  As of March 31, 2013  
(In thousands of US$)
  Actual
  As adjusted
 
   

Cash at bank and in hand

    176,005        
       

Total non-current borrowings(1)

    290,913        
       

Equity attributable to owners of the Company

             

Common shares, par value US$0.001 per share, 43,495,585 issued and outstanding actual, and              issued and outstanding as adjusted

    43        

Share premium

    116,817        

Reserves

    128,421        

Retained earnings

    2,427        
       

Total equity attributable to owners of the Company

    247,708        
       

Total capitalization(2)(3)

    538,621        
   

(1)    Our total non-current borrowings are all secured and guaranteed by us.

(2)    Total capitalization includes total non-current borrowings plus total equity attributable to owners of the Company.

(3)    For every US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the price per common share received by us in the offering, our total equity attributable to owners of GeoPark and our total capitalization would increase (decrease) by US$              .

74


Table of Contents


Dilution

At March 31, 2013, we had a net tangible book value of US$248 million, corresponding to a net tangible book value of US$5.7 per common share. Net tangible book value per common share represents the amount of our total tangible assets less our total liabilities, excluding goodwill and other intangible assets, divided by 43,495,585, the total number of our common shares outstanding at March 31, 2013.

After giving effect to the sale by us of the              common shares offered in the offering, and considering an offering price of US$              per common share (the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover of this prospectus), after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our net tangible book value estimated at March 31, 2013 would have been approximately US$              , representing US$              per common share. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of US$              per share to existing shareholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of US$              per share to new investors purchasing common shares in this offering. Dilution for this purpose represents the difference between the price per common shares paid by these purchasers and net tangible book value per common share immediately after the completion of the offering.

The following table illustrates this dilution to new investors purchasing common shares in this offering.

   

Net tangible book value per common share at March 31, 2013

       

Increase in net tangible book value per common share attributable to new investors

       

Pro forma net tangible book value per common share after the offering

       

Dilution per common share to new investors

       

Percentage of dilution in net tangible book value per common share for new investors

    %  
   

Each US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the offering price per common share, respectively, would increase (decrease) the net tangible book value after this offering by US$              per common share and the dilution to investors in the offering by US$              per common share.

If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional common shares in full, the net tangible book value after this offering would increase by US$              per common share and investors in this offering will incur immediate dilution of US$              per common share.

75


Table of Contents


Exchange rates

In Chile, Colombia and Argentina, our functional currency is the U.S. dollar. Following the completion of our Brazil Acquisitions, we expect our functional currency for our Brazilian operations to be the real.

The Brazilian foreign exchange system allows the purchase and sale of foreign currency and the international transfer of reais by any person or legal entity, regardless of the amount, subject to certain regulatory procedures.

Since 1999, the Brazilian Central Bank has allowed the U.S. dollar-real exchange rate to float freely, and, since then, the U.S. dollar-real exchange rate has fluctuated considerably.

In the past, the Brazilian Central Bank has intervened occasionally to control unstable movements in foreign exchange rates. We cannot predict whether the Brazilian Central Bank or the Brazilian government will continue to permit the real to float freely or will intervene in the exchange rate market through the return of a currency band system or otherwise. The real may depreciate or appreciate against the U.S. dollar substantially. Furthermore, Brazilian law provides that, whenever there is a serious imbalance in Brazil's balance of payments or there are serious reasons to foresee a serious imbalance, temporary restrictions may be imposed on remittances of foreign capital abroad. We cannot assure you that such measures will not be taken by the Brazilian government in the future. See "Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—Our results of operations could be materially adversely affected by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates."

The following tables show the selling rate for U.S. dollars for the periods and dates indicated. The information in the "Average" column represents the average of the daily exchange rates during the periods presented. The numbers in the "Period-end" column are the quotes for the exchange rate as of the last business day of the period in question. As of July 15, 2013, the exchange rate for the purchase of U.S. dollars as reported by the Central Bank of Brazil was R$2.2548 per U.S. dollar.

   
Recent exchange rates of real per U.S. dollar
  Low
  High
 
   

Month:

             

December 2012

    2.0435     2.1121  

January 2013

    1.9883     2.0471  

February 2013

    1.9570     1.9893  

March 2013

    1.9528     2.0185  

April 2013

    1.9736     2.0244  

May 2013

    2.0030     2.1319  

June 2013

    2.1235     2.2648  

July 2013 (through July 18)

    2.2297     2.2697  
   

Source: Central Bank of Brazil.

76


Table of Contents

   
Real/US$1.00
  Average
  Period-end
 
   

Period:

             

2008

    1.8375     2.3370  

2009

    1.9936     1.7412  

2010

    1.7593     1.6662  

2011

    1.6746     1.8758  

2012

    1.9550     2.0435  

First quarter 2013

    1.9964     2.0138  

Second quarter 2013

    2.0700     2.2156  

Third quarter 2013 (through July 18, 2013)

    2.2529     2.2297  
   

Source: Central Bank of Brazil.

Exchange rate fluctuation may affect the U.S. dollar value of any distributions we make with respect to our common shares. See "Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—Our results of operations could be materially adversely affected by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates."

77


Table of Contents


Market information

Our common shares have been listed on the AIM under the symbol "GPK" since May 15, 2006.

The table below presents, for the periods indicated, the annual, quarterly and monthly high and low closing prices (in GBP) of our common shares on the AIM.

   
 
  Common shares  
 
  High
  Low
  Average daily
trading
volume

 

 

 

                   
 
  (GBP per share)
  (in shares)
 

Annual price history

                   

2008

    4.82     2.60     56682  

2009

    3.78     1.95     28585  

2010

    8.75     3.99     52636  

2011

    8.75     4.40     21153  

2012

    7.55     4.58     11469  

Quarterly price history

                   

2013

                   

1st Quarter

    6.93     6.20     8059  

2012

                   

1st Quarter

    5.85     4.58     9565  

2nd Quarter

    6.90     5.54     13386  

3rd Quarter

    7.55     6.32     14688  

4th Quarter

    7.30     6.20     8358  

2011

                   

1st Quarter

    8.75     6.73     24481  

2nd Quarter

    7.40     6.43     24978  

3rd Quarter

    6.45     4.90     20232  

4th Quarter

    5.58     4.40     15134  

Monthly price history

                   

February 2013

    6.93     6.53     6352  

March 2013

    6.63     6.20     17289  

April 2013

    6.60     5.53     65190  

May 2013

    5.80     5.73     21421  

June 2013

    6.03     5.70     6582  

July 2013 (through July 18, 2013)

    5.88     5.63     2843  
   

Source: Bloomberg

On July 18, 2013, the last reported closing sale price on the AIM was GBP5.65 per common share (US$8.85 per common share), based on the certified foreign exchange rates for July 18, 2013 published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

Our common shares have also been listed on the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange under the symbol "GPK" since October 30, 2009.

78


Table of Contents

The price of our common shares on the AIM and the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange during recent periods may also be considered in determining the public offering price. It should be noted however, that historically there has been a limited volume of trading in our common shares on the AIM and the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange.

We intend to cancel admission of our common shares to the AIM and the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange following the listing of our common shares on the NYSE.

We intend to apply to list our common shares on the NYSE under the symbol "              ". We cannot assure that an active trading market will develop for our common shares, or that our common shares will trade in the public market subsequent to the offering at or above the initial public offering price.

79


Table of Contents


Selected historical financial data

We have derived our selected historical statement of income, balance sheet and cash flow data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 from our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, which have been audited by PwC.

The selected historical financial data at March 31, 2013 and for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 have been derived from the Interim Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, which in the opinion of our management, include all adjustments necessary to present fairly our results of operations and financial condition at the dates and for the periods presented. The results for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that you should expect for the entire year ended December 31, 2013 or any other period.

We maintain our books and records in U.S. dollars and prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS.

This financial information should be read in conjunction with "Presentation of Financial and Other Information," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes thereto, included elsewhere in this prospectus.

This selected historical financial data set forth in this section does not include any results or other financial information of the Colombia Acquisitions prior to their incorporation into our financial statements, or the pending Brazil Acquisitions.

80


Table of Contents

Statement of income data

   
 
  For the three-month
period ended March 31,
  For the year ended
December 31,
 
(in thousands of US$, except per share numbers)
 
  2013 (unaudited)
  2012 (unaudited)
  2012
  2011
 
   

Net oil sales

    83,710     42,754     221,564     73,508  

Net gas sales

    6,064     8,567     28,914     38,072  

Net revenue

    89,774     51,321     250,478     111,580  
       

Production costs

    (38,313 )   (19,362 )   (129,235 )   (54,513 )

Gross profit(1)

    51,461     31,959     121,243     57,067  
       

Gross margin (%)(2)

    57.3%     62.3%     48.4%     51.1%  
       

Exploration costs

    (7,305 )   (1,281 )   (27,890 )   (10,066 )

Administrative costs

    (9,606 )   (3,231 )   (28,798 )   (18,169 )

Selling expenses

    (7,906 )   (1,744 )   (24,631 )   (2,546 )

Other operating expense

    (154 )   (821 )   (823 )   (502 )

Operating profit

    26,490     24,882     40,747     25,784  
       

Financial income

    306     341     892     162  

Financial expenses

    (12,918 )   (4,219 )   (17,200 )   (13,678 )

Bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries

        8,401     8,401      

Profit before tax

    13,878     29,405     32,840     12,268  
       

Income tax

    (4,433 )   (5,117 )   (14,394 )   (7,206 )

Profit for the period/year

    9,445     24,288     18,446     5,062  
       

Earnings per common share for profit attributable to owners of the Company—Basic

    0.1490     0.4809     0.2784     0.0013  
       

Earnings per common share for profit attributable to owners of the Company—Diluted

    0.1427     0.4552     0.2693     0.0012  
   

(1)    Gross profit is defined as net revenue minus production costs.

(2)    Gross margin is defined as gross profit divided by net revenue.

81


Table of Contents

Balance sheet data

   
 
  As of March 31,   As of December 31,  
(in thousands of US$)
  2013 (unaudited)
  2012
  2011
 
   

Assets

                   

Non-current assets

                   

Property, plant and equipment

    510,942     457,837     224,635  

Prepaid taxes

    12,690     10,707     2,957  

Other financial assets

    2,657     7,791     5,226  

Deferred income tax

    13,103     13,591     450  

Prepayments and other receivables

    452     510     707  

Total non-current assets

    539,844     490,436     233,975  
       

Current assets

                   

Other financial assets

            3,000  

Inventories

    3,506     3,955     584  

Trade receivables

    39,939     32,271     15,929  

Prepayments and other receivables

    42,690     49,620     24,984  

Prepaid taxes

    6,026     3,443     147  

Cash at bank and in hand

    176,005     48,292     193,650  

Total current assets

    268,166     137,581     238,294  
       

Total assets

    808,010     628,017     472,269  
       

Equity attributable to owners of the Company

    242,708     239,421     208,889  
       

Equity attributable to non-controlling interest

    75,630     72,665     41,763  
       

Total equity

    323,338     312,086     250,652  
       

Liabilities

                   

Non-current liabilities

                   

Borrowings

    290,913     165,046     134,643  

Provisions for other long-term liabilities

    28,209     25,991     9,412  

Deferred income tax

    22,885     17,502     13,109  

Total non-current liabilities

    342,007     208,539     157,164  
       

Current liabilities

                   

Borrowings

    8,472     27,986     30,613  

Current income tax

    10,807     7,315     187  

Trade and other payable

    123,386     54,890     28,535  

Provisions for other liabilities

        17,201     5,118  

Total current liabilities

    142,665     107,392     64,453  
       

Total liabilities

    484,672     315,931     221,617  
       

Total equity and liabilities

    808,010     628,017     472,269  
   

82


Table of Contents

Cash flow data

   
 
  For the three-month period
ended March 31,
  For the year ended
December 31,
 
(in thousands of US$)
  2013 (unaudited)
  2012 (unaudited)
  2012
  2011
 
   

Cash provided by (used in)

                         

Operating activities

    82,732     37,543     131,802     68,763  

Investing activities

    (74,791 )   (152,816 )   (303,507 )   (101,276 )

Financing activities

    129,726     297     26,375     131,739  
       

Net (decrease) increase in cash

    137,667     (114,976 )   (145,330 )   99,226  
   

Other financial data

   
 
  For the three-month
period ended March 31,
  For the year ended
December 31,
 
 
  2013 (unaudited)
  2012 (unaudited)
  2012
  2011
 
   

Adjusted EBITDA(1)
(US$ thousands)

    49,652     34,253     121,404     63,391  

Adjusted EBITDA margin(2)

   
55.3%
   
66.7%
   
48.5%
   
56.8%
 
   

(1)    Adjusted EBITDA is a non-IFRS financial measure. For a definition of Adjusted EBITDA see "Presentation of financial and other information—Non-IFRS financial measures." For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA see "Prospectus summary—Summary historical financial data."

(2)    Adjusted EBITDA margin is defined as Adjusted EBITDA divided by net revenue.

83


Table of Contents


Unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data

The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined income statements below are presented as if the acquisitions of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva, our pending Rio das Contas acquisition and the disposition of the 20% equity interest in GeoPark Colombia had occurred as of January 1, 2012. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of financial position is presented below as if our pending Rio das Contas acquisition had occurred on March 31, 2013.

The Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data is based on the following financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus and should be read in conjunction with them and the notes thereto:

our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements;
our Interim Consolidated Financial Statements;
the Colombian Acquisitions Consolidated Financial Statements;
the Rio das Contas Audited Consolidated Financial Statements; and
the Rio das Contas Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

The acquisition dates for Winchester, Luna and Cuerva were February 14, 2012, February 14, 2012 and March 27, 2012, respectively. However, for accounting purposes, these acquisitions were computed as if they had occurred on January 31, 2012, January 31, 2012 and March 31, 2012, respectively. For purposes of the Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data, Winchester, Luna and Cuerva pre-acquisition income statement data for the periods from January 1, 2012 through January 31, 2012, January 31, 2012 and March 31, 2012, respectively, or the Pre-acquisition Stub Period, has been extracted from the Colombian Acquisitions Consolidated Financial Statements.

The acquisition date for Rio das Contas is expected to be in 2013. The Rio das Contas pre-acquisition income statement data for the year ended December 31, 2012 and for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 and the Rio das Contas pre-acquisition statement of financial position data as of March 31, 2013, have been extracted from the Rio das Contas Consolidated Financial Statements.

The disposition of the 20% equity interest in GeoPark Colombia was completed on December 18, 2012. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, LGI paid a total consideration of US$14.9 million and agreed to assume its share of existing debt and to provide additional funding to cover LGI's share of required future investments in Colombia.

The Cuerva pre-acquisition income statement data for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 used in the preparation of the Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data differs from our historical financial statements included in this prospectus. The pre-acquisition income statement has been prepared in accordance with US GAAP, whereas our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS. Therefore, we have adjusted the pre-acquisition US GAAP financial data to IFRS consistent with our accounting policies by applying IFRS in all material respects to such financial data.

The preparation of the Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data includes the impact of certain purchase accounting adjustments, such as estimated changes in depreciation expense on acquired proved and unproved properties that are expected to have a continuing impact on us. Accordingly, the amounts shown in our unaudited pro forma condensed combined income statements are not necessarily indicative of the results that would have resulted if the acquisitions had occurred on January 1, 2012 or that may result in the future.

84


Table of Contents

The Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data is for informational purposes only. Because of its nature, it addresses a hypothetical situation and it is not intended to represent or to be indicative of the consolidated financial position or results of operations that we would have reported had the acquisitions been completed on the dates indicated. It should not be relied upon as representative of the historical consolidated financial position or results of operations that would have been achieved, or the future consolidated financial position or operating results that can be expected. The unaudited pro forma adjustments, described in the accompanying notes, are based on available information and certain assumptions that management believes are reasonable for purposes of this Prospectus.

Adjusted EBITDA is a supplemental non-IFRS financial measure that is used by management and external users of our financial statements, such as industry analysts, investors, lenders and rating agencies. We define Adjusted EBITDA as profit for the period before net finance cost, income tax, depreciation, amortization and certain non-cash items such as impairments and write-offs of unsuccessful efforts, accrual of stock options and stock awards and bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure of profit or cash flows as determined by IFRS and may not be comparable to other similarly-titled measures of other companies. See "Presentation of financial and other information—Non-IFRS financial measures."

85


Table of Contents

Unaudited pro formacondensed combined income statement

   
 
  For the year ended December 31, 2012  
(in thousands of US$)
  GeoPark
historical
IFRS

  Colombian
acquisitions
historical
IFRS pre-
acquisition
stub period
(1) and (2)

  Rio das
Contas
acquisition
historical
IFRS

  Pro forma
adjustments
Colombian
acquisitions
(3)

  Pro forma
adjustments
Rio das
Contas
acquisition
(4)

  Pro forma
adjustments
Colombian
disposition (5)

  Pro forma
combined
 
   

Net revenue

    250,478     23,831     51,094                 325,403  
       

Production costs

    (129,235 )   (14,229 )   (18,167 )   (167 )(a)   (15,155 )(a)       (176,953 )

Gross profit/(loss)

    121,243     9,602     32,927     (167 )   (15,155 )       148,450  
       

Exploration costs

    (27,890 )   (337 )                   (28,227 )

Administrative costs

    (28,798 )   (2,417 )   (4,075 )   495 (b)   464 (b)       (34,331 )

Selling expenses

    (24,631 )   (4,343 )                   (28,974 )

Other operating income / (expenses)

    823     665     896                 2,384  

Operating profit/(loss)

    40,747     3,170     29,748     328     (14,691 )       59,302  

Net financial result

    (16,308 )   184     1,055         (6,522 )(c)       (21,591 )

Bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries

    8,401                         8,401  

Profit/(loss) before income tax

    32,840     3,354     30,803     328     (21,213 )       46,112  
       

Income tax

    (14,394 )   (1,391 )   (7,569 )   (44 )(c)   7,277 (d)       (16,121 )

Profit/(loss) for the year

    18,446     1,963     23,234     284     (13,936 )       29,991  
       

Attributable to:

                                           

Owners of the Company

    11,879     1.963     23,234     284     (13,936 )   (1,700 )   21,724  

Non-controlling interest

    6,567                     1,700     8,267  

Earnings per share (in US$) for profit attributable to owners of the Company:

                                           

Basic

    0.2784                                   0.5091  

Diluted

    0.2693                                   0.4925  

Weighted average number of common shares:

                                           

Basic

    42,673,981                                   42,673,981  

Diluted

    44,109,305                                   44,109,305  
   

   

See Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data

86


Table of Contents

   
 
  For the three months ended March 31, 2013  
(in thousands of US$)
  GeoPark
historical IFRS

  Rio das Contas
acquisition
historical IFRS

  Pro forma
adjustments
Rio das Contas
acquisition (4)

  Pro forma
combined
 
   

Net revenue

    89,774     14,151         103,925  
       

Production costs

    (38,313 )   (4,662 )   (3,733 )(a)   (46,708 )
       

Gross profit

    51,461     9,489     (3,733 )   57,217  
       

Exploration costs

    (7,305 )           (7,305 )

Administrative costs

    (9,606 )   (577 )       (10,183 )

Selling expenses

    (7,906 )           (7,906 )

Other operating income / (expenses)

    (154 )           (154 )
       

Operating profit/(loss)

    26,490     8,912     (3,733 )   31,669  
       

Net financial result

    (12,612 )   200     (1,341 )   (13,753 )
       

Profit/(loss) before income tax

    13,878     9,112     (5,074 )   17,916  
       

Income tax

    (4,433 )   (2,622 )   1,725     (5,330 )

Profit/(loss) for the period

    9,445     6,490     (3,349 )   12,586  
       

Attributable to:

                         

Owners of the Company

    6,480     6,490     (3,349 )   9,621  

Non-controlling interest

    2,965             2,965  

Earnings per share (in US$) for profit attributable to owners of the Company:

                         

Basic

    0.1490                 0.2212  

Diluted

    0.1427                 0.2119  

Weighted average number of shares:

                         

Basic

    43,495,585                 43,495,585  

Diluted

    45,407,685                 45,407,685  
   

   

See Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data

87


Table of Contents

Unaudited pro formacondensed combined statement of financial position

   
 
  As of March 31, 2013  
(in thousands of US$)
  GeoPark
historical
IFRS

  Rio das Contas
acquisition
historical
IFRS

  Pro forma
adjustments
Rio das Contas
acquisition (4)

  Pro forma
combined
 
   

Assets

                         

Property, plant and equipment

    510,942     73,580     76,402 (e)   660,924  

Other

    28,902     3,048         31,950  
       

Total non-current assets

    539,844     76,628     76,402     692,874  
       

Trade receivables

    39,939     11,418         51,357  

Prepayments and other receivables

    42,690     181         42,871  

Cash at bank and in hand

    176,005     17,495     (104,882 )(f)   88,618  

Other

    9,532     73         9,605  
       

Total current assets

    268,166     29,167     (104,882 )   192,451  
       

Total assets

    808,010     105,795     (28,480 )   885,325  
       

Equity

                         

Share premium

    116,817     64,865     (64,865 )   116,817  

Reserves

    128,421     16,267     (16,267 )(g)   128,421  

Other

    2,470     12,707     (12,707 )(g)   2,470  

Attributable to owners of the Company

    247,708     93,839     (93,839 )   247,708  
       

Non-controlling interest

    75,630             75,630  
       

Total equity

    323,338     93,839     (93,839 )   323,338  
       

Liabilities

                         

Borrowings

    290,913         60,000 (h)   350,913  

Provisions for other long-term liabilities

    28,209     2,904         31,113  

Deferred income tax

    22,885     4,767         27,652  

Contingent payment

            5,359 (i)   5,359  

Total non-current liabilities

    342,007     7,671     65,359     415,037  
       

Trade and other payables

    123,386     4,285         127,671  

Other

    19,279             19,279  

Total current liabilities

    142,665     4,285         146,950  
       

Total liabilities

    484,672     11,956     65,359     561,987  
       

Total equity and liabilities

    808,010     105,795     (28,480 )   885,325  
   

   

See Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data

88


Table of Contents


Notes to the unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data

Note 1—Historical financial information of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva

The historical financial information of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva for the Pre-acquisition Stub Period is derived from the Winchester Consolidated Financial Statements and the Luna Consolidated Financial Statements, which are prepared in accordance with IFRS, and from the Cuerva Consolidated Financial Statements, which are prepared in accordance with US GAAP, all of which are included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The following table presents the historical financial information for the Pre-acquisition Stub Period in respect of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva under IFRS:

   
 
  Pre-acquisition Stub Period  
(in thousands of US$)
  Winchester
  Luna
  Cuerva(2)
  Colombian
Acquisitions
Historical
IFRS Pre-
acquisition
Stub Period

 
   

Net revenue

    2,613     360     20,858     23,831  
       

Production costs

    (1,196 )   (124 )   (12,909 )   (14,229 )
       

Gross profit

    1,417     236     7,949     9,602  
       

Exploration costs

        (337 )       (337 )

Administrative costs

    (226 )   (24 )   (2,167 )   (2,417 )

Selling expenses

    (508 )   (51 )   (3,784 )   (4,343 )

Other operating income

    170     14     481     665  
       

Operating profit/(loss)

    853     (162 )   2,479     3,170  

Net financial result

    82     434     (332 )   184  
       

Profit/(loss) before income tax

    935     272     2,147     3,354  

Income tax

    (594 )   (89 )   (708 )   (1,391 )
       

Profit/(loss) for the period

    341     183     1,439     1,963  
       

Depreciation

    (296 )   (29 )   (4,105 )   (4,430 )
       

Adjusted EBITDA

    1,149     204     6,584     7,937  
   

Note 2—Translation of Cuerva US GAAP historical financial information to IFRS

The historical financial information of Cuerva has been prepared in accordance with US GAAP. For the purposes of presenting the Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data, the income statement data for the Pre-acquisition Stub Period have been translated to IFRS by applying in all material respects our accounting policies in accordance with IFRS assuming a transition date of January 1, 2011.

89


Table of Contents

The following table presents the adjustments to the historical financial information for the Pre-acquisition Stub Period in respect of Cuerva:

   
 
  Pre-acquisition Stub Period  
(in thousands of US$)
  US GAAP
  IFRS
presentation
adjustments

  IFRS
measurement
adjustments

  IFRS
 
   

Net revenue

    22,594     (229 ) (1,507)(a)     20,858  

Production costs

    (13,421 )   (136 ) 648(b)     (12,909 )
       

Gross profit

    9,173     (365 ) (859)     7,949  
       

Administrative costs

    (2,167 )         (2,167 )

Selling expenses

    (4,149 )   365       (3,784 )

Other operating income/(expenses)

    481           481  
       

Operating profit/(loss)

    3,338       (859)     2,479  
       

Net financial result

    (332 )         (332 )

Profit/(loss) before income tax

    3,006       (859)     2,147  

Income tax

    (1,331 )     623(c)     (708 )
       

Profit/(loss) for the period

    1,675       (236)     1,439  
       

Depreciation

    (4,753 )     648     (4,105 )
       

Adjusted EBITDA

    8,091       (1,507)     6,584  
   

IFRS presentation adjustments

The presentation of certain income statement items in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined income statements differs from the historical financial statements of Cuerva. Therefore, certain reclassifications were made to conform to IFRS. These primarily include the reclassification of transportation costs, which under US GAAP are recorded within production costs while under IFRS we recognize them as selling expenses.

IFRS measurement adjustments

(a)    Stock valuation

Under both US GAAP and IFRS, crude oil is valued at cost. Changes in crude oil valuation are recorded within net revenue. However, the cost determined under US GAAP differs from the cost under IFRS because the depreciation charge capitalized is calculated under a different basis.

(b)   Depreciation of property, plant and equipment

Under US GAAP, the depreciation of proved oil and gas properties is calculated following a unit of production method that considers proved reserves.

Under IFRS, we depreciate our proved oil and gas properties following a unit of production method that considers commercial proved and probable reserves. This calculation also takes into account estimated future finding and development costs.

90


Table of Contents

(c)    Income tax

Under both US GAAP and IFRS, a deferred tax asset is recorded due to differences between tax and accounting bases of crude oil and property, plant and equipment. However, as previously discussed, these accounting bases differ between US GAAP and IFRS, generating an impact on income tax.

Under both US GAAP and IFRS, a deferred tax asset is recorded due to differences between tax and accounting bases of crude oil and property, plant and equipment. However, as previously discussed, these accounting bases differ between US GAAP and IFRS, generating an impact on income tax.

Note 3—Purchase price adjustments on Colombian acquisitions

   
(in thousands of US$)
   
   
 
   

Total cost of the acquisitions

          111,873  

Less: Book value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed

             

Total book value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed

    88,431        

Fair value adjustments:

             

Proved and unproved properties(i)

    28,017        

Other(ii)

    3,826        

Fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed

    120,274        

Bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries

          8,401  
   

(i)     Reflects fair value adjustments of property, plant and equipment and the recognition of mineral interest.

(ii)    Reflects fair value adjustments of crude oil inventories.

The following pro forma adjustments were made to the Pre-acquisition Stub Period to reflect the acquisitions of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva as if they had occurred on January 1, 2012:

(a)    Additional depreciation expense resulting from the increased basis of property, plant and equipment acquired of US$0.2 million.

(b)   Acquisition costs of US$0.5 million, which we incurred during 2012 (reflected in the GeoPark Historical IFRS column) in connection with the acquisitions of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva have been excluded from the pro forma condensed combined income statement because they are non-recurring costs directly attributable to the transaction. These costs are reflected in retained earnings in the pro forma condensed combined statement of financial position as of March 31, 2013.

(c)    Increase in income taxes related to the foregoing adjustments. The rate applied for adjustment (a) is the statutory rate in Colombia of 33%. The rate applied for adjustment (b) is the statutory rate in Chile of 20% given that the acquisition costs were incurred by Agencia.

Note 4—Purchase price adjustments on Rio das Contas acquisition

The purchase price allocation of our pending Rio das Contas acquisition is preliminary and may be subject to change. The final purchase price allocation is pending the approval of the transaction by the ANP, which may result in an adjustment to the purchase price. Any such adjustment will be reflected as an increase or

91


Table of Contents

decrease by means of working capital adjustment to be determined at the closing date of the Rio das Contas acquisition.

   
(in thousands of US$)
   
   
 
   

Cost of the acquisition

             

Cash payment(i)

    164,882        

Contingent payment

    5,359        

Total cost of the acquisition

          170,241  

Less: Book value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed

             

Total book value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed

    93,839        

Fair value adjustments:

             

Proved and unproved properties(ii)

    76,402        

Fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed

          170,241  
   

(i)     Comprised of a fixed purchase price of US$140 million, increased by a working capital adjustment of US$24.9 million calculated based on the Rio das Contas Interim Consolidated Financial Statements. The final working capital adjustment will be determined on the closing date.

(ii)    Reflects fair value adjustments of property, plant and equipment and the recognition of mineral interest.

The following pro forma adjustments were made to the unaudited pro forma condensed combined income statements for the year ended December 31, 2012 and for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 to reflect the acquisition of Rio das Contas as if it had occurred on January 1, 2012:

(a)    Additional depreciation expense resulting from the increased basis of property, plant and equipment acquired of US$11.5 million and US$2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 and for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, respectively. Also, the accounting policy for depreciation of oil and gas properties was adjusted to conform to our policy (which is based on commercial proved and probable reserves) resulting in additional depreciation expense of US$3.6 million and US$0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 and for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, respectively.

(b)   Acquisition costs of US$0.5 million, which we incurred during 2012 (reflected in GeoPark Historical IFRS column) in connection with the acquisition of Rio das Contas have been excluded from the pro forma condensed combined income statement because they are non-recurring costs directly attributable to the transaction. These costs are reflected in retained earnings in the pro forma condensed combined statement of financial position as of March 31, 2013.

(c)    Interest expense on the R$135 million (equivalent to approximately US$60 million) credit facility to be incurred in connection with the acquisition is calculated using an interest rate of 8.4% and 1.6% for the year ended December 31, 2012 and for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, respectively. The loan will mature six years from the date of disbursement and will bear a variable interest rate equal to the Interbank Deposit Certificate Rate (Certificado de Depósito Interbancário), or CDI, +2.5%. The effect of a 1/8 percent variance in the interest rate on profit for the year/period would be US$0.5 million and US$0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 and for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, respectively.

(d)   Increase in income taxes related to foregoing adjustments. The rate applied for adjustments (a) and (c) is the statutory rate in Brazil of 34%. The rate applied for adjustment (b) is the statutory rate in Chile of 20% given that the acquisition costs were incurred by Agencia, a subsidiary of GeoPark Holdings incorporated in Chile.

92


Table of Contents

The following pro forma adjustments were made to the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of financial position to reflect the acquisition of Rio das Contas as if it had occurred on March 31, 2013:

(e)    Fair value adjustment of US$76.4 million allocated to the recognition of mineral interest.

(f)    Adjustment to reflect: (i) increase in cash of US$60 million due to bank indebtedness to be issued in connection with the acquisition; and (ii) cash payment of US$164.9 million relating to the acquisition.

(g)    Elimination of Rio das Contas equity items for consolidation purposes.

(h)   Bank indebtedness of US$60 million to be incurred in connection with the acquisition. This loan will mature six years from the date of disbursement and will bear a variable interest rate equal to CDI+2.5%.

(i)     Contingent payment of US$5.4 million relating to the acquisition. The purchase price is adjusted for an earn out amount equal to 45% of the net cash flows of the BCAM-40 Block in excess of US$25 million. The earn out amount is calculated over a five-year period starting January 1, 2013.

Note 5—Pro forma adjustments on Colombian disposition

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined income statement for the year ended December 31, 2012 was adjusted to reflect the disposition of the 20% equity interest in GeoPark Colombia as if it had occurred on January 1, 2012. The adjustment represents an increase of US$1.7 million in profit/(loss) for the year attributable to non-controlling interest, and was calculated applying the 20% interest over: (i) the post-acquisition results of GeoPark Colombia included in the Annual Consolidated Financial Statements; (ii) the Pre-acquisition Stub Period results derived from the Colombian Company Interim Financial Statements; and (iii) the pro forma adjustments on the Colombian acquisitions.

Note 6—Reconciliations

Reconciliation of pro forma Adjusted EBITDA to the IFRS financial measure of pro forma profit for the period/ year

   
(in thousands of US$)
  March 31, 2013
  December 31, 2012
 
   

Pro forma profit for the period/year attributable to owners of the Company

    9,621     21,724  

Pro forma non-controlling interest

    2,965     8,267  

Pro forma profit for the period/year

    12,586     29,991  

Pro forma income tax

    5,330     16,121  

Pro forma net finance results

    13,153     21,591  

Pro forma others(i)

    (331 )   (12,009 )

Pro forma impairment and write off of unsuccessful efforts

    5,917     27,100  

Pro forma accrual of stock options and stock awards

    1,807     5,396  

Pro forma depreciation

    21,538     80,518  

Pro forma Adjusted EBITDA

    60,600     168,708  
   

(i)     Includes capitalized costs for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 and for the year ended December 31, 2012. Includes bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries of US$8.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012.

93


Table of Contents

Reconciliation of Rio das Contas historical Adjusted EBITDA to the IFRS measure of Rio das Contas historical profit for the period/ year

   
(in thousands of US$)
  March 31, 2013
  December 31, 2012
 
   

Rio das Contas historical profit/(loss) for the period/year

    6,490     23,234  

Income tax

    2,622     7,569  

Net financial result

    (200 )   (1,055 )

Write-off of unsuccessful efforts

        1,211  

Depreciation

    2,036     7,449  

Rio das Contas historical Adjusted EBITDA

    10,948     38,408  
   

94


Table of Contents


Management's discussion and analysis of
financial condition and results of operations

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto, the Rio das Contas Financial Statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, as well as the information presented under "Selected Historical Financial Data" and "Unaudited Condensed Combined Pro Forma Financial Data."

The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth in "Forward-looking Statements" and "Risk Factors."

Overview

We are an independent oil and natural gas exploration and production, or E&P, company with operations in South America and a proven track record of growth in production, reserves and cash flows since 2006. We operate in Chile, Colombia and, to a lesser extent, in Argentina, and we expect to begin operating in Brazil by the end of 2013, following the closing of our pending Rio das Contas acquisition and the separate award to us of seven new concessions in Brazil (which we refer to collectively as our Brazil Acquisitions). See "Prospectus summary—Recent developments."

We have a well-balanced portfolio of assets that includes working and/or economic interests in 19 onshore hydrocarbons blocks, with nine blocks currently in production and eight additional blocks upon the closing of the Brazil Acquisitions. We produced a net average of 13,426 boepd during the first quarter of 2013, 63% of which was produced in Chile, 37% of which was produced in Colombia and 0.4% of which was produced in Argentina, and of which 78% was oil. Including the Brazil Acquisitions, on a pro forma basis, we would have produced an average of 17,566 boepd during the first quarter of 2013, with Chile, Colombia and Brazil representing 48%, 28% and 24% of our production, respectively, and with oil representing 60% of our total production. As of December 31, 2012, we had net proved reserves of 16.8 mmboe (comprising 71% oil and 29% natural gas), of which 61% and 39% were in Chile and Colombia, respectively, and we estimate that Rio das Contas had net proved reserves of 8.0 mmboe (comprising approximately 98% natural gas) as of June 30, 2013.

Factors affecting our results of operations

We describe below the period-to-period comparisons of our historical results and the analysis of our financial condition. Our future results could differ materially from our historical results due to a variety of factors, including the following:

Discovery and development of reserves

Our results of operations depend on our level of success in finding, acquiring (including through bidding rounds) or gaining access to oil and natural gas reserves. While we have geological reports evaluating certain proved, contingent and prospective resources in our blocks, there is no assurance that we will continue to be successful in the exploration, appraisal, development and commercial production of oil and natural gas. The calculation of our geological and petrophysical estimates is complex and imprecise, and it is possible that our future exploration will not result in additional discoveries, and, even if we are able to successfully make such discoveries, there is no certainty that the discoveries will be commercially viable to produce. We have been able to successfully develop our assets through drilling, with 67%, or 85, of the

95


Table of Contents

126 exploratory, appraisal and development wells that we drilled from January 1, 2006 through March 31, 2013 becoming productive wells.

Currently, we are in the midst of our most significant exploration and drilling plan to date. For the first three months of 2013, we drilled 12 new wells (seven in Chile and five in Colombia) in blocks in which we have working interests and/or economic interests. We invested US$74.8 million (US$45.9 million and US$28.9 million in Chile and Colombia, respectively) for the first three months of 2013, of which US$32.6 million related to exploration. We intend to continue this program through the rest of 2013, and expect our total investments for 2013 to be between US$200 to US$230 million in Chile and Colombia, which will include the drilling of 35 to 45 wells.

Our results of operations will be adversely affected in the event that our estimated oil and natural gas asset base does not result in additional reserves that may eventually be commercially developed. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will acquire new exploration blocks or gain access to exploration blocks that contain reserves. Unless we succeed in exploration and development activities, or acquire properties that contain new reserves, our anticipated reserves will continually decrease, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Oil and gas revenue and international prices

Our revenues are derived from the sale of our oil and natural gas production, as well as of condensate derived from the production of natural gas. Our oil and natural gas prices are driven by the international prices of oil and methanol (for our Chilean gas production), respectively, which are denominated in U.S. dollars. The price realized for the oil produced by us is linked to WTI and Brent, U.S. dollar denominated international benchmarks. The price realized for the natural gas produced by us in Chile is linked to the international price of methanol, which is settled in the international markets in U.S. dollars. The market price of these commodities is subject to significant fluctuation and has historically fluctuated, widely in response to relatively minor changes in the global supply and demand for oil, natural gas, market uncertainty, economic conditions and a variety of additional factors.

For example, from January 1, 2010 to March 31, 2013, NYMEX WTI crude oil contracts prices ranged from a low of US$64.78 per bbl to a high of US$113.39 per bbl, Henry Hub natural gas average monthly spot prices ranged from a low of US$1.82 per mmbtu to a high of US$7.51 per mmbtu, US Gulf methanol spot barge prices ranged from a low of US$324.61 per metric ton to a high of US$451.86 per metric ton and Brent spot prices ranged from a low of US$67.18 per barrel to a high of US$128.14 per barrel. We have historically not hedged our production to protect against fluctuations.

Additionally, oil and gas sold by us may be subject to certain discounts. For instance, in Chile, the price of oil we sell to ENAP is based on WTI minus certain marketing and quality discounts based on, among other things, API and mercury content. Mercury content can vary depending on the geology and features in each field. For the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, these discounts resulted in average deductions in price of US$10.7 per bbl and US$8.4 per bbl, respectively, and realized prices of US$83.2 per bbl and US$94.7 per bbl, respectively.

We have a long-term gas supply contract with Methanex. The price of the gas sold under this contract is determined based on a formula that takes into account various international prices of methanol, including US Gulf methanol spot barge prices, methanol spot Rotterdam prices and spot prices in Asia. See "Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—A substantial or extended decline in oil, natural gas and methanol prices may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations." As of the

96


Table of Contents

date of this prospectus, we had not entered into any derivative arrangements or contracts to mitigate the impact on our results of operations from fluctuations in commodity prices.

In Chile, if the market prices of WTI and methanol had fallen by 10% as compared to actual prices during the year, with all other variables held constant, after-tax profit for the year ended December 31, 2012 would have been lower by US$13.0 million (US$9.5 million in 2011).

In Colombia, the price of oil we sell is based on Brent, adjusted for certain marketing and quality discounts based on, among other things, API, viscosity, sulphur and water content. For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, these discounts resulted in average deductions in price of US$5.9 per bbl and an average realized price of US$104.3 per bbl. Our oil sales contracts in Colombia are short-term agreements and do not commit the parties to a minimum volume, and are subject to availability of either party to receive or deliver the production.

In Brazil, prices for gas produced in the Manati Field are based on a long-term off-take contract with Petrobras. The price of gas sold under this contract is denominated in reais and is adjusted annually for inflation pursuant to the Brazilian General Market Price Index (Índice Geral de Preços—Mercado), or IGPM.

Production costs

Our production costs consist primarily of expenses associated with the production of oil and gas, the most significant of which are gas plant leasing, facilities and wells maintenance (including pulling works), labor costs, contractor and consultant fees, chemical analysis, royalties and products, among others. As commodity prices increase, our production costs may increase. We have historically not hedged our costs to protect against fluctuations.

Availability and reliability of infrastructure

Our business depends on the availability and reliability of operating and transportation infrastructure in the areas in which we operate. Prices and availability for equipment and infrastructure, and the maintenance thereof, affect our ability to make the investments necessary to operate our business, and thus our results of operations and financial condition. See "Risk factorsRisks relating to our businessOur inability to access needed equipment and infrastructure in a timely manner may hinder our access to oil and natural gas markets and generate significant incremental costs or delays in our oil and natural gas production."

In order to mitigate the risk of unavailability of operating and transportation infrastructure, we have invested in the construction of plant and pipeline infrastructure to produce, process and store hydrocarbon reserves and transport them to market. In the Fell Block, for example, we have constructed over 120 km of pipeline and a gas plant with a processing and compression capacity of 35.3 mmcfpd. We are also currently constructing an oil treatment plant with a processing capacity of 9,500 bopd to service oil produced in the Fell Block, which we expect to become operative in the second half of 2013.

Production levels

Our oil and gas production levels are heavily influenced by drilling results, our acquisitions and oil and natural gas prices. Since being awarded 100% of the working interest in the Fell Block in 2006, and through March 31, 2013, we have drilled 88 exploratory, appraisal and development wells in the Fell Block, with 72%, or 63, of such wells becoming productive. Production at the Fell Block has increased from 6,242 boepd in 2009 to 8,436 boepd as of March 31, 2013. Since acquiring our Colombian operations and through March 31, 2013, 29 exploratory, appraisal and development wells have been drilled in blocks in which we

97


Table of Contents

have working interests and/or economic interests, with 69% of such wells becoming productive. Production in our Colombian operations has increased from 2,965 boepd for the month of April 30, 2012 (the first full month following the acquisition of our Colombian operations) to 5,387 boepd for the month of March 31, 2013.

We expect that fluctuations in our financial condition and results of operations will be driven by the rate at which production volumes from our wells decline. As initial reservoir pressures are depleted, oil and gas production from a given well will decline over time. See "Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—Unless we replace our oil and natural gas reserves, our reserves and production will decline over time. Our business is dependent on our continued successful identification of productive fields and prospects and the identified locations in which we drill in the future may not yield oil or natural gas in commercial quantities."

Contractual obligations

In order to protect our exploration and production rights in our license areas, we must make and declare discoveries within certain time periods specified in our various special contracts, exploration and production agreements and concession agreements. The costs to maintain or operate our license areas may fluctuate or increase significantly, and we may not be able to meet our commitments under these agreements on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If we do not succeed in renewing these agreements, or in securing new ones, our ability to grow our business may be materially impaired. See "Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—Under the terms of some of our various CEOPs, E&P Contracts and concession agreements, we are obligated to drill wells, declare any discoveries and file periodic reports in order to retain our rights and establish development areas. Failure to meet these obligations may result in the loss of our interests in the undeveloped parts of our blocks or concession areas."

Administrative costs

Our administrative costs increased by US$11.0 million, or 59%, from 2011 to 2012, a significant portion of which was attributable to our acquisitions of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva in the first quarter of 2012. Our administrative costs for the three months ended March 31, 2013 have increased by US$6.0 million, or 197%, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2012, as a result of an increase in staff costs of US$3.1 million, including an increase of US$0.6 million in share based payments, and higher costs associated with new business developments. Furthermore, we expect administrative costs to increase as a result of our acquisitions in Brazil, and as a result of becoming a publicly traded company in the United States. Public company costs include expenses associated with our annual and quarterly reporting, investor relations, registrar and transfer agent fees, incremental insurance costs and accounting and legal services.

Acquisitions

Our results of operations are significantly affected by our past acquisitions. We generally incorporate our acquired business into our results of operations at or around the date of closing, which limits the comparability of periods including such acquisitions, including our Colombian Acquisitions in 2012, with periods prior to them. This is also expected to be the case for our Brazil Acquisitions. See "Unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data" for a pro forma analysis of our financial condition and results of operations.

As described above, part of our strategy is to acquire and consolidate assets in South America. We intend to continue to selectively acquire companies, producing properties and concessions. As with our historical acquisitions, any future acquisitions could make year-to-year comparisons of our results of operations

98


Table of Contents

difficult. We may also incur substantial debt, issue additional equity securities or use other funding sources to fund future acquisitions.

Functional and presentational currency

Our Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in U.S. dollars, which is our functional and presentational currency. Items included in the financial information of each of our entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates, or the functional currency, which is the U.S. dollar in each case, except for our Brazilian operations, where the functional currency will be the real.

Geographical segment reporting

We divide our business into three geographical segments—Chile, Colombia and Argentina—that correspond to our principal jurisdictions of operation. Activities not falling into these three geographical segments are reported under a separate corporate segment that primarily includes certain corporate administrative costs not attributable to another segment. As of March 31, 2013, our Chilean segment contributed US$45.5 million, or 51%, of our revenues, our Colombian segment contributed US$43.8 million, or 49%, of our revenues, and our Argentine segment contributed US$0.4 million, or 0.5%, of our revenues.

In the description of our results of operations that follow, our "Other" operations reflect our non-Chilean and non-Colombian operations, primarily consisting of our Argentine and corporate head office operations. We expect to operate Brazil as a separate geographic segment following the closing of our Brazil Acquisitions. On a pro forma basis, our Brazilian operations represented 13.6% of our revenues for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013.

Description of principal line items

The following is a brief description of the principal line items of our statement of income.

Net revenue

Net revenue includes the sale of crude oil, condensate and natural gas net of value-added tax, or VAT, and discounts related to the sale, such as API and mercury adjustments. Revenue is recognized when the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the buyer, the associated costs and amount of revenue can be estimated reliably, recovery of the consideration is probable, and there is no continuing management involvement with the goods.

Production costs

For a description of our production costs, see "—Factors affecting our results of operations."

Capitalized costs of proved oil and natural gas properties are depreciated on a licensed area by licensed area basis, using the unit of production method, based on commercial proved and probable reserves as calculated under the Petroleum Resources Management System methodology promulgated by the Society of Petroleum Engineers, and the World Petroleum Council, or the PRMS, which differs from SEC reporting guidelines pursuant to which certain information in the forepart of this prospectus is presented. The calculation of the "unit of production" depreciation takes into account estimated future discovery and development costs. Changes in reserves and cost estimates are recognized prospectively. Reserves are converted to equivalent units on the basis of approximate relative energy content.

99


Table of Contents

Exploration costs

Exploration costs consist of geosciences costs, including wages and salaries and share-based compensation not subject to capitalization, impairment losses, write-off of unsuccessful exploration efforts, geological consultancy costs and costs relating to independent reservoir engineer studies. In particular, upon completion of the evaluation phase, a prospect is either transferred to oil and gas properties if it contains reserves, or is charged as exploration costs in the period in which the determination is made. See "—Critical accounting policies and estimates—Oil and gas accounting."

Administrative costs

Administrative costs consist of corporate costs such as director fees and travel expenses, new project evaluations and back-office expenses principally comprised of wages and salaries, share-based compensation, consultant fees and other administrative costs, including certain costs relating to acquisitions.

Selling expenses

Selling expenses consist primarily of transportation and storage costs.

Financial results, net

Financial results, net consists of the sum of financial income offset by financial expenses. Financial income includes interest received from bank time deposits and the effect of exchange rate differences. Financial expenses principally include interest expense not subject to capitalization, bank charges, the effect of exchange rate differences and the unwinding of long-term liabilities.

Profit for the period attributable to owners of the Company

Profit for the period attributable to owners of the Company consists of profit for the year less non-controlling interest.

Results of operations

The following discussion is of certain financial and operating data for the periods indicated. You should read this discussion in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

We acquired Winchester and Luna on February 14, 2012 and Cuerva on March 27, 2012. Accordingly, our results for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 and the year ended December 31, 2012 are not fully comparable with prior periods. For accounting purposes, the results of operations of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva were consolidated into our financial statements beginning on January 31, 2012, January 31, 2012 and March 31, 2012, respectively. See Note 35 to our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.

In addition, our Consolidated Financial Statements will not be fully comparable with our consolidated financial statements prepared for any period following the date upon which we fully consolidate Rio das Contas into our operations for accounting purposes. See "Presentation of financial and other information."

100


Table of Contents

Three-month period ended March 31, 2013 compared to three-month period ended March 31, 2012

The following table summarizes certain financial and operating data for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012.

   
 
  For the three-month period
ended March 31,
 
(in thousands of US$, except for percentages)
  2013
  2012
  % change
from
prior year

 

 

 

                   
 
  (unaudited)
 

Revenues

                   

Net oil sales

    83,710     42,754     96%  

Net gas sales

    6,064     8,567     (29)%  
             

Total revenue

    89,774     51,321     75%  
             

Production costs

    (38,313 )   (19,362 )   98%  

Gross profit(1)

    51,461     31,959     61%  
             

Gross margin (%)(2)

    57.3%     62.3%      
             

Exploration costs

    (7,305 )   (1,281 )   470%  

Administrative costs

    (9,606 )   (3,231 )   197%  

Selling expenses

    (7,906 )   (1,744 )   353%  

Other operating expense

    (154 )   (821 )   (81)%  
             

Operating profit

    26,490     24,882     7%  
             

Financial results, net

    (12,612 )   (3,878 )   325%  

Bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries

        8,401      

Profit before income tax

    13,878     29,405     (53)%  
             

Income tax expense

    (4,433 )   (5,117 )   (13)%  

Profit for the period

    9,445     24,288     (61)%  
             

Non-controlling interest

    2,965     3,861     (33)%  
             

Profit for the period attributable to owners of the Company

    6,480     20,427     (68)%  
             

Net production volumes

                   

Oil (mbbl)

    943     470     101%  

Gas (mcf)

    1,590     2,468     (36)%  

Total net production (mboe)

    1,208     881     37%  
             

Average net production (boepd)

    13,426     9,682     39%  

Average realized sales price

                   

Oil (US$ per bbl)

    92.2     96.1     (4)%  

Gas (US$ per mcf)

    4.4     4.0     10%  

Average realized sales price per boe (US$)

    78.0     63.8     22%  

Average unit costs per boe (US$)

                   

Production costs

    31.7     22.0     44%  

Exploration costs

    6.1     1.5     307%  

Administrative costs

    8.0     3.7     116%  

Selling expenses

    6.6     2.0     230%  
   

(1)    Gross profit is defined as total revenue minus production costs.

(2)    Gross margin is defined as total revenue minus production costs, divided by total revenue.

101


Table of Contents

The following table summarizes certain financial and operating data.

   
 
  For the three-month period ended March 31,  
 
  2013   2012  
(In thousands of US$)
  Chile
  Colombia
  Other
  Total
  Chile
  Colombia
  Other
  Total
 
   
 
  (unaudited)
 

Net revenue

    45,518     43,810     446     89,774     45,976     4,972     373     51,321  

Gross profit

    27,381     23,208     872     51,461     29,534     2,324     101     31,959  

Depreciation

    (8,208 )   (7,493 )   (68 )   (15,769 )   (7,356 )   (808 )   (267 )   (8,431 )

Impairment and write-offs

    (4,564 )   (1,353 )       (5,917 )   (259 )           (259 )
   

Net revenue

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, 93.2% and 6.8% of our total revenues were derived from crude oil sales and natural gas sales, respectively.

   
 
  Three months ended March 31,  
Consolidated
(in thousands of US$)

 
  2013
  2012
 
   

Sale of crude oil

    83,710     42,754  

Sale of gas

    6,064     8,567  
       

Total

    89,774     51,321  
   

 

   
 
  Three months ended March 31,   Change, March 2013 vs.
March 2012
 
By country
(in thousands of US$)

 
  2013
  2012
  #
  %
 
   

Chile

    45,518     45,976     (458 )   1%  

Colombia

    43,810     4,972     38,838     781%  

Other

    446     373     73     20%  
             

Total

    89,774     51,321     38,453     75%  
   

Net revenue increased 75% from US$51.3 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 to US$89.8 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, primarily as a result of the incorporation of a full quarter of Colombian operations in our results as compared to the similar period in 2012.

The increase in net revenue is explained by:

an increase of US$42.7 million in oil deliveries (including US$38.8 million in additional oil deliveries in Colombia), and

an increase of US$0.8 million from the realized price for gas sold;

partially offset by:

a decrease of US$3.3 million in gas deliveries, and

a decrease of US$1.7 million from the realized price for oil sold.

102


Table of Contents

Net revenue attributable to our operations in Chile was US$45.5 million and US$46.0 million for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, representing 51% and 90% of our total consolidated sales, respectively, a 1% decrease from the three-month period ended March 31, 2012. Sales of crude oil increased from 393 mbbl for such period in 2012 compared to 474 mbbl, or 20.6%, for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, due to new discoveries made in Tobifera formation, which increased production at Konawentru field. This was partially offset by (i) a decrease in the average realized prices per barrel of crude oil of US$12 per barrel, or 14.5%, from US$95 per barrel for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 to US$83 per barrel for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, of which US$2.3 per barrel was attributable to quality discounts in the oil we produced and the rest to WTI changes, and (ii) a reduction in Chilean gas sales in an amount of US$2.5 million or 29% from US$8.6 million in the three-month period ended March 31, 2012, to US$6.1 million. The lower gas sales resulted from reduced drilling activity for gas prospects, as we focused on oil prospects which generate higher revenues than gas.

Net revenue attributable to our operations in Colombia for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 was US$43.8 million compared to US$5.0 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 primarily due to the incorporation of Cuerva's results in the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 and the incorporation of a full quarter of Winchester and Luna's operations. Sales of crude oil increased from 46 mbbl for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 to 420 mbbl, or 813%, for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, despite a decrease in the average realized prices per barrel of crude oil from US$109 per barrel to US$104 primarily due to the changes in the price of Brent. Our Colombian operations contributed 49% and 10% to our net revenue for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 and 2012.

Production costs

The following table summarizes our production costs for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, on a consolidated basis, and by country.

   
 
  Three-month period ended March 31,  
Consolidated
(in thousands US$, except for percentages)

  2013
  2012
  % change from
prior year

 
   
 
  (unaudited)
 

Depreciation

    (15,451 )   (8,236 )   88%  

Royalties

    (4,564 )   (2,341 )   95%  

Staff costs

    (2,077 )   (2,217 )   (6)%  

Transportation costs

    (2,255 )   (1,507 )   50%  

Well and facilities maintenance

    (4,271 )   (1,512 )   182%  

Consumables

    (3,561 )   (891 )   300%  

Equipment rental

    (1,578 )   (607 )   160%  

Other costs

    (4,556 )   (2,051 )   144%  
             

Total

    (38,313 )   (19,362 )   98%  
   

103


Table of Contents


   
 
  Three-month period ended March 31,  
 
  2013   2012  
By country
(in thousands US$)

 
  Chile
  Colombia
  Chile
  Colombia
 
   
 
  (unaudited)
 

Depreciation

    (7,991 )   (7,459 )   (7,250 )   (798 )

Royalties

    (2,158 )   (2,380 )   (2,286 )   (10 )

Staff costs

    (1,820 )   (1,075 )   (2,115 )   (432 )

Transportation costs

    (1,645 )   (552 )   (1,472 )    

Well and facilities maintenance

    (2,432 )   (1,716 )   (1,309 )   (146 )

Consumables

    (412 )   (3,135 )   (587 )   (283 )

Equipment rental

        (1,578 )       (607 )

Other costs

    (1,679 )   (2,707 )   (1,423 )   (372 )
       

Total

    (18,137 )   (20,602 )   (16,442 )   (2,648 )
   

Production costs increased 98%, from US$19.4 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 to US$38.3 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, primarily as the result of the incorporation of a full quarter of our Colombian operations in our results, which resulted in our revenue mix to be 93.2% oil and 6.8% gas.

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, in Chile, operating expenditures (production costs less depreciation, royalties and share-based payments) per boe increased to US$10.2 per boe from US$8.1 per boe in the same period in 2012. This increase was driven by an increase in well and facilities maintenance, primarily a pulling costs increase of US$1.1 million recorded therein and the continuing change in revenue mix from gas to oil, which has higher production costs than gas. In the first three months of 2013, the revenue mix for Chile was split 86.7% oil and 13.3% gas, whereas for the same period in 2012 it was 81.4% oil and 18.6% gas.

Operating costs in Colombia increased 70% for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 as compared to the corresponding period of 2012, primarily due to the incorporation of a full quarter of our Colombian operations in our results. Operating costs per boe in Colombia increased to US$24.2 per boe for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, from US$39.0 per boe for the corresponding period in 2012.

Gross profit

   
 
  Three months ended March 31,   Change, March 2013 vs.
March 2012
 
(In thousands of US$, except for percentages)
 
  2013
  2012
   
  %
 
   
 
  (Unaudited)
 

Chile

    27,381     29,534     (2,153 )   (7)%  

Colombia

    23,208     2,324     20,884     899%  

Other

    872     101     771     763%  
             

Total

    51,461     31,959     19,502     61%  
   

Gross profit increased 61%, from US$32.0 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 to US$51.5 million for the corresponding period in 2013, primarily as a result of the incorporation of a full quarter of our Colombian operations in our results. Gross margin for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 was 57%, which represented a decrease of 8% as compared to gross margin for the

104


Table of Contents

three-month period ended March 31, 2012 of 62%, due to the incorporation of the Colombian acquisitions in the first quarter of 2013, which involved higher royalties and depreciation charges in Colombia than the corresponding period in 2012.

Gross profit per barrel increased from US$36.3 for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 to US$42.6 for the corresponding period in 2013, primarily as a result of the incorporation of a full quarter of Colombia operations, which have a higher gross profit per barrel than Chile, given its 100% oil mix. Production cost per barrel for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 in Chile was US$22.6 as compared to US$46.4 in Colombia.

Gross profit attributable to our operations in Chile for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 was US$27.4 million, a 7% decrease from US$29.5 million for the corresponding period in 2012 due to increased production costs. The contribution to our gross profit during such periods from our operations in Chile was 53% and 94%, respectively.

Gross profit attributable to our operations in Colombia for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 was US$23.2 million, an 899% increase from US$2.3 million for the corresponding period in 2012. The contribution to our gross profit during such periods from our operations in Colombia was 45% and 7%, respectively.

Exploration costs

   
 
  Three months ended March 31,   Change, March 2013 vs.
March 2012
 
(In thousands of US$, except for percentages)
 
  2013
  2012
   
  %
 
   

Chile

    (5,323 )   (753 )   4,570     607%  

Colombia

    (1,355 )       1,355      

Other

    (627 )   (528 )   99     19%  
             

Total

    (7,305 )   (1,281 )   6,024     470%  
   

Exploration costs increased 470%, from US$1.3 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 to US$7.3 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, primarily as the result of the recognition of write-offs of unsuccessful efforts in an amount of US$5.9 million (one well in the Fell Block for US$3.5 million, one well in the Tranquilo block for US$1.0 million and one well in Colombia for US$1.4 million), as compared to US$0.3 million in such write-offs, which primarily related to costs to prepare road and other infrastructure prior to drilling in the Fell Block in the same period of the prior year.

Administrative costs

   
 
  Three months ended March 31,   Change, March 2013 vs.
March 2012
 
(In thousands of US$, except for percentages)
 
  2013
  2012
   
  %
 
   

Chile

    (4,581 )   (1,461 )   3,120     214%  

Colombia

    (2,391 )   (345 )   2,046     593%  

Other

    (2,634 )   (1,425 )   1,209     85%  
             

Total

    (9,606 )   (3,231 )   6,375     197%  
   

105


Table of Contents

Administrative costs increased 197%, from US$3.2 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 to US$9.6 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, primarily as a result of an increase in costs in: (1) our Chilean and Other operations, from US$1.7 million in the first three months of 2012 to US$3.5 million in the first three months of 2013, due in part to an increase in number of administrative employees and corresponding increases in salaries and other related expenses, as well as an increase of US$0.6 million in share-based payments generated by stock option grants at the end of 2012; and (2) the incorporation of our Colombian operations into our results.

Selling expenses

   
 
  Three months ended March 31,   Change, March 2013 vs.
March 2012
 
(In thousands of US$, except for percentages)
 
  2013
  2012
   
  %
 
   

Chile

    (1,217 )   (935 )   282     30%  

Colombia

    (6,573 )   (734 )   5,839     796%  

Other

    (116 )   (76 )   40     53%  
             

Total

    (7,906 )   (1,745 )   6,161     353%  
   

Selling expenses increased 353% from US$1.7 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 to US$7.9 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, primarily due to the incorporation of a full quarter of our Colombian operations in our results, reflecting the increased costs resulting from the need to transport part of our Colombian production via truck due to lack of a pipeline infrastructure. In our Chilean operations, selling expenses were 30.2% higher compared to the same period of the prior year, primarily as a result of higher oil sales volumes which resulted in higher truck transportation costs in Chile.

Operating profit

   
 
  Three months ended March 31,   Change, March 2013 vs.
March 2012
 
(In thousands of US$, except for percentages)
 
  2013
  2012
   
  %
 
   

Chile

    16,343     25,025     (8,682 )   (35)%  

Colombia

    13,191     1,923     11,268     586%  

Other

    (3,044 )   (2,066 )   (978 )   47%  
             

Total

    26,490     24,882     1,608     6%  
   

We recorded an operating profit of US$26.5 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, a 6% increase from US$24.9 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012, primarily due to the incorporation of a full quarter of our Colombian operations in our results, which was slightly offset by a decrease in profit in our Chilean operations.

Financial results, net

Financial loss increased 225% to US$12.6 million due to the accelerated amortization of debt issuance costs incurred in connection with the redemption of the Notes due 2015 for an amount of US$8.6 million following the issuance of Notes due 2020 in the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 and the incorporation of a full quarter of our Colombian operations in the first quarter of 2013.

106


Table of Contents

Profit before income tax

   
 
  Three months ended March 31,   Change, March 2013 vs.
March 2012
 
(In thousands of US$, except for percentages)
 
  2013
  2012
   
  %
 
   

Chile

    7,492     23,083     (15,591 )   (68)%  

Colombia

    11,918     10,121     1,797     18%  

Other

    (5,532 )   (3,799 )   (1,733 )   46%  
             

Total

    13,878     29,405     (15,527 )   (53)%  
   

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, we recorded a profit before income tax of US$13.9 million, a decrease of 53% from US$29.4 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012, primarily due to the occurrence of two non-recurring items: (1) accelerated amortization of debt issuance costs described above; and (2) a bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries of US$8.4 million as a result of the acquisitions of Winchester and Luna for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012.

Income tax

   
 
  Three months ended March 31,   Change, March 2013 vs.
March 2012
 
(In thousands of US$, except for percentages)
 
  2013
  2012
   
  %
 
   

Chile

    (1,403 )   (4,686 )   3,283     70%  

Colombia

    (3,544 )   (780 )   (2,764 )   (354)%  

Other

    514     349     165     47%  
             

Total

    (4,433 )   (5,117 )   684     13%  
   

Income tax decreased 13%, from US$5.1 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 to US$4.4 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, as a result of increased financial expenses which had the effect of reducing our taxable income. However, despite this decrease, our effective tax rate for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 was 32% as compared to 17% in the three-month period ended March 31, 2012. The effective tax rate was influenced by the incorporation of a full quarter of our Colombian operations in our results, which are subject to a higher tax rate than our other operations, and the non-recurring tax exempted bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries.

Profit for the period

   
 
  Three months ended March 31,   Change,
March 2013 vs.
March 2012
 
(in thousands of US$, except for percentages)
  2013
  2012
   
  %
 
   

Chile

    6,088     18,396     (12,308 )   (67)%  

Colombia

    8,374     9,341     (967 )   (10)%  

Other

    (517 )   (3,449 )   (1,568 )   45%  
             

Total

    9,445     24,288     (14,843 )   (61)%  
   

107


Table of Contents

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, we recorded a profit of US$9.4 million, a 61% decrease from US$24.3 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012, as a result of the factors mentioned above.

Profit for the period attributable to owners of the Company

Profit for the period attributable to owners of the Company decreased by 68% to US$6.4 million for the reasons described above. Profit attributable to non-controlling interest decreased by 23% to US$3.0 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 as compared to the prior period due to a lower contribution to profit for the period from our Chilean operations, that was only partially offset by (1) the incorporation of a full quarter of Colombian operations and (2) an increase in non-controlling interest resulting from LGI's acquisition of a 20% interest in our Colombian operations, for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013.

108


Table of Contents

Year ended December 31, 2012 compared to year ended December 31, 2011

The following table summarizes certain of our financial and operating data for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011.

   
 
  For the year ended December 31,  
(in thousands of US$, except for percentages)
  2012
  2011
  % change from
prior period

 
   

Net revenues

                   

Net oil sales

    221,564     73,508     201%  

Net gas sales

    28,914     38,072     (24)%  
             

Total net revenue

    250,478     111,580     124%  
             

Production costs

    (129,235 )   (54,513 )   137%  
             

Gross profit

    121,243     57,067     112%  
             

Gross margin (%)(1)

    48%     51%     (3)%  
             

Exploration costs

    (27,890 )   (10,066 )   177%  

Administrative costs

    (28,798 )   (18,169 )   59%  

Selling expenses

    (24,631 )   (2,546 )   867%  

Other operating income/(expense)

    823     (502 )   164%  
             

Operating profit

    40,747     25,784     58%  
             

Financial income

    892     162     451%  

Financial expenses

    (17,200 )   (13,678 )   26%  

Bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries

    8,401          
             

Profit before income tax

    32,840     12,268     168%  
             

Income tax

    (14,394 )   (7,206 )   100%  

Profit for the year

    18,446     5,062     264%  
             

Non-controlling interest

    6,567     5,008     31%  
             

Profit for the year attributable to owners of the Company

    11,879     54     21,898%  
             

Net production volumes

                   

Oil (mbbl)

    2,513     916     174%  

Gas (mcf)

    8,346     11,135     (25)%  

Total net production (mboe)

    3,904     2,771     41%  

Average net production (boepd)

    11,292     7,593     49%  

Average realized sales price

                   

Oil (US$ per bbl)

    90.5     83.8     8%  

Gas (US$ per mmcf)

    4.0     3.9     2%  

Average realized sales price per boe (US$)

    69.1     44.6     55%  

Average unit costs per boe (US$)

                   

Production costs

    33.1     19.7     68%  

Exploration costs

    7.1     3.6     97%  

Administrative costs

    7.4     6.6     12%  

Selling expenses

    6.3     0.9     600%  
   

(1)    Gross margin is defined as total revenue minus production costs, divided by total revenue.

109


Table of Contents

The following table summarizes certain financial and operating data.

   
 
  For the year ended December 31,  
 
  2012   2011  
(in thousands of US$)
  Chile
  Colombia
  Other
  Total
  Chile
  Colombia
  Other
  Total
 
   

Net revenue

    149,927     99,501     1,050     250,478     110,103         1,477     111,580  

Gross profit/(loss)

    84,133     39,304     (2,194 )   121,243     56,888         179     57,067  

Depreciation

    (28,734 )   (21,050 )   (3,533 )   (53,317 )   (25,297 )       (1,111 )   (26,408 )

Impairment and write-off

    (18,490 )   (5,147 )   (1,915 )   (25,552 )   (5,919 )       (1,344 )   (7,263 )
   

Net revenue

For the year ended December 31, 2012, crude oil sales were our principal source of revenue, with 88% and 12% of our total revenue from crude oil and gas sales, respectively. The following chart shows the increase in oil and natural gas sales from the year ended December 31, 2011 to the year ended December 31, 2012.

   
 
  For the year ended December 31,  
Consolidated
(in thousands of US$)

 
  2012
  2011
 
   

Sale of crude oil

    221,564     73,508  

Sale of gas

    28,914     38,072  
       

Total

    250,478     111,580  
   

 

   
 
   
   
  Change,
December 2012 vs.
December 2011
 
 
  Year ended December 31,  
By country
(in thousands of US$, except for percentages)

 
  2012
  2011
   
  %
 
   

Chile

    149,927     110,103     39,824     36%  

Colombia

    99,501         99,501      

Other

    1,050     1,477     (427 )   (29)%  
             

Total

    250,478     111,580     138,898     124%  
   

Net revenue increased 124%, from US$111.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to US$250.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, primarily as a result of the acquisition of Luna and Winchester in February 2012 and Cuerva in March 2012 in Colombia, which increased our volumes of crude sales by 41.5%, and increases in sales of crude oil in Chile. Sales of crude oil increased to 2,448 mbbl in the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to 864 mbbl in the year ended December 31, 2011, and resulted in net revenue of US$221.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to US$73.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, partially offset by decreases in sales of gas from US$38.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to US$28.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012.

The increase in 2012 net revenue is explained by:

an increase of US$142.2 million in oil deliveries (including US$99.5 million in oil deliveries from Colombia);

110


Table of Contents

an increase of US$6.0 million from the realized price for oil sold; and

an increase of US$1.1 million from the realized price of gas sold;

partially offset by

a decrease of US$10.2 million in gas deliveries.

Net revenue attributable to our operations in Chile for the year ended December 31, 2012 was US$149.9 million, a 36% increase from US$110.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, principally due to (1) increased sales of crude oil of 1,415 mbbl for the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to 864 mbbl for the year ended December 31, 2011 (an increase of 63.8%) following the discovery of the Konawentru x1 well which was put into production in June 2012, and also discoveries made in the Tobifera formation, and (2) an increased average realized prices per barrel of crude oil from US$83.8 per barrel for the year December 31, 2011 to US$85.4 per barrel for the year ended December 31, 2012 (an increase of US$1.6 per barrel or a total of 1.9%). The increase in the average realized price per barrel was partly attributable to US$1.0 per barrel less in quality discounts in the year ended December 31, 2012 as compared to the same period in 2011. The increased sales of crude oil were partially offset by a US$9.2 million reduction in gas sales. The contribution to our net revenue during such years from our operations in Chile was 99% and 60%, respectively.

Net revenue attributable to our operations in Colombia for the year ended December 31, 2012 was US$99.5 million. Our Colombian operations contributed 39.7% to our net revenue resulting from sales of crude oil.

Production costs

The following table summarizes our production costs for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011.

   
 
  For the year ended December 31,  
(in thousands US$, except for percentages)
  2012
  2011
  % change from
prior year

 
   

Depreciation

    (52,307 )   (25,844 )   102  

Royalties

    (11,424 )   (4,843 )   136  

Staff costs

    (14,171     (6,015 )   136  

Transportation costs

    (7,211 )   (2,541 )   184  

Well and facilities maintenance

    (9,385 )   (5,080 )   85  

Consumables

    (9,884 )   (1,687 )   486  

Equipment rental

    (5,936 )        

Other costs

    (18,917 )   (8,503 )   122  
             

Total

    (129,235 )   (54,513 )   137  
   

 

111


Table of Contents

   
 
  Year ended December 31,  
 
  2012   2011  
(in thousands US$)
(unaudited)

 
  Chile
  Colombia
  Chile
  Colombia
 
   

Depreciation

    (28,120 )   (20,964 )   (24,958 )    

Royalties

    (7,088 )   (4,164 )   (4,634 )    

Staff costs

    (8,560 )   (7,432 )   (6,802 )    

Transportation costs

    (5,986 )   (1,045 )   (2,427 )    

Well and facilities maintenance

    (6,290 )   (2,850 )   (4,817 )    

Consumables

    (2,717 )   (7,090 )   (1,626 )    

Equipment rental

        (5,936 )        

Other costs

    (7,033 )   (10,716 )   (7,951 )    
             

Total

    (65,794 )   (60,197 )   (53,215 )    
   

Production costs increased 137%, from US$54.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to US$129.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, primarily due to the addition of US$60.2 million in such costs from our Colombian operations.

In our Chilean operations, production costs increased by 23.6%, due to the change in revenue mix from gas to oil, which has higher production costs than gas, and due to an increase in our oil production. In the year ended December 31, 2012, in Chile, operating expenditures per boe increased to US$10.2 per boe from US$8.3 per boe in 2011. In the year ended December 31, 2012, the revenue mix for Chile was split 80.7% oil and 19.3% gas, whereas for the same period in 2011 it was 65.4% oil and 34.6% gas.

In our Colombian operations, 34.8% of our production costs were related to depreciation charges, 6.9% of royalties, 11.7% to consumables and 9.9% equipment rental for the year ended December 31, 2012. In the year ended December 31, 2012, in Colombia, operating expenditures were US$30.4 per boe.

Gross profit

 
 
  Year ended December 31,   Change, December 2012 vs.
December 2011
(in thousands of US$, except for percentages)
  2012
  2011
   
  %
 

Chile

    84,133     56,888     27,245   48%

Colombia

    39,304         39,304  

Other

    (2,194 )   179     (2,373 ) (1,325)%
         

Total

    121,243     57,067     64,176   112%
 

Gross profit increased 112%, from US$57.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to US$121.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, as a result of our Colombian acquisitions and increased contribution revenues in our Chilean operations.

As a result, gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2012 was 48%, which represented a decrease of 3% as compared to the gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2011.

Gross profit per boe increased from US$20.6 for the year ended December 31, 2011 to US$30.7 for the year ended December 31, 2012.

112


Table of Contents

Gross profit attributable to our operations in Chile for the year ended December 31, 2012 was US$84.1 million, a 48% increase from US$56.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. The contribution to our gross profit during such years from our operations in Chile was 69% and 100%, respectively.

Gross profit attributable to our operations in Colombia for the year ended December 31, 2012 was US$39.3 million. The contribution to our gross profit during such period was 32%.

Exploration costs

 
 
  Year ended December 31,   Change, December 2012 vs.
December 2011
(in thousands of US$, except for percentages)
  2012
  2011
   
  %
 

Chile

    (20,452 )   (7,486 )   (12,966 ) 173%

Colombia

    (5,528 )       (5,528 )

Other

    (1,910 )   (2,580 )   670   (26)%
         

Total

    (27,890 )   (10,066 )   17,824   177%
 

Exploration costs increased 177%, from US$10.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to US$27.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, primarily as the result of a 173% increase in exploration costs in Chile, which represented 73% of our exploration costs in 2012. In 2012, we recorded exploration costs relating to write-offs relating to five of our Chilean wells (two in the Fell Block, two in the Otway Block and one in the Tranquilo Block) and three of our Colombian wells (one in the Cuerva Block, one in the Arrendajo Block and one well in the Llanos 17 Block) for a total of US$23.6 million, as compared to write-offs in respect of three of our Chilean wells for a total of US$5.9 million in 2011; and a loss of US$1.9 million generated by our voluntary relinquishment of an exploration acreage in the Del Mosquito Block in Argentina in 2012, recorded in our Other operations, compared to a write off in respect of charges from assets relating to the Del Mosquito Block in the amount of US$1.3 million in 2011. See Note 11 to our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. The incorporation of our Colombian operations into our results resulted in a US$5.5 million (including US$5.1 million in write-offs described above) increase in our exploration costs in 2012.

Administrative costs

 
 
  Year ended December 31,   Change, December 2012 vs.
December 2011
(in thousands of US$, except for percentages)
  2012
  2011
   
  %
 

Chile

    (10,879 )   (6,396 )   4,483   70%

Colombia

    (7,393 )       7,393  

Other

    (10,526 )   (11,773 )   1,247   11%
         

Total

    (28,798 )   (18,169 )   10,629   59%
 

Administrative costs increased 59%, from US$18.2 million for the year-ended December 31, 2011 to US$28.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, as a result of (1) an increase in costs in our Chilean and other operations due to higher costs relating to analyzing new business opportunities and expansion, including our Colombian and pending Brazil Acquisitions, amounting to US$2.9 million during 2012, as

113


Table of Contents

compared to US$1.7 million during 2011, consultant fees amounting to US$5.1 million during 2012, as compared to US$1.9 million during 2011, and (2) the incorporation of our Colombian operations into our results.

Selling expenses

 
 
  Year ended December 31,   Change, December 2012 vs.
December 2011
(in thousands of US$, except for percentages)
  2012
  2011
   
  %
 

Chile

    (5,327 )   (2,231 )   3,096   139%

Colombia

    (18,953 )       (18,953 )

Other

    (351 )   (315 )   (36 ) 11%
         

Total

    (24,631 )   (2,546 )   (22,085 ) 867%
 

Selling expenses increased 867% from US$2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 to US$24.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, primarily due to higher transportation costs in 2012 in connection with our Colombian operations, in an amount of US$18.9 million. In our Chilean operations, selling expenses were US$3.1 million, or 139%, higher compared to the prior year, primarily as a result of (1) a penalty payment in the amount of US$1.7 million to Methanex as a result of our failure to meet our minimum volume delivery requirements under the Methanex Gas Supply Agreement for each of the months of April through September of 2012, and (2) an increase of US$1.4 million that was primarily due to higher oil sales volumes in Chile.

Operating profit (loss)

 
 
  Year ended December 31,   Change, December 2012 vs.
December 2011
(in thousands of US$, except for percentages)
  2012
  2011
   
  %
 

Chile

    47,915     39,425     8,490   22%

Colombia

    8,499         8,499  

Other

    (15,667 )   (13,641 )   (2,026 ) 15%
         

Total

    40,747     25,784     14,963   58%
 

Operating profit increased 58.0% primarily due to the incorporation of our Colombian operations in our results and a 22% increase in our Chilean operations in the year ended December 31, 2012 as compared to the prior year, which was partially offset by the operating loss in Other.

Financial results, net

Financial loss increased 21% to US$16.3 million, primarily due to the incurrence of a US$37.5 million loan to partly finance the acquisition of our Colombian operations, and an increase in exchange difference from US$0.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2011 as compared to US$2.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2012, mainly due to the strengthening of the Chilean peso against the US dollar, from Ps. 519.2 as of December 31, 2011 to Ps. 478.6 as of December 31, 2012, which negatively affected our liability net position in local currency related to tax payables.

114


Table of Contents

Profit before income tax

 
 
  Year ended December 31,   Change, December 2012 vs.
December 2011
(in thousands of US$, except for percentages)
  2012
  2011
   
  %
 

Chile

    42,272     26,649     15,623   59%

Colombia

    11,223         11,223  

Other

    (20,655 )   (14,381 )   (6,274 ) 44%
         

Total

    32,840     12,268     20,572   168%
 

For the year ended December 31, 2012, we recorded a profit before income tax of US$32.8 million, an increase of 168%, from US$12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, primarily due to the incorporation of our Colombian operations in our results and a bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries of US$8.4 million as a result of the acquisition of Winchester and Luna in the year ended December 31, 2012.

Income tax

 
 
  Year ended December 31,   Change, December 2012 vs.
December 2011
(in thousands of US$, except for percentages)
  2012
  2011
   
  %
 

Chile

    (11,349 )   (7,194 )   (4,155 ) 58%

Colombia

    (4,976 )       (4,976 )

Other

    1,931     (12 )   1,943  
         

Total

    (14,394 )   (7,206 )   (7,188 ) 100%
 

Income tax increased 100%, from US$7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011 to US$14.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 as a result of the incorporation of our Colombian operations in our results and a 58% increase in income tax in our Chilean operations, consistent with the improved profitability of our Chilean operations, offset by the recognition of a deferred tax asset of US$1.9 million resulting from expenses generated at our Chilean holding company. Our effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 was 59% and 44%, respectively, due in part to a non-recurring tax exempted bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries.

Profit for the year

 
 
  Year ended December 31,   Change, December 2012 vs.
December 2011
(in thousands of US$, except for percentages)
  2012
  2011
   
  %
 

Chile

    30,923     19,455     11,468   59%

Colombia

    6,247         6,247  

Other

    (18,724 )   (14,393 )   (4,331 ) 30%
         

Total

    18,446     5,062     13,384   264%
 

115


Table of Contents

For the year ended December 31, 2012, we recorded a profit of US$18.4 million, a 264% increase from US$5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, as a result of the reasons described above.

Profit for the year attributable to owners of the Company

Profit for the period attributable to owners of the Company increased for the reasons described above. Profit attributable to non-controlling interest increased by 31% to US$6.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2012 as compared to the prior year due to increased profit in our Chilean operations.

Liquidity and capital resources

Overview

Our financial condition and liquidity is and will continue to be influenced by a variety of factors, including:

our ability to generate cash flows from our operations;

our capital expenditure requirements;

the level of our outstanding indebtedness and the interest we are obligated to pay on this indebtedness; and

changes in exchange rates which will impact our generation of cash flows from operations when measured in U.S. dollars, and, upon closing of our pending Brazil Acquisitions, the real.

Our principal sources of liquidity have historically been contributed shareholder equity, debt financings and cash generated by our operations in the Fell Block, and, since our acquisitions of Winchester and Luna in the first quarter of 2012, cash generated by our operations in our blocks in Colombia.

We have a proven ability to raise capital. Since 2005, we have raised more than US$109.5 million in equity offerings at the holding company level and more than US$557 million under debt arrangements, which have been used to fund our capital expenditures program and acquisitions and to increase our liquidity.

We have also raised US$173.3 million to date through our strategic initiatives with LGI following the sale of minority interests in our Colombian and Chilean operations. We plan to borrow R$135 million (approximately US$60 million) pursuant to a seven-year term variable interest secured loan equal to CDI + 2.5% to finance the acquisition of Rio das Contas and fund the remaining purchase with cash on hand. We initially funded our 2012 expansion into Colombia through a US$37.5 million loan, cash on hand and a subsequent sale of a minority interest in our Colombian operations to LGI. We subsequently restructured our outstanding debt in February 2013, by issuing, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, US$300.0 million aggregate principal amount of Notes due 2020, a portion of the proceeds of which we used to prepay the US$37.5 million loan and redeem all of our outstanding Notes due 2015.

We believe that our cash and cash equivalents on hand, and cash from operations will be adequate to meet our capital expenditure requirements, and liquidity needs for the foreseeable future.

Capital expenditures

We have funded our capital expenditures with proceeds from equity offerings, credit facilities, debt issuances and pre-sale agreements, as well as through cash generated from our operations. We expect to

116


Table of Contents

incur substantial expenses and capital expenditures as we develop our oil and natural gas prospects and acquire additional assets.

In the year ended December 31, 2012, we made total capital expenditures of US$303.5 million, which consisted of investments of US$105.3 million relating to our acquisitions of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva in Colombia and other investment of US$198.2 million, including the drilling of 45 new wells and the performance of seismic surveys, principally in our Tierra del Fuego Blocks. In the year ended December 31, 2011, our total capital expenditures amounted to US$98.7 million, all of which was used in exploration, development and production activities, including US$57.9 million for the drilling of development wells and facilities and US$39.5 million for the drilling of exploratory wells and seismic studies.

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, our principal capital expenditures related to the following components of our investment program: we completed (1) the majority of our required minimum seismic surveys, principally in our Tierra del Fuego Blocks, (2) US$7.9 million of our investment commitments under our CEOPs for our Tranquilo and Otway blocks, and (3) the drilling of new wells in our Chilean and Colombian blocks as described below.

In the first three months of 2013, 12 new wells were drilled (seven in Chile and five in Colombia) in blocks in which we have working interests and/or economic interests. We invested US$74.8 million (US$45.8 million and US$28.9 million in Chile and Colombia, respectively) for the first three months of 2013, of which US$32.6 million related to exploration. We intend to continue this program through the rest of 2013, and expect our total investments for 2013 to be between US$200 to US$230 million in Chile and Colombia, which will include the drilling of 35 to 45 wells, consisting of:

US$130-140 million for exploration in Chile, consisting of 11 new exploratory wells and 10 workovers in the Fell Block, and 10 new wells, 14 workovers and 1,300 sq km of seismic surveys in the Tierra del Fuego Blocks; and

US$40-50 million for the drilling of eight exploratory wells and 249 sq km of seismic surveys in the Llanos 34 and US$30-40 million, relating to additional eight exploratory wells in our other operating blocks and two workovers, three new wells and one workover in blocks we do not operate in Colombia.

In addition, we expect to spend US$140 million to acquire Rio das Contas, which we intend to finance through the incurrence of a R$135 million (approximately US$60 million) loan and cash on hand, and approximately US$5 million in license fees to the ANP for the grant of concessions in the seven blocks in 2013. We may also be required to spend approximately US$5 million to finance in part the construction of a gas compression plant in 2013 or 2014 in the Manati Field following the closing of our pending Rio das Contas acquisition.

In budgeting for our future activities, we have relied on a number of assumptions, including, with regard to our discovery success rate, the number of wells we plan to drill, our working interests in our prospects, the costs involved in developing or participating in the development of a prospect, the timing of third party projects and our ability to obtain needed financing in respect of the Rio das Contas acquisition, as well as any further acquisitions and the availability of both suitable equipment and qualified personnel. These assumptions are inherently subject to significant business, political, economic, regulatory, environmental and competitive uncertainties, conditions in the financial markets, contingencies and risks, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. In addition, we opportunistically seek out new assets and acquisition targets to complement our existing operations, and have financed such acquisitions in the past through the incurrence of additional indebtedness, including

117


Table of Contents

additional bank credit facilities, equity issuances or the sale of minority stakes in certain operations to our partners. We may need to raise additional funds more quickly if one or more of our assumptions prove to be incorrect or if we choose to expand our hydrocarbon asset acquisition, exploration, appraisal or development efforts more rapidly than we presently anticipate, and we may decide to raise additional funds even before we need them if the conditions for raising capital are favorable. The ultimate amount of capital that we will expend may fluctuate materially based on market conditions, our continued production, decisions by the operators in blocks where we are not the operator, the success of our drilling results and future acquisitions. Our future financial condition and liquidity will be impacted by, among other factors, our level of production of oil and natural gas and the prices we receive from the sale thereof, the success of our exploration and appraisal drilling program, the number of commercially viable oil and natural gas discoveries made and the quantities of oil and natural gas discovered, the speed with which we can bring such discoveries to production and the actual cost of exploration, appraisal and development of our oil and natural gas assets.

Cash flows

The following table sets forth our cash flows for the periods indicated:

 
 
  Three-month period ended March 31,
(in thousands of US$)
  2013
  2012
  % change from
prior period

 

Cash flows provided by (used in)

               

Operating activities

    82,732     37,543   120%

Investing activities

    (74,791 )   (152,816 ) (51)%

Financing activities

    129,726     297   43,579%
         

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

    137,667     (114,976 ) 220%
 

 

 
 
  Year ended December 31,
(in thousands of US$)
  2012
  2011
  % change from
prior period

 

Cash flows provided by (used in)

               

Operating activities

    131,802     68,763   92%

Investing activities

    (303,507 )   (101,276 ) 200%

Financing activities

    26,375     131,739   (80)%
         

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents

    (145,330 )   99,226   (246)%
 

Cash flows provided by operating activities

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, cash provided by operating activities was US$82.7 million, a 120% increase from US$37.5 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012. This increase was principally due to the early payment of operating expenses in the fourth quarter of 2012, which would have otherwise been paid in the three-month period ended March 31, 2013. The prepayment was due to the transition and integration of our Colombian acquisitions into our operations.

For the year ended December 31, 2012, cash provided by operating activities was US$131.8 million, a 92% increase from US$68.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. This increase was principally due to the result of increased cash generated in our operations and the incorporation of US$20.8 million in operating cash flow from our Colombian operations into our results.

118


Table of Contents

Cash flows used in investing activities

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, cash used in investing activities was US$74.8 million, a 51% decrease from US$152.8 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012. This decrease was primarily related to our Colombian acquisitions, which occurred in the three-month period ended March 31, 2012. This amount was only partially offset by an increase of US$27.3 million in capital expenditures relating to the drilling of 12 new wells (five in Colombia and seven in Chile), as compared to the drilling of 10 wells (five in Chile and five in Colombia) for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012.

Cash used in investing activities increased by US$204.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2012 from US$101.3 million in 2011 to US$303.5 million in 2012. US$105.3 million of the increase related to the purchase of our Colombian operations (net of cash acquired), and the remaining increase is primarily explained by increased drilling activities in 2012 (21 wells in Chile and 24 in Colombia) as compared to 23 new wells in 2011.

Cash flows provided by financing activities

Cash provided by financing activities was US$129.7 million and US$0.3 million for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. This increase was principally the result of cash received from the issuance of US$300.0 million of our Notes due 2020, an increase of US$18.8 million in cash from LGI pertaining principally to its investment in our Colombian operations. These were partially offset by the early redemption of our Notes due 2015 and the repayment of the Banco Itaú BBA Credit Agreement, in an aggregate amount of US$175.0 million.

Cash provided by financing activities was US$26.4 million and US$131.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. This decrease was principally the result of a US$129.5 million reduction in proceeds from transactions relating to non-controlling interest, resulting from LGI's acquisition of a 20% interest for US$142 million in our Chilean operations in the year ended December 31, 2012. In the year ended December 31, 2012, LGI contributed US$12.5 million in cash provided by financing activities pursuant to its direct investment in our Chilean operations. The US$129.5 million decrease was only partly offset by cash provided through the incurrence of a US$37.5 million loan to partly finance our Colombian acquisitions.

Indebtedness

As of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, we had total outstanding indebtedness of US$299.4 million and US$193.0 million, respectively, as set forth in the table below.

   
(in thousands of US$)
  As of March 31,
2013
(unaudited)

  As of December 31,
2012

 
   

Methanex Gas Prepayment Agreement(1)

    1,183     8,036  

BCI Loans(2)

    4,297     7,859  

Notes due 2015(3)

        129,452  

Notes due 2020

    293,859      

Banco Itaú BBA Credit Agreement

        37,685  

Overdrafts

    46     10,000  
       

Total

    299,385     193,032  
   

(1)    All principal amounts due were fully repaid in May 2013.

119


Table of Contents

(2)    Includes BCI Mortgages and BCI Letters of Credit.

(3)    On December 2, 2010, we issued US$133.0 million aggregate principal amount of notes due December 15, 2015, or the Notes due 2015. The notes were fully redeemed with the proceeds from the issuance of our Notes due 2020.

Our material outstanding indebtedness as of March 31, 2013 is described below.

Notes due 2020

General

On February 11, 2013, Agencia issued US$300.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior secured notes due 2020, which we refer to as the Notes due 2020. The Notes due 2020 mature on February 11, 2020 and bear interest at a fixed rate of 7.50% per annum. Interest on the Notes due 2020 is payable semi-annually in arrears on February 11 and August 11 of each year.

Ranking

The Notes due 2020 constitute senior obligations of Agencia, secured by a first lien on certain collateral (as described below). The Notes due 2020 rank equally in right of payment with all senior existing and future obligations of Agencia (except those obligations preferred by operation of Bermuda and Chilean law, including, without limitation, labor and tax claims); effectively senior to all unsecured debt of Agencia and GeoPark Latin America, to the extent of the value of the Collateral; senior in right of payment to all existing and future subordinated indebtedness of Agencia and GeoPark Latin America; and effectively junior to any future secured obligations of Agencia and its subsidiaries (other than additional notes issued pursuant to the indenture governing the Notes due 2020) to the extent secured by assets constituting with a security interest on assets not constituting collateral, in each case to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such obligations.

Guarantees and Collateral

The Notes due 2020 are guaranteed unconditionally on an unsecured basis by us, all of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, and any subsidiary that guarantees any debt of us, Agencia or any subsidiary, subject to certain exceptions.

Collateral

The notes are secured by a first-priority perfected security interest in certain collateral, which consists of: 80% of the equity interests of each of GeoPark Chile and GeoPark Colombia held by Agencia, and loans of the net proceeds of the Notes due 2020 made by Agencia to each of GeoPark Fell and GeoPark Llanos SAS. Except for certain immaterial subsidiaries and other exceptions, GeoPark and Agencia are also required to pledge the equity interests of our subsidiaries.

The Notes due 2020 are also secured on a first priority basis by intercompany loans, disbursed to subsidiaries in an aggregate amount at any one time that does not exceed US$300.0 million.

Optional Redemption

At any time prior to February 11, 2017, Agencia may, at its option, redeem any of the Notes due 2020, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of such Notes due 2020 plus an applicable "make-whole" premium, plus accrued and unpaid interest (including, additional amounts), if any, as such term is defined in the indenture governing the Notes due 2020, if any, to the redemption date.

120


Table of Contents

At any time and from time to time on or after February 11, 2017, Agencia may, at its option, redeem all or part of the Notes due 2020, at the redemption prices, expressed as percentages of principal amount, set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon (including additional amounts), if any, to the applicable redemption date, if redeemed during the 12-month period beginning on February 11 of the years indicated below:

   
Year
  Percentage
 
   

2017

    103.750%  

2018

    101.875%  

2019 and after

    100.000%  
   

In addition, at any time prior to February 11, 2016, Agencia may, at its option, redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes due 2020 (including any additional notes) at a redemption price of 107.50% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest (including additional amounts) if any to the redemption date, with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings; provided that: (1) Notes due 2020 in an aggregate principal amount equal to at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of Notes due 2020 issued on the first issue date remain outstanding immediately after the occurrence of such redemption; and (2) the redemption must occur within 90 days of the date of the closing of such equity offering.

Change of control

Upon the occurrence of certain events constituting a change of control, Agencia is required to make an offer to repurchase all outstanding Notes due 2020, at a purchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof plus any accrued and unpaid interest (including any additional amounts payable in respect thereof) thereon to the date of purchase.

Covenants

The Notes due 2020 contain customary covenants, which include, among others, limitations on: the incurrence of debt and disqualified or preferred stock, restricted payments, incurrence of liens, transfer, prepayment or modification of certain collateral, guarantees of additional indebtedness, the ability of certain subsidiaries to pay dividends, asset sales, transactions with affiliates, engaging in certain businesses, and merger or consolidation with or into another company. In the event the Notes due 2020 receive investment grade ratings from at least two of the following rating agencies, Standard & Poor's Rating Group, Fitch Inc. and Moody's Investors Service, Inc., and no default has occurred or is continuing under the indenture governing the Notes due 2020, certain of these restrictions, including, among others, the limitations on incurrence of debt and disqualified or preferred stock, restricted payments, the ability of certain subsidiaries to pay dividends, asset sales and certain transactions with affiliates will no longer be applicable.

Events of default

Events of default under the indenture governing the Notes due 2020 include: the nonpayment of principal when due; default in the payment of interest, which continues for a period of 30 days; failure to make an offer to purchase and thereafter accept tendered notes following the occurrence of a change of control or as required by certain covenants in the indenture governing the Notes due 2020; default in the performance or breach of the covenants contained in the indenture, the notes, or the security documents in relation thereto that continues for a period of 60 consecutive days after written notice to Agencia; cross payment default relating to debt with a principal amount of US$15.0 million or more, and cross-

121


Table of Contents

acceleration default following a judgment for US$15.0 million or more; bankruptcy and insolvency events; invalidity or denial or disaffirmation of a guarantee of the notes; and failure to maintain a perfected security interest in any Collateral having a fair market value in excess of US$15.0 million, among others. The occurrence of an event of default would permit or require the principal of and accrued interest on the Notes due 2020 to become or to be declared due and payable.

BCI Mortgage Loan

In connection with our acquisition of a facility to establish an operational base in the Fell block, we executed a mortgage loan granted by the Banco de Crédito e Inversiones, or BCI, a Chilean private bank, which we refer to as the BCI Mortgage Loan. The loan was granted in Chilean pesos and is repayable over a period of eight years. The interest rate under this loan is fixed at 6.6% and as of March 31, 2013, the asset we had pledged for the loan had a book value of US$502 million. As of March 31, 2013, the aggregate outstanding amount under the BCI Mortgage Loan was US$0.3 million.

BCI Letter of Credit

During the last quarter of 2011, we, through GeoPark TdF, obtained five short-term letters of credit from BCI, or, collectively, the BCI Letters of Credit, to commence operations in our Tierra del Fuego blocks. Each of the BCI Letters of Credit contains a pledge by us to BCI of the seismic equipment acquired to start the operations in these new blocks. The BCI Letters of Credit expire on February 14, 2014, and the applicable interest rate ranges from 4.5% to 5.45%. As of March 31, 2013, the outstanding amount under the BCI Letters of Credit was US$4.0 million.

Contractual obligations

In accordance with the terms of our concessions, we are required to make royalty payments (1) in connection with crude oil production in Argentina, to the Provinces of Santa Cruz and Mendoza, equivalent to 12% on estimated value at well head, (2) in connection with crude oil and gas production in Chile, to the Chilean government, equivalent to approximately 5% of crude oil production and 3% of gas production, and (3) in connection with crude oil production in Colombia, to the Colombian Government, equivalent to 8%.

The table below sets forth our committed cash payment obligations as of March 31, 2013.

   
(in thousands of US$)
  Total
  Less than
one year

  One to
three years

  Three to
five years

  More than
five years

 
   

Debt obligations(1)

    299,385     8,472     200         290,713  

Operating lease obligations(2)

    31,511     26,464     3,709     443     895  

Pending investment commitments(3)

    90,920     5,450     85,470          

Asset retirement obligations

    19,525         820     6,988     11,717  
       

Total contractual obligations

    441,341     40,386     90,199     7,431     303,325  
   

(1)    Includes current borrowings and non-current borrowings.

(2)    Reflects the future aggregate minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating lease agreements.

(3)    Includes capital commitments in Isla Norte, Campanario and Flamenco Blocks in Chile and the Llanos 32 and Llanos 17 Blocks in Colombia, which are our only remaining material commitments. See "Business—Our operations—Operations in Colombia."

122


Table of Contents

Qualitative and quantitative disclosures about market risk

We are exposed to a variety of market risks, including commodity price risk, interest rate risk, currency risk and credit (counterparty and customer) risk. The primary objective of the following information is to provide forward-looking quantitative and qualitative information about our potential exposure to market risks. The term "market risk" refers to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in interest rates, oil and natural gas prices and foreign currency exchange rates. The disclosures are not meant to be precise indicators of expected future losses, but rather indicators of reasonable possible losses. This forward-looking information provides indicators of how we view and manage our ongoing market risk exposures.

Commodity price risk

With respect to our oil and gas business, any revenues, cash flow, profitability and future rate of growth we achieve will be greatly dependent upon prevailing prices for oil and gas. Our ability to maintain or increase our borrowing capacity and to obtain additional capital on attractive terms is also expected to be dependent on oil and gas prices. Oil and natural gas are commodities, and, therefore, their prices are subject to wide fluctuations in response to relatively minor changes in supply and demand. Historically, oil and gas prices and markets have been volatile and are likely to continue to be volatile in the future.

Prices for oil and gas are subject to potentially wide fluctuations in response to relatively minor changes in supply of, and demand for, oil and gas, market uncertainty, and a variety of additional factors that are beyond our control. Lower oil and natural gas prices may not only decrease our revenues on a per unit basis, but may also reduce the amount of oil and natural gas we can produce economically, if any. A substantial or extended decline in oil and natural gas prices may materially affect our future business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and borrowing capacity, and we may require a reduction in the carrying value of our oil and gas properties. While our revenues may increase if prevailing oil and gas prices increase significantly, exploration and production costs and acquisition costs for additional properties and reserves may also increase.

The prices realized for the oil produced by us are linked to Brent in respect of our Colombian operations and WTI in respect of our Chilean operations and which are settled in the international markets in U.S. dollars. The market price of these commodities is subject to significant fluctuation. We have historically not hedged our production to protect against fluctuations because doing so has not been economical.

In Chile, the price of the oil that we sell is based on WTI minus certain marketing and quality discounts, such as, among others, API quality and mercury content.

In Colombia, the price of oil we sell is based on Brent, adjusted for certain marketing and quality discounts based on, among other things, API, viscosity, sulphur and water content.

In Argentina, the price of the oil that we sell is heavily influenced by the Argentine government and subject to the impact of the retention tax on oil exports defined by the Argentine government, which limits the direct correlation to the WTI.

We have signed a long-term Gas Supply Contract with Methanex in Chile. The price of the gas sold under this contract is determined based on a formula that takes into account various international prices of methanol, including US Gulf methanol spot barge prices, methanol spot Rotterdam prices and spot prices in Asia. If the market prices of WTI, methanol and Brent had fallen by 10% as compared to actual prices during the year, with all other variables held constant, after tax profit for the year ended December 31, 2012 would have been lower by US$18.8 million as compared with US$9.5 million for the same period in 2012). See "Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—A substantial or extended decline in oil, natural gas

123


Table of Contents

and methanol prices may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations."

Gas produced in the Manati field is sold pursuant to a fixed price formula, indexed to the IGPM. As such, we do not expect to have any material commodity price risk in Brazil, following the completion of our Rio das Contas acquisition.

We may consider adopting a hedging policy against commodity price risk, when deemed appropriate, according to the size of the business and market implied volatility.

Interest rate risk

As of March 31, 2013, we had long-term debt of US$294.2 million.

As of March 31, 2013, we had no significant interest-bearing assets and our profit and operating cash flows are substantially independent of changes in market interest rates. Similarly, as of March 31, 2013, we had no significant variable interest-bearing borrowings. As such, we have not entered into any instruments to hedge this risk.

However, we expect to partly finance the Rio das Contas acquisition with a R$135 million (approximately US$60 million) long-term loan with a variable interest rate based on the Category Development Index, or CDI, plus a spread of 2.5%.

On a pro forma basis, adjusting for the financing of our pending Rio das Contas acquisition as if such acquisition had occurred on March 31, 2013, our outstanding long-term borrowing affected by variable rates would have amounted to R$135 million (approximately US$60 million) at March 31, 2013, representing 16.6% of our total long-term debt.

Various scenarios are simulated taking into consideration refinancing, renewal of existing positions, alternative financing and hedging. Based on these scenarios, we calculate the impact on profit and loss of a defined interest rate shift. For each simulation, the same interest rate shift is used for all currencies. The scenarios are run only for liabilities that represent the major interest-bearing positions. On a pro forma basis, adjusting for the financing of the pending Rio das Contas acquisition as if such acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2012, the interest expense resulting from borrowings affected by variable rates would be US$1.3 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, and if the CDI rate had been 1/8% higher, with all other variables held constant, we would have had an additional US$0.1 million in interest expense for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013.

Foreign currency exchange rate risk

In Chile, Colombia and Argentina, our functional currency is the U.S. dollar. The fluctuation of the Argentine peso, the Chilean peso and the Colombian peso does not impact our debt, costs and revenues held in U.S. dollars, but it does impact balances denominated in local currency such as prepaid taxes. As currency rates change between the U.S. dollar and the Argentine peso, the Chilean peso or the Colombian peso, we recognize gains and losses in the consolidated financial statements. In these countries, however, most balances are denominated in U.S. dollars, and since it is the functional currency of our subsidiaries in such countries, there is no exposure to currency fluctuation other than from receivables originated in local currency. In Argentina, the VAT position as of December 31, 2012 was a credit of US$3.6 million as compared with a credit of US$3.6 million for the same period in the prior year. In Chile, the VAT position for the year ended December 31, 2012 was a credit of US$0.2 million as compared with a credit of

124


Table of Contents

US$1.0 million for the prior year. In Colombia, the VAT position for the year ended December 31, 2012 was payable of US$2.4 million.

Tax receivables (VAT) are very difficult to match with local currency liabilities. Therefore, we maintain a net exposure to them. Most of our assets are associated with oil and gas productive assets. Such assets in the oil and gas industry are usually settled in U.S. dollar equivalents. During the year ended December 31, 2012, the Argentine peso weakened by 16% against the U.S. dollar, the Chilean peso strengthened by 8% against the U.S. dollar and the Colombian peso strengthened by 9% against the U.S. dollar. If the Argentine peso, the Chilean peso and the Colombian peso had each weakened an additional 5% against the U.S. dollar, with all other variables held constant, after-tax profit for the year ended December 31, 2012 would have been lower by US$0.45 million.

Credit (counterparty and customer) risk

Our credit risk relates mainly to accounts receivable where the credit risks correspond to the recognized values. There is not considered to be any significant risk in respect of our major customers. Substantially all oil production in Argentina is sold to Oil Combustibles S.A., or Oil Combustibles. In Chile, all gas production is sold to Methanex, which accounted for 12% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2012. All the oil produced in Chile is sold to ENAP, accounting for 48% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2012 and 44% for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013. In Colombia, for the year ended December 31, 2012, 78% of the oil we produced was sold to Hocol, accounting for 31% of our total revenue for the same periods. We have diversified our customer base and for the three months ended March 31, 2013, 43% of our oil sales in Colombia were made to Hocol, 27% were made to Trenaco and 22% were made to Gunvor, with Hocol accounting for 21%, Trenaco 13% and Gunvor 11% of our revenues for the same period.

Off-balance sheet arrangements

As of March 31, 2013, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Critical accounting policies and estimates

We prepare our Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with IFRS and the interpretations of the IFRS Interpretations Committee, or the IFRIC, as adopted by the IASB. The preparation of the financial statements requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from those estimates.

An accounting policy is considered critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time such estimate is made, and if different accounting estimates that reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact the financial statements. We believe that the following accounting policies represent critical accounting policies as they involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity in their application and require us to make significant accounting estimates. The following descriptions of critical accounting policies and estimates should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes and other disclosures included elsewhere in this prospectus.

125


Table of Contents

Business combinations

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the fair market value of the assets acquired, equity instruments issued and liabilities incurred or assumed on the date of completion of the acquisition. Acquisition costs incurred are expensed and included in administrative expenses. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair market values at the acquisition date. The excess of the cost of acquisitions over fair market value of a company's share of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of the acquisition is less than a company's share of the net assets required, the difference is recognized directly in the statement of income.

The determination of fair value of identifiable acquired assets and assumed liabilities means that we are to make estimates and use valuation techniques, including independent appraisers. The valuation assumptions underlying each of these valuation methods are based on available updated information, including discount rates, estimated cash flows, market risk rates and other data. As a result, the process of identification and the related determination of fair values require complex judgments and significant estimates.

Cash flow estimates for impairment assessments

Cash flow estimates for impairment assessments require assumptions about two primary elements: future prices and reserves. Estimates of future prices require significant judgments about highly uncertain future events. Historically, oil and natural gas prices have exhibited significant volatility. Our forecasts for oil and natural gas revenues are based on prices derived from future price forecasts among industry analysts, as well as our own assessments. Estimates of future cash flows are generally based on assumptions of long-term prices and operating and development costs.

The process of estimating reserves requires significant judgments and decisions based on available geological, geophysical, engineering and economic data. The estimation of economically recoverable oil and natural gas reserves and related future net cash flows was performed based on the D&M Reserves Report. Such estimates incorporate many factors and assumptions including:

expected reservoir characteristics based on geological, geophysical and engineering assessments;

future production rates based on historical performance and expected future operating and investment activities;

future oil and natural gas prices and quality differentials;

anticipated effects of regulation by governmental agencies; and

future development and operating costs.

Our management believes these factors and assumptions are reasonable based on the information available at the time we prepare our estimates. However, these estimates may change substantially as additional data from ongoing development activities and production performance becomes available and as economic conditions impacting oil and natural gas prices and costs change.

Oil and gas accounting

Oil and gas exploration and production activities are accounted for in accordance with the successful efforts method on a field by field basis. We account for exploration and evaluation activities in accordance with IFRS 6, Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources, capitalizing exploration and evaluation

126


Table of Contents

costs until such time as the economic viability of producing the underlying resources is determined. Costs incurred prior to obtaining legal rights to explore are expensed immediately to the income statement.

Exploration and evaluation costs may include: license acquisition, geological and geophysical studies (i.e.: seismic), direct labor costs and drilling costs of exploratory wells. No depreciation and/or amortization are charged during the exploration and evaluation phase. Upon completion of the evaluation phase, the prospects are either transferred to oil and gas properties or charged to expense (exploration costs) in the period in which the determination is made, depending whether they have found reserves. If not developed, exploration and evaluation assets are written off after three years, unless it can be clearly demonstrated that the carrying value of the investment is recoverable. All field development costs are considered construction in progress until they are finished and capitalized within oil and gas properties, and are subject to depreciation once complete. Such costs may include the acquisition and installation of production facilities, development drilling costs (including dry holes, service wells and seismic surveys for development purposes), project-related engineering and the acquisition costs of rights and concessions related to proved properties.

Workovers of wells made to develop reserves and/or increase production are capitalized as development costs. Maintenance costs are charged to income when incurred.

Capitalized costs of proved oil and gas properties and production facilities and machinery are depreciated on a licensed area by licensed area basis, using the unit of production method, based on commercial proved and probable reserves. The calculation of the "unit of production" depreciation takes into account estimated future finding and development costs, and is based on current year end unescalated price levels. Changes in reserves and cost estimates are recognized prospectively. Reserves are converted to equivalent units on the basis of approximate relative energy content.

Oil and gas reserves for purposes of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements and our Interim Consolidated Financial Statements are determined in accordance with PRMS, and were estimated by D&M, independent reserves engineers.

Depreciation of the remaining property, plant and equipment assets (i.e. furniture and vehicles) not directly associated with oil and gas activities has been calculated by means of the straight line method by applying such annual rates as required to write-off their value at the end of their estimated useful lives. The useful lives range between 3 years and 10 years.

Asset retirement obligations

Obligations related to the plugging and abandonment of wells once operations are terminated may result in the recognition of significant liabilities. We record the fair value of the liability for asset retirement obligations in the period in which the wells are drilled. When the liability is initially recognized, the cost is also capitalized by increasing the carrying amount of the related asset. Over time, the liability is accreted to its present value at each reporting date, and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the estimated useful life of the related asset. Estimating the future abandonment costs is difficult and requires management to make assumptions and judgments because most of the obligations will be settled after many years. Technologies and costs are constantly changing, as are political, environmental, health, safety and public relations considerations. Consequently, the timing and future cost of dismantling and abandonment are subject to significant modification. Any change in the variables underlying our assumptions and estimates can have a significant effect on the liability and the related capitalized asset and future charges related to the retirement obligations. The present value of future costs necessary for well plugging and abandonment is calculated for each area on the basis of cash flows discounted at an

127


Table of Contents

average interest rate applicable to our company's indebtedness. The liability recognized is based upon estimated future abandonment costs, wells subject to abandonment, time to abandonment, and future inflation rates.

Share-based payments

We provide several equity-settled, share-based compensation plans to certain employees and third party contractors, comprising payments in the form of share awards and stock options plans.

Fair value of the stock option plans for employee or contractor services received in exchange for the grant of the options is recognized as an expense. The total amount to be expensed over the vesting period, which is the period over which all specified vesting conditions are to be satisfied, is determined by reference to the fair value of the options granted calculated using the Black-Scholes model. Determining the total value of our share-based payments requires the use of highly subjective assumptions, including the expected life of the stock options, estimated forfeitures and the price volatility of the underlying shares. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of share-based payment represent management's best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management's judgment.

Non-market vesting conditions are included in assumptions in respect of the number of options that are expected to vest. At each balance sheet date, we revise our estimates of the number of options that are expected to vest. We recognize the impact of the revision to original estimates, if any, in the statement of income, with a corresponding adjustment to equity.

The fair value of the share awards payments is determined at the grant date by reference of the market value of the shares and recognized as an expense over the vesting period.

When options are exercised, we issue new common shares. The proceeds received net of any directly attributable transaction costs are credited to share capital (nominal value) and share premium when the options are exercised.

Taxation

The computation of our income tax expense involves the interpretation of applicable tax laws and regulations in many jurisdictions. The resolution of tax positions taken by us, through negotiations with relevant tax authorities or through litigation, can take several years to complete and in some cases it is difficult to predict the ultimate outcome.

In addition, we have tax-loss carry-forwards in certain taxing jurisdictions that are available to offset against future taxable profit. However, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax losses can be utilized. Management judgment is exercised in assessing whether this is the case.

To the extent that actual outcomes differ from management's estimates, taxation charges or credits may arise in future periods.

Recent accounting pronouncements

There are no IFRSs or IFRIC interpretations that are effective for the first time for the financial year beginning on or after January 1, 2012 that had a material impact on us. The following is a discussion of new standards, amendments and interpretations issued but that are effective on or after the financial year beginning January 1, 2013 and not early adopted.

128


Table of Contents

IFRS 9, Financial instruments, addresses the classification, measurement and recognition of financial assets and financial liabilities. IFRS 9 was issued in November 2009 and October 2010. It replaces the parts of IAS 39 that relate to the classification and measurement of financial instruments. IFRS 9 requires financial assets to be classified into two measurement categories: those measured at fair value and those measured at amortized cost. The determination is made at initial recognition. The classification depends on the entity's business model for managing its financial instruments and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the instrument. For financial liabilities, the standard retains most of the IAS 39 requirements. The main change is that, in cases where the fair value option is taken for financial liabilities, the part of a fair value change due to an entity's own credit risk is recorded in other comprehensive income rather than the income statement, unless this creates an accounting mismatch. We have yet to assess IFRS 9's full impact and intend to adopt IFRS 9 no later than the accounting period beginning on or after January 1, 2015.

IFRS 10, Consolidated financial statements, builds on existing principles by identifying the concept of control as the determining factor in whether an entity should be included within the consolidated financial statements of the parent company. The standard provides additional guidance to assist in the determination of control where this is difficult to assess. We applied IFRS 10 from January 1, 2013, and this standard did not materially affect our financial condition or results of our operations.

IFRS 11, Joint arrangements, establishes principles for financial reporting by entities that have an interest in arrangements that are controlled jointly. IFRS 11 defines joint control and requires an entity that is a party to a joint arrangement to determine the type of joint arrangement in which it is involved by assessing its rights and obligations, and to account for those rights and obligations in accordance with that type of joint arrangement. We applied IFRS 11 from January 1, 2013, and this standard did not materially affect our financial condition or results of our operations.

IFRS 12, Disclosures of interests in other entities, includes the disclosure requirements for all forms of interests in other entities, including joint arrangements, associates, vehicles and other off balance sheet vehicles. We applied IFRS 12 from January 1, 2013, and this standard is expected to increase the amount of disclosures required about subsidiaries and joint arrangements in our annual financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2013.

IFRS 13, Fair value measurement, aims to improve consistency and reduce complexity by providing a precise definition of fair value and a single source of fair value measurements and disclosure requirements for use across IFRSs. The requirements, which are largely aligned between IFRSs and U.S. GAAP, do not extend the use of fair value accounting but provide guidance on how it should be applied where its use is already required or permitted by other standards within IFRSs. We applied IFRS 13 from January 1, 2013, and it did not have a significant impact on the balances recorded in the financial statements as at December 31, 2012, but would require the Company to apply different valuation techniques to certain items (e.g. debt acquired as part of a business combination) recognized at fair value as and when they arise in the future.

Amendment to IAS 1, Presentation of financial statements, improves the consistency and clarity of the presentation of items of other comprehensive income (OCI). The main change is a requirement to group items presented in OCI on the basis of whether they are potentially reclassified to profit or loss subsequently. We applied the amendment to IAS 1 from 1 January 2013 and this standard did not materially affect the presentation of our financial statements.

Amendment to IAS 36, Impairment of assets, requires additional disclosures about impaired assets, such as information about the recoverable amount if it is based on fair value less costs of disposal, and the

129


Table of Contents

discount rates used to measure the fair value less costs of disposal if it is based on a present value technique. We will apply the amendment to IAS 36 from 1 January 2014, and we do not expect to have a material impact on the information to be presented in our financial statements.

There are no other IFRS or IFRIC interpretations that are not yet effective that would be expected to have a material impact on the Company.

JOBS Act

On April 5, 2012, the JOBS Act was signed into law. The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, reduce certain reporting requirements for qualifying public companies.

As defined in the JOBS Act, a public company whose initial public offering of common equity securities occurred after December 8, 2011 and whose annual gross revenues are less than US$1.0 billion will, in general, qualify as an "emerging growth company" until the earliest of:

the last day of its fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of its initial public offering of common equity securities;

the last day of its fiscal year in which it has annual gross revenue of US$1.0 billion or more;

the date on which it has, during the previous three-year period, issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; and

the date on which it is deemed to be a "large accelerated filer," which will occur at such time as the company (a) has an aggregate worldwide market value of common equity securities held by non-affiliates of US$700 million or more as of the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter, (b) has been required to file annual and quarterly reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for a period of at least 12 months, and (c) has filed at least one annual report pursuant to the Securities Act of 1934.

Under this definition, we will be an "emerging growth company" upon completion of this offering and could remain an emerging growth company until as late as December 31, 2018.

The JOBS Act permits an "emerging growth company" such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies. We are choosing to "opt out" of this provision and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards as required when they are adopted. This decision to opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act is irrevocable.

130


Table of Contents


Industry and regulatory framework

Global oil and gas industry

During 2012, the growth rate of energy consumption globally dropped following (1) the global economic slowdown and (2) a more efficient use of energy as a response to the high price environment of recent years.

Global oil consumption grew by 890,000 bopd, or 0.9%, compared to 2011. On the other hand, global oil production increased by 1.9 mmbopd, or 2.2%. Global natural gas consumption grew by 2.2%, while global natural gas production grew by 1.9%, with the United States recording the largest volumetric increase. In 2012, the United States posted the largest oil and natural gas production gains worldwide, and saw the largest increase in oil production in its history. Elsewhere, for a second year, disruptions to oil supply in Africa and parts of the Middle East were offset by growth among Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC, producers.

In 2012, world proved oil reserves reached 1,668.9 bbopd (up 0.9% in relation to 2011), enough to meet 52.9 years of 2012's global production, according to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2013, or the BP Statistical Review. In 2012, South and Central America contributed 19.7% of global proved oil reserves, with Venezuelan reserves as reported by BP Statistical Review being the main source of production (totaling 297.6 bbopd). Global oil production averaged 32.5 mmbopd (an increase of 2.2% over 2011). Throughout the last twenty years, the overall contribution of South and Central America to global proved oil reserves has increased dramatically as a result of the emergence of markets like Brazil and Ecuador coupled with the dramatic increase of reserves in Venezuela (by 370% during the same period).

Distribution of proved oil reserves in 1992, 2002 and 2012

Percentage

GRAPHIC

Source: BP Statistical Review

According to the BP Statistical Review, global proved natural gas reserves at the end of 2012 remained stable at 6,614.5 tcf, enough to meet 55.7 years of 2012's global production. South and Central America currently hold 4.1% of global proved natural gas reserves. During 2012, global natural gas production averaged 129.1 bcfpd, an increase of 1.9% over 2011.

131


Table of Contents

Distribution of proved natural gas reserves in 1992, 2002 and 2012

Percentage

GRAPHIC

Source: BP Statistical Review

The industry's outlook is gradually shifting, driven mainly by supply patterns. According to BP's Energy Outlook 2030, global energy demand is expected to grow by 36% between 2011 and 2030 as a result of increasing consumption by emerging economies (with China and India becoming increasingly more import-dependent). On the supply side, unconventional oil and gas resources are expected to play a major role in balancing global demand, with the United States leading this process. BP projects that between 2011 and 2030, the United States will become self-sufficient in energy, while key emerging markets, namely China and India, will become increasingly import-dependent.

Chile

Chile is recognized as the most developed and stable economy in South America. The country's economy has grown consistently during the last two decades, a trend which is expected to continue in the near future. With over 50 free trade agreements, Chile is an open-market economy, and in 2010, became the first South American country to join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, or the OECD. The country's fiscal policy follows a countercyclical spending rule and the Chilean Central Bank aims to ensure price stability by targeting yearly inflation of 2% to 4%. Chile has been successful in attracting foreign direct investment, and in 2011, achieved the third-highest foreign investment inflows in South America. Chile holds investment grade sovereign debt ratings from all major ratings agencies, S&P, Fitch and Moody's (AA-, A+, and Aa3, respectively).

Oil and gas industry

Demand and consumption

According to ENAP, national consumption of refined oil products reached 18.4 mmcf in Chile during 2012, a 0.4% increase compared to 2011 and equivalent to 316,200 bopd. This increase was mainly due to strong and stable economic growth, offset by an increase in prices of the main products. As is the case in many OECD countries, oil is predominantly used as a transport fuel, but a notable difference in Chile is that diesel is used as a substitute for natural gas in power generation.

Diesel is the main product in terms of consumption in Chile (157,300 barrels per day), followed by gasoline (66,300 barrels per day) and liquid petroleum gas, or LPG (36,200 barrels per day). Among the different

132


Table of Contents

types of refined oil products, gasoline experienced the greatest increase in terms of consumption, with consumption increasing 5.2% compared to 2011.

   
Consumption in Chile by type of oil product thousands of cubic meters
  2012
  2011
  % change
from prior
period

 
   

Diesel

    9,153     8,936     2.4%  

Gasoline

    3,856     3,667     5.2%  

LPG

    2,109     2,090     0.9%  

Fuel Oil

    1,498     1,864     (19.6% )

Kerosene

    1,243     1,192     4.3%  

Others

    542     586     (7.5% )
       

Total

    18,401     18,335     0.4%  
   

Source: ENAP 2012 Annual Report

Regarding natural gas, consumption grew significantly from the late 1990s to 2004, as direct pipeline connections were built to Argentina, providing a cheap and easily accessible supply. In 2002, however, the Argentine government capped the price of gas in its domestic market, resulting in increased demand for natural gas in Argentina. This led the Argentine government in 2004 to restrict natural gas exports to Chile in order to reserve them for domestic use. See "Risk factors—Risks relating to the countries in which we operate—Governmental actions in the countries in which we operate and in which we may operate in the future may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations." The restriction of Argentine natural gas exports has caused gas consumption in Chile to decrease significantly since 2004, when natural gas accounted for some 24% of the total Total Primary Energy Supply, or TPES, according to the International Energy Agency. By 2009, natural gas only accounted for 8% of TPES.

LPG has been consumed in place of natural gas. As such, the LPG and gas markets overlap in Chile. LPG is predominantly used as a residential fuel in Chile (notably for cooking), particularly in relatively remote regions.

In 2012, the bulk of gas demand (41%) came from the power generation sector. Industry and the petrochemical sector accounted for 24% each, and the residential/commercial sector for the remaining 11%.

Supply and production

Chile is a large net importer of both crude oil and oil products. Its hydrocarbon reserves, which comprise limited crude oil reserves and 1,519 bcf of natural gas reserves according to the OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin 2012, or the OPEC Bulletin, are concentrated in the Magallanes Basin at the southern tip of the country.

Due to its limited oil and natural gas reserves, Chile imports almost all of its crude oil requirements, principally from Argentina and Ecuador, and most of its natural gas requirements, principally from Qatar, Trinidad and Tobago, Egypt and Nigeria. In the northern part of the country, natural gas is imported through the Mejillones Liquid Natural Gas, or LNG, terminal and is used predominantly for electricity generation by the mining industry. In the central part of the country (including the capital, Santiago), gas is primarily supplied by the Quintero LNG terminal.

133


Table of Contents

Oil and Gas Infrastructure in Chile

GRAPHIC

In 2011, Chile produced 4.2 mbopd of crude oil and 50.5 bcfpd of natural gas but imported 171.2 mbopd of crude oil and 126.5 bcfpd of natural gas, according to the OPEC Bulletin.

The exploration and development of oil fields in Chile has historically been controlled mainly by ENAP, with few private companies working in this sector. We were the first private producer of oil and gas in Chile.

Regulation of the oil and gas industry

Under the Chilean Constitution, the state is the exclusive owner of all mineral and fossil substances, including hydrocarbons, regardless of who owns the land on which the reserves are located. The exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons may be carried out by the state, companies owned by the state or private persons through administrative concessions granted by the President of Chile by Supreme Decree or CEOPs executed by the Minister of Energy. Exploitation rights granted to private companies are subject to special taxes and/or royalty payments. The hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation industry is supervised by the Chilean Ministry of Energy.

In Chile, a participant is granted rights to explore and exploit certain assets under a CEOP. If a participant breaches certain obligations under a CEOP, the participant may lose the right to exploit certain areas or may be required to return all or a portion of the awarded areas to Chile with no right of compensation. Although the government of Chile cannot unilaterally modify the rights granted in the CEOP once it is signed, exploration and exploitation are nonetheless subject to significant government regulations, such as regulations concerning the environment, tort liability, health and safety and labor. In the past year, for

134


Table of Contents

example, the Chilean government has proposed new regulations regarding the closure plans applicable to hydrocarbon operations that could have an impact on the timeframes and costs required to set up exploration or exploitation activities.

Regulatory entities

The Chilean Ministry of Energy and the National Commission of Energy (Comisión Nacional de Energía), or the CNE, are the principal government agencies responsible for the issuance of policies and regulations for the oil and gas sector. The Chilean Ministry of Energy is responsible for monitoring a participant's compliance with its obligations under a CEOP. The Superintendency of Electricity and Fuels (Superintendencia de Electricidad y Combustibles), or the SDEC, supervises compliance with regulations regarding gas pipeline transportation and the Ministry of Environment, the Environmental Assessment Service and the Superintendency of Environment are responsible for environmental matters. The new Environmental Courts are responsible for adjudicating claims against the Superintendency of Environment and claims concerning environmental damage.

Ministry of Energy

The Chilean Ministry of Energy is responsible for developing and coordinating all plans, policies and regulations for the energy sector in Chile and supervising and advising the government in all matters related to energy. It coordinates the different entities in the energy sector in Chile and, by law, its Minister is the chairman of the board of directors of ENAP. The Ministry of Energy is also responsible for the protection, conservation and development of renewable and non-renewable energy resources.

SDEC

The SDEC is responsible for monitoring compliance with all regulations related to the generation, production, storage, transportation and distribution of all fuels, gas and electricity for the consumer market. To enforce such regulations, the SDEC has the power to impose fines and, if necessary, to take over the administration of deficient services when applicable. Our operations are not under the supervision of the SDEC.

Ministry of Environment, Environmental Assessment Service and Superintendency of Environment

The Ministry of Environment, the Environmental Assessment Service and the Superintendency of Environment are primarily responsible for environmental issues in Chile, including those affecting the oil and gas industry. The Ministry of Environment is responsible for the formulation and implementation of environmental policies, plans and programs, as well as for the protection and conservation of biological diversity and renewable natural resources and water resources and for promoting sustainable development and the integrity of environmental policy and regulations. The Environmental Assessment Service is responsible for assessing whether projects that might have an adverse effect on the environment comply with Chilean environmental laws and regulations. The Environmental Assessment Service directs and coordinates the environmental impact assessment process, whose final qualification is granted by the competent regional environmental assessment commission. The Superintendency of Environment's primary responsibilities are monitoring compliance with the terms of an environmental impact assessment, as well as monitoring compliance with government plans to prevent environmental damage or to clean or restore contaminated geographical areas. The Superintendency of Environment has the power to suspend or terminate, or impose fines from US$1,000 up to US$10.0 million for, activities that it deems to have an adverse environmental impact, even if such activities comply with a previously approved environmental impact assessment.

135


Table of Contents

The Environmental Courts

The Environmental Courts are principally responsible for hearing appeals of determinations made by the Superintendency of Environment and for adjudicating claims for environmental damage. There is currently one Environmental Court in Chile, which began to hear claims on December 28, 2012. Another two Environmental Courts were expected to begin hearing claims on June 28, 2013, one of which will have jurisdiction over the area in which we have our operations.

Regulatory framework

Regulation of exploration and production activities

Oil and gas exploration and development is governed by the Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile and Decree with Law Force No 2 of 1986 of the Ministry of Mines, which set forth the revised text of the Decree Law 1089 of 1975, on CEOPS. However, the right to explore and develop fields is granted for each area under a CEOP between Chile and the relevant contractors. The CEOP establishes the legal framework for hydrocarbon activities, including, among other things, minimum investment commitments, exploration and exploitation phase durations, compensation for the private company (either in cash or in kind) and the applicable tax regime. Accordingly, all the provisions governing the exploitation and development of our Chilean operations are contained in our CEOPs and the CEOPs constitute all the licenses that we need in order to own, operate, import and export any of the equipment used in our business and to conduct our gas and petroleum operations in Chile.

Under Chilean law, the surface landowners have no property rights over the minerals found under the surface of their land. Subsurface rights do not generate any surface rights, except the right to impose legal easements or rights of way. Easements or rights of way can be individually negotiated with individual surface land owners or can be granted without the consent of the landowner through judicial process. Pursuant to the Chilean Code of Mines, a judge can permit a party to use an easement pending final adjudication and settlement of compensation for the affected landowner.

Regulation of transportation activities

Liquid hydrocarbon transportation, storage, importation and marketing are subject to a number of technical regulations regarding safety, quality and other matters. The rules for the transportation of liquid fuels through trucks and pipelines are primarily found in Supreme Decree No. 160 of 2009 (the Safety Code for Facilities and Production and Refining Operations, Transportation, Storage, Distribution and Supply of Liquid Fuels) of the Ministry of Economy. The Ministry of Energy is responsible for the regulation of transportation by pipeline and the Ministry of Transport is responsible for the regulation of transportation by truck.

Gas transportation in Chile is subject to open access rules, in which the gas transportation company must make its excess transportation capacity available to third parties under equal economic, commercial and technical conditions. Laws prohibit the abuse of a dominant position by a gas transportation company in order to discriminate among potential customers for use of its pipelines. Pursuant to Ministry of Economy Supreme Decree No. 280 of 2009, gas pipelines must also comply with the Regulation of Security for Transportation and Distribution of Gas, which regulates the design, construction, operation, maintenance, inspection and termination of operations of a natural gas pipeline.

Additionally, Chile is a signatory state to the Substitute Protocol of the Eighth Additional Protocol to the Economic Complementation Agreement No. 16 between Chile Republic and Argentina Republic (ACE 16) Regulation for Marketing, Operations and Transportation of Hydrocarbons Liquids—Crude Oil, Liquefied Gas and Liquid Products of Petroleum and Natural Gas and the following international conventions: the International Convention for the prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil of 1954, the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters of 1972 and the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1969.

136


Table of Contents

Taxation

With regard to direct taxes on hydrocarbon exploitation, the general rule is that hydrocarbons are transferred to the contractor (its retribution under the CEOP), and those re-acquisitions from the contractor performed by Chile or its enterprises, as well as their corresponding acts, contracts and documents, are tax exempt. In addition, hydrocarbon exports by the contractor are also tax exempt. With regard to income taxes, as provided by article 5 of Decree Law No. 1,089, the contractor is subject either to a single tax calculated on its retribution, equal to 50% of such retribution, or to the general income tax regime established in the Income Tax Law (Decree Law No. 824 of 1974), in force at the time of the execution of the public deed which contains CEOPs, terms of which will be applicable and invariable throughout the duration of the contract. Income in Chile is subject to corporate tax on an accrual basis and has a current rate of 20%. The applicable and invariable corporate income tax rates of our CEOPs range between 15% and 18.5%, as follows: the Fell Block is subject to a rate of 15%, the Otway and Tranquilo Blocks are subject to a rate of 17% and the Flamenco, Isla Norte and Campanario Blocks are subject to a rate of 18.5% for the income accrued or received during 2012 and 17% for the income accrued or received during 2013 and onward. Dividends or profits distributed to the foreign shareholders of the contractors are subject to 35% Additional Withholding Tax with a tax credit for the corporate income tax paid by the contractor being deductible from the corporate income tax already paid as credit. With regard to the value added tax, contractors may obtain as a refund the value added tax (which is 19% according to the Sales and Services Tax Law contained in Decree Law No. 825 of 1974) supported or paid on the import or purchase of goods or services used in connection with the exploration and exploitation activities. The applicable tax regime for each CEOP remains unchanged throughout the duration of the CEOP.

Colombia

Oil and gas industry

Today, Colombia is one of the largest and most stable economies in South America. The country has a stable political and judicial environment, with a strong track record of growth. Furthermore, Colombia is one of the five (together with Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Peru) investment grade countries in the region. The country holds investment grade sovereign debt ratings from all major rating agencies (BBB, BBB- and Baa3 from S&P, Fitch and Moody's, respectively).

In 2012, the country's GDP grew by 4%, with CPI inflation at 2.44%. In order to stimulate growth and private investments, Colombia has throughout the last years entered into several free trade agreements, which include the agreement with the United States in May 2012 and the creation of the Pacific Alliance with Mexico, Peru and Chile in June 2013.

Oil is currently Colombia's leading export and source of foreign investment. Historically, all oil production in the country was from concessions granted to foreign operators or undertaken by Ecopetrol, in contracts of association with foreign companies. During 1999 and 2000, the country was considered to be at risk of becoming a net oil importer unless significant additional reserves were discovered. As a result, Ecopetrol was restructured, and in 2003, a regulatory agency for the sector, the ANH, was created. Following these initial steps, consistent acreage sales to private investors coupled with better seismic work led to an improvement in the country's exploratory success rate and, consequently, to a change in the country's production landscape. Discoveries in Colombia in general have not been relevant in terms of scale; however, the number of discoveries has favored a significant increase in production and the creation of several medium-sized companies. Opportunities offered by the Colombian energy sector have changed the competitive landscape by attracting foreign investment in the country from leading multinational energy

137


Table of Contents

companies that operate in Colombia either independently or through joint ventures. Foreign investment in the oil and gas industry in Colombia has grown from US$495 million in 2004 to US$5.377 million in 2012.

Colombia—signed contracts

GRAPHIC

Source: ANH

According to the BP Statistical Review, Colombia is the third-largest producer of crude oil and the seventh-largest producer of natural gas in Central and South America. According to the BP Statistical Review, in 2012, the country's oil production reached 394.2 mbbl, with natural gas production of 459.5 mmcf.

Colombia—production profile

GRAPHIC

Source: ANH

Colombia is divided in 23 sedimentary basins. Colombian sedimentary basins have extensively developed petroleum systems that make them well suited for exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons. Colombian supply growth is driven mainly by conventional resources located in reservoirs with large regional distribution systems and heavy oil development along the eastern part of the Tertiary Foreland basins. The Eastern Llanos and Magdalena Valley Basins show the most potential for exploration activities. The Eastern Llanos Basin accounts for over 79% of the country's current oil and liquids reserves, followed by Caguan-

138


Table of Contents

Putumayo Basin, which accounts for 9%. The Eastern Llanos Basin also contains large gas reserves, comprising 90% of the country's reserves. From 2002 to 2012, Colombian production increased at a CAGR of 5.1% for oil and 6.8% for natural gas.

We believe Colombia offers significant potential for value creation through the application of modern technology and exploration strategies on undercapitalized producing fields.

Colombia—seismic profile (thousand km 2D equivalent)

GRAPHIC

Source: ANH

Regulation of the oil and gas industry

Under Colombian law, the state owns all hydrocarbon reserves discovered in the Colombian territory and exercises control of the exploitation of such reserves primarily through the ANH.

The ANH is responsible for managing all exploration lands not subject to previously existing association contracts with Ecopetrol. The ANH began offering all undeveloped and unlicensed exploration areas in the country under exploration and production contracts, or E&P Contracts, and Technical Evaluation Agreements, or TEAs, which resulted in a significant increase in Colombian exploration activity and competition, according to the ANH. According to the ANH, since January 2004, 450 E&P Contracts and 97 TEAs have been signed, of which 46 E&P Contracts and eight TEAs have been signed during 2012. The ANH is also in charge of negotiating and executing contracts through "direct negotiation" mechanisms with attention to special conditions in the areas to be explored.

Regulatory entities

The principal authorities that regulate our activities in Colombia are the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the ANH, the National Environmental Licensing Authority, or the ANLA, and the Regulatory Commission of Energy and Gas, or the CREG.

Ministry of Mines and Energy

The Ministry of Mines and Energy is responsible for managing and regulating Colombia's nonrenewable natural resources, assuring their optimal utilization by defining and adopting national policies regarding exploration, production, transportation, refining, distribution and export of minerals and hydrocarbons.

139


Table of Contents

ANH

The ANH was created in 2003 and is responsible for the administration of Colombia's hydrocarbon reserves. The ANH's objective is to manage the hydrocarbon reserves owned by the state through the design, promotion and negotiation of the exploration and production agreements in areas where hydrocarbons may be found. The ANH is also responsible for creating and maintaining attractive conditions for private investments in the hydrocarbon sector and for designing bidding rounds for exploration blocks.

Any oil company selected by the ANH to explore a specific block must execute either a TEA or an E&P Contract to develop and exploit the block with the ANH. All royalty payments in connection with the production of hydrocarbons are made to the ANH in kind unless the ANH grants a specific waiver to make royalty payments in cash or the specific contract provides for payment in cash. Any oil company working in Colombia must present to the ANH periodic reports on the evolution of their exploration and exploitation activities.

ANLA

The ANLA was created pursuant to Decree 3573 of 2011 issued by the Colombian government with the participation of the Departamento Adminstrativo de la Función Pública, and is responsible for hydrocarbon environmental licensing in Colombia. Any project in the hydrocarbons sector requiring an environmental license must submit to environmental licensing procedures, which require the presentation of an environmental impact assessment, an environmental management plan and a contingency plan. Environmental licenses are granted for exploration and production phases separately.

CREG

Laws 142 and 143 of 1994 created the CREG, a special administrative unit of the Ministry of Mines and Energy, responsible for establishing the standards for the exploitation and use of energy, regulating the domestic utilities of electricity and fuel gas (liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas), establishing price rules for energy and gas and regulating self-generation and cogeneration of energy. The CREG is also responsible for fostering the development of the energy services industry, promoting competition and responding to consumer and industry needs. Decree 4130 of 2011 assigned the CREG new functions that were previously fulfilled by the Ministry of Mines and Energy, including the regulation of tariffs for oil transportation in poliducts and the regulation of petroleum-derived liquid fluids.

Superintendency of Domiciliary Public Services

Under Colombian regulations, the distribution and marketing of natural gas is considered a public service. As such, this activity, as well as electricity, are regulated by Law 142 of 1994 and supervised by the Superintendency of Domiciliary Public Services (Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios).

Regulatory framework

Regulation of exploration and production activities

Pursuant to Colombian law, the state is the exclusive owner of all hydrocarbon resources located in Colombia and has full authority to determine the rights, royalties or compensation to be paid by private investors for the exploration or production of any hydrocarbon reserves. The Ministry of Mines and Energy is the authority responsible for regulating all activities related to the exploration and production of hydrocarbons in Colombia.

Decree Law 1056 of 1953 (Código de Petróleos), or the Petroleum Code, establishes the general procedures and requirements that must be completed by a private investor prior to commencing hydrocarbon

140


Table of Contents

exploration or production activities. The Petroleum Code sets forth general guidelines, obligations and disclosure procedures that need to be followed during the performance of these activities.

Exploration and production activities were governed by Decree 1895 of 1973 until September 2009. Decree Law 2310 of 1974 (as complemented by Decree 743 of 1975) governed the contracts and contracting processes carried out by Ecopetrol and the rules applicable to such contracts, and also provided that Ecopetrol was responsible for administering the hydrocarbons resources in the Country. Decree 2310 of 1974 was replaced by Decree Law 1760 of 2003, but all agreements entered into by us prior to 2003 with other oil companies are still regulated by Decree 2310 of 1974.

Decree Law 1760 of 2003 provided the faculties, structure and functions of the ANH, and granted the ANH full and exclusive authority to regulate and oversee the exploration and production of hydrocarbon reserves. Decree Law 1760 of 2003 was complemented by Decree 2288 of 2004, which regulates all aspects related to the reversion of reserves and infrastructure under the joint venture agreements executed by us before 2004.

The regime for the ANH's contracts is set forth in Agreement 008 of 2004 and Agreement 004 of 2012. Accord 008 of 2004, as repealed and replaced by Accord 004 of 2012, issued by the Directive Council of the ANH, sets forth the necessary steps for entering into E&P Contracts with the ANH. This Agreement only regulates the contracts entered into as of May 4, 2012. Prior contracts are still ruled by Agreement 008 of 2004.

Resolution 18-1495 of 2009 establishes a series of regulations regarding hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation. In the E&P Contracts, operators are afforded access to non-contracted blocks by committing to an exploration work program. These E&P Contracts provide companies with 100% of new production, less the participation of the ANH, which participation may differ for each E&P Contract and depends on the percentage that each company has offered to the ANH in order to be granted with a block, subject to an initial royalty payment of 8% and the payment of income taxes of 33%. In addition, the Colombian government also introduced TEAs, in which companies that enter into TEAs are the only ones to have the right to explore, evaluate and select desirable exploration areas and to propose work commitments on those areas, and have a preemptive right to enter into an E&P Contract, thereby providing companies with low-cost access to larger areas for preliminary evaluation prior to committing to broader exploration programs. A preemptive right is granted to convert the TEA into an E&P Contract. Exploration activities can only be carried out by the TEA contractor.

Pursuant to Colombian law, companies are obligated to pay a percentage of their production to the ANH as royalties and an economic right as ANH's participating interest in the production. In 1999, a modification to the royalty system established a sliding scale for royalty payments, linking them to the production level of crude oil and natural gas fields discovered after July 29, 1999 and to the quality of the crude oil produced. Since 2002 the royalties system has ranged from 8% for fields producing up to 5,000 bopd to 25% for fields producing in excess of 600,000 bopd. Changes in royalty programs only apply to new discoveries and do not alter fields already in their production stage. Producing fields pay royalties in accordance with the applicable royalty program at the time of the discovery. The purchase price is calculated based on a reference price for crude oil at the wellhead and varies depending on prevailing international prices. Decree 2100 of 2011 modified the commercialization scheme of natural gas royalties. From 2012 and until May 2013, producers had to directly commercialize the royalties of their own production on behalf of the ANH. In return, the ANH paid a commercialization fee to producers. As of May 2013, contractors must pay in kind royalties to third parties called "Royalty Trading Companies" or "Royalty Marketing Companies", which are in charge of commercializing the royalties.

141


Table of Contents

Regulation of refining and petrochemical activities

Refining and petrochemical activities are considered to be public utility activities and are subject to governmental regulation. Article 58 of the Petroleum Code establishes that oil refining activities can be developed throughout Colombia. Oil refineries must comply with the technical characteristics and requirements established by the existing regulations.

The Ministry of Mines and Energy is responsible for regulating, supervising and overseeing all activities related to the refining of crude oil, import of refined products, storage, transport and distribution.

Decree 2657 of 1964 regulated the oil refining activities and created the Oil Refining Planning Committee, which is responsible for studying industry problems and implementing short- and long-term refining planning policies. The Committee is also responsible for evaluating and reviewing new refining projects or expansion of existing infrastructure. In evaluating a new project, the Committee must take into account the significance of the project and the economic impact, the sources of financing, profitability, social contribution, the effects on Colombia's balance of payments and the price structure of the refined products.

Pursuant to Resolution 18-0966 of 2006 issued by the Ministry of Mines and Energy and Article 58 of the Petroleum Code, any refining company operating in Colombia must provide a portion or, if needed, the total of its production to supply local demand prior to exporting any production. If the regulated production income, the principal item in the price formula, becomes lower than the export parity price, the price paid for the refined products will be equivalent to the price for those products in the U.S. Gulf Coast market. If there is local demand for imported crudes, the refining company may charge additional transportation costs in proportion to the crudes delivered to the refinery.

In 2008, Law 1205 was issued, with the main purpose of contributing to a healthier environment, and established the minimum quality that fuels should have in the country and the time frame for such a purpose.

The Ministry of Mines and Energy establishes the safety standards for LPG, storage equipment, maintenance and distribution. Regulations issued in 1992 established that every local, commercial and industrial facility with a storage capacity of LPG greater than 420 pounds must receive authorization for operations from the Ministry of Mines and Energy.

As of May 2012, under the powers granted by Decree 4130 of 2011 for currency and tax matters as well as for royalties, the ANH will determine the crude oil price reference.

Regulation of transportation activities

Hydrocarbon transportation activity is considered a public utility activity in Colombia and therefore is under governmental supervision and control. It is also a public service, and pipelines are considered to be public transport companies. Transportation and distribution of crude oil, natural gas and refined products must comply with the Petroleum Code, the Commerce Code (Código de Comercio) and with all governmental decrees and resolutions.

Notwithstanding the general rules for hydrocarbon transportation in Colombia, natural gas transportation has specific regulations, due to the categorization of natural gas distribution as a public utility activity under Colombian laws. Therefore, natural gas distribution transportation is governed by specific regulation, issued by the CREG that seeks primarily to satisfy the needs of the population.

142


Table of Contents

The exportation of natural gas is not considered a public utility activity under Colombian law and therefore is not subject to Law 142 of 1994. Nevertheless, the internal supply of natural gas is a priority for the Colombian government. This policy is included in Decree 2100 of 2011, providing that in the event the supply of natural gas is reduced or halted as a result of a shortage of this hydrocarbon, the Colombian government has the right to suspend the supply of natural gas to foreign customers. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Decree 2100 of 2011, establishes freedom to export natural gas, under normal conditions for gas reserves.

Transport systems, classified as crude oil pipelines and multipurpose pipelines, can be owned by private parties. The building, operation and maintenance of pipelines must comply with environmental, social, technical and economic requirements under national and international standards. Transportation networks must follow specific conditions regarding design and specifications, while complying with the quality standards demanded by the oil and gas industry.

According to Law 681 of 2001, multipurpose pipelines must be open to third-party use and owners must offer their capacity on the basis of equal access to all. Hydrocarbon transport activity may be developed by third parties and must meet all requirements established by law.

The Ministry of Mines and Energy is responsible for studying and approving the design and blueprints of all pipelines, mediation of rates between parties or, in case of disagreement, establishing the hydrocarbon transport rates based on information furnished by the service provider, issuing hydrocarbon transport regulations, liquidation, distribution and verification of payment of transport-related taxes and managing the information system for the oil product distribution chain.

The construction of transportation systems requires government licenses and local permits awarded by the Ministry of Environment, in addition to other requirements from the regional environmental authorities.

Recently, further regulations on pipeline access and tariff systems have been defined by the Ministry of Mines and Energy. Over the past months, the Ministry of Mines and Energy has been working on a project to modify the 2010 regulation of pipeline access and tariff systems.

Taxation

The Tax Statute and Law 9 of 1991 provide the primary features of the oil and gas industry's tax and exchange system in Colombia. Generally, national taxes under the general tax statute apply to all taxpayers, regardless of industry. The main taxes currently in effect—after the December 2012 tax reform discussed below—are the income tax (25%), the special income tax for the development of social investments (9% for 2013 to 2015 and 8% for 2016 and beyond) the equity or net assets tax, sales or value added tax (16%), and the tax on financial transaction (0.4%). Additional regional taxes also apply. Colombia has entered into a number of international tax treaties to avoid double taxation and prevent tax evasion in matters of income tax and net asset tax.

Decree 2080 of 2000 (amended by Decree 4800 of 2010), or the international investment regime, regulates foreign capital investment in Colombia. Resolution 8 of the board of the Colombian Central Bank, or the Exchange Statute, and its amendments contain provisions governing exchange operations. Articles 48 to 52 of Resolution 8 provide for a special exchange regime for the oil industry that removes the obligation of repayment to the foreign exchange market currency from foreign currency sales made by foreign oil companies. Such companies may not acquire foreign currency in the exchange market under any circumstances and must reinstate in the foreign exchange market the capital required in order to meet expenses in Colombian legal currency. Companies can avoid participating in this special oil and gas

143


Table of Contents

exchange regime, however, by informing the Colombian Central Bank, in which case they will be subject to the general exchange regime of Resolution 8 and may not be able to access the special exchange regime for a period of 10 years.

On December 26, 2012, the Colombian Congress approved a number of tax reforms. These changes include, among other things, VAT rate consolidation, a reduction in corporate income tax (from 33% to 25%), changes to transfer pricing rules, the creation of a new corporate income tax to pay for health, education and family care issues (9% for fiscal years 2013 to 2015 and 8% from 2016 and beyond), modifications in individual income tax, new "thin capitalization" rules and a reduction of social contributions paid by certain employees. The implementation of such tax reforms requires further administrative regulation. As of the date of this prospectus, some administrative regulations had been published, although we do not expect the final impact of these reforms to be material to our business.

Brazil

Oil and gas industry

Brazil is one of the pre-eminent hydrocarbon countries in the world. The recent success of the country's exploration campaigns, with major discoveries in its deep water and ultra-deepwater concessions and the business and regulatory environment open to private investment, has attracted several of the world's largest E&P companies. Recent discoveries in the E&P space have transformed Brazil's oil and gas industry landscape and turned the country into one of the fastest-growing oil and gas markets in the world. According to the BP Statistical Review, the country's proved oil reserves in 2012 jumping to 15.3 bboe, an increase of 1.8% as compared to the previous year. The reserves' CAGR throughout the last 10 years has reached 4.56%, significantly above the world's average CAGR of 2.36%. Furthermore, production has also grown above the global rate during this 10-year period—2.7% as compared to 1.4%—in great part favored by recent discoveries in the pre-salt and offshore Atlantic concessions. In 2012, oil production reached 822.3 mmbbl.

Similar dynamics took place for the natural gas market, with reserves in 2012 jumping to 0.45 trillion cubic meters, or tm3, with an implied 10-year CAGR of 6.50%, significantly above the global CAGR of 1.91%. Production has also grown above the global rate during this period—6.53% as compared to 2.91%—also favored by both non-associated gas finds and gas associated with the pre-salt areas. In 2012, natural gas production reached 668.0 mmcf. Production levels will be further boosted with the next bidding round, which has been pre-announced by the ANP for the fourth quarter of 2013, and which will be dedicated to areas with gas potential according to studies led by the ANP.

Today, offshore fields are the main contributor to reserves and production; however, the first phase of the production history in the sector, with upstream activities dating back to the 1950s, was in the onshore space, with the Recôncavo Basin in northeast Brazil playing a pivotal role. In 2011, proven domestic oil and natural gas reserves from offshore sites contributed to 95% of total proven reserves (with the remainder located onshore).

Recent pre-salt discoveries are expected to be transformational for Brazil. The hydrocarbon fields Sapinhoá (former Guará), Lula (former Tupi), Iara, and Cernambi (former Iracema) have the vast majority of the recoverable volumes of 15.7 Bboe announced by Petrobras in its Management and Business Plan for 2013-2017. In October 2013, the ANP will auction the prospect in the Santos basin known as Libra, which was discovered in 2010. ANP studies estimate a potential of 26 to 42 billion barrels of oil in situ, of which 8 to 12 billion are recoverable barrels.

144


Table of Contents

Growth of proven oil and natural gas reserves (CAGR from 2002 to 2012)

GRAPHIC

Source: BP Statistical Review

Historically, Brazil's oil and natural gas industry was controlled by Petrobras. In 1995, the Brazilian Federal Constitution was amended to allow privately- or publicly-owned companies to engage in the exploration and exploitation of oil and natural gas, subject to conditions set forth in specific legislation governing the sector. In 1997, the Brazilian Petroleum Law created the ANP to promote a transparent regulatory framework and bidding rounds for new concession areas and to regulate and oversee the Brazilian oil and natural gas sector.

The opening of the Brazilian oil and natural gas industry attracted the attention of private companies. According to the ANP, as of December 2011, Brazil had 61 concessionaries conducting exploratory activities in Brazilian sedimentary basins. Of the 324 exploratory concessions currently under concession and in activity, 92 were exclusive to Petrobras, 94 were being explored by partnerships with private investors and Petrobras and the remaining 138 were being explored by other concessionaries. Out of the 332 fields currently in production, 269 were exclusive concessions to Petrobras and 21 fields were designed as partnership agreements between Petrobras and other concessionaries. Petrobras did not take part in the remaining 42.

As of May 2013, the ANP has held 11 bidding rounds. Round zero was the first round, and was held by the ANP to define Petrobras's participation in its existing concessions after the end of its monopoly. The graph below indicates the number of exploration concessions auctioned at each round.

The ANP's exploratory concession grants

GRAPHIC

Source: ANP

145


Table of Contents

On May 14, 2013, the ANP hosted the 11th bidding round offering 289 concessions, located in 11 basins. These concessions cover approximately 155.5 sq km. The auction was characterized by a high level of participation and raised R$2.8 billion in proceeds through license fees. Of the 289 concessions offered, 142 were successfully bid upon by industry players.

Natural gas market in Brazil

The natural gas industry in Brazil has undergone significant changes over the past decade. During this period, natural gas was the fastest-growing component of the non-renewable energy mix in the country. Taking into account the increased local production and imports from Bolivia, natural gas currently accounts for about 7.4% of total Brazilian energy demand, according to the 2012 National Energy Balance published by the Energy Research Company, or EPE. Furthermore, according to EPE's 2021 Ten Year Energy Expansion Plan, the share of natural gas in overall energy consumption in Brazil should reach 7.8% in 2016 and 8.1% in 2021. Production will be further boosted with the next bid round, which has been pre-announced by the ANP for the fourth quarter of 2013, and which will be dedicated to areas with gas potential according to studies led by the ANP.

Brazil has the capacity for both sustained and rapid growth in natural gas over the next decade, which may potentially change the balance between natural gas supply and demand in the country. The increased supply could open up new opportunities in the country. Natural gas may not only help sustain the continued growth of the local market, but Brazil may also choose to reduce the amount of gas imported and, in the long term, become a seasonal exporter.

The increase of the gas supply associated with a growing reserve profile is expected to enable the continued development of the domestic market at rates above the historical ones. Market growth has been largely directed by increased demand from the industrial and power generation sectors, which increased their demand for gas by 150% between 2000 and 2011, according to the EPE.

The chart below compares the reserves with the reserves-to-production ratio, or R/P, in Brazil in the periods indicated.

Reserves versus R/P(1) (Brazil)

GRAPHIC

Source: MME


(1)    R/P is a valuation formula, calculated as total proved reserves, or R, divided by annualized current net daily production, or P.

146


Table of Contents

The chart below illustrates the Brazilian domestic natural gas supply in the periods indicated.

Natural gas production/imports

GRAPHIC

Source: MME

Brazil's sedimentary basins

According to the ANP, Brazil's sedimentary areas are distributed over more than 40 sedimentary basins, of which 29 are considered the main basins and 15 are located offshore. The offshore area covers approximately 379.3 million gross acres and the onshore area covers approximately 1,209.8 million gross acres. Of the offshore area, approximately 191.8 million gross acres are in shallow waters of less than 400 meters in depth, 22.0 million gross acres lie in waters of 400 to 1,000 meters and 166.3 million gross acres are in ultra-deep waters of 1,000 to 3,000 meters.

Infrastructure and workforce

Infrastructure and Workforce Overview.    Extensive infrastructure is already in place in the mature coastal basins. The Brazilian midstream infrastructure has grown significantly during recent years. However, it is still small in comparison to other countries, such as the U.S., China and France. In total, there are 32 oil pipes extending across 2,000 km. Local oil pipeline systems connect the fields in the Sergipe-Alagoas, Potiguar and Recôncavo Basins to the coastal export terminals where oil is sent by ship to the refineries in Fortaleza, Bahia and other States. The Brazilian government is expected to announce a ten-year plan for pipeline development, or Pemat, similar to what is done today in the power and utilities sector, through EPE's 2021 Ten Year Energy Expansion Plan.

With a well-established onshore oil and gas industry, the country has an experienced and skilled workforce.

Oil infrastructure.    The oil infrastructure in Brazil is relatively limited, and the majority of oil production is offshore. Oil is loaded onto tankers and shipped directly to coastal terminals and refineries or exported.

Gas infrastructure.    The gas pipeline network in Brazil is still relatively underdeveloped despite the significant expansion currently underway. There are more than 9,000 km of gas transmission pipelines, including international pipelines and a large distribution system. However, the existing infrastructure covers only a small portion of Brazil, primarily serving the main population centers of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, some states in the south and coastal states in the northeast. Advances to the southeast network are in progress and a 454 km pipeline between Campinas and the gas-fired plants near Cacimbas begun in 2008.

147


Table of Contents

LNG

Brazil began importing LNG in early 2009 through two import terminals, one located in northeast Brazil, in the State of Ceará, and another near the major gas markets in southeast Brazil, in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Both terminals offer re-gasification vessels with an anchor point, which may be connected directly to the national gas network. The terminals are designed to provide flexibility in gas supply and meet the region's thermoelectric demand.

Refineries

There are currently 13 refineries operating in Brazil, of which 11 are Petrobras-operated. The current refining capacity is approximately 2.1 mmboepd, up from the 1.4 mmboepd during the 1990s. This increase has been achieved through capacity expansion of the existing refineries. Petrobras has plans to continue the expansion of the country's refining capacity, and several major projects are either underway or planned that will add a further 1.2 mmboepd of capacity.

Regulation of the oil and gas industry

Article 177 of the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 provides for the Federal Government's monopoly over the prospecting and exploration of oil, natural gas resources and other fluid hydrocarbon deposits, as well as over the refining, importation, exportation and sea or pipeline transportation of crude oil and natural gas. Initially, paragraph one of article 177 barred the assignment or concession of any kind of involvement in the exploration of oil or natural gas deposits to private industry. On November 9, 1995, however, Constitutional Amendment Number 9 altered paragraph one of article 177 so as to allow private or state-owned companies to engage in the exploration and production of oil and natural gas, subject to the conditions to be set forth by legislation.

The Brazilian Petroleum Law, which enacted this constitutional provision:

confirmed the Federal Government's monopoly over oil and natural gas deposits and further provided that the exploration and production of such hydrocarbons would be regulated and overseen by the federal government;

created the CNPE and the ANP;

revoked Law Number 2,004/53, which appointed Petrobras as the exclusive agent to execute the Federal Government's monopoly; and

established a transitional rule that entitled Petrobras to: (1) produce in fields where Petrobras had already started production under a concession agreement made with the ANP for 27 years, on an exclusive basis, starting on the date the field was declared commercially profitable; and (2) explore areas where Petrobras was able to show evidence of "established reserves" prior to the enactment of the Brazilian Petroleum Law, for up to three years, subsequently extended to five years.

Regulatory entities

National petroleum, natural gas and biofuel agency (ANP)

The Brazilian Petroleum Law created the ANP. The ANP is a regulatory body of the federal government associated with the Ministry of Mines and Energy. The ANP's function is to regulate the oil, natural gas and biofuels industry in Brazil. One of the ANP's primary objectives is to create a competitive environment for oil and natural gas activities in Brazil that will lead to the lowest prices and best services for consumers. Its principal responsibilities include enforcing regulations as well as awarding concessions related to oil,

148


Table of Contents

natural gas and biofuels, in accordance with the Brazilian Petroleum Law, as set forth in Decree No. 2,455, dated January 14, 1998, and regulations enacted by the National Council on Energy Policy and National Interest.

National council on energy policy (CNPE)

The CNPE, also created by the Brazilian Petroleum Law, is a council of the President of Brazil presided over by the Minister of Mines and Energy. The CNPE is charged with submitting national energy policies, designing oil and natural gas production policies and establishing the procedural guidelines for competitive bids regarding the exploration concessions and areas with established viability in accordance with the Brazilian Petroleum Law.

Regulatory framework

Pricing policy

Until the enactment of the Brazilian Petroleum Law, the Brazilian government regulated all aspects of the pricing of oil and oil products in Brazil, from the cost of oil imported for use in refineries to the price of refined oil products charged to the consumer. Under the rules adopted following the Brazilian Petroleum Law, the Brazilian government changed its price regulation policies. Under these regulations, the Brazilian government: (1) introduced a new methodology for determining the price of oil products designed to track prevailing international prices denominated in U.S. dollars, and (2) gradually eliminated controls on wholesale prices.

Concessions

In addition to opening the Brazilian oil and natural gas industry to private investment, the Brazilian Petroleum Law created new institutions, including the ANP, to regulate and control activities in the sector. As part of this mandate, the ANP is responsible for licensing concession rights for the exploration, development and production of oil and natural gas in Brazil's sedimentary basins through a transparent and competitive bidding process. The ANP has conducted 11 bidding rounds for exploration concessions since 1999, and the twelfth round is expected to take place in the fourth quarter of 2013.

In order to participate in the auction process a company must have proven experience in oil and gas exploration and production activities, be legally constituted under the laws of their home country and undertake that, in the event that they are successful in bidding, the company will constitute a company with its headquarters and management in Brazil, organized under Brazilian law, and have the determined (specific for each bidding round) minimum net equity. If all requirements are met, the company will be considered qualified to bid and make offers for the bidding areas within its category.

Environmental issues

The identification and definition of the concessions to be offered is based on the availability of geological and geophysical data indicating the presence of hydrocarbons. Also, in order to protect the environment, the ANP, the IBAMA and the state environmental agencies analyze all the areas prior to deciding which concessions to offer in licensing rounds. The requirement levels for environmental licensing for the various concessions to be auctioned are then published, allowing the future concessionaire to include environmental considerations in determining what projects to pursue. These environmental guidelines are revised and updated with every ANP bidding round.

149


Table of Contents

Consortium

The oil and natural gas industry is characterized in Brazil by the presence of several companies acting through consortium agreements, or unincorporated joint ventures, in order to share the risks of exploration, development and production activities. Terms of those agreements are set out by the ANP and the actual risk sharing agreement is reflected in joint operating agreements.

Taxation

Introduction.    The Brazilian Petroleum Law introduced significant modifications and benefits to the taxation of oil and natural gas activities. The main component of petroleum taxation is the government take, comprised of license fees, fees payable in connection with the occupation or title of areas, royalties and a special participation fee. The introduction of the Brazilian Petroleum Law presents certain tax benefits primarily with respect to indirect taxes. Such indirect taxes are very complex and can add significantly to project costs. Direct taxes are mainly corporate income tax and social contribution on net profit.

Government take.    With the effectiveness of the Brazilian Petroleum Law and the regulations promulgated by the ANP, concessionaires are required to pay the Brazilian federal government the following:

license fees;
rent for the occupation or retention of areas;
special participation fee; and
royalties on production.

The minimum value of the license fees is established in the bidding rules for the concessions, and the amount is based on the assessment of the potential, as conducted by the ANP. The license fees must be paid upon the execution of the concession contract. Additionally, concessionaires are required to pay a rental fee to landowners varying from 0.5% to 1.0% of the respective hydrocarbon production.

The special participation fee is an extraordinary charge that concessionaires must pay in the event of obtaining high production volumes and/or profitability from oil fields, according to criteria established by applicable regulation, and is payable on a quarterly basis for each field from the date on which extraordinary production occurs. This participation rate, whenever due, may reach up to 40% of net revenues depending on (i) volume of production and (ii) whether the block is onshore, shallow water or deepwater. Under the Brazilian Petroleum Law and applicable regulations issued by the ANP, the special participation fee is calculated based upon quarterly net revenues of each field, which consist of gross revenues calculated using reference prices published by the ANP (reflecting international prices and the exchange rate for the period) less:

royalties paid;
investment in exploration;
operational costs; and
depreciation adjustments and applicable taxes.

The ANP is responsible for determining monthly minimum prices for petroleum produced in concessions for purposes of royalties payable with respect to production. Royalties generally correspond to a percentage ranging between 5% and 10% applied to reference prices for oil or natural gas, as established in the relevant bidding guidelines (edital de licitação) and concession agreement. In determining the percentage of royalties applicable to a particular concession, the ANP takes into consideration, among other factors, the geological risks involved and the production levels expected.

150


Table of Contents

Relevant Tax Aspects on Upstream Activities.    The special customs regime for goods to be used in the oil and gas activities in Brazil, REPETRO, aims primarily at reducing the tax burden on companies involved in exploring and extracting oil and natural gas, through the total suspension of federal taxes due on the importation of equipment (platforms, subsea equipment, among others), under leasing agreements, subject to the compliance with applicable legal requirements. The period in which the goods are allowed to remain in Brazil under the REPETRO regime may vary depending on the importer, but usually corresponds to the duration of the contract executed between the Brazilian company and the foreign entity, or the period for which the company was authorized to exploit or produce oil and gas.

In 2007, the legislation regarding the State Value Added Tax—ICMS imposed taxation on the import of equipment into Brazil under the REPETRO regime was significantly changed by ICMS Convention No. 130/2007. This regulation allows each State to grant the ICMS tax calculation basis reduction (generating a tax burden of 7.5% with the recoverability of credits or 3%, without the recoverability of credits) for goods purchased under the REPETRO regime for the production phase and the total exemption or ICMS tax calculation basis reduction (generating a tax burden of 1.5%, without the recoverability of credits) for the exploration phase. In order to be in force, the ICMS Convention No. 130/07 must be included in each state's legislation.

For example, currently, based on Convention No. 130/2007 , the state of Rio de Janeiro grants tax calculation basis reduction for the exploitation (generating a tax burden of 7.5%, with the recoverability of credits or 3%, without the recoverability of credits) and production of oil and gas (generating a tax burden of 1.5%, without the recoverability of credits). For production activities, the legislation used to grant an exemption of ICMS, which was recently changed to a tax calculation basis reduction, according to Resolution Sefaz No. 631, dated May 14th, 2013.

It is important to mention that before the enactment of the Convention No. 130/2007, the State of Rio de Janeiro has attempted to impose ICMS on production activities, based on State Law No. 4,117, dated June, 27, 2003, which was regulated by Decree No. 34,761, dated February 3, 2004, and was subsequently suspended by Decree No. 34,783 of February 4, 2004 for an undetermined period of time. Nevertheless, the State of Rio de Janeiro may choose to enforce the law at any time. Also, the constitutionality of this law is currently being challenged by the Public Ministry in the Supreme Court (ADI 3,019-RJ).

Pursuant to the Brazilian Petroleum Law and subsequent legislation, the federal government enacted Law No. 10,336/01, to impose the Contribution for Intervention in the Economic Sector, or CIDE, an excise tax payable by producers, blenders and importers on transactions with some of oil and fuel products, which is imposed at a flat amount based on the specific quantities of each product. Currently, the CIDE rates are zero, based on Decree No. 7,764/2012.

Argentina

Oil and gas industry

Argentina is the second-largest producer of natural gas and the fourth-largest producer of crude oil in Central and South America, according to the BP Statistical Review. The country is a leading producer and consumer of natural gas in South America, and has a globally significant unconventional oil and gas resource base. Production of both oil and natural gas throughout the last years has been dropping as a result of the maturing of the production fields and lack of investment. In 2012, the country's natural gas production reached 1.4 bcf, with oil production at 244.9 mbbl.

151


Table of Contents

In response to the economic crisis of 2001 and 2002, the Argentine government, pursuant to the Public Emergency Law (Law No. 25,561), established export taxes on certain hydrocarbon products. In subsequent years, in order to satisfy growing domestic demand and abate inflationary pressures, this law was supplemented by constraints on domestic prices, export restrictions and subsidies on imports of natural gas and diesel, among other measures. As a result, local prices for oil and natural gas products had remained significantly below those prevalent in neighboring countries and international commodity exchanges.

After declining during the economic crisis of 2001 and 2002, Argentina's real gross domestic product, or GDP, grew at a compounded average growth rate, or CAGR, of 7.8% from 2003 to 2008. Although the growth rate decelerated to 0.9% in 2009 as a result of the global financial crisis, it recovered in 2010 and 2011, growing at an annual rate of 9.2% and 8.9%, respectively, according to the International Monetary Fund. In 2012, the GDP growth rate dropped to 1.9% as a reflex of the Brazilian slowdown spillover effect over to its regional trading partners, especially Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. In Argentina, widespread import and exchange controls also affected business confidence and investment.

Argentina's consumption of oil and natural gas

GRAPHIC

Driven by economic expansion and stable domestic prices, energy consumption has increased significantly from 2002 to 2012, with demand for oil and gas increasing from 357.9 mboe in 2002 to 559.3 mboe in 2012. Argentine natural oil and gas consumption grew at a CAGR of approximately 4.6% during this period, according to the BP Statistical Review. In recent years, demand has outpaced energy supply (in 2012, the deficit reached 42.5 mboe). As a result of this increasing demand and the maturing of local reserves the country's production surplus has shifted toward a deficit. Still, according to the BP Statistical Review, Argentina's R/P ratio is at 10.2x.

152


Table of Contents

Argentina's production of oil and natural gas (Mtoe)

GRAPHIC

Source: BP Statistical Review

Regulation of the oil and gas industry

Under Argentine law, the federal executive branch establishes the federal policy applicable to the exploration, exploitation, refining, transportation and marketing of liquid hydrocarbons, but the licensing and enforcement of exploration and activities in hydrocarbon reservoirs has been transferred from the federal government to provincial governments.

Regulatory entities

The principal authorities that regulate the activities in Argentina are the Secretariat of Energy, at the federal level, and a local enforcement authority at each province (typically a secretariat of energy or hydrocarbons board).

Regulatory framework

Regulation of exploration and production activities

The Argentine oil and gas industry is regulated by Law No. 17,319, referred to as the Hydrocarbons Law, which was adopted in 1967 and amended by Law No. 26,197 in 2007, which established the general legal framework for the exploration and production of oil and gas, and Law No. 24,076, referred to as the Natural Gas Law, enacted in 1992, which established the regulatory framework for natural gas transportation and distribution utilities and the trading of natural gas. In addition, certain concurrent hydrocarbons laws were enacted by some provincial states. In Argentina, eminent domain over hydrocarbon resources lying in the territory of a provincial state is now vested in such provincial state, while eminent domain over hydrocarbon resources lying offshore on the continental platform beyond the jurisdiction of the coastal provincial states is vested in the federal state. From the 1920s to 1989, the Argentine public sector dominated the upstream segment of the Argentine oil and gas industry and the midstream and downstream segment of the business. In 1989, Argentina enacted certain laws aimed at privatizing the majority of its state-owned companies and issued a series of presidential decrees (namely, Decrees No. 1055/89, 1212/89 and 1589/89, or the Oil Deregulation Decrees, relating specifically to deregulation of energy activities). The Oil Deregulation Decrees eliminated restrictions on imports and exports of crude oil, deregulated the domestic oil industry, and effective January 1, 1991, the prices of oil and petroleum products were also deregulated. In 1992, Law No. 24,145, referred to as the Privatization Law, privatized YPF and provided for transfer of hydrocarbon reservoirs from the Argentine government to

153


Table of Contents

the provinces, subject to the existing rights of the holders of exploration permits and production concessions. In 1994, a constitutional reform vested eminent domain powers over hydrocarbons on provincial states.

In October 2004, the Argentine Congress enacted Law No. 25,943, creating a new state-owned energy company, Energía Argentina S.A., or ENARSA. The corporate purpose of ENARSA is the exploration and exploitation of solid, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons; the transport, storage, distribution, commercialization and industrialization of these products; as well as the transportation and distribution of natural gas, and the generation, transportation, distribution and sale of electricity. Moreover, Law No. 25,943 granted ENARSA all offshore areas located beyond 12 nautical miles from the coastline up to the outer boundary of the continental shelf that were vacant at the time of the effectiveness of this law (i.e., November 3, 2004).

Oil and gas exploration permits and exploitation concessions are now granted by each provincial government. A majority of the existing concessions were granted by the federal government prior to the enactment of Law No. 26,197 and were thereafter transferred to the provincial states. Article 5 of the Hydrocarbons Law requires that holders of permits and concessions establish legal domicile in Argentina.

Article 59 of the Hydrocarbons Law provides that the concessionaire shall pay to the state a monthly royalty of 12% of the net production of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons at the well head, which may be reduced to as low as 5% depending on the productivity, conditions and locations of the wells. Royalties are generally paid in cash at the same price received by the producer at the well head, unless the government gives proper notice of its intention to receive payment in kind. Also, past the initial 25-year term of a concession, an incremental royalty is generally required by the incumbent provincial state as part of the renegotiation to grant the 10-year extension to a concession. Because individual provinces are in charge of licensing and overseeing the exploration and exploitation process, there is some variance between individual provinces in terms of the regulations and royalty requirements for concessionaires. Holders of exploration permits and exploitation concessions must also pay an annual surface fee that is based on acreage of land held and which varies depending on the phase (exploration or production) of the operation.

On May 3, 2012, the Argentine Congress passed the Hydrocarbons Sovereignty Act. This law declared achieving self-sufficiency in the supply of hydrocarbons, as well as in the exploitation, industrialization, transportation and sale of hydrocarbons, a national public interest and a priority for Argentina. In addition, the law expropriated 51% of the share capital of YPF, the largest Argentine oil company, from Repsol, the largest Spanish oil company.

On July 28, 2012, Presidential Decree 1277/2012, which regulated the Hydrocarbon Sovereignty Law, was released, establishing that a committee must be in charge of the sector's reference prices. The decree introduced important changes to the rules governing Argentina's oil and gas industry. The decree repeals certain articles of Deregulation Decrees passed during 1989 relating to free marketability of hydrocarbons at negotiated prices, the deregulation of the oil and gas industry, freedom to import and export hydrocarbons and the ability to keep proceeds from export sales in foreign bank accounts. The repeal of these articles appears to formalize certain rules such as price controls and the repatriation of export sales proceeds, which has been in fact required by the government over the last several years.

In addition the decree creates a governmental strategic planning commission charged with developing investment plans for the country to increase production and reserves and to make Argentina more energy self-sufficient. The decree also requires oil and gas companies, refiners and transporters of hydrocarbon

154


Table of Contents

products to submit annual investment plans for approval by the commission. The decree empowers the commission to issue fines and sanctions, including concession termination, for companies that do not comply with its requirements. Finally, the commission is also charged with the responsibility of assuring the reasonableness of hydrocarbon prices in the domestic market and that such prices allow companies to generate a reasonable profit margin.

Regulation of refining and petrochemical activities

Refining and petrochemical activities in Argentina have historically been governed by free enterprise and private refineries have coexisted with state owned refineries.

Until 1989, crude oil production, whether extracted by YPF or by private companies operating under service contracts, was delivered to YPF, and the Secretariat of Energy distributed the same among the refining companies according to quotas. Natural gas production was until then also delivered to YPF and to the then existing state owned Gas del Estado SE utility company.

The Oil Deregulation Decrees issued in 1989 deregulated the hydrocarbons industry and granted to the holders of hydrocarbon permits and concessions the right to freely dispose of the hydrocarbons lifted by them at free market conditions, and abrogated the previous quota allocation system.

After the economic crisis of 2001 and 2002, hydrocarbons refiners and producers were prompted by the Argentine Government to enter into a series of tripartite agreements whereby the prices of crude oil and certain byproducts were capped or regulated. A series of other measures was also adopted, affecting the downstream segment of the industry.

Regulation of transportation activities

Exploitation concessionaires have the exclusive right to obtain a transportation concession for the transport of oil and gas from the provincial states or the federal government, depending on the applicable jurisdiction. Such transportation concessions include storage, ports, pipelines and other fixed facilities necessary for the transportation of oil, gas and by-products. Transportation facilities with surplus capacity must transport third parties' hydrocarbons on an open-access basis, for a fee which is the same for all users on similar terms. As a result of the privatizations of YPF and Gas del Estado, a few common carriers of crude oil and natural gas were chartered and continue to operate to date.

Taxation

Exploitation concessionaires are subject to the general federal and provincial tax regime. The most relevant federal taxes are the income tax (35%), the value added tax (21%) and a tax on assets. The most relevant provincial taxes are the turnover tax (1% to 3%) and stamp tax. In 2002, in response to the economic crisis, the federal government adopted new taxes on oil and gas products, including export taxes ranging from 5% for by-products to 45% for crude oil. Despite that, under certain incentives programs established in 2008 (namely, the Oil Plus Program and the Refining Plus Program created by Presidential Decree 2014/2008), oil and gas companies increasing their oil reserves and production and refining companies increasing their production would be granted tax rebate certificates to be credited against the payment of the export taxes. However, the Oil Plus Program and the Refining Plus Program were suspended for certain companies in February 2012 and subsequently amended and reinstated in June 2012.

Certain tax benefits apply to exploration programs in association with ENARSA. Argentina has also implemented certain tax incentives to promote infrastructure and capital goods investments, including oil and gas production and transportation, including advanced reimbursement of value added tax and accelerated income tax depreciation.

155


Table of Contents


Business

Overview

We are an independent oil and natural gas exploration and production, or E&P, company with operations in South America and a proven track record of growth in production, reserves and cash flows since 2006. We operate in Chile, Colombia and, to a lesser extent, in Argentina, and we expect to begin operating in Brazil by the end of 2013, following the closing of our pending Rio das Contas acquisition and the separate award to us of seven new concessions in Brazil (which we refer to collectively as our Brazil Acquisitions). See "Prospectus summary—Recent developments."

We have a well-balanced portfolio of assets that includes working and/or economic interests in 19 onshore hydrocarbons blocks, with nine blocks currently in production and eight additional blocks upon the closing of the Brazil Acquisitions. We produced a net average of 13,426 boepd during the first quarter of 2013, 63% of which was produced in Chile, 37% of which was produced in Colombia, and 0.4% of which was produced in Argentina, and of which 78% was oil. Including the Brazil Acquisitions, on a pro forma basis, we would have produced an average of 17,566 boepd during the first quarter of 2013, with Chile, Colombia and Brazil, representing 48%, 28% and 24% of our production, respectively, and with oil representing 60% of our total production. As of December 31, 2012, we had net proved reserves of 16.8 mmboe (comprising 71% oil and 29% natural gas), of which 61% and 39% were in Chile and Colombia, respectively, and we estimate that Rio das Contas had net proved reserves of 8.0 mmboe (comprising approximately 98% natural gas) as of June 30, 2013.

We have developed our company around three principal capacities:

our ability to successfully explore the subsurface in the search for oil and gas;

our ability to efficiently operate, drill, produce and market hydrocarbons from our properties; and

our ability to acquire and consolidate assets in the main oil- and natural gas-producing regions in South America.

We believe that our risk and capital management policies have enabled us to compile a geographically diverse portfolio of properties that balances exploration, development and production and oil with gas. These attributes have also allowed us to raise capital and to partner with top-tier international companies. Finally, we believe we have developed a distinctive culture within our organization that promotes and rewards partnership, entrepreneurship and merit. Consistent with this approach, all of our employees are eligible to participate in our long-term incentive program, or our Performance-Based Employee Long-Term Incentive Program. See "Management—Compensation—Executive compensation—Performance-Based Employee Long-Term Incentive Program."

In Chile, we are the first and the largest non-state-controlled oil and gas producer. We began operations in 2006 in the Fell Block and have evolved from having a non-operated, non-producing interest to having a fully-owned and operated asset with over 10.2 mmboe of net proved reserves as of December 31, 2012 and average production of 8,436 boepd in the first three months of 2013. In addition, we operate five other hydrocarbon blocks in Chile with significant prospective resources.

In Colombia, following our successful acquisitions of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva in early 2012, we have an asset base of 10 hydrocarbon blocks where we were able to increase average production to 4,938 boepd in the first three months of 2013, an increase of 68% (on a pro forma basis) as compared to the

156


Table of Contents

first three months of 2012. As of December 31, 2012, we had net proved reserves of 6.6 mmboe in Colombia.

In May 2013, we expanded our footprint to Brazil, and were awarded, subject to confirmation of approval requirements and entry into concession agreements with the ANP, seven new concessions in the onshore Recôncavo Basin in the State of Bahia and in the onshore Potiguar Basin in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. We also agreed, in May 2013, to acquire Rio das Contas from Panoro, which holds a 10% working interest in the shallow offshore Manati Field, the largest non-associated gas field in Brazil, which produced, in the year ended December 31, 2012, approximately 8.7% of the gas produced in Brazil. Rio das Contas's 10% working interest in the Manati Field represented 4,140 boepd of production during the first quarter of 2013. See "Prospectus summary—Recent developments."

The table below sets forth certain of our financial and operating data for the periods indicated, as well as pro forma data reflecting our acquisitions of Winchester, Luna and Cuerva in Colombia and our pending Brazil Acquisitions.

   
 
  For the three-month
period ended March 31,
  For the year ended
December 31,
 
 
  2013
  2012
  2012
  2011
 

 

 

                         
 
  (unaudited)
   
   
 

Financial data

                         

Revenues (US$ thousands)

    89,774     51,321     250,478     111,580  

Pro forma revenues (US$ thousands) (unaudited)(1)

    103,925         325,403      

Adjusted EBITDA(2) (US$ thousands)

    49,652     34,253     121,404     63,391  

Pro forma Adjusted EBITDA(1)(2) (US$ thousands) (unaudited)

    60,600         168,708      

Operating data (unaudited)

                         

Production (boepd)

    13,426     9,682     11,292     7,593  

% oil and liquids

    78%     53%     66%     33%  

Pro forma production (boepd)(3)

    17,566         14,952      

Pro forma % oil and liquids(4)

    60%         50%      
   

(1)    Pro forma revenues and pro forma Adjusted EBITDA are revenues and Adjusted EBITDA, respectively, after giving effect to the acquisitions of Winchester, Luna, Cuerva and Rio das Contas for the year ended December 31, 2012 and, after giving effect to the acquisition of Rio das Contas, for March 31, 2013, in each case as if such acquisitions had occurred as of January 1, 2012. For a reconciliation of pro forma Adjusted EBITDA to the IFRS financial measure of profit for the period before income tax, see "Unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data—Note 6."

(2)    We define Adjusted EBITDA as profit for the period before net finance cost, income tax, depreciation, amortization and certain non-cash items such as impairments and write-offs of unsuccessful efforts, accrual of stock options and stock awards and bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure of profitability or cash flows as determined by IFRS. See "Presentation of financial and other information—Non-IFRS financial measures." For a reconciliation of pro forma Adjusted EBITDA to the IFRS financial measure of profit before income tax, see "Unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial data—Note 6."

(3)    Pro forma production is production after giving effect to the acquisitions of Winchester, Luna, Cuerva and Rio das Contas for the year ended December 31, 2012 and, after giving effect to the acquisition of Rio das Contas, for March 31, 2013, in each case as if such acquisitions had occurred as of January 1, 2012.

(4)   Pro forma % oil and liquids is % oil and liquids after giving effect to the acquisitions of Winchester, Luna, Cuerva and Rio das Contas for the year ended December 31, 2012 and, after giving effect to the acquisition of Rio das Contas, for March 31, 2013, in each case as if such acquisitions had occurred as of January 1, 2012.

157


Table of Contents

Our operations

As of March 31, 2013, our holdings included 19 hydrocarbon blocks in which we have working and/or economic interests: six in Chile; 10 in Colombia; and three in Argentina.

Operations in Chile

We became the first privately-owned oil and gas producer in Chile when we began production in the Fell Block in May 2006, and, for the five-month period ended May 31, 2013, we produced 70% of Chile's total oil production and approximately 19% of its total gas production, according to information provided by the Chilean Ministry of Energy. We believe our acreage position in Chile represents an important platform for continued growth and expansion in that country.

The map below shows the location of the blocks in Chile in which we have working interests.

GRAPHIC

158


Table of Contents

The table below summarizes information about the blocks in Chile in which we have working interests as of and for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013.

 
Block
  Gross acres
(thousand acres)

  % working
interest(1)

  Partners(2)
  Operator
  Net proved
reserves
(mmboe)(3)

  Production
(boepd)(4)

  Basin
  Concession
expiration year

 

Fell

    367.8     100%       GeoPark     10.2     8,436   Magallanes   Exploitation: 2032

Isla Norte

    130.2     60% (6)   ENAP   GeoPark           Magallanes   Exploration: 2019
Exploitation: 2044

Campanario

    192.2     50% (6)   ENAP   GeoPark           Magallanes   Exploration: 2020
Exploitation: 2045

Flamenco

    141.3     50% (6)   ENAP   GeoPark           Magallanes   Exploration: 2019
Exploitation: 2044

Tranquilo

    92.4     29%     Pluspetrol; Wintershall; Methanex   GeoPark           Magallanes   Exploitation: 2043

Otway

    1,474.0 (5)   25%     Pluspetrol;
Wintershall; IFC;
Methanex


(5)
GeoPark           Magallanes   Exploitation: 2044
 

(1)    Working interest corresponds to the working interests held by our respective subsidiaries in such block, net of any working interests held by other parties in such block.

(2)    Partners with working interests.

(3)    As of December 31, 2012.

(4)   Our average daily production of barrels of oil equivalent per day for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013.

(5)    In April 2013, we voluntarily and formally announced to the Chilean Ministry of Energy our decision not to proceed with the second exploratory period and to terminate the exploratory phase under the Otway Block CEOP. Therefore, we will have to relinquish all areas of the Otway Block, except for two areas totaling 49,421 gross acres in which we declared the discovery of hydrocarbons, in the Cabo Negro and Tatiana Fields. In May 2013, our partners under the joint operating agreement governing the Otway Block decided to withdraw from such joint operating agreement and to apply to withdraw from the Otway Block CEOP, such that, subject to the Chilean Ministry of Energy's approval, we will be the sole participant, and have a working interest of 100%, in our two remaining areas in the Otway Block. See "—Otway and Tranquilo Blocks."

(6)   LGI has a 14% direct equity interest in our Tierra del Fuego operations through GeoPark TdF and a 20% direct equity interest in GeoPark Chile, for a total effective interest of 31.2% in our Tierra del Fuego operations. See "—Tierra del Fuego Blocks" and "—Significant agreements—Agreements with LGI—LGI Chile Shareholders' Agreements."

Our Chilean blocks are located in the provinces of Ultima Esperanza, Magallanes and Tierra del Fuego in the Magallanes Basin, a proven oil and gas producing area. As of March 31, 2013, the Magallanes Basin accounted for all of Chile's oil and gas production. Although this basin has been in production for over 60 years, we believe that it remains relatively underdeveloped.

Substantial technical data (seismic, geological, drilling and production information), developed by us and by ENAP, provides an informed base for new hydrocarbon exploration and development. Shut in and abandoned fields may also have the potential to be put back in production by constructing new pipelines and plants. Our geophysical interpretations suggest additional development potential in known fields and exploration potential in undrilled prospects and plays, including opportunities in the Springhill, Tertiary, Tobífera and Estratos con Favrella formations. The Springhill formation has historically been the source of production in the Fell Block, though the Estratos con Favrella shale formation is the principal source rock of the Magallanes Basin, and we believe it contains unconventional resource potential.

Fell Block

In 2006, we became the operator and 100% interest owner of the Fell Block. When we first acquired an interest in the Fell Block in 2002, it had no material oil and gas production. Since then, we have completed more than 1,400 sq km of 3D seismic surveys and drilled over 80 exploration and development wells. In the first quarter of 2013, we produced an average of approximately 17,500 mcfpd of gas and 5,507 bopd of oil, or 8,436 boepd, in the Fell Block.

159


Table of Contents

The Fell Block has an area of approximately 368,000 gross acres (1,488 sq km) and its center is located approximately 140 km northeast of the city of Punta Arenas. It is bordered on the north by the international border between Argentina and Chile and on the south by the Strait of Magellan.

The first exploration efforts began on the Fell Block in the 1950s. Through 2005, ENAP carried out 2,400 km of 2D seismic surveys and 256 sq km of 3D seismic surveys and drilled 147 wells, producing approximately 10 mmboe. From 2006 through August 2011, we invested approximately US$210 million in exploring and developing the Fell Block, which allowed us to transition approximately 84% of the Fell Block's area from an exploration phase into an exploitation phase, which we expect will last through 2032. During the exploration phase, we exceeded the minimum work and investment commitment required under the Fell Block CEOP by more than 75 times, and as of March 31, 2013, had invested more than US$410 million in the Fell Block. There are no minimum work and investment commitments under the Fell Block CEOP associated with the exploitation phase.

Geologically, the Fell Block is located in the eastern part of the Magallanes Basin. The principal producing reservoir is made up of sandstones in the Springhill formation, at depths of 2,200 to 3,500 meters. Additional reservoirs have been discovered and put into production in the Fell Block—namely, Tobífera formation volcaniclastic reservoirs at depths of 2,200 to 3,600 meters, and Upper Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous sandstones, at depths of 700 to 2,000 meters.

Our geosciences team continues to identify and develop an attractive inventory of prospects and drilling opportunities for both exploration and development in the Fell Block, and we expect to continue our comprehensive drilling program in the Fell Block in the coming years. The recent oil discoveries in the Konawentru, Yagan, Yagan Norte, Copihue and Munición Oeste fields have opened up new oil and gas potential in the Fell Block. An important discovery during 2011 was the Konawentru 1 well, which we initially tested to have in excess of 2,000 bopd from the Tobífera formation, and which has opened up additional potentially attractive opportunities (workovers, well-deepenings and new exploration and development wells) in the Tobifera formation throughout the Fell Block.

As of December 31, 2012, the Konawentru 1 well was producing at a rate of approximately 1,120 bopd and had produced over 740,000 bbl since its discovery in 2011. In 2012, we also drilled and completed the Konawentru 4 well, which had an initial production rate of approximately 700 bopd, and commenced drilling the Konawentru 3 well. In the first three months of 2013, we drilled the Konawentru 3 well, and we expect to drill an additional well in the Konawentru Field in the remainder of 2013. The Konawentru 3 well showed good oil traces in the Tobífera reservoir, but we tested it with a dry result, and are waiting to perform a hydraulic fracture analysis on it.

We also initiated an evaluation of the Estratos con Favrella shale reservoir, which we believe represents a high-potential, unconventional resource play for shale oil and gas, as a broad area of the Fell Block (1,000 sq km) appears to be in the oil window for this play. We have begun work to reinterpret core data logs and well test information, evaluate cores and fluids and determine reservoir brittleness (for fracturing) through special field tests.

Tierra del Fuego Blocks (Isla Norte, Campanario and Flamenco Blocks)

In the first and second quarters of 2012, we entered into three CEOPs with ENAP and Chile granting us working interests in the Isla Norte, Campanario and Flamenco Blocks, located in the center-north of the Tierra del Fuego province of Chile. We are the operator of all three of these blocks, with working interests of 50%, 50% and 60%, respectively. We believe that these three blocks, which collectively cover 463,782 gross acres (1,877 sq km) and are similar and geologically contiguous to the Fell Block, represent strategic

160


Table of Contents

acreage with high resource potential. Following the successful methodology we employed on the Fell Block, we expect to evaluate early production opportunities from existing nonproducing wells in Tierra del Fuego. We have committed to paying 100% of the required minimum investment under the CEOPs covering these blocks, in an aggregate amount of US$101.4 million through the end of the first exploratory periods for these blocks, which we expect will occur by November 2015 for the Flamenco and Isla Norte Blocks and by January 2016 for the Campanario Block, which includes our covering of ENAP's investment commitment which corresponds to its working interest in the blocks. In the first quarter of 2012, we began 3D seismic operations in the Flamenco Block. As of March 31, 2013, we had completed 1,274 sq km of 3D seismic surveys (85% of our seismic commitment under the CEOPs for the first exploration period). We expect to drill a total of seven exploration wells in the Tierra del Fuego Blocks (33% of our commitment under the CEOPs for the first exploration period) by the end of 2013, and potentially an additional two development wells, depending on the results of these exploratory wells.

Exploration in the Tierra del Fuego province in the Magallanes Basin dates back to the 1940s, when the first surface exploration focused on obtaining stratigraphic and structural information. Structural traps with transgressive sandstone reservoirs (Springhill formation) were outlined with refraction seismic lines, and in 1945, oil was discovered.

In the specific area of our Tierra del Fuego Blocks, the first wells were drilled in 1951, resulting in the discovery of the Sombrero oil field. At the end of the 1950s and in the early 1960s, new fields were discovered to the east (the Catalina and Cuarto Chorrillo fields) and, following seismic reflection data acquisition, additional new fields were discovered and existing fields were further developed. During the past decade, geological studies in the Magallanes Basin have focused on stratigraphic analysis, based on 3D and 2D seismic information, the definition and distribution of facies of the deltaic and/or turbiditic depositional systems of the Late Cretaceous-Tertiary period and the evolution of the oil system in terms of generation/timing/expulsion and trapping.

Geologically, our Tierra del Fuego Blocks are located on the eastern margin of the Magallanes Basin, whose principal reservoirs are made up of sandstones of the Neocomian (Springhill formation) and the volcanic-clastic rocks (Tobífera formation), which have been the main targets of exploration in recent decades. Four main exploration plays of the Tierra del Fuego Blocks are the Springhill play, the Tobífera Clastic play, the Fractured Tobífera play and the Tertiary play.

Isla Norte Block.    We are the operator of, and have a 60% working interest in, the Isla Norte Block, which covers approximately 130,200 gross acres (527 sq km). As of March 31, 2013, we had identified 10 oil prospects and four gas prospects in the Isla Norte Block, and had completed 129 sq km (37%) of the committed 350 sq km of 3D seismic surveys during the first quarter of 2013. The remaining seismic commitment is expected to be completed by the end of 2013. We have also committed to drilling three wells during the first exploration period under the CEOP governing the Isla Norte Block.

Campanario Block.    We are the operator of, and have a 50% working interest in, the Campanario Block, which covers approximately 192,200 gross acres (778 sq km). As of March 31, 2013, we had identified 11 oil prospects and six gas prospects in the Campanario Block, and had completed 100% of the committed 578 sq km of 3D seismic surveys during the first quarter of 2013. We have also committed to drilling eight wells during the first exploration period under the CEOP governing the Campanario Block.

Flamenco Block.    We are the operator of, and have a 50% working interest in, the Flamenco Block, which covers approximately 143,800 gross acres (582 sq km). As of March 31, 2013, we had identified nine oil prospects and six gas prospects in the Flamenco Block, three of which were drilled between May and June

161


Table of Contents

of 2013 and which are awaiting completion. As of March 31, 2013, we had completed 99% (567 sq km) of the committed 570 sq km of 3D seismic surveys. The remaining seismic commitment is expected to be completed by the end of 2013. We have also committed to drilling 10 wells during the first exploration period under the CEOP governing the Flamenco Block.

Otway and Tranquilo Blocks

We are the operator of the Otway and Tranquilo Blocks. As of March 31, 2013, we had a 25% working interest in the Otway Block, where our partners are Pluspetrol (25%), Wintershall (25%), IFC (12.5%) and Methanex (12.5%). However, Pluspetrol, Wintershall, IFC and Methanex expect to apply to withdraw from the Otway Block CEOP, such that, upon the Chilean Ministry of Energy's approval, we will have a 100% working interest in the Otway Block. We have a 29% working interest in the Tranquilo Block, where our partners are Pluspetrol (29%), Wintershall (25%) and Methanex (17%).

As of March 31, 2013, the Otway and Tranquilo Blocks, which are located approximately 100 to 120 km from Punta Arenas, covered an area of approximately 92,417 gross acres (374 sq km) and 1.5 million gross acres (5,965 sq km), respectively. The first hydrocarbon exploration activities in the Otway and Tranquilo Blocks began in the 1920s, and between 1930 and 1990, several wells were drilled, most with gas manifestations. Historically, 52 wells have been drilled and approximately 2,303 km of 2D seismic survey work has been carried out on these blocks. Although the Otway and Tranquilo Blocks have tested and produced some oil and gas in the past, there is currently no oil or gas production in these blocks, other than in the Tranquilo gas field, which belongs to ENAP.

Geologically, the Tranquilo and Otway Blocks are located in the Magallanes Basin's northwest area, comprising the Folded Belt and Thrust Front and the Tertiary Foreland Basin. The reservoirs with production history in the Otway Block relate to the Agua Fresca formation, at depths of 1,500-2,000 meters. The reservoirs with production history in the Tranquilo Block are related to the Loreto formation, at depths of 700 to 1,000 meters. Other potential reservoirs in the Otway and Tranquilo Blocks include the Morro Chico, Loreto, Chorillo Chico and Rocallosa and Rosa formations.

As of March 31, 2013, we had completed our minimum work commitments for the Otway and Tranquilo Blocks, with a total investment of over US$24.0 million for the first exploratory period.

Our current exploratory focus in the Otway Block is in the Folded Belt, in the central and western parts of Riesco Island. The Otway Block's seismic commitment program was completed in 2011 and included 270 sq km of 3D seismic and 127 km of 2D seismic survey work. In 2012, we drilled two wells in the Otway Block, the Tatiana and Cabo Negro wells, both of which were subsequently plugged and abandoned.

Our current exploration focus in the Tranquilo Block is in the Folded Belt and in the transition zone to the Foreland area on the Esperanza, Gales and Kerber structures, in which the main reservoirs are the basal Tertiary sandstones (Morro Chico formation). In the southeast sector, Marcou area, there is the potential for gas accumulations in stratigraphic traps that include the Loreto Formation sandstones (fluvialdeltaic to marine marginal facies). In 2011, we completed a seismic program consisting of 163 sq km of 3D seismic and 303 sq km of 2D seismic survey work. In 2011, we drilled the Renoval 1 exploratory well. During production testing, gas flowed at non-commercial rates, but the test was not conclusive due to mechanical problems, leading to the decision to abandon the well in March 2013. We are currently evaluating further work in the area, which may include drilling a new well to test the potential of the Morro Chico and El Salto formations.

162


Table of Contents

Additionally, we drilled three exploratory wells, Marcou Sur, Palos Quemados and Estancia María Antonieta, in 2012. We completed the Palos Quemados and Estancia Maria Antonieta wells in February 2013. We tested the Estancia María Antonieta well on the El Salto formation, but it resulted dry, and we subsequently abandoned it. At the Palos Quemados well, we discovered gas in the El Salto formation, and the well is currently undergoing a 22-week production test aimed at defining its productive potential. Pursuant to a provisional authorization, we may sell all hydrocarbons produced during this test period. We deliver the test gas that is currently produced at commercial rates in the Palos Quemados well through the nearby city of Puerto Natales's gas pipeline, at a rate of approximately 28,000 mcfpd. In order to continue producing in this well, we will have to declare its commercial viability. The Marcou Sur well is awaiting completion after initial gas shows.

On January 17, 2013, we formally announced to the Chilean Ministry of Energy our decision not to proceed with the second exploratory period and to terminate the exploratory phase of the Tranquilo Block CEOP. Subsequently, we relinquished all areas of the Tranquilo Block, except for a remaining area of 92,417 gross acres, for the exploitation of the Renoval, Marcou Sur, Estancia Maria Antonieta and Palos Quemados Fields, which we have identified as the areas with the most potential for prospects in the block.

Additionally, on April 10, 2013, we voluntarily and formally announced to the Chilean Ministry of Energy our decision not to proceed with the second exploratory period and to terminate the exploratory phase under the Otway Block CEOP, such that we will have to relinquish all areas of the Otway Block, except for the exploitation of the Tatiana and Cabo Negro Fields, which we have identified as the areas with the most potential for prospects in the block.

Operations in Colombia

In the first quarter of 2012, we acquired Winchester, Luna and Cuerva, three privately-held E&P companies operating in Colombia. We closed the acquisitions of Winchester and Luna in February 2012 and the acquisition of Cuerva in March 2012. We acquired Winchester, Luna and Cuerva for a total consideration of US$105.0 million, adjusted for working capital. Additionally, under the terms of the agreement to acquire Winchester, or the Winchester Stock Purchase Agreement, we are obligated to make certain payments to the previous owners of Winchester based on the production and sale of hydrocarbons discovered by exploration wells drilled after October 25, 2011. These payments involve both an earnings based measure and an overriding royalty equal to an estimated 4% of our net revenues for any new discoveries of oil. As of April 2013, we had paid US$2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 and for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013 to the previous owners of Winchester pursuant to the Winchester Stock Purchase Agreement.

Additionally, in December 2012, LGI agreed to acquire a 20% equity interest in GeoPark Colombia for a total consideration of US$14.92 million. See "—Significant agreements—Agreements with LGI—LGI Colombia Shareholders' Agreement."

Our interests in Colombia include working interests and economic interests. "Working interests" are direct participation interests granted to us pursuant to an E&P Contract with the ANH, whereas "economic interests" are indirect participation interests in the net revenues from a given block based on bilateral agreements with the concessionaires.

163


Table of Contents

The map below shows the location of the blocks in Colombia in which we have working and/or economic interests.

GRAPHIC

The table summarizes information about the blocks in Colombia in which we have working interests as of and for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013.

   
Block
  Gross acres
(thousand acres)

  % working
interest(1)

  Partners(2)
  Operator
  Net proved
reserves
(mmboe)(3)

  Production
(boepd)(4)

  Basin
  Concession
expiration year

 
   

La Cuerva

    47.0   100.0%     GeoPark     2.2     1,837.0   Llanos   Exploration: 2014
Exploitation: 2038
 

Llanos 34

    82.2   45.0%   Ramshorn; P1 Energy   GeoPark     3.9     2,218.9   Llanos   Exploration: 2015
Exploitation: 2039
 

Llanos 62

    44.0   100.0%     GeoPark           Llanos   Exploration: 2017
Exploitation: 2041
 

Yamú

    11.2   54.5/75.0% (5)   GeoPark     0.4 (5)   496.5   Llanos   Exploration: 2013 (8)

                                    Production: 2036  

Llanos 17

    108.8   36.8% (7) Ramshorn; Parex   Ramshorn           Llanos   Exploration: 2015
Exploitation: 2039
 

Llanos 32

    100.3   10.0% (6) Ramshorn; APCO; P1 Energy   P1 Energy     0.02     136.1   Llanos   Exploration: 2015
Exploitation: 2039
 

Jagüeyes 3432A

    61.0   5.0%   Columbus   Columbus           Llanos   Exploration: 2014
Exploitation: 2038
 
   

(1)    Working interest corresponds to the working interests held by our respective subsidiaries in such block, net of any working interests held by other parties in such block. LGI has a 20% direct equity interest in our Colombian operations through GeoPark Colombia. See "—Significant agreements—Agreements with LGI—LGI Colombia Shareholders' Agreement."

(2)    Partners with working interests.

(3)    As of December 31, 2012.

(4)   Our average daily production of barrels of oil equivalent per day for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013.

164


Table of Contents


(5)    Although we are the sole title holder of the working interest in the Yamú Block, other parties have been granted economic interests in fields in this block. Taking those other parties' interests into account, we have a 54.5% interest in the Carupana Field and a 75% interest in the Yamú Field, both located in the Yamú Block.

(6)   We currently have a 10% economic interest in the Llanos 32 Block, which we have applied to the ANH to recognize as a working interest. The transfer of a 10% working interest to us is currently subject to the approval of the ANH.

(7)    We currently have a 40% working interest in the Llanos 17 Block, but we expect to apply to the ANH to approve the assignment of 3.2% of our working interest in this block to another party. The transfer of our working interest in the block will then be subject to the approval of the ANH.

(8)   The Yamú Block E&P Contract is in both the exploration and exploitation phases. The phases overlap because the exploitation phase (lasting 24 years) for the Yamú and Carupana Fields began on the date these fields were declared commercially viable, while the exploitation phase continued to run for the rest of the block.

The table summarizes information about the blocks in Colombia in which we have economic interests as of and for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013.

 
Block
  Gross acres
(thousand acres)

  % economic interest(1)
  Operator
  Production (boepd)(2)
  Basin
 

Arrendajo

    78.1     10%   Pacific     140.4   Llanos

Abanico

    32.1     10%   Pacific     103.4   Magdalena

Cerrito

    10.2     10%   Pacific     5.6   Catatumbo
 

(1)    Economic interest corresponds to indirect participation interests in the net revenues from the block, granted to us pursuant to a joint operating agreement.

(2)    Our average daily production of barrels of oil equivalent per day for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013.

Eastern Llanos Basin: (La Cuerva, Yamú, Llanos 34, Llanos 32, Llanos 62, Llanos 17, Jagüeyes 3432A, Arrendajo, Abanico and Cerrito Blocks)

The Eastern Llanos Basin is a Cenozoic Foreland basin covering 37.8 million gross acres (153,000 sq km) in the eastern region of Colombia. Two giant fields (Caño Limón and Castilla), three major fields (Rubiales, Apiay and Tame Complex) and approximately seventy minor fields had been discovered as of December 31, 2006. The source rock for the basin is located beneath the east flank of the Eastern Cordillera, as a mixed marine—continental shaly basinal facies of the Gachetá formation. The main reservoirs of the basin are represented by the Paleogene Carbonera and Mirador sandstones. Within the Cretaceous sequence, several sandstones are also considered to have good reservoirs.

La Cuerva Block.    We are the operator of, and have a 100% working interest in, the La Cuerva Block, which covers approximately 47,000 gross acres (190 sq km). Since we acquired an interest in the La Cuerva Block, we have drilled a total of 13 wells in the block, eight of which were productive. For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, our average net production at the La Cuerva Block was 1,837.0 bopd. We operate in the block pursuant to an E&P contract with the ANH. See "—Significant agreements—Colombia—E&P Contracts—La Cuerva Block E&P Contract."

Llanos 34 Block.    We are the operator of, and have a 45% working interest in, the Llanos 34 Block, which covers approximately 82,200 gross acres (333 sq km). For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, our average net daily production in the block was 2,219 bopd. Our partners in the block are Ramshorn International Limited, or Ramshorn, and P1 Energy Corp., or P1 Energy, who have a 45% and 10% interest, respectively in the Llanos 34 Block. Since we acquired an interest in the block in the first quarter of 2012, as of March 31, 2013, we had discovered two new oil fields through the drilling of seven wells in the block, six of which are in production. We have also recently drilled and completed the Tarotaro 1 well, in the Tarotaro Field, our fourth oil field discovery in Colombia, to a total depth of 3,175 meters. We operate in the block pursuant to an E&P contract with the ANH. See "—Significant agreements—Colombia—E&P Contracts—Llanos 34 Block E&P Contract."

165


Table of Contents

Llanos 62 Block.    We are the operator of, and have a 100% working interest in, the Llanos 62 Block, which covers approximately 44,000 gross acres (178 sq km). As of March 31, 2013, we have undertaken 72.2 sq km of 3D seismic surveys within the block. We operate the block pursuant to an E&P contract with the ANH.

Yamú Block.    We are the operator of, and have a 100% working interest in, the Yamú Block, which covers approximately 11,200 gross acres (45.5 sq km). Economic rights to certain fields in the Yamú Block have been granted to other parties. We have recently drilled and completed the Potrillo 1 well in the block, which represents our third oil field discovery in Colombia. For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, our average net production at the Yamú Block was 496.5 bopd. We operate in the block pursuant to an E&P contract with the ANH.

Llanos 17 Block.    We have a 40% working interest in the Llanos 17 Block, which covers approximately 108,800 gross acres (440 sq km). Parex Resources Colombia Ltd. Sucursal, or Parex, is the operator of, and has a 40% working interest in, the Llanos 17 Block. P1 Energy holds the remaining 20% working interest. Since we acquired a working interest in the block, two wells have been drilled in the block, one of which was productive. We maintain our 40% working interest in the Llanos 17 Block pursuant to an E&P contract with the ANH. However, we have applied to the ANH to approve an assignment of 3.2% of our working interest in this block to another party.

Llanos 32 Block.    P1 Energy is the operator of, and has a 50% working interest in, the Llanos 32 Block, which covers approximately 100,300 gross acres (406 sq km). P1 Energy's partners in the block are Ramshorn and APCO Properties Ltd., or APCO, who have a 30% and a 20% working interest in the block, respectively. Currently, we have a 10% economic interest in the Llanos 32 Block pursuant to a joint operating agreement with P1 Energy. We do not maintain a direct working interest in this block pursuant to an E&P contract with the ANH, but we have applied to the ANH to recognize our interest in the Llanos 32 Block as a working interest. Since we acquired an interest in the Llanos 32 Block, three wells have been drilled in the block, two of which were productive. For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, our average net production in the Llanos 32 Block was 163.1 bopd.

Jagüeyes 3432A Block.    We have a 5% working interest in the Jagüeyes 3432A Block, which covers approximately 61,000 acres (247 sq km). Our partner in the block is Columbus Energy, who maintains a 95% working interest in and is the operator of the Jagüeyes 3432A Block. We maintain a working interest in the Jagüeyes 3432A Block pursuant to an E&P contract with the ANH.

Arrendajo Block.    In December 2005, Great North Energy Colombia Inc. (now Pacific Stratus Energy Corp., or Pacific) and the ANH entered into the Arrendajo Block E&P Contract. Pacific is the operator of, and has a 100% working interest in, the Arrendajo Block, which covers approximately 78.1 gross acres. We do not maintain a direct working interest in this block pursuant to an E&P contract with the ANH, but rather have a 10% economic interest in the net revenues of the Arrendajo Block pursuant to a participating interest agreement between us and Great North Energy Colombia Inc. (now Pacific).

Abanico Block.    In October 1996, Ecopetrol and Explotaciones CMS Nomeco Inc. entered into the Abanico Block association contract. Pacific is the operator of, and has a 100% working interest in, the Abanico Block, which covers an area of approximately 32.1 gross acres. We do not maintain a direct working interest in the Abanico Block, but rather have a 10% economic interest in the net revenues from the block pursuant to a joint operating agreement initially entered into with Kappa Resources Colombia Limited (who subsequently assigned its participation interest to Cespa de Colombia S.A., who then assigned the interest to Explotaciones CMS Oil & Gas), Maral Finance Corporation and Getionar S.A.

166


Table of Contents

Cerrito Block.    In February of 2002, Ecopetrol and Kappa Resources Colombia Limited (now Pacific) entered into the Cerrito Block association contract. The Cerrito Block covers an area of approximately 10.2 gross acres. Pacific is the operator of, and has a 100% working interest in, the Cerrito Block. We do not maintain a direct working interest in the Cerrito Block, but rather have a 10% economic interest in the block pursuant to a joint operating agreement initially entered into with Kappa Resources Colombia Limited (now Pacific), Maral Finance Corporation, Geoproduction Oil & Gas Company of Colombia Limitada and Texican Oil PLC.

Expected operations in Brazil

On May 14, 2013, we announced the future extension of our footprint into Brazil when the ANP awarded us seven new exploratory licenses in the REC-T 94 and REC-T 85 Concessions in the Recôncavo Basin in the State of Bahia and the POT-T 664, POT-T 665, POT-T 619, POT-T 620 and POT-T 663 Concessions in the Potiguar Basin in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, collectively covering an area of approximately 54,850 gross acres. Our winning bids are subject to confirmation of approval requirements, which is expected to occur on August 6, 2013. Pursuant to ANP requirements, actual exploitation of these new concessions will also depend on obtaining an environmental license from the IBAMA. The ANP has also qualified us as a class B operator, meaning that we are recognized as having met all technical and managerial conditions required to operate safely in Brazil, both onshore and offshore at water depths of less than 400 meters.

Additionally, we agreed to acquire Rio das Contas from Panoro for a total cash consideration of US$140.0 million, which will give us a 10% working interest in the BCAM-40 Concession, including the shallow-depth offshore Manati and Camarão Norte Fields, in the Camamu-Almada Basin in the State of Bahia. The Manati Field, which is in the production phase, is operated by Petrobras (with a 35% working interest), the Brazilian national company and the largest oil and gas operator in Brazil, in partnership with QGEP (with a 45% working interest), and Brasoil (with a 10% working interest). See "—Significant agreements—Brazil—Rio das Contas Quota Purchase Agreement." The acquisition is subject to the approval of the ANP, among other regulatory authorities, and we expect to complete the acquisition by the end of 2013. Some of the environmental licenses related to the operation of Manati Field production system and natural gas pipeline are expired, which is subject to both administrative and criminal liabilities, as well as additional costs for regularization. See "—Health, safety and environmental matters—Other regulation of the oil and gas industry—Brazil." The Camarão Norte Field is in the development phase and is not yet subject to the environmental licensing requirement.

We expect that our Rio das Contas acquisition in Brazil will provide us with a long-term off-take contract with Petrobras that covers approximately 75% of net proved gas reserves in the Manati Field, a valuable relationship with Petrobras and an established geoscience and administrative team to manage the assets and to seek new growth opportunities.

167


Table of Contents

The map below shows the location of the concessions in Brazil in which we expect to have working interests following the completion of our Brazil Acquisitions, which we expect will occur by the end of 2013. See "Prospectus summary—Recent developments."

GRAPHIC

The table below summarizes information as of March 31, 2013 about the blocks in Brazil in which we expect to have a working interest following the completion of our Brazil Acquisitions.

 
Block
  Gross acres
(thousand
acres)

  %
working
interest(1)

  Partners
  Operator
  Net proved
reserves
(mmboe)(2)

  Production
(boepd)(3)

  Basin
 

BCAM-40

    22.8     10%   Petrobras; QGEP; Brasoil   Petrobras     8.0     4,140   Camamu-Almada

REC-T 94

    7.7     100%     GeoPark           Recôncavo

REC-T 85

    7.7     100%     GeoPark           Recôncavo

POT-T 664

    7.9     100%     GeoPark           Potiguar

POT-T 665

    7.9     100%     GeoPark           Potiguar

POT-T 619

    7.9     100%     GeoPark           Potiguar

POT-T 620

    7.9     100%     GeoPark           Potiguar

POT-T 663

    7.9     100%     GeoPark           Potiguar
 

(1)    Working interest corresponds to the working interests we expect to hold in such concession, net of any working interests held by other parties in such concession following the completion of the Brazil Acquisitions.

(2)    Based on our internal estimates as of June 30, 2013.

(3)    Average daily production of barrels of oil equivalent per day for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013.

168


Table of Contents

BCAM-40 Concession

Following the closing of the Rio das Contas acquisition, we will have a 10% working interest in the BCAM-40 Concession, which includes interests in the Manati Field and the Camarão Norte Field, and which is located in the Camamu Almada Basin. Petrobras is the operator of, and has a 35% working interest in, the BCAM-40 Concession, which covers approximately 22,784 gross acres (92.2 sq km). In addition to us, Petrobras' partners in the block are Brasoil and QGEP, with 10% and 45% working interests, respectively. Petrobras operates the BCAM-40 Concession pursuant to a concession agreement with the ANP, executed on August 6, 1998. See "—Significant agreements—Brazil—Overview of concession agreements—BCAM-40 Concession Agreement." On September 11, 2009, Petrobras announced the relinquishment of BCAM-40's exploration area within the concession to the ANP, except for the Manati Field and the Camarão Norte Field.

The Manati Field is located 65 km south of Salvador, at a 35-meter water depth. The field was discovered in October 2000, and in 2002, Petrobras declared the field commercially viable. Production began in January 2007. The ANP approved a revised development plan for the field on June 13, 2012. The field is the largest non-associated gas field in Brazil, and is developed. As of March 31, 2013, nine wells had been drilled in the Manati Field, six of which are productive and connected to a fixed production platform installed at a depth of 35 meters, located 10 km from the coast of the State of Bahia. From the platform, the gas flows by sea and land through a 125 km pipeline to the VF gas treatment plant. The gas is sold to Petrobras up to a maximum volume as determined in the existing Petrobras Gas Sales Agreement. We are negotiating an amendment to the existing Petrobras Gas Sales Agreement with Petrobras for the sale to it of additional volumes from the Manati Field.

REC-T 94 and REC-T 85 Concessions

The REC-T 94 and REC-T 85 Concessions are located in the Recôncavo Basin, which covers an area of 2.7 million gross acres (11,000 sq km). The basin's main source rocks belong to the Candeias formation, with Deltaic sandstones of the Marfim and Pojuca formations, Ilhas Group—Fan Deltas and Fluvial sands, Fluvial sandstones of the Candeias and Marancagalha formations, Fluvio-Eolic sandstones of the Agua Grande formation and Fluvio-Eolic sandstones of the Sergi formation. During 2012, 113 wells were drilled in the Recôncavo Basin.

The REC-T 94 REC-T 85 Concessions cover an area of 7,660 gross acres (31 sq km) and 7,660 gross acres (31 sq km), respectively. In connection with our bid to obtain the licenses for these concessions, we have committed to drilling two exploratory wells in the concessions, and to undertaking 31 sq km of 3D seismic surveys in the REC-T 94 concession and 30 km of 2D seismic surveys in the REC-T 85 concession. We have also committed, following the signing of the concession agreement in respect of the concessions, to a work program to the ANP of R$19.3 million during the first exploratory period under the concession agreement governing the concessions, consisting of a R$7.2 million bonus payable to the ANP in the first year of exploration and R$12.1 million as a work program guarantee payable over the course of the three years. The exploratory phase for these concessions is divided into two exploratory periods, the first of which lasts for three years and the second of which is non-obligatory and can last for up to two years.

POT-663, POT-T 664, POT-T 665, POT-T 619 and POT-T 620 Concessions

The POT-T 663, POT-T 664, POT-T 665, POT-T 619 and POT-T 620 Concessions are located in the Potiguar Basin, which produces the third-highest amount of oil in Brazil as of December 31, 2012, according to the ANP. Offshore, 14 fields are either producing oil or in the process of being developed, with current offshore oil production of 44,000 bopd and gas production of 424 mmcfpd in the Potiguar Basin. Onshore, 67 fields are producing, with current onshore oil production of 52,000 bopd and gas production of 35 mcfpd in the

169


Table of Contents

Potiguar Basin. Historically, 1,101 exploratory wells and 6,477 development wells have been drilled in the basin, with 127 oil discoveries and 29 gas discoveries as of December 31, 2012. Petrobras operates two concessions in shallow waters and four concessions in deepwaters of the Potiguar Basin, totaling an area of 1.1 million gross acres (4,490 sq km).

The principal source rock in the basin is considered to be Pendencia source rock, which is mature in most of the basin. Algama source rock is considered to be the secondary source in the basin.

The POT-T 663, POT-T 664, POT-T 665, POT-T 619 and POT-T 620 Concessions cover a total area of 39,507 gross acres (160 sq km). We have committed to the ANP, following the signing of the concession agreement in respect of the concessions, to making total investments of R$11.3 million during the first exploratory period under the concession agreement, consisting of a R$3.0 million bonus payable to the ANP in the first year of exploration and R$8.3 million as a work program guarantee payable over the course of the three years. We have also committed to undertaking 222 km of 2D seismic work in the first exploration period for the concession areas, though there is no well drilling commitment during this period. The exploratory phase for these concessions is divided into two exploratory periods, the first of which lasts for three years and the second of which is non-obligatory and can last for up to two years.

Operations in Argentina

The map below shows the location of the blocks in Argentina in which we have working interests.

GRAPHIC

170


Table of Contents

The table below summarizes information about the blocks in Argentina in which we have working interests as of March 31, 2013.

   
Block
  Gross acres
(thousand
acres)

  % working
interest(1)

  Operator
  Net proved
reserves
(mmboe)(2)

  Production
(boepd)(3)

  Basin
  Expiration
concession year

 
   

Del Mosquito

    17.3     100%   GeoPark         52   Magallanes Austral        

Cerro Doña Juana

    28.3     100%   GeoPark           Neuquén        

Loma Cortaderal

    19.6     100%   GeoPark           Neuquén        
   

(1)    Working interest corresponds to the working interests held by our respective subsidiaries in such block, net of any working interests held by other parties in such block.

(2)    As of December 31, 2012.

(3)    Our average daily production of barrels of oil equivalent per day for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013.

As of December 31, 2012, although we had production in our blocks in Argentina, D&M determined that there were no reserves in these blocks. This was due to the uneconomic status of the reserves, given the proximity to the end of the concessions for these blocks, which does not allow for future capital investment in the blocks. However, if we are able to extend our concessions in Argentina, the assumptions used to make this determination may change in the future.

Del Mosquito Block

We are the operator of, and have 100% working interest in, the Del Mosquito Block. We established oil production in the block in 2002 by rehabilitating the abandoned Del Mosquito Field. The discovery well in the Del Mosquito Block was the first well drilled on the block since the 1980s. We are evaluating potential drilling opportunities on the Del Mosquito Block and the option of bringing a partner into the project to increase investment activity. In 2011, we drilled the new Del Mosquito Sur 1 exploration well, which resulted in minor oil production. For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, our average daily production at the Del Mosquito Block was 52 bopd.

The Del Mosquito Block covers an area of approximately 17,313 gross acres (70 sq km), and is located in the Magallanes Austral Basin in southern Argentina.

According to the Secretariat of Energy (Secretaría de Energía) in Argentina, or the Argentine Secretary of Energy, for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, the Magallanes Austral Basin produced approximately 4.9% of Argentina's total oil production and approximately 25.9% of its total gas production. Although the Fell and Del Mosquito Blocks are located in different countries, they are situated in the same geological basin and, at their closest point, are less than 50 kilometers apart.

Cerro Doña Juana and Loma Cortaderal Blocks

The Cerro Doña Juana and Loma Cortaderal Blocks cover areas of approximately 28,300 (115 sq km) and 19,600 (79 sq km) gross acres, respectively. These blocks are located in the Neuquén Basin in west-central Argentina, which is one of the most prolific hydrocarbon producing basins in Argentina, accounting for over 40.2% of Argentina's total oil production and over 53.6% of Argentina's total gas production for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, according to the Argentine Secretary of Energy. The blocks are located in the Andean fold and thrust belt, along a proven producing fairway, where large hydrocarbon accumulations exist, and are believed to have excellent source rocks, multiple reservoir objectives and large structural traps.

We are the operator of, and have a 100% working interest in, each of the Cerro Doña Juana and Loma Cortaderal Blocks. In 2006, we established oil production in the Loma Cortaderal Block after repairing an

171


Table of Contents

existing well. However, as of October 2007, this well was shut in pending a workover, and neither the Cerro Doña Juana nor the Loma Cortaderal Block is currently in production.

Oil and natural gas reserves and production

Overview

We have achieved consistent growth in oil and gas reserves from our investment activities since 2007, when we began production in the Fell Block. As of December 31, 2012, D&M reported that our total net proved reserves in Chile, Colombia and Argentina were 16.8 mmboe. Of this total, 10.2 mmboe, or 61%, 6.6 mmboe, or 39%, were in Chile and Colombia, respectively, and we had no net proved reserves in Argentina.

The following table summarizes our net proved reserves in each of the countries in which we operate as of December 31, 2012.

   
Country
  Oil
(mmbbl)

  Gas
(bcf)

  Total net
proved
reserves
(mmboe)(1)

  % Oil
 
   

Chile

    5.3     29.6     10.2     52%  

Colombia

    6.6         6.6     100%  

Argentina

                 
       

Total

    11.9     29.6     16.8     71%  
   

(1)    We calculate one barrel of oil equivalent as six mcf of natural gas.

As of June 30, 2013, we estimate that the total net proved reserves attributable to Rio das Contas in Brazil were 8.0 mmboe, of which 4.4 mmboe were net proved developed and 3.6 mmboe were net proved undeveloped.

Our reserves

The following table sets forth summary information about our oil and natural gas net proved reserves as of December 31, 2012, which is based on the D&M Reserves Report included elsewhere in this prospectus.

   
 
  Net proved reserves  
 
  As of December 31, 2012  
 
  Oil (mbbl)
  Natural gas
(mmcf)

  Total net
proved
reserves
(mmboe)(1)

  % Oil
 
   

Net proved developed

                         

Chile

    2.1     12.8     4.2     50%  

Colombia

    2.0         2.0     100%  

Argentina

                 
       

Total net proved developed

    4.1     12.8     6.2     66%  
       

Net proved undeveloped

                         

Chile

    3.2     16.8     6.0     53%  

Colombia

    4.6         4.6     100%  

Argentina

                 
       

Total net proved undeveloped

    7.8     16.8     10.6     74%  
       

Total net proved

    11.9     29.6     16.8     71%  
   

(1)    We calculate one barrel of oil equivalent as six mcf of natural gas.

172


Table of Contents

Internal controls over reserves estimation process

We maintain an internal staff of petroleum engineers and geosciences professionals who work closely with our independent reserves engineers to ensure the integrity, accuracy and timeliness of data furnished to our independent reserves engineers in their estimation process and who have knowledge of the specific properties under evaluation. Our Director of Development Geology, Carlos Alberto Murut, is primarily responsible for overseeing the preparation of our reserves estimates and for the internal control over our reserves estimation. He has more than 36 years of industry experience as an E&P geologist, with broad experience in reserves assessment, field development, exploration portfolio generation and management and acquisition and divestiture opportunities evaluation. See "Management."

In order to ensure the quality and consistency of our reserves estimates and reserves disclosures, we maintain and comply with a reserves process that satisfies the following key control objectives:

estimates are prepared using generally accepted practices and methodologies;
estimates are prepared objectively and free of bias;
estimates and changes therein are prepared on a timely basis;
estimates and changes therein are properly supported and approved; and
estimates and related disclosures are prepared in accordance with regulatory requirements.

Throughout each fiscal year, our technical team meets with "Independent Qualified Reserves Engineers," who are provided with full access to complete and accurate information pertaining to the properties to be evaluated and all applicable personnel. This independent assessment of the internally-generated reserves estimates is beneficial in ensuring that interpretations and judgments are reasonable and that the estimates are free of preparer and management bias.

Recognizing that reserves estimates are based on interpretations and judgments, differences between the proved reserves estimates prepared by us and those prepared by an Independent Qualified Reserves Engineer of 10% or less, in aggregate, are considered to be within the range of reasonable differences. Differences greater than 10% must be resolved in the technical meetings. Once differences are resolved, the independent Qualified Reserves Engineer sends a preliminary copy of the reserves report to members of our senior management, who act as a Reserves Review Committee. Our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Director of Development Geology and Director of Exploration, form this committee.

Independent reserves engineers

Reserves estimates at December 31, 2012 for Chile, Colombia and Argentina included in this prospectus are based on the D&M Reserves Report. The D&M Reserves Report, a copy of which has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement containing this prospectus, was prepared in accordance with SEC rules, regulations, definitions and guidelines, at our request in order to estimate our reserves and related future net revenues and Standardized Measure for the periods indicated therein. The D&M Reserves Report was completed on June 28, 2013, and is effective as of December 31, 2012.

D&M, a Delaware corporation with offices in Dallas, Houston, Calgary, Moscow and Algiers, has been providing consulting services to the oil and gas industry for more than 75 years. The firm has more than 150 professionals, including engineers, geologists, geophysicists, petrophysicists and economists that are engaged in the appraisal of oil and gas properties, the evaluation of hydrocarbon and other mineral prospects, basin evaluations, comprehensive field studies and equity studies related to the domestic and international energy industry. D&M restricts its activities exclusively to consultation and does not accept contingency fees, nor does it own operating interests in any oil, gas, or mineral properties, or securities or

173


Table of Contents

notes of its clients. The firm subscribes to a code of professional conduct, and its employees actively support their related technical and professional societies. The firm is a Texas Registered Engineering Firm.

The D&M Reserves Report covered 100% of our total reserves, including 100%, 100% and 100% of our reserves in Chile, Colombia and Argentina, respectively. In connection with the preparation of the D&M Reserves Report, D&M prepared its own estimates of our proved reserves. In the process of the reserves evaluation, D&M did not independently verify the accuracy and completeness of information and data furnished by us with respect to ownership interests, oil and gas production, well test data, historical costs of operation and development, product prices, or any agreements relating to current and future operations of the fields and sales of production. However, if in the course of the examination something came to the attention of D&M that brought into question the validity or sufficiency of any such information or data, D&M did not rely on such information or data until it had satisfactorily resolved its questions relating thereto or had independently verified such information or data. D&M independently prepared reserves estimates to conform to the guidelines of the SEC, including the criteria of "reasonable certainty," as it pertains to expectations about the recoverability of reserves in future years, under existing economic and operating conditions, consistent with the definition in Rule 4-10(a)(2) of Regulation S-X. D&M issued the D&M Reserves Report based upon its evaluation. D&M's primary economic assumptions in estimates included oil and gas sales prices determined according to SEC guidelines, future expenditures and other economic assumptions (including interests, royalties and taxes) as provided by us. The assumptions, data, methods and procedures used, including the percentage of our total reserves reviewed in connection with the preparation of the D&M Reserves Report were appropriate for the purpose served by such report, and D&M used all methods and procedures as it considered necessary under the circumstances to prepare such report.

However, uncertainties are inherent in estimating quantities of reserves, including many factors beyond our and our independent reserves engineers' control. Reserves engineering is a subjective process of estimating subsurface accumulations of oil and natural gas that cannot be measured in an exact manner, and the accuracy of any reserves estimate is a function of the quality of available data and its interpretation. As a result, estimates by different engineers often vary, sometimes significantly. In addition, physical factors such as the results of drilling, testing and production subsequent to the date of an estimate, economic factors such as changes in product prices or development and production expenses, and regulatory factors, such as royalties, development and environmental permitting and concession terms, may require revision of such estimates. Our operations may also be affected by unanticipated changes in regulations concerning the oil and gas industry in the countries in which we operate, which may impact our ability to recover the estimated reserves. Accordingly, oil and natural gas quantities ultimately recovered will vary from reserves estimates.

Technology used in reserves estimation

According to SEC guidelines, proved reserves are those quantities of oil and gas which, by analysis of geoscience and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically producible—from a given date forward, from known reservoirs, and under existing economic conditions, operating methods and government regulations—prior to the time at which contracts providing the right to operate expire, unless evidence indicates that renewal is reasonably certain, regardless of whether deterministic or probabilistic methods are used for the estimation.

The project to extract the hydrocarbons must have commenced or the operator must be reasonably certain that it will commence the project within a reasonable time. The term "reasonable certainty" implies a high degree of confidence that the quantities of oil and/or natural gas actually recovered will equal or exceed

174


Table of Contents

the estimate. Reasonable certainty can be established using techniques that have been proved effective by actual production from projects in the same reservoir or an analogous reservoir or by other evidence using reliable technology that establishes reasonable certainty. Reliable technology is a grouping of one or more technologies (including computational methods) that have been field tested and have been demonstrated to provide reasonably certain results with consistency and repeatability in the formation being evaluated or in an analogous formation.

There are various generally accepted methodologies for estimating reserves including volumetrics, decline analysis, material balance, simulation models and analogies. Estimates may be prepared using either deterministic (single estimate) or probabilistic (range of possible outcomes and probability of occurrence) methods. The particular method chosen should be based on the evaluator's professional judgment as being the most appropriate, given the geological nature of the property, the extent of its operating history and the quality of available information. It may be appropriate to employ several methods in reaching an estimate for the property.

Estimates must be prepared using all available information (open and cased hole logs, core analyses, geologic maps, seismic interpretation, production/injection data and pressure test analysis). Supporting data, such as working interest, royalties and operating costs, must be maintained and updated when such information changes materially.

Proved undeveloped reserves

As of December 31, 2012, we had 10.6 mmboe in proved undeveloped reserves, an increase of 1.9 mmboe, or 22%, over our December 31, 2011 proved undeveloped reserves of 8.7 mmboe. The increase in proved undeveloped oil reserves consisted of 4.6 mmboe added by acquisitions, offset by 2.7 mmboe of proved undeveloped reserves converted to proved developed reserves during 2012.

Of our 10.6 mmboe of net proved undeveloped reserves, 6.0 mmboe, 4.6 mmboe and 0 mmboe, or 56%, 44% and 0%, were located in Chile, Colombia and Argentina, respectively. During 2012, we incurred approximately US$78.0 million in capital expenditures to convert such proved undeveloped reserves to proved developed reserves, of which approximately US$57.0 million, US$21.0 million and US$0.0 million were made in Chile, Colombia and Argentina, respectively.

175


Table of Contents

Production, revenues and price history

The following table sets forth our production of oil and natural gas for each of the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010.

   
 
  Average daily production(1)  
 
  As of December 31,  
 
  2012   2011   2010  
 
  Chile
  Colombia(2)
  Argentina
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
 
   

Oil production

                                                       

Average crude oil production (bopd)

    4,013     3,431     48     2,441         68     1,908         61  

Average sales price of crude oil (US$/bbl)

    85.42     97.15     67.8     83.8         59.4     72.8         49.8  

Natural gas production

                                                       

Average natural gas production (mcfpd)

    22,663     56     84     30,419         87     29,752         110  

Average sales price of natural gas (US$/mcf)

    4.04     4.18     1.1     3.9         1.1     3.1         1.1  

Oil and gas production cost

                                                       

Average production cost (US$/boe)

    23.1     58.4     143.0     19.4         43.3     17.2         32.0  
   

(1)    We present production figures net of interests due to others, but before deduction of royalties, as we believe that net production before royalties is more appropriate in light of our foreign operations and the attendant royalty regimes.

(2)    We acquired Winchester and Luna in February 2012 and Cuerva in March 2012. Production figures do not include, for 2012, production for Winchester, Luna and Cuerva prior to their acquisition by us.

Drilling activities

The following table sets forth the exploratory wells we drilled during the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010.

   
 
  Exploratory wells(1)  
 
  As of December 31,  
 
  2012   2011   2010  
 
  Chile
  Colombia(2)
  Argentina
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
 
   

Productive

                                                       

Gross

    8.0     4.0         7.0         1.0     4.0          

Net

    8.0     2.4         7.0         1.0     4.0          

Dry

                                                       

Gross

    7.0     3.0         7.0               4.0          

Net

    4.8     2.5         7.0             4.0          

Total

                                                       

Gross

    15.0     7.0         14.0         1.0     8.0          

Net

    12.8     4.9         14.0         1.0     8.0          
   

(1)    Includes appraisal wells.

(2)    We acquired Winchester and Luna in February 2012 and Cuerva in March 2012. Figures do not include, for 2012, exploration activities for Winchester, Luna and Cuerva prior to their acquisition by us.

176


Table of Contents

The following table sets forth the development wells we drilled during the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010.

   
 
  Development wells  
 
  As of December 31,  
 
  2012   2011   2010  
 
  Chile
  Colombia(1)
  Argentina
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
 
   

Productive

                                                       

Gross

    4.0     6.0         8.0             5.0          

Net

    4.0     5.5         8.0             5.0          

Dry

                                                       

Gross

    2.0     2.0                     2.0          

Net

    2.0     2.0                     2.0          

Total

                                                       

Gross

    6.0     8.0         8.0             7.0          

Net

    6.0     7.5         8.0             7.0          
   

(1)    We acquired Winchester and Luna in February 2012 and Cuerva in March 2012. Figures do not include, for 2012, exploration activities for Winchester, Luna and Cuerva prior to their acquisition by us.

Developed and undeveloped acreage

The following table sets forth certain information regarding our total gross and net developed and undeveloped acreage as of December 31, 2012.

   
 
  Acreage(1)  
(in thousands of acres)
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
 
   

Total developed acreage

                   

Gross

    10.5     3.3     2.0  

Net

    10.5     2.6     2.0  

Total undeveloped acreage

                   

Gross

    7.4     2.4      

Net

    7.4     1.3      

Total developed and undeveloped acreage

                   

Gross

    17.8     5.7     2.0  

Net

    17.8     3.9     2.0  
   

(1)    Defined as acreage assignable to productive wells in discovered fields. Net acreage based on our working interest.

Productive wells

The following table sets forth our total gross and net productive wells as of June 24, 2013. Productive wells consist of producing wells and wells capable of producing, including natural gas wells awaiting pipeline connections to commence deliveries and oil wells awaiting connection to production facilities. Gross wells

177


Table of Contents

are the total number of producing wells in which we have an interest, and net wells are the sum of our fractional working interests owned in gross wells.

   
 
  Productive wells(1)  
 
  Chile
  Colombia(2)
  Argentina
 
   

Oil wells

                   

Gross

    37.0     66.0     5.0  

Net

    37.0     33.8     5.0  

Gas wells

                   

Gross

    25.0          

Net

    24.3          
   

(1)    Includes wells drilled by other operators, prior to our commencing operations, and wells drilled in blocks in which we are not the operator.

(2)    We acquired Winchester and Luna in February 2012 and Cuerva in March 2012. Figures include wells drilled by Winchester, Luna and Cuerva prior to their acquisition by us.

Present activities

The following table shows the number of wells that are in the process of being drilled or are in active completion stages, and the number of wells suspended or waiting on completion as of June 24, 2013.

   
 
  Wells in process of being
drilled or in active
completion(1)
  Wells suspended or waiting
on completion(2)
 
 
  Chile
  Colombia(3)
  Argentina
  Chile
  Colombia(3)
  Argentina
 
   

Oil wells

                                     

Gross

        2.0         2.0     4.0      

Net

        0.8         2.0     0.4      

Gas wells

                                     

Gross

    2.0             1.0          

Net

    2.0             0.3          
   

(1)    We consider wells to be in active completion when we have begun procedures used in finishing and equipping them for production.

(2)    We consider wells to be waiting on completion when we have completed drilling in such wells but have not yet begun to perform finishing procedures.

(3)    We acquired Winchester and Luna in February 2012 and Cuerva in March 2012. Figures include wells drilled by Winchester, Luna and Cuerva prior to their acquisition by us.

Marketing and delivery commitments

Chile

Our customer base in Chile is limited in number and primarily consist of ENAP and Methanex. For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, we sold 100% of our oil production in Chile to ENAP and 100% of our gas production to Methanex, with sales to ENAP and Methanex accounting for 44% and 7%, respectively, of our revenues in the same period.

Under our oil sales agreement with ENAP, or the ENAP Oil Sales Agreement, ENAP has committed to purchase all of our oil production in the Fell Block, but only in the amounts that we produce, without any minimum or maximum deliverable commitments from us. The ENAP Oil Sales Agreement has a six-month

178


Table of Contents

term, which renews automatically, with prices determined in reference to published indices such as WTI or Brent. As a consequence, our oil sale prices fluctuate in direct correlation to the global oil market as it reacts to global world supply and demand factors. We are currently negotiating a new ENAP Oil Sales Agreement in order to better define the basis for our oil valuation, which we expect will take effect in the second half of 2013.

ENAP owns the only two refineries in Chile, which are located far from the Magallanes Basin, such that our oil has to be shipped from the Gregorio Terminal in the Magallanes Basin to these refineries. We do not own any oil transportation equipment, so we deliver the oil we produce in the Fell Block to ENAP at the Gregorio Terminal, where ENAP assumes responsibility for the oil. We deduct the costs related to oil transportation from the prices received for our oil.

Under the Methanex Gas Supply Agreement, Methanex has committed to purchasing, and we have committed to selling, all of the gas that we produce in the Fell Block (subject to certain exceptions, including reasonable quantities required to maintain our operations and quantities that we might be required to pay in kind to Chile), with a minimum volume commitment which is defined by us on an annual basis. The agreement contains monthly DOP obligations, which require us to deliver in a given month the minimum gas committed for that month or pay a deficiency penalty to Methanex, with a threshold of 90% of the committed quantities of gas. The agreement also contains monthly TOP obligations, which apply when our committed volume for a given month exceeds 35.3 mcfpd, and require Methanex to take in such month the minimum gas volume committed for such period or face higher TOP obligations in later months, with a threshold of 90% of the committed quantities. These DOP and TOP obligations are subject to make-up provisions without penalty, for any delivery or off-take deficiencies accrued, in the three months following the month where delivery or off-take requirements were not met. In 2012, we agreed on an amendment to the Methanex Gas Supply Agreement valid for 2012, pursuant to which we committed the drilling of six wells with a target of natural gas, each supported by a subsidy from Methanex, and to providing an adjusted gas volume for that year. However, we failed to meet this adjusted volume for each of the months of April through September of 2012, and could not recover with make-up gas deliveries, such that, we accrued US$1.7 million in DOP payments owed to Methanex under the Methanex Gas Supply Agreement, all of which had been paid as of June 30, 2013. We also failed to meet our delivery requirements during the months of December 2010 and January 2011, accruing a DOP penalty of US$0.9 million, although we did not pay this amount to Methanex, as we ultimately agreed to a special drilling agreement for 2011 in which we committed to drilling gas wells instead. Currently, we are committed to providing to Methanex a total volume of gas of 2.3 bcf for the year ended December 31, 2013.

In April 2013, Methanex idled its plant, but has since committed to purchasing from us the minimum committed gas volumes under the Methanex Gas Supply Agreement during the idling, which we expect will last through October 2013. We also expect that Methanex will require additional deliveries to resume operations at its plant after the winter months. We are also negotiating with Methanex an amendment to the agreement, pursuant to which Methanex would pay us a premium over the current gas price for deliveries at or exceeding certain volumes of gas, in the six months immediately following Methanex's start-up, which is expected to occur in the second half of 2013.

All of the oil and gas that we produce in Chile comes from the Fell Block, except for small amounts of test gas produced in the Tranquilo Block authorized by Chile on a short-term basis. See "—Operations in Chile—Otway and Tranquilo Blocks" above. We are also currently exploring opportunities for additional gas production in our Otway, Tranquilo and Tierra del Fuego Blocks. We believe this will be sufficient to meet our obligations pursuant to the Methanex Gas Supply Agreement through 2014.

179


Table of Contents

We gather the gas we produce in several wells through our own flow lines and inject it into several gas pipelines owned by ENAP. The transportation of the gas we sell to Methanex through these pipelines is pursuant to a private contract between Methanex and ENAP. We do not own any principal natural gas pipelines for the transportation of natural gas.

If we were to lose any one of our key customers in Chile, the loss could temporarily delay production and sale of our oil and gas in Chile. If ENAP or Methanex ceased purchasing oil or natural gas altogether, the loss of such customer could have a detrimental effect on our production volumes in general and on our ability to find substitute customers to purchase our production volumes. For a discussion of the risks associated with the loss of key customers, see "Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—We sell all of our natural gas in Chile to a single customer, who has temporarily idled its principal facility" and "—We derive a significant portion of our revenues from sales to a few key customers."

Colombia

Our production in Colombia consists exclusively of oil, which is generally sold under medium-term, extendable and terminable agreements with unaffiliated purchasers, all of them industrial companies or major oil and gas companies. Since we do not own capacity in, or have access to, the oil transportation pipelines in Colombia or have any other assets for the transportation of our commodities, we use third parties to transport our production by pipeline or truck, and deduct these transportation costs from the prices we receive.

In Colombia, the restrictions to access pipeline networks, especially for mid to heavy crudes, have forced the market to access different ways of transport and commercialization, reducing our dependency on pipeline infrastructure significantly. For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, we sold approximately 50% of our production directly at the well head and approximately 50% to the major oil companies that own capacity in the pipelines. In the fourth quarter of 2013, we expect that access to the pipeline network will improve upon the commencement of the Bicentenario pipeline, which we expect will add transportation capacity of 100,000 bopd and also open up additional supply opportunities involving reduced trucking costs.

In Colombia, our oil sales agreements are generally for a fixed term, with a maximum length of one year. They do not commit the parties to a minimum volume, and are subject to the availability of either party to receive or deliver production. The contracts generally provide that they can be renewed by mutual written agreement, and all allow for early termination by either party with advanced notice and without penalty. The delivery points for our production range from well head to point of export, depending on the client; if sales are made via pipeline, the delivery point is usually the pipeline injection point, whereas for direct export sales, the most frequent delivery point is well head. The price of the oil that we sell under these agreements is based on a market reference price (Brent, WTI or Vasconia), adjusted for certain marketing and quality discounts based on, among other things, API, viscosity, sulphur and water content, as well as for certain transportation costs (including pipeline costs and trucking costs).

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2013, we made 43% of our oil sales in Colombia to Hocol S.A., or Hocol, a subsidiary of Ecopetrol, the Colombian state-owned oil and gas company, 6% to Trenaco and 19% to Gunvor, with Hocol accounting for 21%, Trenaco 13% and Gunvor 9% of our overall revenues for the same period. If we were to lose any one of our key customers, the loss could temporarily delay production and sale of our oil in the corresponding block. However, we believe we could identify a substitute customer to purchase the impacted production volumes.

180


Table of Contents

Brazil

Upon the closing of the Rio das Contas acquisition, which we expect will occur by the end of 2013, our production in Brazil will consist of natural gas and condensate oil. Natural gas production is subject to a long-term, extendable agreement with Petrobras, which provides for the delivery and transportation of the gas produced in the Manati Field to the EVF gas treatment plant in the State of Bahia. The contract is in effect until delivery of the maximum committed volume or June 2030, whichever occurs first. The contract allows for sales above the maximum committed volume if mutually agreed by both seller and buyer. We are currently negotiating an amendment to the contract in order to provide for the purchase and sale of additional volumes, pending the closing of the gas compression facility. The price for the gas is fixed in reais and is adjusted annually in accordance with the Brazilian inflation index.

The Manati Field is developed via a PMNT-1 production platform, which is connected to the EVF gas treatment plant through an offshore and onshore pipeline with a capacity of 423.8 mmcfpd. The existing pipeline connecting the field's platform to the Estação Vandemir Ferreira, or EVF, Gas Treatment Plant is owned by the field's current concession holders. The BCAM-40 Concession, which includes the Manati Field, also benefits from the advantages of Petrobras's size. As the largest onshore and offshore operator in Brazil, Petrobras has the ability to mobilize the resources necessary to support its activities in the concession.

The condensate produced in the Manati Field is subject to a condensate purchase agreement with Petrobras, pursuant to which Petrobras has committed to purchasing all of our condensate production in the Manati Field, but only in the amounts that we produce, without any minimum or maximum deliverable commitment from us. The agreement is valid through December 31, 2013, but can be renewed upon an amendment signed by Petrobras and the seller.

If the agreements with Petrobras were terminated, this could temporarily delay production and sale of our natural gas and condensate oil in Brazil, and could have a detrimental effect on our ability to find substitute customers to purchase our production volumes.

Argentina

In Argentina, we sell substantially all of our oil production to Oil Combustibles, but because the volume we produce in Argentina is small and the sale price is fixed at the moment when all other producers have delivered their product to the Punta Loyola terminal, from which we sell our crude, we do not sell our oil to Oil Combustibles at a predetermined formula or price, but rather on the basis of on-call contracts based on demand.

We have the ability to store and process the oil we produce in Argentina ourselves, and do not have material contracts with third parties for such services. We enter into ad hoc contracts with local companies for the transportation of crude from fields in the Del Mosquito Block to the Punta Loyola terminal.

Significant agreements

Chile

CEOPS

We have entered into six CEOPs with Chile, one for each of the blocks in which we operate, which grant us the right to explore and exploit hydrocarbons in these blocks, determine our working interests in the blocks and appoint the operator of the blocks. These CEOPs are divided into two phases: (1) an exploration phase, which is divided into two or more exploration periods, and which begins on the effectiveness date

181


Table of Contents

of the relevant CEOP, and (2) an exploitation phase, which is determined on a per-field basis, commencing on the date we declare a field to be commercially viable and ending with the term of the relevant CEOP. In order to transition from the exploration phase to an exploitation phase, we must declare a discovery of hydrocarbons to the Ministry of Energy. This is a unilateral declaration, which grants us the right to test a field for a limited period of time for commercial viability. If the field proves commercially viable, we must make a further unilateral declaration to the Ministry of Energy. In the exploration phase, we are obligated to fulfill a minimum work commitment, which generally includes the drilling of wells, the performance of 2D or 3D seismic surveys, minimum capital commitments and guaranties or letters of credit, as set forth in the relevant CEOP. We also have relinquishment obligations at the end of each period in the exploration phase in respect of those areas in which we have not made a declaration of discovery. We can also voluntarily relinquish areas in which we have not declared discoveries of hydrocarbons at any time, at no cost to us. In the exploitation phase, we generally do not face formal work commitments, other than the development plans we file with the Chilean Ministry of Energy for each field declared to be commercially viable.

Our CEOPs provide us with the right to receive a monthly retribution from Chile, payable in petroleum and gas, based either on the amount of petroleum and gas production per field or on a formula named "Recovery Factor," which considers the ratio of hydrocarbon sales to total cost of production (capital expenditures plus operating expenses). Pursuant to Chilean law, the rights contained in a CEOP cannot be modified without consent of the parties.

Our CEOPs are subject to early termination in certain circumstances, which vary depending upon the phase of the CEOP. During the exploration phase, Chile may terminate a CEOP in circumstances including a failure by us to comply with minimum work commitments at the termination of any exploration period, or a failure to communicate our intention to proceed with the next exploration period 30 days prior to its termination, a failure to provide the Chilean Ministry of Energy the performance bonds required under the CEOP, a voluntary relinquishment by us of all areas under the CEOP or a failure by us to meet the requirements to enter into the exploitation phase upon the termination of the exploration phase. In the exploitation phase, Chile may terminate a CEOP if we stop performing any of the substantial obligations assumed under the CEOP without cause and do not cure such nonperformance pursuant to the terms of the concession, following notice of breach from the Chilean Ministry of Energy. Additionally, Chile may terminate the CEOP during the exploitation phase if our oil activities are interrupted for more than two or three years (depending on the CEOP) due to force majeure circumstances (as defined in the relevant CEOP) occurring outside Chile. If Chile terminates a CEOP in the exploitation phase, we must transfer to Chile, free of charge, any productive wells and related facilities, provided that such transfer does not interfere with our abandonment obligations and excluding certain pipelines and other assets. Other than as provided in the relevant CEOP, Chile cannot unilaterally terminate a CEOP without due compensation. See "Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—Our contracts in obtaining rights to explore and develop oil and natural gas reserves are subject to contractual expiration dates and operating conditions, and our CEOPs, E&P Contracts and concession agreements are subject to early termination in certain circumstances."

Fell Block CEOP.    On November 5, 2002, we entered into the CEOP for the Fell Block with Chile, or the Fell Block CEOP, and on May 10, 2006, we acquired 100% of the rights and interest in the Fell Block CEOP. Chile had originally entered into a CEOP for the Fell Block with ENAP and Cordex Petroleum Inc., or Cordex, on April 29, 1997, which had an effective date of August 25, 1997. The Fell Block CEOP grants us the exclusive right to explore and exploit hydrocarbons in the Fell Block and has a term of 35 years, beginning on the effective date. The Fell Block CEOP provided for a 14-year exploration period, composed of numerous phases, that ended in 2011, and an up-to-35-year exploitation phase for each field.

182


Table of Contents

The Fell Block CEOP provides us with a right to receive a monthly retribution from Chile payable in petroleum and gas, based on the following per-field formula: 95% of the oil produced in the field, for production of up to 5,000 bopd, and 97% of gas produced in the field, for production of up to 882.9 mmcfpd. In the event that we exceed these levels of production, our monthly retribution from Chile will decrease based on a sliding scale set forth under the Fell Block CEOP to a maximum of 50% of the oil and 60% of the gas that we produce per field.

Colombia

E&P Contracts

We have entered into E&P Contracts granting us the right to explore and operate, as well as working interests in, seven blocks in Colombia. These E&P Contracts are generally divided into two periods: (1) the exploration period, which may be subdivided into various exploration phases, and (2) the exploitation period, determined on a per-area basis and beginning on the date we declare an area to be commercially viable. Commercial viability is determined upon the completion of a specified evaluation program or as otherwise agreed by the parties to the relevant E&P Contract. The exploitation period for an area may be extended until such time as such area is no longer commercially viable and certain other conditions are met.

Pursuant to our E&P Contracts, we are required, as are all oil and gas companies undertaking exploratory and production activities in Colombia, to pay a royalty to the Colombian government based on our production of hydrocarbons, as of the time a field begins to produce. Under Law 756 of 2002, as modified by Law 1530 of 2012, the royalties we must pay in connection with our production of light and medium oil are calculated on a field-by-field basis, using the following sliding scale:

   
 
  Production  
Production (mbopd)
  Royalty rate
 
   

Up to 5,000

    8%  

5,000 to 125,000

    8-20%  

125,000 to 400,000

    20%  

400,000 to 600,000

    20-25%  

Greater than 600,000

    25%  
   

In the case of natural gas, the royalties are 80% of the rates presented above for the exploitation of onshore and offshore fields at depths less than or equal to 304.8 meters, and 60% for the exploitation of offshore fields at depths exceeding 304.8 meters. For new discoveries of heavy oil, classified as oil with an API equal to or less than 15°, the royalties are 75% of the rates presented above. Additionally, in the event that an exploitation area has produced amounts in excess of an aggregate amount established in the E&P Contract governing such area, the ANH is entitled to receive a "windfall profit," to be paid periodically, calculated pursuant to such E&P Contract.

In each of the exploration and exploitation periods, we are also obligated to pay the ANH a subsoil use fee. During the exploration period, this fee is scaled depending on the contracted acreage. During the exploitation period, the fee is assessed on the amount of hydrocarbons produced, multiplied by a specified dollar amount per barrel of oil produced or thousand cubic feet of gas produced. Further, the ANH has the right to receive an additional fee when prices for oil or gas, as the case may be, exceed the prices set forth in the relevant E&P Contract.

183


Table of Contents

Our E&P Contracts are generally subject to early termination for a breach by the parties, a default declaration, application of any of the contract's unilateral termination clauses or termination clauses mandated by Colombian law. Anticipated termination declared by the ANH results in the immediate enforcement of monetary guaranties against us and may result in an action for damages by the ANH. Pursuant to Colombian law, if certain conditions are met, the anticipated termination declared by the ANH may also result in a restriction on the ability to engage contracts with the Colombian government during a certain period of time. See "Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—Our contracts in obtaining rights to explore and develop oil and natural gas reserves are subject to contractual expiration dates and operating conditions, and our CEOPs, E&P Contracts and concession agreements are subject to early termination in certain circumstances."

La Cuerva Block E&P Contract.    Pursuant to an E&P Contract between us and the ANH that became effective as of April 16, 2008, or the La Cuerva Block E&P Contract, we were granted the right to explore and operate, and a 100% working interest in, the La Cuerva Block.

We are currently in the fifth phase of exploration under the La Cuerva Block E&P Contract. The exploration period has six phases and terminates on July 16, 2014. Each exploration period requires a guaranty of 10% of the total budget for the corresponding exploration period (but such amount must be at least US$100,000 and may not exceed US$3 million). Production began in the west, southwest and southern areas of the block on December 13, 2011, February 15, 2012 and April 23, 2012, respectively. The La Cuerva Block E&P Contract provides for a 24-year exploitation period for each area in the La Cuerva Block, beginning from the date such area is declared commercially viable.

Pursuant to the La Cuerva Block E&P Contract and applicable law, we are required to pay to the ANH a royalty of 8.0% based on hydrocarbons produced, in accordance with the table presented above. Additionally, we are required to pay a subsoil use fee to the ANH, which, during the exploration period, is scaled depending upon the contracted acreage, and which, during the exploitation period, is equivalent to the amount of oil we produce multiplied by US$0.1119 per bbl or the amount of natural gas we produce multiplied by US$0.0119 per mcf. The ANH also has the right to receive an additional fee when prices for oil or gas, as the case may be, exceed the prices set forth in the La Cuerva Block E&P Contract.

Llanos 34 Block E&P Contract.    Pursuant to an E&P Contract between Unión Temporal Llanos 34 (a consortium between Ramshorn and Winchester) and the ANH that became effective as of March 13, 2009, or the Llanos 34 Block E&P Contract, Unión Temporal Llanos 34 was granted the right to explore and operate the Llanos 34 Block, and we and Ramshorn were granted a 40% and a 60% working interest, respectively, in the Llanos 34 Block. We were also granted the right to operate the Llanos 34 Block. On December 16, 2009, we entered into a joint operating agreement with Ramshorn and P1 Energy in respect of our operations in the block. On August 31, 2012, the ANH approved the assignment by Ramshorn to us of an additional 5% working interest, giving Ramshorn a 55% working interest and us a 45% working interest in the Llanos 34 Block.

We are currently in the exploration period of the Llanos 34 Block E&P Contract. The contract provides for a six-year exploration period, consisting of two three-year phases, which can be extended for up to six additional months to allow for the completion of exploration activities. The Llanos 34 Block E&P Contract provides for a 24-year exploitation period for each commercial area, beginning on the date on which such area is declared commercially viable. The exploitation period may be extended for periods of up to 10 years at a time, until such time as the area is no longer commercially viable and certain conditions are met. We have presented an evaluation program to the ANH for the Max and Túa Fields, which expire on September 15, 2014 and October 18, 2014, respectively.

184


Table of Contents

Pursuant to the Llanos 34 Block E&P Contract and applicable law, we are required to pay to the ANH a royalty based on hydrocarbons produced in the Llanos 34 Block. In the Max Field, we pay the ANH a royalty of 6.0%, and in the Túa Field, we pay a royalty of 8.0%. Additionally, we are required to pay a subsoil use fee to the ANH, which, during the exploration period, is scaled depending on the contracted acreage, and which, during the exploitation period, is equivalent to the amount of oil we produce multiplied by US$0.1162 per bbl or the amount of natural gas we produce multiplied by US$0.01162 per mcf. The ANH also has the right to receive an additional fee when prices for oil or gas, as the case may be, exceed the prices set forth in the Llanos 34 Block E&P Contract. The ANH also has an additional economic right equivalent to 1% of production, net of royalties.

Winchester and Luna stock purchase agreement

Pursuant to the stock purchase agreement entered into on February 10, 2012 with Darlan S.A., Bonanza Ventures, Inc., Winamac Holdings Inc. and Realstep Overseas Inc., as the Sellers, or the Winchester Stock Purchase Agreement, we agreed to pay the Sellers a total consideration of US$30 million, adjusted for working capital. Additionally, under the terms of the Winchester Stock Purchase Agreement, we are obligated to make certain payments to the Sellers based on the production and sale of hydrocarbons discovered by exploration wells drilled after October 25, 2011. The agreement provides that we make a quarterly payment to the Sellers in an amount equal to 14% of Adjusted EBITDA from any new discoveries of oil, up to the maximum earn-out amount of US$35 million (net of Colombian taxes). Once the maximum earn-out amount is reached, we will pay the Sellers quarterly overriding royalties in an amount equal to 4% of our net revenues from any new discoveries of oil.

Cuerva purchase and sale agreement

Pursuant to the purchase and sale agreement dated March 26, 2012 between Hupecol Cuerva Holdings LLC, as the Seller, and us, or the Cuerva Purchase and Sale Agreement, we agreed to pay to the Seller a total consideration of US$75 million, adjusted for working capital.

Brazil

Rio das Contas Quota purchase agreement

Pursuant to the Rio das Contas Quota Purchase Agreement we entered into on May 14, 2013, we agreed to acquire from Panoro all of the stock issued by Rio das Contas for a purchase price of US$140 million (subject to working capital adjustments at closing), or the closing purchase price. In addition to the closing purchase price, the Rio das Contas Purchase Agreement provides that during the calendar periods beginning on January 1, 2013 and ending on December 31, 2017, we must make annual earn-out payments to Panoro in an amount equal to 45% of "net cash flow"—calculated for these purposes as EBITDA minus capital expenditures minus corporate income taxes—with respect to the BCAM-40 Concession of any amounts in excess of US$25 million, up to a maximum cumulative earn-out amount of US$20 million in a five-year period. Once the maximum earn-out amount is reached or the five-year period has elapsed, no further earn-out amounts will be payable.

The closing of the acquisition is subject to the occurrence of certain conditions, including obtaining ANP approvals. Failure to obtain such approvals within nine months from the date of the Rio das Contas Purchase Agreement may result in termination of the agreement. However, if such approvals have not been obtained within nine months, either we or the Seller may extend the nine-month period for an additional three months.

185


Table of Contents

Overview of concession agreements

The Brazilian oil and gas industry is governed mainly by the Brazilian Petroleum Law, which provides for the granting of concessions to operate petroleum and gas fields in Brazil, subject to oversight by the ANP. A concession agreement is divided into two phases: (1) exploration and (2) development and production. The exploration phase, which is further divided into two subsequent exploratory periods, the first of which begins on the date of execution of the concession agreement, can last from three to eight years (subject to earlier termination upon the total return of the concession area or the declaration of commercial viability with respect to a given area), while the development and production phase, which begins for each field on the date a declaration of commercial viability is submitted to the ANP, can last up to 27 years. Upon each declaration of commercial viability, a concessionaire must submit to the ANP a development plan for the field within 180 days. The concessions may be renewed for an additional period equal to their original term if renewal is requested with at least 12 months' notice, and provided that a default under the concession agreement has not occurred and is then continuing. Even if obligations have been fulfilled under the concession agreement and the renewal request was appropriately filed, renewal of the concession is subject to the discretion of the ANP.

The main terms and conditions of a concession agreement are set forth in Article 43 of the Brazilian Petroleum Law, and include: (1) definition of the concession area; (2) validity and terms for exploration and production activities; (3) conditions for the return of concession areas; (4) guarantees to be provided by the concessionaire to ensure compliance with the concession agreement, including required investments during each phase; (5) penalties in the event of noncompliance with the terms of the concession agreement; (6) procedures related to the assignment of the agreement; and (7) rules for the return and vacancy of areas, including removal of equipment and facilities and the return of assets. Assignments of participation interests in a concession are subject to the approval of the ANP, and the replacement of a performance guarantee is treated as an assignment.

The main rights of the concessionaires (including us in our concession agreements) are: (1) the exclusive right of drilling and production in the concession area; (2) the ownership of the hydrocarbons produced; (3) the right to sell the hydrocarbons produced; and (4) the right to export the hydrocarbons produced. However, a concession agreement set forth that, in the event of a risk of a fuel supply shortage in Brazil, the concessionaire must fulfill the needs of the domestic market. In order to ensure the domestic supply, the Brazilian Petroleum Law granted the ANP the power to control the export of oil, natural gas and oil products.

Among the main obligations of the concessionaire are: (1) the assumption of costs and risks related to the exploration and production of hydrocarbons, including responsibility for environmental damages; (2) compliance with the requirements relating to acquisition of assets and services from domestic suppliers; (3) compliance with the requirements relating to execution of the minimum exploration program proposed in the winning bid; (4) activities for the conservation of reservoirs; (5) periodic reporting to the ANP; (6) payments for government participation; and (7) responsibility for the costs associated with the deactivation and abandonment of the facilities in accordance with Brazilian law and best practices in the oil industry.

A concessionaire is required to pay to the Brazilian government the following:

a license fee;

rent for the occupation or retention of areas;

a special participation fee;

186


Table of Contents

royalties; and

taxes.

Rental fees for the occupation and maintenance of the concession areas are payable annually. For purposes of calculating these fees, the ANP takes into consideration factors such as the location and size of the relevant concession, the sedimentary basin and the geological characteristics of the relevant concession.

A special participation fee is an extraordinary charge that concessionaires must pay in the event of obtaining high production volumes and/or profitability from oil fields, according to criteria established by applicable regulations, and is payable on a quarterly basis for each field from the date on which extraordinary production occurs. This participation fee, whenever due, varies between 0% and 40% of net revenues depending on (1) the volume of production and (2) whether the concession is onshore or in shallow water or deepwater. Under the Brazilian Petroleum Law and applicable regulations issued by the ANP, the special participation fee is calculated based on the quarterly net revenues of each field, which consist of gross revenues calculated using reference prices established by the ANP (reflecting international prices and the exchange rate for the period) less:

royalties paid;

investment in exploration;

operational costs; and

depreciation adjustments and applicable taxes.

The Brazilian Petroleum Law also requires that the concessionaire of onshore fields pay to the landowners a special participation that varies between 0.5% to 1.0% of the net operational income originated by the field production.

BCAM-40 concession agreement.    On August 6, 1998, the ANP and Petrobras executed the concession agreement governing the BCAM-40 Concession, or the BCAM-40 Concession Agreement, following the first round of bidding, referred to as Bid Round Zero, under the regime established by the Brazilian Petroleum Law. The agreement was amended and updated on October 31, 2003, and then further amended in connection with the following assignments of participation interests in the concession: in 2000, Petrobras assigned 55% of its 65% participation interest to QG Perfurações, and the remaining 10% to Petroserv. In March 2005, QG Perfurações assigned its 55% participation interest to its affiliate, Manati S.A. Rio das Contas acquired Petroserv's 10% participation interest in connection with the sale of Rio das Contas by Petroserv to Panoro on July 14, 2005, through a deed of assignment that became effective upon the ANP's approval on November 3, 2005. In May 2007, Manati S.A. assigned 10% of its participation interest to QGOG, who, in turn, assigned the interest to Brasoil in September 2007. In November 2012, Manati S.A. assigned its remaining 45% participation interest to QGEP. On September 11, 2009, Petrobras announced the termination of BCAM-40 Concession's exploration phase and the return of the exploratory area of the concession to the ANP, except for the Manati Field and the Camarão Norte Field.

Under the BCAM-40 Concession Agreement, the ANP is entitled to a monthly royalty corresponding to 7.5% of the production of oil and natural gas in the concession area. In addition, in case the special participation fee of 10% shall be applicable for a field in any quarter of the calendar year, the concessionaire is obliged to make qualified research and development investments equivalent to one

187


Table of Contents

percent of the field's gross revenue. Area retention payments are also applicable under the concession agreement.

Pursuant to the Rio das Contas Quota Purchase Agreement, we have agreed to acquire Rio das Contas's 10% participation interest in the BCAM-40 Concession. The assignment of Rio das Contas's 10% working interest is subject to the approval of the ANP, among other approvals.

Round 11 concession agreements.    Additionally, on May 14, 2013, following the eleventh round of bidding pursuant to the Brazilian Petroleum Law, we were awarded (subject to confirmation of approval requirements and entry into concession agreements with the ANP) seven new exploratory licenses in Brazil in the REC-T 94 and REC-T 85 concessions in the Recôncavo Basin and the POT-T 664, POT-T 665, POT-T 619, POT-T 620 and POT-T 663 exploratory concessions in the Potiguar Basin in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. In connection with our winning bid, we expect to enter into seven concession agreements, which we collectively refer to as the Round 11 Concession Agreements, with the ANP on August 6, 2013, for the right to exploit the oil and natural gas in these blocks. On the signing date, we will pay to the ANP a license fee in the amount of R$5 million (R$3.5 million for REC-T 94 and REC-T 85 and R$1.5 million for the POT-T 664, POT-T 665, POT-T 619, POT-T 620 and POT-T 663 Concessions), and provide to the ANP financial guarantees in the amount of R$10.8 million (R$6.3 million for the REC-T 94 and REC-T 85 concessions and R$4.5 million for the POT-T 664, POT-T 665, POT-T 619, POT-T 620 and POT-T 663 Concessions), to secure our obligations under the Minimum Exploratory Programs, or PEMs, for the concessions.

Under the Round 11 Concession Agreements, the ANP is entitled to a monthly royalty corresponding to 10% of the production of oil and natural gas in the concession area, in addition to the special participation fee described above, the payment for the occupation of the concession area of approximately R$7,644.9 per year and the payment to the owners of the land of the concession equivalent to one percent of the oil and natural gas produced in the concession area.

Argentina

Overview of exploitation concessions

As the concession holder of three concessions in Argentina—the Del Mosquito Concession, the Cerro Doña Juana Concession and the Loma Cortaderal Concession—we are subject to numerous restrictions and fees related to hydrocarbon production and foreign markets. For example, the domestic oil and gas market in Argentina has supply privileges favoring the domestic market, to the detriment of the export market, including hydrocarbon export restrictions, domestic price controls, export duties and domestic market supply obligations. We are also subject to certain foreign currency retention restrictions. We must comply with central bank registration requirements, maintain a minimum one-year residency in Argentina and comply with central bank registration requirements, including the requirement that 30% of all funds remitted to Argentina remain deposited in a domestic financial institution for one year without yielding interest unless such funds are proven invested in exploration and production or meet other limited requirements, as established under Presidential Decree 616/2005. We are also subject to certain export duties under each of the concessions (in particular, to a 20% duty on gas exports, as established under Presidential Decree 645/2004) and an up-to-45% duty on oil exports, depending on oil prices, as established under Resolution 394/2007 of the Argentine Secretary of Energy.

In general, our Argentina concession agreements for the Del Mosquito, Cerro Doña Juana and Loma Cortaderal Blocks grant us the exclusive right to produce, explore and develop hydrocarbons in these blocks, as well as the right to receive a transportation concession to build unused pipelines or other transportation facilities beyond the boundaries of the concessions for 35 years. The term of each of these

188


Table of Contents

concessions is 25 years, with an optional extension of up to 10 years. There is no minimum work or investment commitment under any of the concessions other than the general requirement to make needed investments to develop the entire acreage of the concession, though the Argentine Secretary of Energy takes into account all work and investment undertaken when determining whether to grant an extension of the concession term. Work and investment programs for the concessions are required to be presented annually to the incumbent Provincial State enforcement authority, the Argentine Secretary of Energy and the Strategic Planning and Coordination Committee for the National Hydrocarbon Investment Plan.

Under the terms of our concession agreements, we are entitled to 100% of production, with no governmental participation. We are also required, under Argentine law, to pay royalties to certain Argentine provinces, at a rate of 12% on both oil and gas sales. In addition to this 12% royalty, we are also required to pay additional royalties ranging from 2.5% to 8%, pursuant to private royalty agreements we have entered into. We also pay annual surface rental fees established under hydrocarbons law 17.319 and Resolution 588/98 of the Argentine Secretary of Energy and Decree 1454/2007, and certain landowner fees.

Our Argentine concession agreements have no change of control provisions, though any assignment of these concessions is subject to the prior authorization by the executive branch of the incumbent Provincial State. For the four years prior to the expiration of each of these concessions, the concession holder must provide technical and commercial justifications for leaving any inactive and non-producing wells unplugged. Each of these concessions can be terminated for default in payment obligations and/or breach of material statutory or regulatory obligations. We may also voluntarily relinquish acreage to the Argentine authorities. For example, in November 2012, we voluntarily relinquished approximately 102,500 non-producing gross acres in the Del Mosquito Block to the Argentine authorities, which relinquishment is currently subject to approval by the authorities of the province of Santa Cruz and the completion of certain environmental audits.

Our Argentine concessions are governed by the laws of Argentina and the resolution of any disputes must be sought in the Federal Courts, although provincial courts may have jurisdiction over certain matters.

Agreements with LGI

LGI Chile shareholders' agreements

In 2010, we formed a strategic partnership with LGI to jointly acquire and develop upstream oil and gas projects in South America. In 2011, LGI acquired a 20% equity interest in GeoPark Chile and a 14% equity interest in GeoPark TdF, for a total consideration of US$148.0 million, plus additional equity funding of US$18 million over the following three years. On May 20, 2011, in connection with LGI's investment in GeoPark Chile, we and LGI entered into a shareholders' agreement (as amended on July 4, 2011, the GeoPark Chile Shareholders' Agreement) and a subscription agreement (as amended on July 4, 2011 and October 4, 2011, in connection with LGI's investment in GeoPark TdF, the GeoPark TdF Subscription Agreement, and, together with the GeoPark Chile Shareholders' Agreement, the LGI Chile Shareholders' Agreements), setting forth our and LGI's respective rights and obligations in connection with LGI's investment in our Chilean oil and gas business.

The respective boards of each of GeoPark Chile and GeoPark TdF supervise their day-to-day operations. Each of these boards has four directors. As long as LGI holds at least 5% of the voting shares of GeoPark Chile, LGI has the right to elect one director and such director's alternate, and the remaining directors, and alternates, are elected by us. As long as LGI holds at least 5% of the voting shares of GeoPark TdF, LGI has

189


Table of Contents

the right to elect one director and such director's alternate, and the remaining directors, and alternates, are elected by GeoPark Chile.

The LGI Chile Shareholders' Agreements require the consent of LGI or the LGI appointed director in order for GeoPark Chile and GeoPark TdF, as the case may be, to take certain actions, including, among others:

making any decision to terminate or permanently suspend operations in our blocks in Chile (other than as required under the terms of the relevant CEOP for such blocks);

selling our blocks in Chile to our affiliates;

any change to the dividend, voting or other rights that would give preference to or discriminate against the shareholders of these companies;

entering into certain related party transactions; and

creating a security interest over our blocks in Chile (other than in connection with a financing that benefits our Chilean subsidiaries).

The LGI Chile Shareholders' Agreements provide that if LGI or either Agencia or GeoPark Chile decides to sell its shares in GeoPark Chile or GeoPark TdF, as the case may be, the transferring shareholder must make an offer to sell those shares to the other shareholder before selling those shares to a third party. In addition, any sale to a third party is subject to tag-along and drag-along rights, and the non-transferring shareholder has the right to object to a sale to the third party if it considers such third party to be not of a good reputation or one of our direct competitors. Under the LGI Chile Shareholders' Agreements, we and LGI have also agreed to vote our shares or otherwise cause GeoPark Chile or GeoPark TdF, as the case may be, to declare dividends only after allowing for retentions to meet anticipated future investments, costs and obligations. "Risk Factors—Risks relating to the countries in which we operate—LGI, our strategic partner in Chile and Colombia, may sell its interest in our Chilean and Colombian operations to a third party or may not consent to our taking certain actions."

LGI Colombia shareholders' agreement

In December 2012, we and LGI agreed that we would extend our strategic partnership to build a portfolio of upstream oil and gas assets throughout South America through 2015. On December 18, 2012, LGI agreed to acquire a 20% equity interest in GeoPark Colombia for a total consideration of US$14.92 million. Concurrently, we and LGI entered into a shareholders' agreement, the LGI Colombia Shareholders' Agreement, setting forth our and LGI's respective obligations in connection with LGI's investment in our Colombian oil and gas business, and LGI and Winchester entered into the Winchester Loan Agreement, whereby, upon the closing of LGI's subscription of shares in GeoPark Colombia, LGI granted a credit line to Winchester of up to US$12.0 million, to be used for the acquisition, development and operation of oil and gas assets in Colombia.

GeoPark Colombia's board supervises its day-to-day operations. GeoPark Colombia has four directors. As long as LGI holds at least 14% of the voting shares of GeoPark Colombia, LGI has the right to elect one director and such director's alternate, and the remaining directors and alternates are elected by us.

Under the LGI Colombia Shareholders' Agreement, LGI agreed to assume its share of the existing debt of GeoPark Colombia and to provide additional funding to cover LGI's share of required future investments in Colombia. In addition, we can earn back up to 12% additional equity interests in GeoPark Colombia depending on the success of our Colombian operations.

190


Table of Contents

The LGI Colombia Shareholders' Agreement requires the consent of LGI or the LGI appointed director for GeoPark Colombia to take certain actions, including, among others:

making any decision to terminate or permanently suspend operations in our blocks in Colombia (other than as required under the terms of the relevant concessions for such blocks);

creating of a security interest over our blocks in Colombia;

approving of GeoPark Colombia's annual budget and work programs and the mechanisms for funding any such budget or program;

entering into of any borrowings other than those provided in an approved budget or incurred in the ordinary course of business to finance working capital needs;

granting any guarantee or indemnity to secure liabilities of parties other than those of our Colombian subsidiaries;

changing the dividend, voting or other rights that would give preference to or discriminate against the shareholders of GeoPark Colombia;

entering into certain related party transactions; and

disposing of any material assets other than those provided for in an approved budget and work program.

The LGI Colombia Shareholders' Agreement provides that if either we or LGI decide to sell our respective shares in GeoPark Colombia, the transferring shareholder must make an offer to sell those shares to the other shareholder before selling those shares to a third party. In addition, any sale to a third party is subject to tag-along and drag-along rights, and the non-transferring shareholder has the right to object to a sale to the third party if it considers such third party to be not of a good reputation or one of our direct competitors.

Under the LGI Colombia Shareholders' Agreement, we and LGI have agreed to vote our shares or otherwise cause GeoPark Colombia to declare dividends only after allowing for retentions for approved work programs and budgets, capital adequacy and tied surplus requirements of GeoPark Colombia, working capital requirements, banking covenants associated with any loan entered into by GeoPark Colombia or our other Colombian subsidiaries and operational requirements. See "Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—LGI, our strategic partner in Chile and Colombia, may sell its interest in our Chilean and Colombian operations to a third party or may not consent to our taking certain actions."

Title to properties

In each of the countries in which we operate, the state is the exclusive owner of all hydrocarbon resources located in such country and has full authority to determine the rights, royalties or compensation to be paid by private investors for the exploration or production of any hydrocarbon reserves. In Chile, the Republic of Chile grants such rights through a CEOP. In Colombia, the Republic of Colombia grants such rights through E&P contracts or contracts of association. In Argentina, the Argentine Republic grants such rights through exploitation concessions. In Brazil, the Federative Republic of Brazil grants such rights pursuant to concession agreements. See "Risk factors—Risks relating to the countries in which we operate—Oil and natural gas companies in Chile, Colombia, Brazil and Argentina do not own any of the oil and natural gas reserves in such countries." Other than as specified in this prospectus, we believe that we have satisfactory

191


Table of Contents

rights to exploit or benefit economically from the oil and gas reserves in the blocks in which we have an interest in accordance with standards generally accepted in the international oil and gas industry. Our CEOPs, E&P contracts, contracts of association, exploitation concessions and concession agreements are subject to customary royalty and other interests, liens under operating agreements and other burdens, restrictions and encumbrances customary in the oil and gas industry that we believe do not materially interfere with the use of or affect the carrying value of our interests. See "Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—We are not, and may not be in the future, the sole owner or operator of all of our licensed areas and do not, and may not in the future, hold all of the working interests in certain of our licensed areas. Therefore, we may not be able to control the timing of exploration or development efforts or associated costs or the rate of production of any non-operated, and, to an extent, any non-wholly owned, assets."

Our customers

In Chile, our primary customers are ENAP and Methanex. As of March 31, 2013, ENAP purchased all of our oil and condensate production and Methanex purchased all of our natural gas production in Chile. Our contract with ENAP is automatically renewed for six-month terms, with oil pricing based on international market prices. Our contract with Methanex is a long-term contract subject to take-or-pay and deliver-or-pay provisions, with the price of natural gas based on the international market prices for methanol. In Colombia, our primary customers are Hocol, Perenco, Trenaco and Gunvor, who purchase our production through short-term contracts. In Argentina, our primary customer is Oil Combustibles. In Brazil, our primary customer is expected to be Petrobras.

Seasonality

Although there is some historical seasonality to the prices that we receive for our production, the impact of such seasonality has not been material. Additionally, seasonality does not play a significant role in our ability to conduct our operations, including drilling and completion activities. Although in winter months, it is more difficult or even impossible to conduct certain of our operations, such as seismic work, we take such seasonality into account in planning for and conducting our operations, such that the impact on our overall business is not material.

Our competition

The oil and gas industry is competitive, and we may encounter strong competition from other independent operators and from major oil companies in acquiring and developing licenses. In Chile, we partner with and sell to, and may from time to time compete with, ENAP and, to a lesser extent, some companies with operations in Argentina mentioned below. In Colombia, we partner with and sell to, and may from time to time compete with, Ecopetrol, as well as with privately-owned companies such as Pacific Rubiales, Gran Tierra, Petrominerales, Parex and Canacol, among others. In Brazil, we expect to partner with and sell to, and may from time to time compete with, Petrobras, as well as with privately-owned companies such as OGX, HRT, QGEP, Brasoil and some of the Colombian companies mentioned above, which have entered into Brazil, among others. In Argentina, we compete for resources with YPF, as well as with privately-owned companies such as Pan American Energy, Pluspetrol, Tecpetrol, Chevron, Wintershall, Total, Sinopec and others.

192


Table of Contents

Many of these competitors have financial and technical resources and personnel substantially larger than ours. As a result, our competitors may be able to pay more for desirable oil and natural gas assets, or to evaluate, bid for and purchase a greater number of licenses than our financial or personnel resources will permit. Furthermore, these companies may also be better able to withstand the financial pressures of unsuccessful wells, sustained periods of volatility in financial and commodities markets and generally adverse global and industry-wide economic conditions, and may be better able to absorb the burdens resulting from changes in relevant laws and regulations, which may adversely affect our competitive position. See "Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—Competition in the oil and natural gas industry is intense, which makes it difficult for us to acquire properties and prospects, market oil and natural gas and secure trained personnel."

We are also affected by competition for drilling rigs and the availability of related equipment. Higher commodity prices generally increase the demand for drilling rigs, supplies, services, equipment and crews, and can lead to shortages of, and increasing costs for, drilling equipment, services and personnel. Over the past several years, oil and natural gas companies have experienced higher drilling and operating costs. Shortages of, or increasing costs for, experienced drilling crews and equipment and services could restrict our ability to drill wells and conduct our operations.

Health, safety and environmental matters

General

We and our operations are subject to various stringent and complex international, federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in the countries in which we operate governing matters including the emission and discharge of pollutants into the ground, air or water; the generation, storage, handling, use and transportation of regulated materials; and human health and safety. These laws and regulations may, among other things:

require the acquisition of various permits or other authorizations or the preparation of environmental assessments, studies or plans (such as well closure plans) before seismic or drilling activity commences;

enjoin some or all of the operations of facilities deemed not in compliance with permits;

restrict the types, quantities and concentration of various substances that can be released into the environment in connection with oil and natural gas drilling, production and transportation activities;

require establishing and maintaining bonds, reserves or other commitments to plug and abandon wells;

limit or prohibit seismic and drilling activities in certain locations lying within or near protected or otherwise sensitive areas; and

require remedial measures to mitigate or remediate pollution from our operations, which, if not undertaken, could subject us to substantial penalties.

These laws and regulations may also restrict the rate of oil and natural gas production below the rate that would otherwise be possible. Compliance with these laws can be costly. The regulatory burden on the oil and gas industry increases the cost of doing business in the industry and consequently affects profitability.

Moreover, public interest in the protection of the environment continues to increase. Drilling in some areas has been opposed by certain community and environmental groups and, in other areas, has been restricted. Our operations could be adversely affected to the extent laws are enacted or other governmental action is taken that prohibits or restricts seismic or drilling activities or imposes

193


Table of Contents

environmental requirements that result in increased costs to the oil and gas industry in general, such as more stringent or costly waste handling, disposal or cleanup requirements.

Climate change

Our operations and the combustion of oil and natural gas-based products results in the emission of greenhouse gases, or GHGs, which may contribute to global climate change. Climate change regulation has gained momentum in recent years internationally and at the federal, regional, state and local levels. On the international level, various nations have committed to reducing their GHG emissions pursuant to the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol was set to expire in 2012. In late 2011, an international climate change conference in Durban, South Africa resulted in, among other things, an agreement to negotiate a new climate change regime by 2015 that would aim to cover all major greenhouse gas emitters worldwide, including the U.S., and take effect by 2020. In November and December 2012, at an international meeting held in Doha, Qatar, the Kyoto Protocol was extended by amendment until 2020. In addition, the Durban agreement to develop the protocol's successor by 2015 and implement it by 2020 was reinforced.

Other regulation of the oil and gas industry

Chile

Companies in the oil and gas sector, like all Chilean companies, must comply with the general principles concerning employee health and safety laws that are contained in the Chilean Labor Code and other labor statutes. The Chilean Ministry of Labor is responsible for the enforcement of those standards, with the authority to impose fines. In addition, the Health Department of the Ministry of Health has the responsibility to monitor compliance and also the authority to impose fines and stop operations of health and safety violators.

Regarding environmental matters, the Chilean Constitution grants all citizens the right to live in a pollution-free environment. It further provides that other constitutional rights may be limited in order to protect the environment. Chile has numerous laws, regulations, decrees and municipal ordinances relating to environmental protection, pursuant to which specific approvals, consents and permits may be required in order to perform activities that may affect the environment.

The General Environmental Law (Law No. 19,300), enacted in March 1994 and modified in 2010 by Law No. 20,417, establishes a framework for environmental regulation in Chile, which has become increasingly stringent in recent years. Recent amendments include, among others, the creation of a new institutional framework comprising: (1) the Ministry of Environment (Ministerio del Medio Ambiente); (2) the Council of Ministers for Sustainability (Consejo de Ministros para la Sustentabilidad); (3) the Environmental Assessment Service (Servicio de Evaluación Ambiental); and (4) the Superintendency of the Environment (Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente), all of which are in charge of regulating, assessing and enforcing activities that could have an environmental impact.

The new institutions and regulatory framework are likely to result in additional restrictions or costs on us relating to environmental litigation and protection of the environment, particularly those related to plant and animal life, wildlife protected areas, water quality standards, air emissions, and soil pollution. In addition, violations of these environmental regulations may lead to fines, the closure of facilities and the revocation of environmental approvals. The General Environmental Law and its regulations entitle the Chilean Government, through the Superintendency of the Environment, to: (1) bring administrative and judicial proceedings against companies that violate environmental laws; (2) close non complying facilities; (3) revoke required operating licenses; and (iv) impose sanctions and fines when companies act negligently, recklessly or deliberately in connection with environmental matters.

194


Table of Contents

The sanction procedures and environmental liability claims derived from environmental damage will be handled by the Chilean environmental court.

For additional information on environmental, health and safety regulations applicable to the Chilean oil and gas sector, see "Industry and regulatory framework—Chile—Regulatory entities."

Colombia

Health, safety and environmental regulation of the oil and gas industry in Colombia is dispersed throughout a number of different laws and regulations. Environmental regulation is primarily governed by Decree 2811 of 1974, Decree 2820 of 1974 and Law 99 of 1993, which established the Ministry of Environment and provided for the issuance of a number of associated laws and regulations. The Ministry of Environment through the ANLA monitors compliance with environmental obligations. Furthermore, licenses for exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons are granted by the ANLA and this is the entity in charge of monitoring the permits. Regional corporations who are responsible for monitoring environmental compliance within their regions have additional obligations.

Law 99 introduced the requirement of environmental permits for activities, including oil and gas exploration and production, which can cause serious deterioration of renewable natural resources or damage to the environment, or that introduce substantial changes to the landscape. Decree 2820 of 2010 requires an environmental license for all hydrocarbon projects, including for each of the following activities: conducting seismic exploration activities that require the construction of roads for vehicular traffic, exploratory drilling projects, exploitation of hydrocarbons and development of related facilities (including internal pipelines and storage, roads and related infrastructure), transportation and handling of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons, developing liquid hydrocarbon delivery terminals or transfer stations, and construction and operation of refineries. Other hydrocarbon activities may require environmental permits as well. Compliance with environmental regulations is handled under a strict sanctioning regime, established by Law 1333 of 2009, whereby liability is presumed and fines are significant.

Health and safety regulation is primarily enforced by the Ministry of Labor. In addition, there is a special regulation (Decree 2090 of 2003 and Decree 806 of 1998) that protects workers in the oil and gas industry and provides additional specific rules regarding health and safety protection for workers in the industry.

For additional information on environmental, health and safety regulations applicable to the Colombian oil and gas sector, see "Industry and regulatory framework—Colombia—Regulatory entities."

Brazil

In accordance with Brazilian environmental legislation, activities or ventures that use natural resources or that are deemed to be actually or potentially polluting are subject to environmental licensing requirements, under which the relevant environmental body analyzes location, facilities, expansion and operation of projects, as well as establishes conditions for project development.

Environmental licensing of E&P activities in the offshore basin (territorial sea, the continental platform and exclusive economic zones) is granted on a federal level. The environmental licensing in Brazil may be subject to federal, state or municipal (local) licensing as a general rule, and in many industries it is usual to have projects in which more than one of those entities claim jurisdiction. That may be the case for onshore E&P activities (and it is in the Ports sector, for instance), but such controversy does not apply to offshore E&P environmental licensing.

195


Table of Contents

The IBAMA, by means of its General Supervision for Oil and Gas Licensing (Coordenação Geral de Licenciamento de Petróleo e Gás), is the entity in charge of the environmental licensing for E&P projects.

E&P activities are divided in two subgroups, according to the Brazilian Ministry for the Environment: (1) seismic activities and; (ii) drilling and production of hydrocarbons. In addition to the Complementary Law, the main rules governing the environmental licensing of such activities are: (2) Resolution No. 237, from December 19, 1997, issued by the Brazilian National Committee for the Environment (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente), or CONAMA; (ii) Resolution No. 350, from July 6, 2004, also issued by CONAMA; and (3) Ordinance No. 422, from October 26, 2011, issued by the Brazilian Ministry for the Environment.

CONAMA Resolution No. 237 sets forth the general rules that must be complied with regarding environmental licensing. It prescribes that the competent environmental authority, with the entrepreneur's participation, shall define the plans, projects and environmental assessments necessary to start the environmental licensing proceeding. In addition, IBAMA Normative Ordinance No. 184, from July 17, 2008, defines the general rules of environmental licensing on the federal level. However, for oil and gas activities, these general rules do not apply and have been adjusted and regulated by specific regulation, as mentioned below.

CONAMA Resolution No. 350/2004 governs environmental licensing for seismic activities. Ordinance No. 422, from October 26, 2011, issued by the Brazilian Ministry for the Environment, sets forth rules for the environmental licensing of: (1) seismic activities (i.e., clarifying and creating some new steps between those mentioned above); (2) drilling; and (3) oil and gas production and evacuation, as well as Extended Well Tests, or EWTs. For the environmental licensing of oil and gas production and evacuation, as well as EWTs, the proceeding is more complex. The steps differ depending on the status of the enterprise and the environmental license sought: (1) planning for the installation of the enterprise, which needs a Preliminary License (Licença Prévia), or LP; (2) implementation and installation of the project licensed with the LP, which needs an Installation License (Licença de Instalação) or LI; and (3) operation of the enterprise installed according with the LI, which needs an Operation License (Licença de Operação).

The environmental licensing of oil and natural gas exploration, development and production activities is subject to, among several other requirements, the preparation of environmental assessments, the complexity and rules of which vary according to the activities sought, the depth and distance from the coast and the environmental sensitivity of the area in which the development of activities is sought. Among such studies, the Environmental Impact Assessment (Estudo Prévio de Impacto Ambiental) and the respective Environmental Impact Report (Relatório de Impacto de Ambiental) may be deemed the most complex and time demanding environmental assessment, though an Environmental Seismic Study (Estudio Ambiental de Sísmica) or an Environmental Drilling Study (Estudio Ambiental de Perfuração) may also be required for purposes of respective environmental licensing. This is a very comprehensive, tailor-made analysis of the environmental impacts, to be produced by the enterprise.

As a compensatory measure, we are also obligated to allocate funds for the implementation and maintenance of conservation areas, based on Federal Law No. 9,985/2000, which are evaluated by the competent environmental agency on the basis of Federal Decree Nos. 4,340/2002 and 6,848/2009 and which must not exceed the value of 0.5% of the total cost involved for the construction of the facility.

Failure to maintain a valid environmental license is classified as an administrative infraction and environmental crime. Any delays or denials by the environmental licensing authority in issuing or renewing licenses, as well as the inability to meet the requirements established by the environmental authorities

196


Table of Contents

during the environmental licensing process, may harm or even prevent the construction and regular development of the activity. Some of the environmental licenses related to the operation of the Manati Field production system and natural gas pipeline are expired and have not yet been renewed. Operating without required licenses is subject to both administrative and criminal liabilities, as well as additional costs for regularization.

Environmental nonconformities and damages may result in civil, administrative and criminal liabilities.

The National Environmental Policy (Federal Law No. 6,938/81) regulates civil liability for damages caused to the environment, such liability being of an objective nature (strict liability), i.e., irrespective of fault. Demonstration of the cause-effect relationship between damage caused and action or inaction suffices to trigger the obligation to redress environmental damage. The fact that the relevant entity's operations are covered by environmental licenses does not preclude such liability. The National Environmental Policy established joint liability among polluting agents. In case of environmental damage to an industrial area, it may be difficult to identify the source of environmental damages and intensity thereof. The victim of such damages or whomever the law so authorizes, as indicated below, is not compelled to sue all polluting agents within the same proceeding. Because liability is of a joint nature, the aggrieved party may choose one out of all polluting agents (for example, the agent with the best economic standing) to redress all damages. A polluting agent so sued will have a right of recourse against the other polluting agents.

Furthermore, under Brazilian law, due to environmental damages and noncompliance with environmental laws and regulations, individuals or entities are also subject to criminal and administrative sanctions.

In the criminal sphere, the Environmental Crimes Act (Federal Law No. 9,605/98) applies to every individual or legal entity that carries out any activity deemed damaging to the environment. Because criminal liability is of a subjective nature, the Environmental Crimes Act attributed liability to representatives of legal entities. As a result, upon occurrence of an environmental violation, a legal entity's officer, administrator, director, manager, agent or attorney-in-fact may also be subject to criminal penalties, which comprise fines and imprisonment. With respect to judicial actions, a civil or administrative settlement does not prevent prosecution in a criminal sphere should an environmental crime have occurred.

In the administrative sphere, Federal Decree No. 6,514/2008 provides that environmental authorities may also impose administrative sanctions for those who do not comply with environmental laws and regulations, including, among others: simple fines from R$50 to R$50 million, depending on the infraction, i.e. absence of environmental licenses or failure to comply with its terms may subject the entrepreneur to a fine ranging from R$500 to R$10 million; daily fines; partial or total suspension of activities; demolition of the enterprise; and rights restriction sanctions, such as forfeiture or restriction of tax incentives or benefits, closing of the establishments or ventures and forfeiture or suspension of participation in credit lines with official credit establishments.

Due to environmental damages and noncompliance with environmental laws and regulations, the environmental authorities may also propose Conduct Adjustment Agreements (Termos de Ajustamento de Conduta) through which the enterprise may be obliged to fund recovery works and environmental projects.

For additional information on environmental, health and safety regulations applicable to the Brazilian oil and gas sector, see "Industry and regulatory framework—Brazil—Regulatory entities."

197


Table of Contents

Argentina

Historically, environmental legislation and enforcement powers in respect of oil and gas operations have been vested with the federal government. However, after the 1994 Constitutional Reform and after the enactment of the YPF Privatization Law in 1992, provincial states have passed and enforced concurrent new environmental legislation. The federal government is empowered to establish minimum environmental protection standards and provincial governments are empowered to complement them, though provincial environmental legislation is not always fully consistent with federal environmental legislation.

The oil and natural gas industry in Argentina is subject to environmental regulations pursuant to concurrent provincial state and federal legislation. Such legislation provides for restrictions and prohibitions on the release or emission of various substances produced in association with certain oil and gas industry operations. In addition, such legislation requires that wells, facilities and sites be abandoned, reclaimed and/or remediated according to specific standards and/or to the satisfaction of governmental authorities and/or surface owners. Compliance with such legislation can require significant expenditures and a breach of such requirements may result in suspension or revocation of necessary licenses and authorizations, civil and criminal liability for pollution damage and the imposition of material fines and penalties.

Environmental regulations in Argentina also require that wells be plugged in and that facility sites be abandoned and returned to Argentina in a state deemed satisfactory to the applicable regulatory authorities. Four years prior to the expiration of any hydrocarbon concession granted by the Argentine government, an operator is required to present any technical or commercial reasons for seeking to leave an inactive and non-producing well unplugged to the applicable regulatory authorities. In addition, the province of Santa Cruz, in which the Del Mosquito block is located, has created a Registry of Environmental Liabilities and requires operators to submit a five-year remediation program for all environmental liabilities that have been registered.

For additional information on environmental, health and safety regulations applicable to the Argentine oil and gas sector, see "Industry and regulatory framework—Argentina—Regulatory entities."

Our environmental policy

Our health, safety and environmental management plan is focused on undertaking realistic and practical programs based on recognized world practices. Our emphasis is on building key principles and company-wide ownership and then expanding programs from within as we continue to grow. Our Safety, Prosperity, Employees, Environment and Community Development, or S.P.E.E.D., program has been developed in accordance with: ISO 14001 for environmental management issues, OHSAS 18001 for occupational health and safety management issues, SA 8000 for social accountability and workers' rights issues and applicable World Bank standards.

Our policy is to strive to meet or exceed environmental regulations in the countries in which we operate. We believe that oil and gas can be produced in an environmentally-responsible manner with proper care, understanding and management. We have within our S.P.E.E.D. program a team that is exclusively focused on securing the environmental authorizations and permits for the projects we undertake. This team is also responsible for the achievement of the environmental standards set by our board of directors and for training and supporting our personnel. In these activities, we are supported by experienced oil and gas environmental consulting firms. Our senior executives have also received training in proper environmental management.

198


Table of Contents

Our health and safety policy

We believe that due to the implementation of additional safety tools in our operations in 2012, such as training, permits to work (PTW), internal audits, drills, tailgate safety meetings, job safety analysis (JSA) and risk evaluations, the number of workforce incidents was reduced. As of March 31, 2013, on a rolling 12-month basis, our Lost Time Incident Rate (LTIR) was 0.52, and our Total Recordable Incident Rate (TRIR) was 1.44 (based on a rate of 200,000 labor hours) compared to 0.64 and 1.80, respectively, in 2012. We had no fatalities due to workforce incidents related to our operations in 2012 and for the three-month period ended March 31, 2013.

Certain Bermuda law considerations

As a Bermuda exempted company, we and our Bermuda subsidiaries are subject to regulation in Bermuda. We have been designated by the Bermuda Monetary Authority as a non-resident for Bermuda exchange control purposes. This designation allows us to engage in transactions in currencies other than the Bermuda dollar, and there are no restrictions on our ability to transfer funds (other than funds denominated in Bermuda dollars) in and out of Bermuda.

Under Bermuda law, "exempted" companies are companies formed for the purpose of conducting business outside Bermuda from a principal place of business in Bermuda. As exempted companies, we and our Bermuda subsidiaries may not, without a license or consent granted by the Minister of Finance, participate in certain business transactions, including transactions involving Bermuda landholding rights and the carrying on of business of any kind for which we or our Bermuda subsidiaries are not licensed in Bermuda.

Employees

As of December 31, 2012, we had approximately 353 employees, of which 163 were located in Chile, 98 were located in Colombia and 92 were located in Argentina. This represented an increase of 88% from December 31, 2011, which increase was largely attributable to our acquisitions of Winchester and Cuerva in Colombia and new operations in our Tierra del Fuego Blocks.

The following table sets forth a breakdown of our employees by geographic segment for the periods indicated.

   
 
  Year ended December 31,  
 
  2012
  2011
  2010
 
   

Chile

    163     104     82  

Colombia

    98          

Argentina

    92     84     75  
       

Total

    353     188     157  
   

From time to time, we also utilize the services of independent contractors to perform various field and other services as needed. As of December 31, 2012, 12 of our employees were represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements. We believe that relations with our employees are satisfactory.

Insurance

We maintain insurance coverage of types and amounts that we believe to be customary and reasonable for companies of our size and with similar operations in the oil and gas industry. However, as is customary in

199


Table of Contents

the industry, we do not insure fully against all risks associated with our business, either because such insurance is not available or because premium costs are considered prohibitive.

Currently, our insurance program includes, among other things, construction, fire, vehicle, technical, umbrella liability, director's and officer's liability and employer's liability coverage. Our insurance includes various limits and deductibles or retentions, which must be met prior to or in conjunction with recovery. A loss not fully covered by insurance could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See "Risk factors—Risks relating to our business—Oil and gas operations contain a high degree of risk and we may not be fully insured against all risks we face in our business."

Legal proceedings

From time to time, we may be subject to various lawsuits, claims and proceedings that arise in the normal course of business, including employment, commercial, environmental, safety and health matters. For example, from time to time, we receive notice of environmental, health and safety violations. It is not presently possible to determine whether any such matters will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity. We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings.

Corporate information

We were incorporated as an exempted company pursuant to the laws of Bermuda as GeoPark Holdings Limited in February 2003. We maintain a registered office in Bermuda at Cumberland House, 9th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, Hamilton HM 11, Bermuda. Our principal executive offices are located at Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles 179, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile, telephone number +562-2242-9600, and Florida 981, 1st floor, Buenos Aires, Argentina, telephone number +5411-4312-9400. Our website is www.geo-park.com. The information on our website does not constitute part of this prospectus.

200


Table of Contents


Management

The table below sets forth certain information concerning our current board of directors, executive officers and key employees.

   
Name
  Position
  Age
  At the
Company
since

 
   

Directors

                 

Gerald E. O'Shaughnessy

  Executive Chairman of the board of directors     64     2002  

James F. Park

  Chief Executive Officer and Deputy Chairman of the board of directors     58     2002  

Carlos Gulisano

  Director     62     2010  

Juan Cristóbal Pavez

  Director     43     2008  

Peter Ryalls

  Director     63     2006  

Steven J. Quamme

  Director     53     2011  

Senior Management

                 

Juan Pablo Spoerer

  Chief Financial Officer     43     2013  

Augusto Zubillaga

  Managing Director of Operations     43     2006  

Pedro Aylwin

  Director of Governance and Legal     53     2003  

Gerardo Hinterwimmer

  Director for Argentina     56     2003  

Salvador Harambour

  Director for Chile     52     2009  

Marcela Vaca

  Director for Colombia     45     2012  

Dimas Coelho

  Director for Brazil     56     2013  

Carlos Murut

  Director of Development Geology     56     2006  

Salvador Minniti

  Director of Exploration     58     2007  

Jose Díaz

  Director of Operations     58     2013  

Horacio Fontana

  Director of Drilling     56     2008  

Ruben Marconi

  Director of Health, Safety & Environment     69     2008  

Agustina Wisky

  Director of People     37     2002  

Guillermo Portnoi

  Director of Administration and Finance     38     2006  

Andrés Ocampo

  Director of Growth     35     2010  

Pablo Ducci

  Director of Capital Markets     33     2012  
   

Biographical information

Gerald E. O'Shaughnessy has been Executive Chairman of our board of directors since he co-founded the company in 2002. He graduated from the University of Notre Dame with degrees in government and law and practiced law for three years until joining Lario Oil and Gas as Senior Vice President in 1976. Since 1986, Mr. O'Shaughnessy has been primarily focused on private venture capital investment activities, including international oil and gas exploration and development, through the Globe Resources Company. Mr. O'Shaughnessy initiated and managed the largest well servicing and rehabilitation project in Western Siberia, which involved sophisticated logistical operations and the rehabilitation of 700 wells and which resulted in an increase of production from zero to 100,000 boepd. Mr. O'Shaughnessy's participation in such project resulted in his becoming the first non-Russian partner of Lukoil in 1992. He subsequently entered into other partnerships with Lukoil, including building and managing one of the world's largest oilfield pump repair facilities in Kogalym, Western Siberia. Mr. O'Shaughnessy is also the founder and principal owner of Lario Logistics, a midstream company that owns the Bakken Oil Express, the largest

201


Table of Contents

multi-purpose, multi-shipper rail transloading hub in North Dakota, serving oil producers and services active in the Bakken oil play. In addition to his oil and oil service—related activities, over the past 20 years Mr. O'Shaughnessy has founded and participated in a large range of private equity ventures in banking, wealth management, desktop software, computer and network security, sports facilities management and residential real estate development.

James F. Park has served as our Chief Executive Officer and Deputy Chairman of our board of directors since co-founding the Company in 2002. He has extensive experience in all phases of the upstream oil and gas business, with a strong background in the acquisition, implementation and management of international joint ventures in North America, South America, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. He holds a degree in geophysics from the University of California at Berkeley and has worked as a research scientist in earthquake and tectonic studies. In 1978, Mr. Park joined Basic Resources International Limited, an oil and gas exploration company, which pioneered the development of commercial oil and gas production in Central America. As a senior executive of Basic Resources International Limited, Mr. Park was closely involved in the development of grass-roots exploration activities, drilling and production operations, surface and pipeline construction and crude oil marketing and transportation, and with legal and regulatory issues, and raising substantial investment funds. He remained a member of the board of directors of Basic Resources International Limited until the company was sold in 1997. Mr. Park has also been involved in oil and gas projects in California, Louisiana, Argentina, Yemen and China. Mr. Park has lived in Argentina and Chile since 2002.

Carlos Gulisano has been a member of our board of directors since June 2010. Dr. Gulisano holds a bachelor's degree in geology, a post-graduate degree in petroleum engineering and a PhD in geology from the University of Buenos Aires and has authored or co-authored over 40 technical papers. He is a former adjunct professor at the Universidad del Sur, a former thesis director at the University of La Plata, and a former scholarship director at CONICET, the national technology research council, in Argentina. Dr. Gulisano is a respected leader in the fields of petroleum geology and geophysics in South America and has over 30 years of successful exploration, development and management experience in the oil and gas industry. In addition to serving as an advisor to GeoPark Holdings since 2002 and as Managing Director from February 2008 until June 2010, Dr. Gulisano has worked for YPF, Petrolera Argentina San Jorge S.A. and Chevron San Jorge S.A. and has led teams credited with significant oil and gas discoveries, including those in the Trapial field in Argentina. He has worked in Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Chile and the United States. Mr. Gulisano is also an independent consultant on oil and gas exploration and production.

Juan Cristóbal Pavez has been a member of our board of directors since August 2008. He holds a degree in commercial engineering from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile and a MBA from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has worked as a research analyst at Grupo CB and later as a portfolio analyst at Moneda Asset Management. In 1998, he joined Santana, an investment company, as Chief Executive Officer. At Santana he focused mainly on investments in capital markets and real estate. While at Santana, he was appointed Chief Executive Officer of Laboratorios Andrómaco, one of Santana's main assets. In 1999, Mr. Pavez co-founded Eventures, an internet company. Since 2001, he has served as Chief Executive Officer at Centinela, a company with a diversified global portfolio of investments, with a special focus in the energy industry, through the development of wind parks and run-of-the-river hydropower plants. Mr. Pavez is also a board member of Grupo Security, Vida Security and Hidroelétrica Totoral. Over the last few years he has been a board member of several companies, including Quintec, Enaex, CTI and Frimetal.

Peter Ryalls has been a member of our board of directors since April 2006. He holds a master's degree in petroleum engineering from Imperial College in London. Mr. Ryalls has worked for Schlumberger Limited in

202


Table of Contents

Angola, Gabon and Nigeria, as well as for Mobil North Sea. He has also worked for Unocal Corporation where he held increasingly senior positions, including as Managing Director in Aberdeen, Scotland, and where he developed extensive experience in offshore production and drilling operations. In 1994, Mr. Ryalls represented Unocal Corporation in the Azerbaijan International Operating Company as Vice President of Operations and was responsible for production, drilling, reservoir engineering and logistics. In 1998, Mr. Ryalls became General Manager for Unocal in Argentina. He also served as Vice President of Unocal's Gulf of Mexico onshore oil and gas business and as Vice President of Global Engineering and Construction, where he was responsible for the implementation of all major capital projects ranging from deepwater developments in Indonesia and the Gulf of Mexico to conventional oil and gas projects in Thailand. Peter is also an Independent Petroleum Consultant advising on international oil and gas development projects both onshore and offshore.

Steven J. Quamme has been a member of our board of directors since June 2011. He has 25 years of experience as a securities and corporate lawyer, private equity investor and investment banker. Mr. Quamme holds a B.A. in economics from Northwestern University and a J.D. from the Northwestern University School of Law, where he is a member of the Law School Board. Mr. Quamme is a member of the boards of directors of Cartica Management LLC, Potomac School and Sibley Memorial Hospital Foundation, and has been a member of Equivest Finance, Milestone Merchant Partners, LLC, Kerrco Inc, Atlantic Entertainment Group, Rausch Industries, Rompetrol, Florida Tile, Blackstreet Capital Partners, Winston Group, Northwestern University Law School Board and Einstein Noah Bagel Corp, LP. From 2005 to 2007, Mr. Quamme served as the Chief Operating Officer of Breeden Partners, a corporate governance fund. From 2002 to 2007, Mr. Quamme also served as Senior Managing Director of Richard C. Breeden & Co., a leading professional services firm, which focuses on corporate governance and crisis management. In 2000, Mr. Quamme founded Milestone Merchant Partners, a merchant bank based in Washington D.C., where he served as its CEO until 2005. Mr. Quamme also co-founded Cartica Management, a registered investment advisor firm focused on emerging markets, where he currently serves as president.

Juan Pablo Spoerer has served as our Chief Financial Officer since February 2013. Mr. Spoerer holds a commercial engineering degree from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile and a master's degree in business administration from Duke University. He also completed the University of Chicago's Financial and Strategic Management Program and Pade, Los Andes University's Program designed for Top Management. Mr. Spoerer worked in Grupo Enersis for over 14 years, including serving as Regional Manager of Finance and Strategic Planning for Chilectra from 2005 to 2007, in which position he was responsible for financing activities, M&A activities and strategic planning initiatives. From 2007 to 2013, he served as Chief Financial Officer of Parque Arauco. Mr. Spoerer has also served on the Boards of Directors of Codensa, a Colombian energy company, and Ampla, a Brazilian energy company. He has also served on the Board of Directors of Parque Arauco Colombia and Parque Arauco Peru.

Augusto Zubillaga has served as our Managing Director of Operations since January 2012. He previously served as our Production Director. He is a petroleum engineer with 19 years of experience in production, engineering, well completions, corrosion control, reservoir management and field development. He has a degree in petroleum engineering from the Instituto Tecnologico de Buenos Aires. Prior to joining our company, Mr. Zubillaga worked for Petrolera Argentina San Jorge S.A. and Chevron San Jorge S.A. At Chevron San Jorge S.A., he led multi-disciplinary teams focused on improving production, costs and safety, and was the leader of the Asset Development Team, which was responsible for creating the field development plan and estimating and auditing the oil and gas reserves of the Trapial field in Argentina. Mr. Zubillaga was also part of a Chevron San Jorge S.A. team that was responsible for identifying business opportunities and working with the head office on the establishment of best business practices. He has

203


Table of Contents

authored several industry papers, including papers on electrical submersible pump optimization, corrosion control, water handling and intelligent production systems.

Pedro Aylwin has been our Director of Governance and Legal since April 2011. From 2003 to 2006, Mr. Aylwin worked for us as an advisor on governance and legal matters. Mr. Aylwin holds a degree in law from the Universidad de Chile and an LLM from the University of Notre Dame. Mr. Aylwin has extensive experience in the natural resources sector. Prior to joining our company, Mr. Aylwin was a partner at the law firm of Aylwin Abogados in Santiago, Chile, where he represented mining, chemical and oil and gas companies in numerous transactions. From 2006 until 2011, he served as Lead Manager and General Counsel at BHP Billiton, Base Metals, where he was in charge of legal and corporate governance matters on BHP Billiton's projects, operations and natural resource assets in South America, North America, Asia, Africa and Australia.

Gerardo Hinterwimmer has served as our Director for Argentina since April 2012. He previously served as our Geosciences Director. He holds a degree in geology from Universidad Nacional de la Plata. He is a development geologist in Argentina and an expert in the Magallanes Austral Basin, with over 25 years of experience working for international and major oil companies, including YPF S.A., Schlumberger Limited, Petrolera Argentina San Jorge S.A. and Chevron San Jorge S.A. Mr. Hinterwimmer has experience in studying and evaluating unconventional volcanic clastic reservoirs in the Austral Basin and has been credited with commercial oil and gas discoveries in the Austral and Neuquen Basins. He is the author of numerous technical papers and is an editor of the reference manual on productive reservoirs in Argentina. He has also contributed to the development of recent geological-oriented technology introduced by Schlumberger Limited in South America.

Salvador Harambour has served as our Director for Chile since 2009. He is an oil and gas manager with more than 27 years of experience in the energy industry. He holds a degree in geology from the Universidad de Chile and an MsC on basin analysis from the University of London. Prior to joining our company, Mr. Harambour spent 24 years at ENAP, beginning in 1985 as Chief Geologist. In 1993, he joined Sipertol and worked as Exploration Geologist on several Latin American and European Ventures. In 2003, he joined ENAP Sipetrol Argentina, and in 2005, he was appointed General Manager of ENAP Sipetrol in Argentina, until he joined GeoPark in 2009.

Marcela Vaca has been our Director for Colombia since August 2012. Ms. Vaca holds a degree in law from Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Bogotá, Colombia, a Master's Degree in commercial law from the same university and an LLM from Georgetown University. She has served in the legal departments of a number of companies in Colombia, including Empresas Colombiana de Carbon Ltda (which later merged with INGEOMINAS), and from 2000 to 2003, she served as Legal and Administrative Manager at GHK Company Colombia. Prior to joining our company in 2012, Ms. Vaca served for nine years as General Manager of the Hupecol Group where she was responsible for supervising all areas of the company as well as managing relationships with Ecopetrol, ANH, the Colombian Ministry of Mines and Energy, the Colombian Ministry of Environment and other governmental agencies. At the Hupecol Group, Ms. Vaca was also involved in the structuring of the Hupecol Group's asset development and sales strategy.

Dimas Coelho has served as our Director for Brazil since February 2013. He is a geologist and geophysicist with over 30 years of experience in hydrocarbons exploration. From 1981 to 2011, Dr. Coelho served for Petrobras in numerous capacities, including as Petroleum Exploration Manager (from 2001 to 2004 and from 2006 to 2010), in which role he was responsible for the planning, management and execution of the exploration programs in the exploration blocks in Brazil's Santos Basin, and as Joint Venture Project Manager (in 2011), in which role he was responsible for the coordination of Petrobras's functional areas to support Petrobras's work programs in the Santos Basin. In 2012, he served as Executive Vice President of

204


Table of Contents

Exploration at Panoro, where he oversaw the functional workflow for Panoro Energy ASA's exploration assets in Brazil. Dr. Dimas holds a degree in geology from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, an MSc degree in geophysics (seismic processing) from the Federal University of Bahia, Brazil, a Ph.D. in geology (Numerical Basin Modelling) from Cornell University and an MBA in general administration from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Carlos Murut has been our Director of Development Geology since January 2012. He previously served as our Development Manager. Mr. Murut holds a master's degree in petroleum geology from the University of Buenos Aires where he also undertook postgraduate studies in reservoir engineering, specializing in field exploitation. Mr. Murut has over 25 years of experience working for international and major oil companies, including YPF S.A., Tecpetrol S.A., Petrolera Argentina San Jorge S.A. and Chevron San Jorge S.A.

Salvador Minniti has been our Director of Exploration since January 2012. He previously served as our Exploration Manager. He holds a bachelor degree in geology from National University of La Plata and has a graduate degree from the Argentine Oil and Gas Institute in oil geology. Mr. Minniti has over 30 years of experience in oil exploration and has worked with YPF S.A., Petrolera Argentina San Jorge S.A. and Chevron Argentina.

Jose Díaz has been our Director of Operations since January 2013. Mr. Díaz holds a degree in petroleum engineering from Cuyo National University, Argentina, has taken executive business classes at IAE Business School, and pursued graduate studies in oil and gas law and project management at University of Buenos Aires School of Law and Alta Dirección Escuela de Negocios, respectively. He has over 30 years of experience in upstream operations as a petroleum engineer, including more than 15 years in managerial positions. This experience includes positions at international and major oil companies, including OEA S.A., Chevron San Jorge S.A., ChevronTexaco and Petrolera El Trebol S.A.

Horacio Fontana has been our Director of Drilling since March 2012. He previously served as our Engineer Manager. He holds a degree in civil engineering from Rosario National University and is also a graduate from the Argentine Oil and Gas Institute, National University of Buenos Aires, with a specialty in field exploitation and a concentration in drilling. Mr. Fontana has over 25 years of drilling experience including at major Argentine companies like YPF S.A. and Petrolera Argentina San Jorge-Chevron.

Ruben Marconi has been our Director of Health, Safety and Environment since March 2012. He previously served as our Drilling Director. He holds a degree in mechanical engineering from Rosario University and was a YPF scholar at the University of Buenos Aires where he graduated in oil engineering with a concentration in exploitation. Mr. Marconi has over 40 years of field logistics and safety experience with ChevronTexaco, Chevron Mid Continent Business Unit and Chevron Argentina.

Agustina Wisky has worked with our Company since it was founded in November 2002, and has served as our Director of People since 2012. Mrs. Wisky is a public accountant, and also holds a degree in human resources from the Universidad Austral—IAE. She has 13 years of experience in the oil industry. Before joining our company, Mrs. Wisky worked at AES Gener and PricewaterhouseCoopers.

Guillermo Portnoi has been our Director of Administration and Finance since 2011 and has worked for us since June 2006. Mr. Portnoi is a public accountant and holds an MBA from Universidad Austral—IAE. He has more than 10 years of experience in the oil industry. Before joining our company, Mr. Portnoi worked at Pluspetrol, Río Alto and PricewaterhouseCoopers, where he counted several major oil companies as his clients.

Andrés Ocampo has been our Director of Growth since 2011. He has been with our company since July 2010. Mr. Ocampo graduated with a degree in Economics from the Universidad Católica Argentina. He has more than 12 years of experience in business and finance. Before joining our company, Mr. Ocampo worked

205


Table of Contents

at Citigroup and served as Vice President Oil & Gas and Soft Commodities at Crédit Agricole Corporate & Investment Bank.

Pablo Ducci has served as our Director of Capital Markets since 2012. Mr. Ducci holds a bachelor's degree in science and economics from Pontifical Catholic University of Chile and a master's degree in business administration from Duke University. From 2004 to 2009, Mr. Ducci worked as a Corporate Finance Analyst and Corporate Finance Associate with Celfin Capital. In 2010, he worked as a Summer Associate for Anka Funds, and from 2011 to 2012, he served as Vice President of Development for Falabella Retail.

Our board of directors

Overview

Our board of directors is responsible for establishing our strategic goals, ensuring that the necessary resources are in place to achieve these goals and reviewing our management and financial performance. Our board of directors directs and monitors the company in accordance with a framework of controls, which enable risks to be assessed and managed through clear procedures, lines of responsibility and delegated authority. Our board of directors also has responsibility for establishing our core values and standards of business conduct and for ensuring that these, together with our obligations to our shareholders, are understood throughout the company.

Board composition

Our bye-laws and board resolutions provide that the board of directors consist of a minimum of three and a maximum of nine members. All of our directors are required to stand for re-election at the annual general shareholders' meeting, a practice that has been in place since 2006. All of our directors were elected at our annual shareholders' meeting held on August 6, 2012, and their term expires on July 30, 2013. Our next annual shareholders' meeting will be held on July 30, 2013. The board of directors meets on at least a quarterly basis. Unless otherwise indicated, the current business addresses for our board of directors and senior management is Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles 179, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.

Committees of our board of directors

Our board of directors has established an Audit Committee, a Remuneration Committee and a Nomination Committee. The composition and responsibilities of each committee are described below. Members serve on these committees until their resignation or until otherwise determined by our board of directors. In the future, our board of directors may establish other committees to assist with its responsibilities.

Audit committee

The Audit Committee is composed of three directors: Mr. Peter Ryalls, Mr. Juan Cristóbal Pavez and                           (who serves as Chairman of the committee). We have determined that                           are independent, as such term is defined under NYSE rules.

The Audit Committee's responsibilities include: (a) approving our financial statements; (b) reviewing financial statements and formal announcements relating to our performance; (c) assessing the independence, objectivity and effectiveness of our external auditors; (d) making recommendations for the appointment, re-appointment and removal of our external auditors and approving their remuneration and terms of engagement; (e) implementing and monitoring policy on the engagement of external auditors supplying non-audit services to us; (f) obtaining, at our expense, outside legal or other professional advice on any matters within its terms of reference and securing the attendance at its meetings of outsiders with relevant experience and expertise if it considers it necessary; and (g) reviewing our arrangements for our employees to raise concerns about possible wrongdoing in financial reporting or other matters and the procedures for handling such allegations, and ensuring that these arrangements allow proportionate and independent investigation of such matters and appropriate follow-up action.

206


Table of Contents

Remuneration committee

The Remuneration Committee is composed of three directors. The members of the remuneration committee are Mr. Juan Cristóbal Pavez (who serves as Chairman of the committee), Mr. Peter Ryalls and Mr. Steve J. Quamme.

The Remuneration Committee meets as required during the year, and its specific responsibilities include: (a) determining, in conjunction with the board of directors, the remuneration policy for the Chief Executive Officer, the Chairman, our executive directors and other members of executive management; (b) reviewing the performance of our executive directors and members of executive management; and (c) reviewing the design of the share incentive plans that are submitted for approval to the board of directors and our shareholders. No member of the Remuneration Committee participates in any discussion about his or her own remuneration.

Nomination committee

The Nomination Committee is composed of three directors. The members of the Nomination Committee are Mr. Gerald E. O'Shaugnessy, Mr. Carlos Gulisano (who serves as Chairman of the committee) and              .

The Nomination Committee meets as required and its responsibilities include: (a) reviewing the structure, size and composition of the board of directors and making recommendations to the board of directors in respect of any required changes; (b) identifying, nominating and submitting for approval by the board of directors candidates to fill vacancies on the board of directors as and when they arise; (c) making recommendations to the board of directors with respect to the membership of the Audit Committee and Remuneration Committee in consultation with the chairman of each committee; (d) reviewing outside directorships/commitments of non-executive directors; and (e) succession planning for directors and senior executives.

Compensation

Executive compensation

For the year ended December 31, 2012, the aggregate compensation accrued or paid to the members of our board of directors for services in all capacities was US$2.2 million. For the year ended December 31, 2012, the aggregate compensation accrued or paid to the members of our executive officers for services in all capacities was US$4.4 million

Executive directors' contracts

It is our policy that executive directors have contracts of an indefinite term providing for a maximum of one year's notice in writing of termination at any time.

Gerald E. O'Shaughnessy has a service contract with our company that provides for him to act as Executive Chairman at an annual salary of US$250,000. James F. Park has a service contract with our company that provides for him to act as Chief Executive Officer at an annual salary of US$500,000. The payment of a bonus to Mr. O'Shaughnessy or Mr. Park is at our discretion. Our agreements with Mr. O'Shaughnessy and Mr. Park contain covenants that restrict them, for a period of 12 months following termination of employment, from soliciting senior employees of our company and, for a period of six months following the termination of employments, from being involved in any competing undertaking. The agreements do not provide for any benefits upon termination.

207


Table of Contents

The following chart summarizes payments made to our executive directors for the year ended December 31, 2012.

   
 
  Cash payment  
Executive director
  Executive directors'
fees

  Bonus
 
   

Gerald E. O'Shaughnessy

  US$ 250,000   US$ 150,000  

James F. Park

  US$ 500,000   US$ 300,000  
   

Non-executive directors' contracts

Our non-executive directors are paid an annual fee of GBP35,000, which is payable quarterly in arrears. At our option, the fee paid to our non-executive directors can be paid through the issuance of new common shares and/or cash. In addition, the Chairmen of the Audit Committee, the Remuneration Committee and the Nomination Committee are paid an additional annual fee of GBP5,750 each. The following chart summarizes payments made to our non-executive directors for the year ended December 31, 2012.

   
 
  Cash payment   Stock payment  
Non-executive director
  Non-executive
directors' fees

  Committee
Chairman fees

  Fees paid in
common shares (in
number of common
shares)

 
   

Sir Michael R. Jenkins(1)

    GBP17,500     GBP5,750     3,020  

Juan Cristóbal Pavez(2)

    GBP17,500         3,020  

Christian Weyer(3)

    GBP17,500     GBP5,750     3,020  

Peter Ryalls(4)

    GBP17,500     GBP5,750     3,020  

Carlos Gulisano

    GBP35,000          

Steven J. Quamme

    GBP8,750         3,020  
   

(1)    Audit Committee Chairman (until his death on March 31, 2013).

(2)    Remuneration Committee Chairman (since September 24, 2012).

(3)    Nomination Committee Chairman (until his resignation on April 15, 2013).

(4)   Nomination Committee Chairman (until September 24, 2012).

Pension and retirement benefits

We do not maintain any defined benefit pension plans or any other retirement programs for our employees or directors.

Performance-based employee long-term incentive program

We have established the Performance-Based Employee Long-Term Incentive Program in order to align the interests of our management, employees and key advisors with those of our shareholders. In November 2007, our shareholders voted to authorize the board of directors to use up to a maximum of 12% of our issued share capital for the purposes of the Performance-Based Employee Long-Term Incentive Program. The shareholders also authorized the board of directors to implement the Performance-Based Employee Long-Term Incentive Program and to determine specific conditions and broadly defined guidelines for the program.

208


Table of Contents

IPO award program and executive stock option plan

On admission to the AIM, our executive directors, management and key employees received options to purchase common shares of the Company granted under the Executive Stock Options Plan. The options became fully vested in May 2008 and expired in May 2013.

We had awarded 896,834 common shares as of June 30, 2013, corresponding to exercises of these options.

Other common share awards to executive directors, management and key employees

The following table sets forth the other common share awards to our executive directors, management and key employees since 2008.

 
Number of underlying common shares awarded
  % of issued common
share capital

  Grant date
  Exercise
price

  Earliest exercise date
  Expiration date
 

976,211(1)

  approximately 2.2   December 15, 2008   US$0.001   December 15, 2012   December 15, 2018

848,600

  approximately 2.0   December 15, 2010   US$0.001   December 15, 2014   December 15, 2020

500,000

  approximately 1.1   December 15, 2011   US$0.001   December 15, 2015   December 15, 2021

500,000

  approximately 1.1   December 15, 2012   US$0.001   December 15, 2016   December 15, 2022
 

(1)    Dr. Carlos Gulisano holds 100,000 of such awards.

In addition to these common shares awarded under our Performance-Based Employee Long-Term Incentive Program, on August 31, 2011, we granted an aggregate award of 90,000 common shares at an exercise price of US$0.001 to certain of our former employees. In addition, on November 23, 2012, we granted awards of common shares at an exercise price of US$0.001 to each of James F. Park (450,000 common shares) and Gerald E. O'Shaughnessy (270,000 common shares), in each case with a vesting date of November 23, 2015.

Taking into account all common shares issued under the IPO Award Program and the maximum amount of common shares that could be issued under our Performance-Based Employee Long-Term Incentive Program, the percentage of total share capital that could be awarded to our executive directors, management and key employees would represent approximately 13.4% of our currently issued common shares (not including common shares to be issued in this offering).

Employee benefit trust

Our directors, senior management and key employees who have received option awards or common share awards under our Performance-Based Employee Long-Term Incentive Program and our Executive Stock Option Plan are permitted to deposit any shares they have received under these programs in our Employee Benefit Trust. This trust is held to facilitate holdings and dispositions of those shares by the participants thereof. Under the terms of the trust, each participant is entitled to receive any dividends we may pay which correspond to their shares held by the trust. The trust provides that Mr. James F. Park is entitled to vote all the shares held in the trust.

Share ownership

As of March 31, 2013, the most recent date for which information is available, members of our board of directors and our senior management held as a group 21,740,788 of our common shares and 49.98% of our outstanding share capital.

209


Table of Contents

The following table shows the share ownership of each member of our board of directors and senior management as of March 31, 2013.

 
Shareholder
  Common shares
  Percentage of
outstanding
common shares

 

Gerald E. O'Shaughnessy(1)

  7,073,872   16.26%

James F. Park(2)

  6,983,068   16.05%

Steven J. Quamme(3)

  4,981,488   11.45%

Juan Cristóbal Pavez(4)

  2,168,457   4.99%

Peter Ryalls

  39,778   0.09%

Carlos Gulisano

  1,469   0.003%

Juan Pablo Spoerer

  *   *

Augusto Zubillaga

  *   *

Pedro Aylwin

  *   *

Gerardo Hinterwimmer

  *   *

Salvador Harambour

  *   *

Marcela Vaca

  *   *

Dimas Coelho

  *   *

Carlos Murut

  *   *

Salvador Minniti

  *   *

Jose Díaz

  *   *

Horacio Fontana

  *   *

Ruben Marconi

  *   *

Agustina Wisky

  *   *

Guillermo Portnoi

  *   *

Andrés Ocampo

  *   *

Pablo Ducci

  *   *
     

Sub-total senior management ownership of less than 1%

  492,656   1.13%
     

Total

  21,740,788   49.984%
 

*      Indicates ownership of less than 1% of outstanding common shares.

(1)    Held directly and indirectly through GP Investments LLP, Vidacos Nominees Limited and Globe Resources Group Inc., all of which are controlled by Mr. O'Shaughnessy.

(2)    Held by Energy Holdings, LLC, which is controlled by James F. Park. The number of common shares held by Mr. Park does not reflect the 1,738,446 shares held as of March 31, 2013 in the employee benefit trust described under "—Compensation—Employee Benefit Trust." Although Mr. Park has voting rights with respect to all the shares held in the trust, Mr. Park disclaims beneficial ownership over those shares.

(3)    Held through various funds managed by Cartica Management, LLC, which is controlled by Mr. Steven Quamme, a member of our Board of Directors. The common shares reflected as being held by Mr. Quamme include 4,516 common shares held by him personally.

(4)   Held by Socoservin Overseas Ltd, which is controlled by Juan Cristóbal Pavez.

Liability insurance

We maintain liability insurance coverage for all of our directors and officers, the level of which is reviewed annually.

Code of ethics

We have adopted a code of ethics applicable to the board of directors and all employees. Since its effective date on September 24, 2012, we have not waived compliance with or amended the code of ethics.

Corporate governance guidelines

We expect our board of directors to adopt corporate governance guidelines in accordance with the corporate governance rules of the NYSE applicable to foreign private issuers.

210


Table of Contents


Principal shareholders

As of the date of this prospectus, our authorized share capital consists of 5,171,969,000 common shares, par value US$0.001 per share. Each of our common shares entitles its holder to one vote. The following table presents the beneficial ownership of our common shares as of March 31, 2013.

   
Shareholder
  Common shares
  Percentage of
outstanding
common shares

 
   

Gerald E. O'Shaughnessy(1)

    7,073,872     16.26%  

James F. Park(2)

    6,983,068     16.05%  

Cartica Management LLC(3)

    4,976,972     11.44%  

IFC Equity Investments

    3,456,594     7.95%  

Pershing Keen, New Jersey (ND)

    3,306,059     7.60%  

Moneda A.F.I. 

    2,241,650     5.15%  

Socoservin Overseas(4)

    2,162,804     4.97%  

Other shareholders

    13,294,566     30.57%  
       

Total

    43,495,585     100.0%  
   

(1)    Held directly and indirectly through GP Investments LLP, Vidacos Nominees Limited and Globe Resources Group Inc., all of which are controlled by Mr. O'Shaughnessy.

(2)    Held by Energy Holdings, LLC, which is controlled by James F. Park. The number of common shares held by Mr. Park does not reflect the 1,738,446 common shares held as of March 31, 2013 in the employee benefit trust described under "Management—Compensation—Employee Benefit Trust." Although Mr. Park has voting rights with respect to all the common shares held in the trust, Mr. Park disclaims beneficial ownership over those common shares.

(3)    Held through various funds managed by Cartica Management, LLC, which is controlled by Mr. Steven Quamme, a member of our board of directors. In addition to the common shares reflected in this table, Mr. Quamme holds an additional 4,516 common shares in his personal name.

(4)   Controlled by Juan Cristobal Pavez, a member of our Board of Directors. In addition to the common shares reflected in this table, Mr. Pavez holds an additional 5,653 common shares in his personal name.

The following table presents the beneficial ownership of our common shares following the offering assuming no exercise of the underwriters' over-allotment option.

   
Shareholder
  Common shares
  Percentage of
outstanding
common shares

 
   

Gerald E. O'Shaughnessy(1)

             

James F. Park(2)

             

Cartica Management LLC(3)

             

IFC Equity Investments

             

Pershing Keen, New Jersey (ND)

             

Moneda A.F.I. 

             

Socoservin Overseas(4)

             

Other shareholders

             
       

Total

          100.0%  
   

(1)    Held directly and indirectly through GP Investments LLP, Vidacos Nominees Limited and Globe Resources Group Inc., all of which are controlled by Mr. O'Shaughnessy.

(2)    Held by Energy Holdings, LLC. which is controlled by James F. Park. The number of common shares held by Mr. Park does not reflect the 1,738,446 common shares held as of March 31, 2013 in the employee benefit trust described under "Management—Compensation—Employee

211


Table of Contents

Benefit Trust. Although Mr. Park has voting rights with respect to all the common shares held in the trust, Mr. Park disclaims beneficial ownership over those common shares.

(3)    Held through various funds managed by Cartica Management, LLC, which is controlled by Mr. Steven Quamme, a member of our board of directors. In addition to the common shares reflected in this table, Mr. Quamme holds an additional 4,516 common shares in his personal name.

(4)   Controlled by Juan Cristobal Pavez, a member of our Board of Directors. In addition to the common shares reflected in this table, Mr. Pavez holds an additional 5,653 common shares in his personal name.

The following table presents the beneficial ownership of our common shares following the offering, assuming full exercise of the overallotment options.

   
Shareholder
  Common shares
  Percentage of
outstanding
common shares

 
   

Gerald E. O'Shaughnessy(1)

             

James F. Park(2)

             

Cartica Management LLC(3)

             

IFC Equity Investments

             

Pershing Keen, New Jersey (ND)

             

Moneda A.F.I. 

             

Socoservin Overseas(4)

             

Other shareholders

             
       

Total

          100.0%  
   

(1)    Held directly and indirectly through GP Investments LLP, Vidacos Nominees Limited and Globe Resources Group Inc., all of which are controlled by Mr. O'Shaughnessy.

(2)    Held by Energy Holdings, LLC. which is controlled by James F. Park. The number of common shares held by Mr. Park does not reflect the 1,738,446 common shares held as of March 31, 2013, in the employee benefit trust described under "Management—Compensation—Employee Benefit Trust. Although Mr. Park has voting rights with respect to all the common shares held in the trust, Mr. Park disclaims beneficial ownership over those common shares.

(3)    Held through various funds managed by Cartica Management, LLC, which is controlled by Mr. Steven Quamme, a member of our board of directors. In addition to the common shares reflected in this table, Mr. Quamme holds an additional 4,516 common shares in his personal name.

(4)   Controlled by Juan Cristobal Pavez, a member of our board of directors. In addition to the common shares reflected in this table, Mr. Pavez holds an additional 5,653 common shares in his personal name.

212


Table of Contents


Certain relationships and related party transactions

We have entered into the following transactions with related parties:

LGI Chile Shareholders' Agreements

In 2010, we formed a strategic partnership with LGI to acquire and develop jointly upstream oil and gas projects in South America. In 2011, LGI acquired a 20% equity interest in GeoPark Chile and a 14% equity interest in GeoPark TdF, for a total consideration of US$148.0 million, plus additional equity funding of US$18.0 million through 2014. On May 20, 2011, in connection with LGI's investment in GeoPark Chile, we and LGI entered into the LGI Chile Shareholders' Agreements, setting forth our and LGI's respective rights and obligations in connection with LGI's investment in our Chilean oil and gas business. See "Business—Significant agreements—Agreements with LGI."

LGI Colombia Shareholders' Agreement

On December 18, 2012, we, Agencia, GeoPark Colombia and LGI entered into the LGI Colombia Shareholders' Agreement and a subscription share agreement, pursuant to which LGI acquired a 20% interest in GeoPark Colombia. In connection with its investment in GeoPark Colombia, LGI granted a credit line to Winchester of up to US$12.0 million, to be used for the acquisition, development and operation of oil and gas assets in Colombia. See "Business—Significant agreements—Agreements with LGI."

IFC subscription and shareholders' agreement

On February 7, 2006, and in order to finance the exploration, development and exploitation of our blocks in Chile and Argentina and the acquisition of additional exploration, development and exploitation blocks in South America, we, IFC and Gerald E. O'Shaughnessy and James F. Park, as Lead Investors, entered into the IFC Subscription and Shareholders' Agreement, pursuant to which IFC agreed to subscribe and pay for 2,507,161 of our common shares, representing approximately 10.5% of our then-outstanding common shares, at an aggregate subscription price of US$10.0 million (or approximately US$3.99 per common share).

We agreed, for so long as IFC is a shareholder in the company, among other things, to: ensure that our operations are in compliance with certain environmental and social guidelines; appoint and maintain a technically qualified individual to be responsible for the environmental and social management of our activities; maintain certain forms of insurance coverage, including coverage for public liability and director's and officer's liability reasonably acceptable to IFC, and in respect of certain of our operations; not undertake certain prohibited activities, and ensure that no prohibited payments are made by us or on our or the Lead Investors' behalf, in respect of our operations.

We also agreed to provide to IFC: within 30 days of the end of the first half of the year, copies of our unaudited consolidated financial statements for the period (prepared under IFRS), a report on our capital expenditures for the period, a comprehensive report on the progress of the exploration, development and exploitation of our blocks in South America and a statement of all related party transactions during the period, with a certification by a company officer that these were on an arm's-length basis; within 90 days of the end of our fiscal year, copies of our audited consolidated financial statements for the year (prepared under IFRS), a management letter from our auditors in respect of our financial control procedures, accounting and management information systems and any litigation, an annual monitoring report confirming compliance with national or local requirements and the environmental and social requirements

213


Table of Contents

mandated by the agreement, a report indicating any payments in the year to any governmental authority in connection with the documents governing our Chilean and Argentine blocks and certificates of insurance, with a certificate of our insurer confirming that effectiveness of our policies and payment of all applicable premiums; within 45 days before each fiscal year begins, a proposed annual business plan and budget for the upcoming year; within 3 days after its occurrence, notification of any incident that had or may reasonably be expected to have an adverse effect on the environment, health or safety; copies of notices, reports or other communications between us and our board of directors or shareholders; and, within five days of receipt thereof, copies of any reports, correspondence, documentation or notices from any third party, governmental authority or state-owned company that could reasonably be expected to materially impact our operations. Mr. O'Shaughnessy and Mr. Park have also agreed to procure that shareholders holding 51% of our common shares cause us to comply with the covenants above.

214


Table of Contents


Description of share capital

The following description of certain provisions of our memorandum of association and bye-laws does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and qualified by reference to, all of the provisions of our memorandum of association and bye-laws.

General

We are an exempted company organized under the Bermuda Companies Act. The rights of our shareholders will be governed by Bermuda law and by our memorandum of association and bye-laws. The Bermuda Companies Act differs in some material respects from laws generally applicable to Delaware corporations, which differences have been highlighted in the discussion below.

In connection with this offering, we are currently undergoing a review of our bye-laws, which may result in an amendment prior to the launch of this offering. We will describe any such amendments in an amendment to this prospectus.

Share capital

Our authorized share capital consists of 5,171,969,000 common shares, par value US$0.001 per share. Upon completion of this offering, there will be              common shares outstanding. All of our issued and outstanding common shares will be fully paid and nonassessable. We also have an employee incentive program, pursuant to which we have granted share awards to our senior management and certain key employees. See "Management."

The Bermuda Companies Act confers no automatic pre-emption rights that attach to the share capital of the company but our bye-laws generally confer the right of pre-emption on shareholders in respect of the allotment of shares or securities convertible into shares (other than shares allotted to any Employee Share Scheme). Such pre-emption rights can be disapplied with the authority of a resolution passed by a majority of the shareholders who hold not less than 65% of the shares as vote in persons or by proxy, which we refer to as a Special Resolution.

Our bye-laws provide that the rights attached to any class of shares of the company can be varied with the authority of a resolution passed by a majority of shareholders who hold not less than 65% of the issued shares of that class, with a quorum of two or more persons holding or representing by proxy 20% of the issued shares of such class (provided however that if the Company or the class has only one shareholder, one shareholder present in person or proxy will constitute the necessary quorum). Unless otherwise expressly provided in the rights attaching to or the terms of issue of a particular class of shares, rights are not deemed to be altered by the creation of further shares ranking pari passu with such class of shares, the creation or issue for full value of further shares ranking as regards participation in the profits or assets of the Company or otherwise in priority to the shares and/or the purchase or redemption by the Company of any of its own shares.

Our bye-laws do not impose any limitations on the types of rights which can be attached to any class of shares.

Common shares

Holders of our common shares are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of holders of common shares. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any issued and outstanding

215


Table of Contents

preference shares, holders of common shares are entitled to receive such dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by our board of directors out of funds legally available for dividend payments. Holders of common shares have no redemption, sinking fund, conversion, exchange, pre-emption or other subscription rights. In the event of our liquidation, the holders of common shares are entitled to share equally and ratably in our assets, if any, remaining after the payment of all of our debts and liabilities, subject to any liquidation preference on any outstanding preference shares.

Board composition

Our bye-laws provide that our board of directors will determine the size of the board, provided that it shall be not be composed of fewer than three directors. Our board of directors currently consists of eight directors.

Election and removal of directors

Although our bye-laws provide that our directors shall be elected for three-year terms, and that one-third of our directors stands for reelection every year, since 2006, we have adopted the policy of nominating our directors up for re-election each year, notwithstanding the fact that there are staggered, three-year appointments in place. All directors will be up for election each year at our annual general meeting of shareholders. The election of our directors will be determined by a majority of the votes cast at the general meeting of shareholders at which the directors are to be elected.

A director may be removed by the affirmative vote of a majority of the issued and outstanding shares entitled to vote. Any vacancy created by the removal of a director at a special general meeting may be filled at that meeting by the election of another director in his or her place or, in the absence of any such election, by the board of directors. Any other vacancy, including a newly created directorship, may be filled by our board of directors.

Proceedings of board of directors

Our bye-laws provide that our business shall be managed by or under the direction of our board of directors. Our board of directors may act by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present. The directors shall fix the quorum necessary for the transaction of business and, unless fixed at any other number, two directors shall constitute a quorum.

Duties of directors

Under Bermuda common law, members of a board of directors owe a fiduciary duty to the company to act in good faith in their dealings with or on behalf of the company, and to exercise their powers and fulfill the duties of their office honestly. This duty has the following essential elements: (1) a duty to act in good faith in the best interests of the company; (2) a duty not to make a personal profit from opportunities that arise from the office of director; (3) a duty to avoid conflicts of interest; and (4) a duty to exercise powers for the purpose for which such powers were intended. The Bermuda Companies Act also imposes a duty on directors of a Bermuda company, to act honestly and in good faith, with a view to the best interests of the company, and to exercise the care, diligence and skill that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In addition, the Bermuda Companies Act imposes various duties on directors with respect to certain matters of management and administration of the company.

216


Table of Contents

The Bermuda Companies Act provides that in any proceedings for negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust against any director, if it appears to a court that such officer is or may be liable in respect of the negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust, but that he has acted honestly and reasonably, and that, having regard to all the circumstances of the case, including those connected with his appointment, he ought fairly to be excused for the negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust, that court may relieve him, either wholly or partly, from any liability on such terms as the court may think fit. This provision has been interpreted to apply only to actions brought by or on behalf of the company against the directors.

By comparison, under Delaware law, the business and affairs of a corporation are managed by or under the direction of its board of directors. In exercising their powers, directors are charged with a duty of care and a duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires that directors act in an informed and deliberate manner and to inform themselves, prior to making a business decision, of all relevant material information reasonably available to them. The duty of care also requires that directors exercise care in overseeing the conduct of corporate employees. The duty of loyalty is the duty to act in good faith, not out of self-interest, and in a manner which the director reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the shareholders. A party challenging the propriety of a decision of a board of directors bears the burden of rebutting the presumptions afforded to directors by the "business judgment rule." If the presumption is not rebutted, the business judgment rule attaches to protect the directors and their decisions. Where, however, the presumption is rebutted, the directors bear the burden of demonstrating the fairness of the relevant transaction. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Delaware courts subject directors' conduct to enhanced scrutiny in respect of defensive actions taken in response to a threat to corporate control and approval of a transaction resulting in a sale of control of the corporation.

Interested directors

Under our bye-laws, a director shall declare the nature of his interest in any contract or arrangement with the company as required by the Bermuda Companies Act. A director so interested shall not, except in particular circumstances, be entitled to vote or be counted in the quorum at a meeting in relation to any resolution on which he is prohibited from voting by reason of such interest. In addition, the director will not be liable to us for any profit realized from the transaction. In contrast, under Delaware law, such a contract or arrangement is voidable unless it is approved by a majority of disinterested directors or by a vote of shareholders, in each case if the material facts as to the interested director's relationship or interests are disclosed or are known to the disinterested directors or shareholders, or such contract or arrangement is fair to the corporation as of the time it is approved or ratified. Additionally, such interested director could be held liable for a transaction in which such director derived an improper personal benefit.

Indemnification of directors and officers

Bermuda law provides generally that a Bermuda company may indemnify its directors and officers against any loss arising from or liability which by virtue of any rule of law would otherwise be imposed on them in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust except in cases where such liability arises from fraud or dishonesty of which such director or officer may be guilty in relation to the company.

Our bye-laws provide that we shall indemnify our officers and directors in respect of their actions and omissions, except in respect of their fraud or dishonesty, and that we shall advance funds to our officers and directors for expenses incurred in their defense upon receipt of an undertaking to repay the funds if any allegation of fraud or dishonesty is proved. Our bye-laws provide that the company and the

217


Table of Contents

shareholders waive all claims or rights of action that they might have, individually or in right of the company, against any of the company's directors or officers for any act or failure to act in the performance of such director's or officer's duties, except in respect of any fraud or dishonesty.

Meetings of shareholders

Under Bermuda law, a company is required to convene the annual general meeting of shareholders each calendar year. Under Bermuda law and our bye-laws, a special general meeting of shareholders may be called by the board of directors or the chairman and must be called upon the requisition of shareholders holding not less than 10% of the paid-up capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meetings of shareholders.

Our bye-laws provide that, at any general meeting of shareholders, the presence in person or by proxy of two shareholders shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Unless otherwise required by law or our bye-laws, shareholder action requires the affirmative vote of a majority of the issued and outstanding shares voting at a meeting at which a quorum is present.

Shareholder proposals

Under Bermuda law, shareholders holding at least 5% of the total voting rights of all the shareholders having at the date of the requisition a right to vote at the meeting to which the requisition relates or any group comprising of at least 100 or more shareholders may require a proposal to be submitted to an annual general meeting of shareholders. Under our bye-laws, any shareholders wishing to nominate a person for election as a director or propose business to be transacted at a meeting of shareholders must provide advance notice.

Shareholder action by written consent

Our bye-laws provide that, except for the removal of auditors and directors, any actions which shareholders may take at a general meeting of shareholders may be taken by the shareholders through the unanimous written consent of the shareholders who would be entitled to vote on the matter at the general meeting.

Amendment of memorandum of association and bye-laws

Our memorandum of association may be amended with the approval of a majority of our board of directors and a simple majority of votes cast by shareholders owning the issued and outstanding shares entitled to vote. Our bye-laws may be amended with the approval of a majority of our board of directors and a majority of the shareholders who hold not less than 65% of the shares as vote in person or by proxy on the applicable resolution, or a Special Resolution.

Business combinations

A Bermuda company may engage in a business combination pursuant to a tender offer, amalgamation, merger or sale of assets. The amalgamation or merger of a Bermuda company with another company requires the amalgamation or merger agreement to be approved by the company's board of directors and by its shareholders. Unless the company's bye-laws provide otherwise, the approval of 75% of the shareholders voting at a meeting is required to approve the amalgamation or merger agreement, and the quorum for such meeting must be two persons holding or representing more than one-third of the issued

218


Table of Contents

shares of the company. Our bye-laws provide that an amalgamation must be approved by our board of directors and by a Special Resolution of the shareholders. Shareholders who did not vote in favor of an amalgamation or merger may apply to court for an appraisal within one month of notice of the shareholders meeting.

Under the Bermuda Companies Act, we are not required to seek the approval of our shareholders for the sale of all or substantially all of our assets. Our bye-laws provide that subject to the Bermuda Companies Act, our bye-laws and to any directions by the Company in general meeting, the directors shall manage the business of the Company and may pay all expenses incurred in promoting and incorporating the Company and may exercise all the powers of the Company including, but not by way of limitation, the power to borrow money and to mortgage or charge all or any part of the undertaking property and assets (present and future) and uncalled capital of the Company and to issue debentures and other securities, whether outright or as collateral security for any debt, liability or obligation of the Company or any other persons.

Under Bermuda law, where an offer is made for shares of a company and, within four months of the offer, the holders of not less than 90% of the shares not owned by the offeror, its subsidiaries or their nominees accept such offer, the offeror may by notice require the non-tendering shareholders to transfer their shares on the terms of the offer. Dissenting shareholders do not have express appraisal rights but are entitled to seek relief (within one month of the compulsory acquisition notice) from the court, which has power to make such orders as it thinks fit. Additionally, where one or more parties hold not less than 95% of the shares of a company, such parties may, pursuant to a notice given to the remaining shareholders, acquire the shares of such remaining shareholders. Dissenting shareholders have a right to apply to the court for appraisal of the value of their shares within one month of the compulsory acquisition notice. If a dissenting shareholder is successful in obtaining a higher valuation, that valuation must be paid to all shareholders being squeezed out.

Dividends and repurchase of shares

Pursuant to our bye-laws, our board of directors has the authority to declare dividends and authorize the repurchase of shares subject to applicable law. Under Bermuda law, a company may not declare or pay a dividend if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the company is, or would after the payment be, unable to pay its liabilities as they become due or the realizable value of its assets would thereby be less than its liabilities. Under Bermuda law, a company cannot purchase its own shares if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the company is, or after the repurchase would be, unable to pay its liabilities as they become due.

Shareholder suits

Class actions and derivative actions are generally not available to shareholders under Bermuda law. The Bermuda courts, however, would ordinarily be expected to permit a shareholder to commence an action in the name of a company to remedy a wrong to the company where the act complained of is alleged to be beyond the corporate power of the company or illegal, or would result in the violation of the company's memorandum of association or bye-laws. Furthermore, consideration would be given by a Bermuda court to acts that are alleged to constitute a fraud against the minority shareholders or where an act requires the approval of a greater percentage of the company's shareholders than that which actually approved it.

When the affairs of a company are being conducted in a manner which is oppressive or prejudicial to the interests of some part of the shareholders, one or more shareholders may apply to the Supreme Court of Bermuda, which may make such order as it sees fit, including an order regulating the conduct of the

219


Table of Contents

company's affairs in the future or ordering the purchase of the shares of any shareholders by other shareholders or by the company.

Access to books and records and dissemination of information

Members of the general public have a right to inspect the public documents of a company available at the office of the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda. These documents include the company's memorandum of association and any amendments thereto. The shareholders have the additional right to inspect the bye-laws of the company, minutes of general meetings of shareholders and the company's audited financial statements. The company's audited financial statements must be presented at the annual general meeting of shareholders. The company's share register is open to inspection by shareholders and by members of the general public without charge. A company is required to maintain its share register in Bermuda but may, subject to the provisions of the Bermuda Companies Act, establish a branch register outside of Bermuda. Bermuda law does not, however, provide a general right for shareholders to inspect or obtain copies of any other corporate records.

Registrar or transfer agent

A register of holders of the common shares will be maintained by                       in Bermuda, and a branch register will be maintained in the United States by                       , who will serve as branch registrar and transfer agent.

220


Table of Contents


Common shares eligible for future sale

Upon completion of this offering, our issued and outstanding share capital will consist of              common shares, assuming no exercise of the underwriters' over-allotment option. All of our common shares sold in this offering will be freely transferable by persons other than our "affiliates" (as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act) without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act. The remaining common shares are "restricted securities" under Rule 144. Substantially all of these restricted securities will be subject to the provisions of the lock-up agreements referred to below.

Future sales of substantial amounts of our common shares in the public market could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common shares. Our common shares are currently admitted for trading on the AIM under the symbol "GPK." We intend to cancel admission of our common shares to the AIM and the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange following the listing of our common shares on the NYSE. While we intend to apply to list our common shares on the NYSE under the symbol "         ", a regular trading market may not develop in our common shares.

For a description of our stock award plans, see "Management".

Lock-up agreements

We and our directors, executive officers and certain of our significant shareholders intend to enter into lock-up agreements with the representatives of the underwriters, pursuant to which each of these persons or entities, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, may not, without the prior written consent of the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions: (1) issue (applicable to us only), offer, pledge, announce the intention to sell, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, or file with the SEC or any other securities regulatory authority a registration statement or similar application under the Securities Act or any other securities law relating to, any of our common shares or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for our common shares (including without limitation, our common shares or such other securities which may be deemed to be beneficially owned by such person in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and securities which may be issued upon exercise of a stock option or warrant), or publicly disclose the intention to make any offer, sale, pledge, disposition or filing; (2) enter into any swap or other agreement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of our common shares or any such other securities, whether any such transaction described in clause (1) or (2) is to be settled by delivery of our common shares or such other securities, in cash or otherwise; or (3) make any demand for or exercise any right with respect to the registration of our common shares or any security convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for our common shares (applicable to our directors, executive officers and certain of our significant shareholders only). The underwriters have advised us that they have no present intention or arrangement to release any of the securities subject to a lock-up agreement and any future request for such a release will be considered in light of the particular circumstances surrounding the request. See "Underwriting—Lock-up agreements."

Rule 144

In general, under Rule 144 under the Securities Act, as in effect as of the date of prospectus, beginning 90 days after the date of this prospectus, a person who has beneficially owned our restricted securities for at least six months is entitled to sell the restricted securities without registration under the Securities Act, subject to certain restrictions. Persons who are our affiliates (including persons beneficially owning 10% or

221


Table of Contents

more of our issued common shares) may sell within any three-month period a number of restricted securities that does not exceed the greater of the following:

1% of the number of our issued common shares, which will equal approximately              shares immediately after this offering; and

the average weekly trading volume of our common shares on the NYSE during the four calendar weeks preceding the date on which notice of the sale is filed with the SEC with respect to such sale.

Such sales are also subject to manner-of-sale provisions, notice requirements and the availability of current public information about us. Persons who are not our affiliates and have beneficially owned our restricted securities for more than six months but not more than one year may sell the restricted securities without registration under the Securities Act subject to the availability of current public information about us. Persons who are not our affiliates and have beneficially owned our restricted securities for more than one year may freely sell the restricted securities without registration under the Securities Act.

Rule 701

In general, under Rule 701 of the Securities Act as currently in effect, each of our employees, consultants or advisors who purchase our common shares from us in connection with a compensatory stock plan or other written agreement executed prior to the completion of this offering is eligible to resell such common shares in reliance on Rule 144, but without compliance with some of the restrictions, including the holding period, contained in Rule 144.

222


Table of Contents


Certain tax considerations

Bermuda tax considerations

At the date of this prospectus, there is no Bermuda income or profits tax, withholding tax, capital gains tax, capital transfer tax, estate duty or inheritance tax payable by us or by our shareholders in respect of our common shares. We have obtained an assurance from the Minister of Finance of Bermuda under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act 1966 that, in the event that any legislation is enacted in Bermuda imposing any tax computed on profits or income, or computed on any capital asset, gain or appreciation or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax, such tax shall not, until March 28, 2035, be applicable to us or to any of our operations or to our common shares, debentures or other obligations except insofar as such tax applies to persons ordinarily resident in Bermuda or is payable by us in respect of real property owned or leased by us in Bermuda. We pay annual Bermuda government fees.

Material U.S. federal income tax considerations

The following is a description of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders (as defined below) of owning and disposing of our common shares. This discussion is not a comprehensive description of all tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular person's decision to acquire our common shares. This discussion applies only to a U.S. Holder that holds our common shares as capital assets for tax purposes. In addition, it does not describe all of the tax consequences that may be relevant in light of the U.S. Holder's particular circumstances, including alternative minimum tax and Medicare contribution tax consequences and differing tax consequences applicable to a U.S. Holder subject to special rules, such as:

a financial institution;

a dealer or trader in securities;

a person holding common shares as part of a straddle, wash sale or conversion transaction or entering into a constructive sale with respect to the common shares;

a person whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar;

a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

a tax-exempt entity, including an "individual retirement account" or "Roth IRA;"

a person that owns or is deemed to own 10% or more of our voting stock; or

a person holding common shares in connection with a trade or business conducted outside of the United States.

If an entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds common shares, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and upon the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding common shares and partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisers as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of their investment in our common shares.

This discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions, and final, temporary and proposed Treasury regulations, all as of the date hereof, any of which is subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. U.S. Holders should consult

223


Table of Contents

their tax advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of owning and disposing of our common shares in their particular circumstances.

A "U.S. Holder" is a beneficial owner of our common shares for U.S. federal income tax purposes that is:

a citizen or individual resident of the United States;

a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state therein or the District of Columbia; or

an estate or trust the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source.

This discussion assumes that we are not, and will not become, a passive foreign investment company, as described below.

Taxation of distributions

Distributions paid on our common shares will generally be treated as dividends to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). Because we do not maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, it is expected that distributions will generally be reported to U.S. Holders as dividends. Dividends paid by qualified foreign corporations to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders may be taxable at favorable rates. A foreign corporation is treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid on stock that is readily tradable on a securities market in the United States, such as the New York Stock Exchange, where we intend to apply to list the our common shares for trading. Non-corporate U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers to determine whether the favorable rate will apply to dividends they receive and whether they are subject to any special rules that limit their ability to be taxed at this favorable rate.

A dividend generally will be included in a U.S. Holder's income when received, will be treated as foreign-source income to U.S. Holders and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally available to U.S. corporations under the Code with respect to dividends paid by domestic corporations.

Sale or other taxable disposition of common shares

Subject to the passive foreign investment company rules described below, gain or loss realized on the sale or other taxable disposition of our common shares will be capital gain or loss, and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder held our common shares for more than one year. Long-term capital gain of a non-corporate U.S. Holder is generally taxed at preferential rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. The amount of the gain or loss will equal the difference between the U.S. Holder's tax basis in the common shares disposed of and the amount realized on the disposition. This gain or loss will generally be U.S.-source gain or loss for foreign tax credit purposes.

Passive foreign investment company rules

We believe that we were not a "passive foreign investment company", or a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for 2012, and we do not expect to be a PFIC in the foreseeable future. However, because the composition of our income and assets will vary over time, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for any taxable year. The determination of whether we are a PFIC is made annually and is based upon the composition of our income and assets (including the income and assets of, among others, entities in which we hold at least a 25% interest), and the nature of our activities.

224


Table of Contents

If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder held our common shares, gain recognized by a U.S. Holder on a sale or other disposition (including certain pledges) of our common shares would generally be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder's holding period for the common shares. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or other disposition and to any year before we became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each other taxable year would be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for individuals or corporations for that year, as appropriate, and an interest charge would be imposed. Further, to the extent that any distribution received by a U.S. Holder on its common shares exceeds 125% of the average of the annual distributions on the shares received during the preceding three years or the U.S. Holder's holding period, whichever is shorter, that distribution would be subject to taxation in the same manner as gain, as described immediately above. Certain elections may be available that would result in alternative treatments (such as mark-to-market treatment) of our common shares. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers to determine whether any of these elections would be available and, if so, what the consequences of the alternative treatments would be in their particular circumstances.

Information reporting and backup withholding

Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries generally are subject to information reporting and may be subject to backup withholding unless (1) the U.S. Holder is a corporation or other exempt recipient or (2) in the case of backup withholding, the U.S. Holder provides a correct taxpayer identification number and certifies that it is not subject to backup withholding. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. Holder will be allowed as a credit against the holder's U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle it to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the Internal Revenue Service.

Chilean Tax on Transfers of Shares

The recently enacted Article 10 of the Chilean Income Tax Law Decree Law No. 824 of 1974, or the indirect transfer rules, was enacted in September, 2012 and imposes taxes on the indirect transfer of shares, equity rights, interests or other rights in the equity, control or profits of a Chilean entity as well as transfers of other assets and property of permanent establishments or other businesses in Chile, or the Chilean Asset.

The indirect transfer rules apply to sales of shares of an entity:

If such entity is an offshore holding company located in a black-listed tax haven jurisdiction as determined by Chilean tax law, or a black-listed jurisdiction, (such as Bermuda) that holds Chilean Assets; and either a Chilean resident holds 5% or more of such entity, or such entity's rights to equity, control or profits, or 50% or more of such entity's rights to equity or profits are held by residents in black-listed jurisdictions; or

the shares or rights transferred represent 10% or more of the offshore holding company (considering dispositions by related persons and over the preceding 12-month period) and the underlying Chilean Asset indirectly transferred, in the proportion indirectly owned by the seller, (a) are valued in an amount equal to or higher than UTA 210,000 (approximately US$200 million) (adjusted by the Chilean inflation unit of reference) or (b) represent 20% or more of the market value of the interest held by such seller in such offshore holding company.

As a result of these rules, a capital gain tax of 35% will be applied by the Chilean tax authorities to the sale of any of our shares if either of the above alternative are met.

225


Table of Contents

As of June 30, 2013, our Chilean Assets represented more than UTA 210,000 and represent more than 20% of our market value.

The 35% rate is calculated pursuant to one of the following methods, as determined by the seller:

the sale price of the shares minus the acquisition cost of such shares, multiplied by the percentage or proportion of the part of the underlying Chilean Assets' fair market value (which assets are deemed to be "indirectly transferred" by virtue of the sale of shares) to the fair market value of the shares of the seller; or

the portion of the sales price of the shares equal to the proportion of the fair market value of the underlying Chilean Assets, minus the corresponding proportion in the tax cost of such Chilean Asset for the corresponding holding entity.

However, the seller may opt to be taxed as if the underlying Chilean Asset had been sold directly in which case a different set of tax rules may apply.

The tax is payable by the seller of the shares; however, if the seller fails to declare and pay this tax, the Chilean tax authority (Servicio de Impuestos Internos) may charge such tax directly to the buyer. In addition, the Chilean tax authority may require us, the seller, the buyer, or its representative in Chile, to file an affidavit with the information necessary to assess this tax.

Immediately following the closing of the offering, based on information available to us, we do not expect (i) any Chilean resident will hold 5% or more of our rights to equity, control or profits; or (ii) residents in black-listed jurisdictions will hold 50% or more of our rights to equity, control or profits. Therefore, based on our current expectations, we do not believe the indirect transfer rules will apply to transfers of our shares immediately following the closing of the offering, unless the shares or rights transferred represent 10% or more of the company and the other conditions described above are met (considering dispositions by related persons and over the preceding 12-month period).

However, there can be no assurance that, at the closing or at any time following closing, a Chilean resident will not hold 5% or more of our rights to equity, control or profits or that residents in black-listed jurisdictions will not hold 50% or more of our rights to equity, control or profits. If this were to occur, all sales of our common shares would be subject to the indirect transfer tax referred to above.

Our expectations regarding the indirect transfer rules are based on our understandings, analysis and interpretation of these enacted indirect transfer rules, which are subject to additional interpretation and rule-making by the Chilean authorities. As such, there is uncertainty relating to the application and effect of the indirect transfer rules on us and our shareholders.

226


Table of Contents


Underwriting

Subject to the terms and subject to the conditions contained in an underwriting agreement dated                                          , 2013, among us and the underwriters, we have agreed to sell to the underwriters named below, and each of the underwriters has agreed, severally and not jointly, to purchase from us, at the public offering price less the underwriting discounts and commissions set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, the number of our common shares listed next to its name in the following table:

   
Underwriter
  Number of
common shares

 
   

J.P. Morgan Securities LLC

       

Banco BTG Pactual S.A.—Cayman Branch(1)

       

Itau BBA USA Securities Inc. 

       
       

Total

       
   

(1)    Banco BTG Pactual S.A.—Cayman Branch is not a broker-dealer registered with the SEC and therefore may not make sales of our common shares in the United States or to U.S. persons except in compliance with applicable U.S. laws and regulations. To the extent that Banco BTG Pactual S.A.—Cayman Branch intends to effect sales of our common shares in the United States, it will do so only through BTG Pactual US Capital LLC or one or more U.S. registered broker-dealers, or otherwise as permitted by applicable U.S. law.

The underwriters are committed to purchase all of the common shares offered by us if they purchase any common shares. The underwriting agreement provides that if an underwriter defaults on its obligation to purchase its share of our common shares being offered hereby, we or the non-defaulting underwriters may arrange for the purchase of such common shares by other persons satisfactory to us on the terms contained in the underwriting agreement, the purchase commitments of non-defaulting underwriters may be increased or this offering may be terminated. The underwriting agreement also provides that the obligation of the underwriters to place the common shares is subject to, among other conditions, the absence of any material adverse change in our business or prospects, the delivery of certain certificates, letter and legal opinions from us, our counsel and the independent auditors.

A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the websites maintained by one or more of the underwriters, or selling group members, if any, participating in this offering and one or more of the underwriters participating in this offering may distribute prospectuses electronically. The underwriters may agree to allocate a number of our common shares to underwriters and selling group members for sale to their online brokerage account holders. Internet distributions will be allocated to underwriters and selling group members that may make internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations.

Over-allotment option

We have granted the underwriters an option, at any time in whole, or from time to time in part, on or before the thirtieth day following the date of this prospectus, exercisable upon written notice from J.P. Morgan Securities LLC to us, to purchase up to              additional common shares, at the public offering price less an amount per common share equal to any dividends or distributions, if any, declared by us and payable on our common shares but not payable on these additional common shares, to cover over-allotments, if any. If any additional common shares are to be purchased with this over-allotment option, the underwriters will purchase such additional common shares in approximately the same proportion as shown in the table above. If any additional common shares are purchased, the underwriters will offer the additional common shares on the same terms as those on which the common shares are being offered.

227


Table of Contents

Underwriting discounts and commissions

The underwriters propose to offer our common shares directly to the public at the public offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus and to certain dealers at that price less a concession not in excess of US$              per common share. Any such dealers may resell common shares to certain other brokers or dealers at a discount of up to US$              per common share from the public offering price. After the public offering price of our common shares, the offering price and other selling terms may be changed by the underwriters. Sales of common shares made outside of the United States may be made by affiliates of the underwriters. After the public offering, the offering price and other selling terms may be changed. The offering of our common shares by the underwriters is subject to their receipt and acceptance of, and is also subject to their and our right to reject, any order in whole or in part.

The underwriting fee in connection with the offering of our common shares is equal to the public offering price per common shares less the amount paid by the underwriters to us. The underwriting fee is US$              per common share. The following table shows the per common share and total underwriting discounts and commissions to be paid to the underwriters in this offering assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the over-allotment option.

   
Underwriting discounts and commissions
  Without over-
allotment exercise

  With full over-
allotment exercise

 
   

Per common share

  US$     US$    

Total

  US$     US$    
   

We estimate that the total expenses of this offering, including taxes, registration, filing and listing fees, printing fees and legal and accounting expenses, but excluding the underwriting discounts and commissions, will be approximately US$              .

Lock-up agreements

We and our directors, executive officers and certain of our significant shareholders intend to enter into lock-up agreements with the representatives of the underwriters, prior to the commencement of this offering pursuant to which each of these persons or entities, for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, may not, without the prior written consent of the underwriters: (1) issue (applicable to us only), offer, pledge, announce the intention to sell, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, or file with the SEC or any other securities regulatory authority a registration statement or similar application under the Securities Act or any other securities law relating to, any of our common shares or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for our common shares (including without limitation, our common shares or such other securities which may be deemed to be beneficially owned by such person in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and securities which may be issued upon exercise of a stock option or warrant), or publicly disclose the intention to make any offer, sale, pledge, disposition or filing; (2) enter into any swap or other agreement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of our common shares or any such other securities, whether any such transaction described in clause (1) or (2) is to be settled by delivery of our common shares or such other securities, in cash or otherwise; or (3) make any demand for or exercise any right with respect to the registration of our common shares or any security convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for our common shares (applicable to our directors, executive officers and certain of our significant shareholders only). These restrictions do not

228


Table of Contents

apply to: (A) our common shares to be sold pursuant to this offering; or (B) any common shares we issue upon the exercise of options granted pursuant to our stock-based compensation plans.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, if: (1) during the last 17 days of the 180-day restricted period, we issue an earnings release or material news or a material event relating to us occurs; or (2) prior to the expiration of the 180-day restricted period, we announce that we will release earnings results during the 16-day period beginning on the last day of the 180-day period, the restrictions described above shall continue to apply until the expiration of the 18-day period beginning on the issuance of the earnings release or the occurrence of the material news or material event.

The underwriters, in their sole discretion, may release our common shares subject to the lock-up agreements described above in whole or in part at any time. However, the underwriters have advised us that they have no present intention or arrangement to release any of the securities subject to a lock-up agreement and any future request for such a release will be considered in light of the particular circumstances surrounding the request.

Indemnification

We have agreed to indemnify and hold harmless the underwriters and their affiliates, directors and officers against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or contribute to payments that the underwriters may be required to make in that respect.

Price stabilization and short positions

In connection with this offering, the underwriters, through J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, acting as the stabilization agent, may engage in stabilizing transactions, which involves making bids for, purchasing and selling our common shares in the open market for the purpose of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of our common shares while this offering is in progress. These stabilizing transactions may include making short sales of our common shares, which involves the sale by the stabilization agent of a greater number of our common shares than the underwriters are required to purchase in this offering, and purchasing our common shares in the open market to cover positions created by short sales. Short sales may be "covered" shorts, which are short positions in an amount not greater than the over-allotment option referred to above, or may be "naked" shorts, which are short positions in excess of that amount. The stabilization agent may close out any covered short position either by exercising its over-allotment option, in whole or in part, or by purchasing our common shares in the open market. In making this determination, the stabilization agent will consider, among other things, the price of our common shares available for purchase in the open market compared to the price at which the stabilization agent may purchase our common shares through the over-allotment option. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the stabilization agent is concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of our common shares in the open market that could adversely affect investors who purchase in the offering. To the extent that the stabilization agent creates a naked short position, it will purchase our common shares in the open market to cover the position.

The underwriters have advised us that, pursuant to Regulation M of the Securities Act, the stabilization agent may also engage in other activities that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of our common shares, including the imposition of penalty bids. This means that if the stabilization agent purchases our common shares in the open market in stabilizing transactions or to cover short sales, the stabilization agent may be required to sell those common shares as part of the offering or to repay the underwriting discount received by the stabilization agent.

229


Table of Contents

These activities may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our common shares or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of our common shares, and, as a result, the price of our common shares may be higher than the price that otherwise might exist in the open market. If the underwriters commence these activities, they may discontinue them at any time. The underwriters may carry out these transactions on the NYSE, in the over-the-counter market or otherwise.

Listing

We intend to apply to list our common shares on the NYSE under the symbol "         ." Prior to this offering, our common shares have traded, and immediately subsequent to this offering will continue to trade, on the AIM under the symbol "GPK" and on the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange under the symbol "GPK." We intend to cancel admission of our common shares to the AIM and the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange following the listing of our common shares on the NYSE.

Trading market

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market in the United States for our common shares. The public offering price will be determined by negotiations between us and the underwriters. In determining the public offering price, we and the underwriters expect to consider a number of factors including:

the information set forth in this prospectus and otherwise available to the underwriters;

our prospects and the history and prospects for the industry in which we compete;

an assessment of our management;

our prospects for future earnings;

the general condition of the securities markets at the time of this offering;

the recent market prices of, and demand for, publicly traded securities of generally comparable companies; and

other factors deemed relevant by the underwriters and us.

The price of our common shares on the AIM and the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange during recent periods may also be considered in determining the public offering price. It should be noted, however, that historically there has been a limited volume of trading in our common shares on the AIM and the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange. We intend to cancel admission of our common shares to the AIM and the Santiago Offshore Stock Exchange following the listing of our common shares on the NYSE.

Neither we nor the underwriters can assure investors that an active trading market on the NYSE will develop for our common shares or that such common shares will trade on the NYSE at or above the public offering price.

Other relationships

The underwriters and their respective affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include sales and trading, commercial and investment banking, advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, market making, brokerage and other financial and non-financial activities and services. Certain of the underwriters and their affiliates have provided in the past to us and our affiliates and may provide from time to time in the future certain

230


Table of Contents

commercial banking, financial advisory, investment banking and other services, including but not limited to credit facilities, for us and such affiliates in the ordinary course of their business, for which they have received and may continue to receive customary fees and commissions. In addition, from time to time, certain of the underwriters and their affiliates may effect transactions for their own account or the account of customers, and hold on behalf of themselves or their customers, long or short positions in our debt or equity securities or loans, and may do so in the future.

The underwriters and/or their respective affiliates may also enter into derivative transactions in connection with our common shares, acting at the order and for the account of their clients. The underwriters and/or their affiliates may also purchase some of our common shares offered hereby to hedge their risk exposure in connection with these transactions. Such transactions may have an effect on demand, price or other terms of this offering without, however, creating an artificial demand during this offering.

Selling restrictions

Other than in the United States, no action has been taken by us or the underwriters that would permit a public offering of the common shares offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required. The common shares offered by this prospectus may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, nor may this prospectus or any other offering material or advertisements in connection with the offer and sale of any such common shares be distributed or published in any jurisdiction, except under circumstances that will result in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations of that jurisdiction. Persons into whose possession this prospectus comes are advised to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to the offering and the distribution of this prospectus. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any common shares offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or a solicitation is unlawful.

United Kingdom

This document is only being distributed to and is only directed at (i) persons who are outside the United Kingdom or (ii) to investment professionals falling within Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005, or the Order, or (iii) high net worth entities, and other persons to whom it may lawfully be communicated, falling with Article 49 (2)(a) to (d) of the Order (all such persons together being referred to as "relevant persons"). Our common shares are only available to, and any invitation, offer or agreement to subscribe, purchase or otherwise acquire such securities will be engaged in only with, relevant persons. Any person who is not a relevant person should not act or rely on this document or any of its contents.

Member States of the European Economic Area

In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area which has implemented the Prospectus Directive (each, a "Relevant Member State"), from and including the date on which the European Union Prospectus Directive, or the EU Prospectus Directive, is implemented in that Relevant Member State, or the Relevant Implementation Date, an offer of our common shares described in this prospectus may not be made to the public in that Relevant Member State prior to the publication of a prospectus in relation to the common shares, which has been approved by the competent authority in that Relevant Member State or, where appropriate, approved in another Relevant Member State and notified to the competent authority in that Relevant Member State, all in accordance with the EU Prospectus Directive, except that it may, with

231


Table of Contents

effect from and including the Relevant Implementation Date, make an offer of such securities to the public in that Relevant Member State at any time:

to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined under the EU Prospectus Directive;

to fewer than 100 or, if the Relevant Member State has implemented the relevant provision of the 2010 PD Amending Directive, 150 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined in the EU Prospectus Directive); or

in any other circumstances falling within Article 3(2) of the EU Prospectus Directive, provided that no such offer of securities described in this prospectus shall result in a requirement for the publication by us of a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the EU Prospectus Directive.

For the purposes of this provision, the expression an "offer of securities to the public" in relation to any securities in any Relevant Member State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and our common shares, to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe for the securities, as the same may be varied in that Member State by any measure implementing the EU Prospectus Directive in that Member State. The expression "EU Prospectus Directive" means Directive 2003/71/EC (and any amendments thereto, including the 2010 PD Amending Directive, to the extent implemented in the Relevant Member State) and includes any relevant implementing measure in each Relevant Member State. The expression "2010 PD Amending Directive" means Directive 2010/73/EU.

France

No common shares have been offered or sold or will be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, to the public in France, except to permitted investors, or Permitted Investors, consisting of persons licensed to provide the investment service of portfolio management for the account of third parties, qualified investors (investisseurs qualifiés) acting for their own account and/or corporate investors meeting one of the four criteria provided in Article 1 of Decree No. 2004-1019 of September 28, 2004 and belonging to a "limited circle of investors" (cercle restreint d'investisseurs) acting for their own account with "qualified investors" and "limited circle of investors" having the meaning ascribed to them in Article L. 411-2 of the French Code Monétaire et Financier and applicable regulations thereunder; and the direct or indirect resale to the public in France of any of our common shares acquired by any Permitted Investors may be made only as provided by Articles L. 412-1 and L. 621-8 of the French Code Monétaire et Financier and applicable regulations thereunder. None of this prospectus or any other materials related to the offering or information contained herein or therein relating to our common shares has been released, issued or distributed to the public in France except to qualified investors (investisseurs qualifiés) and/or to a limited circle of investors (cercle restreint d'investisseurs) mentioned above.

Germany

Our common shares will not be offered, sold or publicly promoted or advertised in the Federal Republic of Germany other than in compliance with the German Securities Prospectus Act (Gesetz uber die Erstellung, Billigung und Veroffentlichung des Prospekts, der beim offentlicken Angebot von Wertpapieren oder bei der Zulassung von Wertpapieren zum Handel an einem organisierten Markt zu veroffenlichen ist—Wertpapierprospektgesetz) as of June 22, 2005, effective as of July 1, 2005, as amended, or any other laws and regulations applicable in the Federal Republic of Germany governing the issue, offering and sale of securities. No selling prospectus (Verkaufsprospeckt) within the meaning of the German Securities Selling

232


Table of Contents

Prospectus Act has been or will be registered within the Financial Supervisory Authority of the Federal Republic of Germany or otherwise published in Germany.

Ireland

Our common shares will not be placed in or involving Ireland otherwise than in conformity with the provisions of the Intermediaries Act 1995 of Ireland (as amended) including, without limitation, Sections 9 and 23 (including advertising restrictions made thereunder) thereof and the codes of conduct made under Section 37 thereof.

Italy

The offering of our common shares has not been registered pursuant to Italian securities legislation, and, accordingly, none of our common shares may be offered or sold in the Republic of Italy in a solicitation to the public, and sales of our common shares in the Republic of Italy shall be effected in accordance with all Italian securities, tax and exchange control and other applicable laws and regulation.

No offer, sale or delivery of our common shares, or distribution of copies of any document relating to our common shares, will be made in the Republic of Italy except: (a) to "Professional Investors", as defined in Article 31.2 of Regulation No. 11522 of 1 July 1998 of the Commissione Nazionale per la Società e la Borsa, or the CONSOB, as amended, or CONSOB Regulation No. 11522, pursuant to Article 30.2 and 100 of Legislative Decree No. 58 of 24 February 1998, as amended, or the Italian Financial Act; or (b) in any other circumstances where an express exemption from compliance with the solicitation restrictions applies, as provided under the Italian Financial Act or Regulation No. 11971 of 14 May 1999, as amended.

Any such offer, sale or delivery of our common shares, or any document relating to our common shares in the Republic of Italy must be: (i) made by investment firms, banks or financial intermediaries permitted to conduct such activities in the Republic of Italy in accordance with Legislative Decree No. 385 of 1 September 1993 as amended, the Italian Financial Act, CONSOB Regulation No. 11522 and any other applicable laws and regulations; and (ii) in compliance with any other applicable notification requirement or limitation which may be imposed by CONSOB or the Bank of Italy.

Investors should also note that, in any subsequent distribution of our common shares in the Republic of Italy, Article 100-bis of the Italian Financial Act may require compliance with the law relating to public offers of securities. Furthermore, where our common shares are placed solely with professional investors and are then systematically resold on the secondary market at any time in the 12 months following such placing, purchasers of our common shares who are acting outside of the course of their business or profession may in certain circumstances be entitled to declare such purchase void and to claim damages from any authorized person at whose premises our common shares were purchased, unless an exemption provided for under the Italian Financial Act applies.

Netherlands

Our common shares may not be offered, sold, transferred or delivered, in or from the Netherlands, as part of the initial distribution or as part of any reoffering, and neither this prospectus nor any other document in respect of the international offering may be distributed in or from the Netherlands, other than to individuals or legal entities who or which trade or invest in securities in the conduct of their profession or trade (which includes banks, investment banks, securities firms, insurance companies, pension funds, other institutional investors and treasury departments and finance companies of large enterprises), in which case, it must be made clear upon making the offer and from any documents or advertisements in which a forthcoming offering of our common shares is publicly announced that the offer is exclusively made to said individuals or legal entities.

233


Table of Contents

Portugal

No document, circular, advertisement or any offering material in relation to our common shares has been or will be subject to approval by the Portuguese Securities Market Commission (Comissão do Mercado de Valores Mobiliários), or the CMVM. None of our common shares may be offered, reoffered, advertised, sold, resold or delivered in circumstances which could qualify as a public offer (oferta pública) pursuant to the Portuguese Securities Code (Código dos Valores Mobiliários), and/or in circumstances which could qualify the issue of our common shares as an issue or public placement of securities in the Portuguese market. This prospectus and any document, circular, advertisements or any offering material may not be directly or indirectly distributed to the public. All offers, sales and distributions of our common shares have been and may only be made in Portugal in circumstances that, pursuant to the Portuguese Securities Code, qualify as a private placement (oferta particular), all in accordance with the Portuguese Securities Code. Pursuant to the Portuguese Securities Code, the private placement in Portugal or to Portuguese residents of our common shares by public companies (sociedades abertas) or by companies that are issuers of securities listed on a market must be notified to the CMVM for statistical purposes. Any offer or sale of our common shares in Portugal must comply with all applicable provisions of the Portuguese Securities Code and any applicable CMVM Regulations and all relevant Portuguese laws and regulations. The placement of our common shares in the Portuguese jurisdiction or to any entities which are resident in Portugal, including the publication of a prospectus, when applicable, must comply with all applicable laws and regulations in force in Portugal and with the Prospectus Directive, and such placement shall only be performed to the extent that there is full compliance with such laws and regulations.

Spain

Our common shares have not been registered with the Spanish National Commission for the Securities Market and, therefore, none of our common shares may be publicly offered, sold or delivered, nor any public offer in respect of our common shares made, nor may any prospectus or any other offering or publicity material relating to our common shares be distributed in Spain by the international agents or any person acting on their behalf, except in compliance with Spanish laws and regulations.

Switzerland

This prospectus, as well as any other material relating to our common shares, which are the subject of the international offering contemplated by this prospectus, do not constitute an issue prospectus pursuant to Article 652a of the Swiss Code of Obligations. Our common shares will not be listed on the SWX Swiss Exchange and, therefore, the documents relating to our common shares, including, but not limited to, this document, do not claim to comply with the disclosure standards of the listing rules of the SWX Swiss Exchange and corresponding prospectus schemes annexed to the listing rules of the SWX Swiss Exchange. Our common shares are being offered in Switzerland by way of a private placement, (i.e., to a small number of selected investors only, without any public offer and only to investors who do not purchase our common shares with the intention to distribute them to the public). The investors will be individually approached by the international underwriters from time to time. This document, as well as any other material relating to our common shares is personal and confidential and do not constitute an offer to any other person. This document may only be used by those investors to whom it has been provided in connection with the international offering described herein and may neither directly nor indirectly be distributed or made available to other persons without our express consent. It may not be used in connection with any other offer and shall in particular not be copied and/or distributed to the public in (or from) Switzerland.

234


Table of Contents

Australia

This prospectus is not a formal disclosure document and has not been, nor will it be, lodged with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission. It does not purport to contain all information that an investor or their professional advisers would expect to find in a prospectus or other disclosure document (as defined in the Corporations Act 2001 (Australia)) for the purposes of Part 6D.2 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Australia) or in a product disclosure statement for the purposes of Part 7.9 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Australia), in either case, in relation to our common shares.

Our common shares are not being offered in Australia to "retail clients" as defined in sections 761G and 761GA of the Corporations Act 2001 (Australia). The international offering is being made in Australia solely to "wholesale clients" for the purposes of section 761G of the Corporations Act 2001 (Australia) and, as such, no prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document in relation to our common shares has been, or will be, prepared.

This prospectus does not constitute an offer in Australia other than to persons who do not require disclosure under Part 6D.2 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Australia) and who are wholesale clients for the purposes of section 761G of the Corporations Act 2001 (Australia). By submitting an application for our common shares, you represent and warrant to us that you are a person who does not require disclosure under Part 6D.2 and who is a wholesale client for the purposes of section 761G of the Corporations Act 2001 (Australia). If any recipient of this prospectus is not a wholesale client, no offer of, or invitation to apply for, our common shares shall be deemed to be made to such recipient and no applications for our common shares will be accepted from such recipient. Any offer to a recipient in Australia, and any agreement arising from acceptance of such offer, is personal and may only be accepted by the recipient. In addition, by applying for our common shares, you undertake to us that, for a period of 12 months from the date of issue of our common shares, you will not transfer any interest in our common shares to any person in Australia other than to a person who does not require disclosure under Part 6D.2 and who is a wholesale client.

China

Our common shares may not be offered or sold directly or indirectly to the public in the People's Republic of China (China), and neither this prospectus, which has not been submitted to the Chinese Securities and Regulatory Commission, nor any offering material or information contained herein relating to our common shares may be supplied to the public in China or used in connection with any offer for the subscription or sale of our common shares to the public in China. Our common shares may only be offered or sold to China-related organizations which are authorized to engage in foreign exchange business and offshore investment from outside of China. Such China-related investors may be subject to foreign exchange control approval and filing requirements under the relevant Chinese foreign exchange regulations. For the purpose of this paragraph, China does not include Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.

Hong Kong

This prospectus has not been reviewed or approved by or registered with any regulatory authority in Hong Kong. You are advised to exercise caution in relation to the offer. If you are in any doubt about any of the contents of this prospectus, you should obtain independent professional advice. No person may offer or sell in Hong Kong, by means of any document, any of our common shares other than (i) to "professional investors" as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) of Hong Kong and any rules made under that Ordinance; or (ii) in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a "prospectus" as defined in the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32) of Hong Kong or which do not constitute an

235


Table of Contents

offer or invitation to the public within the meaning of that Companies Ordinance. No person may issue or have in its possession for the purposes of issue, whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere, any advertisement, invitation or document relating to our common shares that is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public of Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to our common shares that are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to "professional investors" as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance and any rules made thereunder or to any persons in the circumstances referred to in paragraph (ii) above.

Japan

Our common shares have not been and will not be registered under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan, or the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law, and, accordingly, no offer or sale of any of our common shares, directly or indirectly, will be made in Japan or to, or for the benefit of any resident of Japan (which term as used herein means any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan), or to others for re-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to a resident of Japan except pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with, the Securities and Exchange Law and any other applicable laws, regulations and ministerial guidelines of Japan. For purposes of this paragraph, "resident of Japan" shall have the meaning as defined under the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law of Japan.

Singapore

This prospectus has not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore, or the MAS, under the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore, or the Securities and Futures Act. Accordingly, our common shares may not be offered or sold or made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, nor may this prospectus or any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale or invitation for subscription or purchase of such common shares be circulated or distributed, whether directly or indirectly, to any person in Singapore other than (a) to an institutional investor pursuant to Section 274 of the Securities and Futures Act, (b) to a relevant person, or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A) of the Securities and Futures Act, and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275 of the Securities and Futures Act, or (c) pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the Securities and Futures Act.

Each of the following relevant persons specified in Section 275 of the Securities and Futures Act which has subscribed or purchased our common shares, namely, a person who is: (i) a corporation (which is not an accredited investor (as defined in Section 4A of the SFA)) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or (ii) a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary is an accredited investor, should note that shares, debentures and units of shares and debentures of that corporation or the beneficiaries' rights and interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferable for six months after that corporation or that trust has acquired our common shares under Section 275 of the Securities and Futures Act except:

to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the Securities and Futures Act or to a relevant person defined in Section 275(2) of the Securities and Futures Act, or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A) of the Securities and Futures Act, and in accordance with the conditions, specified in Section 275 of the Securities and Futures Act;

236


Table of Contents

where no consideration is or will be given for the transfer;

by operation of law; or

as specified in Section 276(7) of the Securities and Futures Act.

South Korea

Our common shares have not been and will not be registered with the Financial Services Commission of Korea for public offering in Korea under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, or the FSCMA. Our common shares may not be offered, sold or delivered, or offered or sold for reoffering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Korea or to any Korean resident (as such term is defined in the Foreign Exchange Transaction Law of Korea, or FETL) other than the Accredited Investors (as such term is defined in Article 11 of the Presidential Decree of the FSCMA), for a period of one year from the date of issuance of our common shares, except pursuant to the applicable laws and regulations of Korea, including the FSCMA and the FETL and the decrees and regulations thereunder. Our common shares may not be resold to Korean residents unless the purchaser of our common shares complies with all applicable regulatory requirements (including but not limited to government reporting requirements under the FETL and its subordinate decrees and regulations) in connection with the purchase of our common shares.

Kuwait

Our common shares have not been authorized or licensed for offering, marketing or sale in the State of Kuwait. The distribution of this prospectus and the offering and sale of our common shares in the State of Kuwait are restricted by law unless a license is obtained from the Kuwait Ministry of Commerce and Industry in accordance with Law 31 of 1990. Persons into whose possession this prospectus comes are required by us and the international underwriters to inform themselves about and to observe such restrictions. Investors in the State of Kuwait who approach us or any of the international underwriters to obtain copies of this prospectus are required by us and the international underwriters to keep such prospectus confidential and not to make copies thereof or distribute the same to any other person and are also required to observe the restrictions provided for in all jurisdictions with respect to offering, marketing and the sale of our common shares.

Qatar

This offering of our common shares does not constitute a public offer of securities in the State of Qatar under Law No. 5 of 2002 (the Commercial Companies Law). Our common shares are only being offered to a limited number of investors who are willing and able to conduct an independent investigation of the risks involved in an investment in our common shares or have sufficient knowledge of the risks involved in an investment in our common shares or are benefiting from preferential terms under a directed unit program for directors, officers and employees. No transaction will be concluded in the jurisdiction of the State of Qatar.

United Arab Emirates

NOTICE TO PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (EXCLUDING THE DUBAI INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL CENTRE)

Our common shares have not been, and are not being, publicly offered, sold, promoted or advertised in the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) other than in compliance with the laws of the U.A.E. Prospective investors in the Dubai International Financial Centre should have regard to the specific notice to prospective investors in the Dubai International Financial Centre set out below. The information contained in this prospectus

237


Table of Contents

does not constitute a public offer of our common shares in the U.A.E. in accordance with the Commercial Companies Law (Federal Law No. 8 of 1984 of the U.A.E., as amended) or otherwise and is not intended to be a public offer. This prospectus has not been approved by or filed with the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates, the Emirates Securities and Commodities Authority or the Dubai Financial Services Authority, or DFSA. If you do not understand the contents of this prospectus, you should consult an authorized financial adviser. This prospectus is provided for the benefit of the recipient only, and should not be delivered to, or relied on by, any other person.

The Dubai International Financial Centre

This prospectus relates to an Exempt Offer in accordance with the Offered Securities Rules of the DFSA. This prospectus is intended for distribution only to persons of a type specified in the Offered Securities Rules of the DFSA. It must not be delivered to, or relied on by, any other person. The DFSA has no responsibility for reviewing or verifying any documents in connection with Exempt Offers. The DFSA has not approved this prospectus nor taken steps to verify the information set forth herein and has no responsibility for the prospectus. Our common shares, to which this prospectus relates, may be illiquid and/or subject to restrictions on their resale. Prospective purchasers of our common shares offered should conduct their own due diligence on our common shares. If you do not understand the contents of this prospectus, you should consult an authorized financial adviser.

Saudi Arabia

Any investor in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia or who is a Saudi person (a Saudi Investor) who acquires our common shares pursuant to this offering should note that the offer of our common shares is an exempt offer under subparagraph (3) of paragraph (a) of Article 16 of the "Offer of Securities Regulations" as issued by the Board of the Capital Market Authority resolution number 2-11-2004 dated October 4, 2004 and amended by the resolution of the Board of Capital Market Authority resolution number 1-33-2004 dated December 21, 2004 (the KSA Regulations). Our common shares may be offered to no more than 60 Saudi Investors and the minimum amount payable per Saudi Investor must not be less than Saudi Riyal (SR) 1 million or an equivalent amount. This offering of our common shares is therefore exempt from the public offer provisions of the KSA Regulations, but is subject to the following restrictions on secondary market activity: (a) A Saudi Investor (the transferor) who has acquired our common shares pursuant to this exempt offer may not offer or sell our common shares to any person (referred to as a transferee) unless the price to be paid by the transferee for such our common shares equals or exceeds SR1 million. (b) If the provisions of paragraph (a) cannot be fulfilled because the price of our common shares being offered or sold to the transferee has declined since the date of the original exempt offer, the transferor may offer our common shares to the transferee if their purchase price during the period of the original exempt offer was equal to or exceeded SR1 million. (c) If the provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b) cannot be fulfilled, the transferor may offer or sell our common shares if he/she sells his entire holding of our common shares to one transferee.

Argentina

This prospectus has not been registered with the Comisión Nacional de Valores and may not be offered publicly in Argentina. The prospectus may not be publicly distributed in Argentina, and neither we nor the underwriters will solicit the public in Argentina in connection with this prospectus.

Brazil

For purposes of Brazilian law, this offer of our common shares is addressed to you personally, upon your request and for your sole benefit, and is not to be transmitted to anyone else, to be relied upon elsewhere

238


Table of Contents

or for any other purpose either quoted or referred to in any other public or private document or to be filed with anyone without our prior, express and written consent.

The common shares offered hereby have not and will not be issued nor publicly placed, distributed, offered or negotiated in the Brazilian capital markets. Accordingly, our common shares and the offering have not been and will not be registered with the Brazilian Securities Commission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários). Any public offering or distribution, as defined under Brazilian laws and regulations, of our common shares in Brazil is not legal without prior registration under Brazilian Federal Law No. 6,385/76, as amended, and Instruction No. 400, issued by the Brazilian Securities Commission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários) on December 29, 2003, as amended.

Therefore, as this prospectus does not constitute or form part of any public offering to sell or solicitation of a public offering to buy any shares or assets, this offering and THE COMMON SHARES OFFERED HEREBY HAVE NOT BEEN, AND WILL NOT BE, AND MAY NOT BE OFFERED FOR SALE OR SOLD IN BRAZIL EXCEPT IN CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH DO NOT CONSTITUTE A PUBLIC OFFERING OR DISTRIBUTION UNDER BRAZILIAN LAWS AND REGULATIONS. DOCUMENTS RELATING TO OUR COMMON SHARES, AS WELL AS THE INFORMATION CONTAINED THEREIN, MAY NOT BE SUPPLIED TO THE PUBLIC IN BRAZIL (AS THE OFFERING IS NOT A PUBLIC OFFERING OF SECURITIES IN BRAZIL), NOR BE USED IN CONNECTION WITH ANY OFFER FOR SUBSCRIPTION OR SALE OF OUR COMMON SHARES TO THE PUBLIC IN BRAZIL. THEREFORE, EACH OF THE UNDERWRITERS NAMED UNDER THIS PROSPECTUS HAS REPRESENTED, WARRANTED AND AGREED THAT IT HAS NOT OFFERED OR SOLD, AND WILL NOT OFFER OR SELL, THE OUR COMMON SHARES IN BRAZIL, EXCEPT IN CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH DO NOT CONSTITUTE A PUBLIC OFFERING, PLACEMENT, DISTRIBUTION OR NEGOTIATION OF SECURITIES IN THE BRAZILIAN CAPITAL MARKETS REGULATED BY BRAZILIAN LEGISLATION.

Chile

The common shares offered hereby are not registered in the Foreign Securities Registry (Registro de Valores Extranjeros) or subject to the control of the Chilean Securities and Exchange Commission (Superintendencia de Valores y Seguros de Chile). This prospectus and other offering materials relating to the offer of our common shares do not constitute a public offer of, or an invitation to subscribe for or purchase, our common shares in the Republic of Chile, other than to individually identified purchasers pursuant to a private offering within the meaning of Article 4 of the Chilean Securities Market Act (Ley de Mercado de Valores) (an offer that is not "addressed to the public at large or to a certain sector or specific group of the public") and under the terms and conditions of general ruling No. 336 of the Chilean Securities and Exchange Commission.

Colombia

Our common shares have not been and will not be registered on the Colombian National Registry of Securities and Issuers or in the Colombian Stock Exchange, the Integrated System of Foreign Securities Exchange, or any other listing in the Colombian Stock Exchange for foreign securities. Therefore, our common shares may not be publicly offered in Colombia.

Mexico

Our common shares have not been registered in Mexico with the Securities Section (Sección de Valores) of the National Securities Registry (Registro Nacional de Valores) maintained by the Comisión Nacional Bancaria y de Valores, and no action has been or will be taken that would permit the offer or sale of our common shares in Mexico absent an available exemption under Article 8 of the Mexican Securities Market Law (Ley del Mercado de Valores).

Peru

Our common shares have not been and will not be approved by or registered with the Peruvian securities regulatory authority, the Superintendency of the Securities Market (Superintendencia del Mercado de Valores).

239


Table of Contents


Expenses of the offering

We estimate that our expenses in connection with the offering, other than underwriting discounts and commissions, will be as follows:

   
 
  Amount (in US$)
  Percentage of net
proceeds of the
offering (%)

 
   

SEC registration fee

             

New York Stock Exchange listing fees

             

FINRA filing fee

             

Printing expenses

             

Legal fees and expenses

             

Accountant fees and expenses. 

             

Miscellaneous fees

             
       

Total

             
   

240


Table of Contents


Legal matters

The validity of the common shares and certain other matters of Bermuda law will be passed upon for us by Cox Hallett Wilkinson Limited, Hamilton, Bermuda. Certain matters of U.S. federal and New York State law will be passed upon for us by Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, New York, New York, and for the underwriters by White & Case LLP, New York, New York. Certain legal matters with respect to Colombian law will be passed upon for us by Suarez Zapata Partners Abogados, Bogotá, Colombia, and for the underwriters by Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta Abogados. Certain legal matters with respect to Chilean law will be passed upon for us by Barros & Errázuriz Abogados Limitada and for the underwriters by Carey y Cía Ltda. Certain legal matters with respect to Brazilian law will be passed upon for us by Machado, Meyer, Sendacz e Opice Advogados, and for the underwriters by Pinheiro Neto Advogados.

241


Table of Contents


Experts

The consolidated financial statements of GeoPark Holdings Limited as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2012 included in this Prospectus have been so included in reliance on the report of Price Waterhouse & Co. S.R.L., an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting. Price Waterhouse & Co. S.R.L is a member of the Professional Council of Economic Sciences of the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

The current address of Price Waterhouse & Co. S.R.L. is Bouchard 557, Floor 8, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

The consolidated financial statements of Winchester Oil and Gas S.A. as of December 31, 2011 and for the year ended December 31, 2011, as of January 31, 2012 and for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012 included in this prospectus have been so included in reliance on the reports (which contain a qualification relating to the exclusion of comparative information, as discussed in note 2.1) of PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda., independent accountants, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting. PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda. is a member of the Central Board of Accountants, Colombia.

The consolidated financial statements of La Luna Oil Company Limited S.A. as of December 31, 2011 and for the year ended December 31, 2011, as of January 31, 2012 and for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012 included in this prospectus have been so included in reliance on the reports (which contain a qualification relating to the exclusion of comparative information as discussed in note 2.1 of PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda., independent accountants, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting. PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda. is a member of the Central Board of Accountants, Colombia.

The consolidated financial statements of Hupecol Cuerva LLC as of December 31, 2011 and for the year ended December 31, 2011, as of March 31, 2012 and for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012 included in this Prospectus have been so included in reliance on the reports of PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda., independent accountants, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting. PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda. is a member of the Central Board of Accountants, Colombia.

The current address of PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda. is Calle 100 No 11A 35, Floor 5, Bogotá, Colombia.

The consolidated financial statements of Rio das Contas as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2012 included in this Prospectus have been so included in reliance on the report of Ernst & Young Terco Auditores Independientes S.S., independent auditors, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.

The current address of Ernst & Young Terco Auditores Independientes S.S. is Praia de Botafogo 370, 8th Floor, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The information included in this prospectus for Chile, Colombia and Argentina regarding estimated quantities of proved reserves, the future net revenues from those reserves and their present value is based, in part, on estimates of the proved reserves and present values of proved reserves as of December 31, 2012. The reserves estimates are based on a report prepared by DeGolyer and MacNaughton, independent reserves engineers. These estimates are included in this prospectus in reliance upon the authority of such firm as an expert in these matters.

The current address of DeGolyer and MacNaughton is 5001 Spring Valley Road, Suite 800 East, Dallas, Texas 75244.

242


Table of Contents


Enforcement of judgments

We are incorporated as an exempted company under the laws of Bermuda, and substantially all of our assets are located in Chile, Colombia and Argentina. Upon completion of our Brazil Acquisitions, certain of our assets will be located in Brazil. In addition, most of our directors and executive officers reside outside the United States, and all or a substantial portion of the assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process on those persons in the United States or to enforce in the United States judgments obtained in U.S. courts against us or those persons based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws.

We have been advised by Cox Hallett Wilkinson Limited, our Bermuda counsel, that there is no treaty in force between the United States and Bermuda providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. As a result, whether a U.S. judgment would be enforceable in Bermuda against us or our directors and officers depends on whether the U.S. court that entered the judgment is recognized by the Bermuda court as having jurisdiction over us or our directors and officers, as determined by reference to Bermuda conflict of law rules. A judgment debt from a U.S. court that is final and for a sum certain based on U.S. federal securities laws will not be enforceable in Bermuda unless the judgment debtor had submitted to the jurisdiction of the U.S. court, and the issue of submission and jurisdiction is a matter of Bermuda (not U.S.) law.

An action brought pursuant to a public or penal law, the purpose of which is the enforcement of a sanction, power or right at the instance of the state in its sovereign capacity, may not be entertained by a Bermuda court. Certain remedies available under the laws of U.S. jurisdictions, including certain remedies under U.S. federal securities laws, may not be available under Bermuda law or enforceable in a Bermuda court, as they may be contrary to Bermuda public policy. Further, no claim may be brought in Bermuda against us or our directors and officers in the first instance for violations of U.S. federal securities laws because these laws have no extraterritorial jurisdiction under Bermuda law and do not have force of law in Bermuda. A Bermuda court may, however, impose civil liability on us or our directors and officers if the facts alleged in a complaint constitute or give rise to a cause of action under Bermuda law. However, section 281 of the Bermuda Companies Act allows a Bermuda court, in certain circumstances, to relieve officers and directors of Bermuda companies of liability for acts of negligence, breach of duty or trust or other defaults.

Section 98 of the Bermuda Companies Act provides generally that a Bermuda company may indemnify its directors, officers and auditors against any liability which by virtue of any rule of law would otherwise be imposed on them in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust, except in cases where such liability arises from fraud or dishonesty of which such director, officer or auditor may be guilty in relation to the company. Section 98 further provides that a Bermuda company may indemnify its directors, officers and auditors against any liability incurred by them in defending any proceedings, whether civil or criminal, in which judgment is awarded in their favor or in which they are acquitted or granted relief by the Supreme Court of Bermuda pursuant to Section 281 of the Bermuda Companies Act.

Our bye-laws contain provisions whereby we and our shareholders waive any claim or right of action that they have, both individually and on our behalf, against any director or officer in relation to any action or failure to take action by such director or officer, except in respect of any fraud or dishonesty of such director or officer. We may also indemnify our directors and officers in their capacity as directors and officers for any loss arising or liability attaching to them by virtue of any rule of law in respect of any negligence, default, breach of trust of which a director or officer may be guilty in relation to the company

243


Table of Contents

other than in respect of his own fraud or dishonesty. We have entered into customary indemnification agreements with our directors.

We have been advised by Barros & Errázuriz Abogados Limitada, our Chilean counsel, that no treaty exists between the United States and Chile for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. Chilean courts, however, have enforced valid and conclusive judgments for the payment of money rendered by competent U.S. courts by virtue of the legal principles of reciprocity and comity, subject to review in Chile of the U.S. judgment in order to ascertain whether certain basic principles of due process and public policy have been respected, without retrial or review of the merits of the subject matter. If a U.S. court grants a final judgment, enforceability of this judgment in Chile will be subject to obtaining the relevant exequatur (i.e., recognition and enforcement of the foreign judgment) according to Chilean civil procedure law in effect at that time, and depending on certain factors (the satisfaction or non-satisfaction of which would be determined by the Supreme Court of Chile). Currently, the most important of such factors are: the existence of reciprocity (if it can be proved that there is no reciprocity in the recognition and enforcement of the foreign judgment between the United States and Chile, that judgment would not be enforced in Chile); the absence of any conflict between the foreign judgment and Chilean laws (excluding for this purpose the laws of civil procedure) and Chilean public policy; the absence of a conflicting judgment by a Chilean court relating to the same parties and arising from the same facts and circumstances; the Chilean court's determination that the U.S. courts had jurisdiction, that process was appropriately served on the defendant and that the defendant was afforded a real opportunity to appear before the court and defend its case; and the judgment being final under the laws of the country in which it was rendered. Nonetheless, we have been advised by our Chilean counsel that there is doubt as to the enforceability in original actions in Chilean courts of liabilities predicated solely upon U.S. federal or state securities laws.

We have been advised by Suarez Zapata Partners Abogados, our Colombian counsel, that Colombian courts will determine whether to enforce a foreign judgment through a procedural system known as exequatur under Colombian law. According to Colombian law, foreign judgments are enforceable in Colombia if a treaty exists between Colombia and the country where the judgment was granted. If no such treaty exists, a foreign judgment would be enforceable in Colombia under the same terms as a Colombian judgment would be enforceable in such foreign country. There is no treaty in force between the United States and Colombia providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters.

We have been advised by Machado Meyer Sendacz e Opice Advogados, our Brazilian counsel, that no treaty exists between the U.S. and Brazil for the reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments. It is the opinion of our Brazilian counsel that a court decision issued in the U.S. territory will be treated as a common foreign court decision, henceforth it must be recognized by the President of the Superior Court of Justice, or the STJ. Any court decision issued by a foreign court must comply with the formal requirements of Resolution STJ n. 9. Article 5 thereof has the following requisites of enforceability: (1) the court decision must be issued by a competent court; (2) the parties must be regularly summoned, or the contumacy must be duly certified in the lawsuit; (3) the court decision must be final and unappealable; and, (4) the court decision must be duly legalized before the Brazilian Consulate in the U.S. Furthermore, Article 6 of Resolution STJ n. 9 provides that the court decision may not affront the public policy. After the filing of the lawsuit before the STJ, which is known as Recognition of Foreign Court Decision, the defendant will be summoned to present, in 15 days, its arguments, restricted to above-mentioned Articles 5 and 6 of the Resolution. The President of the STJ will only analyze the formal aspects of the court decision and not the merits thereof. Having concluded the analysis, if the court decision is recognized, it will be enforced by a Federal Court, as

244


Table of Contents

a common domestic court decision, provided that a court decision condemning a defendant to transfer a Real Estate property may not be recognized by the STJ, due to the exclusive competence of Brazilian Courts to judge rights over Real Estate properties in the Brazilian territory, according the Article 89, I, of the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code. Regarding arbitral awards issued by an Arbitral Tribunal in U.S. territory, it is possible to follow the New York Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards/1958, or the NY Contention. According to the NY Convention, the award will be considered enforceable as a domestic arbitral award after the recognition by the President of the STJ, as mentioned above.

245


Table of Contents


Where you can find additional information

We have filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission a registration statement (including amendments and exhibits to the registration statement) on Form F-1 under the Securities Act. This prospectus, which is part of the registration statement, does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules to the registration statement. For further information, we refer you to the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules filed as part of the registration statement. If a document has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement, we refer you to the copy of the document that has been filed. Each statement in this prospectus relating to a document filed as an exhibit is qualified in all respects by the filed exhibit.

Upon completion of this offering, we will become subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Accordingly, we will be required to file reports and other information with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 20-F and reports on Form 6-K. You may inspect and copy reports and other information filed with the SEC at the Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt under the Exchange Act from, among other things, the rules prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our executive officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will not be required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.

We will send the transfer agent a copy of all notices of shareholders' meetings and other reports, communications and information that are made generally available to shareholders. The transfer agent has agreed to mail to all shareholders a notice containing the information (or a summary of the information) contained in any notice of a meeting of our shareholders received by the transfer agent and will make available to all shareholders such notices and all such other reports and communications received by the transfer agent.

246


Table of Contents


Glossary of oil and natural gas terms

The terms defined in this section are used throughout this prospectus:

"appraisal well" means a well drilled to further confirm and evaluate the presence of hydrocarbons in a reservoir that has been discovered.

"API" means the American Petroleum Institute's inverted scale for denoting the "light" or "heaviness" of crude oils and other liquid hydrocarbons.

"bbl" means one stock tank barrel, of 42 U.S. gallons liquid volume, used herein in reference to crude oil, condensate or natural gas liquids.

"bcf" means one billion cubic feet of natural gas.

"boe" means barrels of oil equivalent, with 6,000 cubic feet of natural gas being equivalent to one barrel of oil.

"bopd" means barrels of oil per day.

"British thermal unit" or "btu" means the heat required to raise the temperature of a one-pound mass of water from 58.5 to 59.5 degrees Fahrenheit.

"basin" means a large natural depression on the earth's surface in which sediments generally brought by water accumulate.

"completion" means the process of treating a drilled well followed by the installation of permanent equipment for the production of natural gas or oil, or in the case of a dry hole, the reporting of abandonment to the appropriate agency.

"developed acreage" means the number of acres that are allocated or assignable to productive wells or wells capable of production.

"developed reserves" are expected quantities to be recovered from existing wells and facilities. Reserves are considered developed only after the necessary equipment has been installed or when the costs to do so are relatively minor compared to the cost of a well. Where required facilities become unavailable, it may be necessary to reclassify developed reserves as undeveloped.

"development well" means a well drilled within the proved area of an oil or gas reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to be productive.

"dry hole" means a well found to be incapable of producing hydrocarbons in sufficient quantities such that proceeds from the sale of such production exceed production expenses and taxes.

"economic interest" means an indirect participation interest in the net revenues from a given block based on bilateral agreements with the concessionaires.

"economically producible" means a resource that generates revenue that exceeds, or is reasonably expected to exceed, the costs of the operation.

"exploratory well" means a well drilled to find and produce oil or gas in an unproved area, to find a new reservoir in a field previously found to be productive of oil or gas in another reservoir, or to extend a known reservoir. Generally, an exploratory well is any well that is not a development well, a service well, or a stratigraphic test well as those items are defined below.

A-1


Table of Contents

"field" means an area consisting of a single reservoir or multiple reservoirs all grouped on or related to the same individual geological structural feature and/or stratigraphic condition. There may be two or more reservoirs in a field that are separated vertically by intervening impervious strata, or laterally by local geologic barriers, or by both. Reservoirs that are associated by being in overlapping or adjacent fields may be treated as a single or common operational field. The geological terms structural feature and stratigraphic condition are intended to identify localized geological features as opposed to the broader terms of basins, trends, provinces, plays, areas-of-interest, etc.

"formation" means a layer of rock which has distinct characteristics that differ from nearby rock.

"mbbl" means one thousand barrels of crude oil, condensate or natural gas liquids.

"mboe" means one thousand barrels of oil equivalent.

"mcf" means one thousand cubic feet of natural gas.

"metric ton" or "MT" means one thousand kilograms. Assuming standard quality oil, one metric ton equals 7.9 bbl.

"mmbbl" means one million barrels of crude oil, condensate or natural gas liquids.

"mmboe" means one million barrels of oil equivalent.

"mmbtu" means one million British thermal units.

"NYMEX" means The New York Mercantile Exchange.

"net acres" means the percentage of total acres an owner has out of a particular number of acres, or a specified tract. An owner who has a 50% interest in 100 acres owns 50 net acres.

"productive well" means a well that is found to be capable of producing hydrocarbons in sufficient quantities such that proceeds from the sale of the production exceed production expenses and taxes.

"prospect" means a potential trap which may contain hydrocarbons and is supported by the necessary amount and quality of geologic and geophysical data to indicate a probability of oil and/or natural gas accumulation ready to be drilled. The five required elements (generation, migration, reservoir, seal and trap) must be present for a prospect to work and if any of them fail neither oil nor natural gas will be present, at least not in commercial volumes.

"proved developed reserves" means those proved reserves that can be expected to be recovered through existing wells and facilities and by existing operating methods.

"proved reserves" means estimated quantities of crude oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids which geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be economically recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions, as well as additional reserves expected to be obtained through confirmed improved recovery techniques, as defined in SEC Regulation S-X 4-10(a)(2).

"proved undeveloped reserves" means are those proved reserves that are expected to be recovered from future wells and facilities, including future improved recovery projects which are anticipated with a high degree of certainty in reservoirs which have previously shown favorable response to improved recovery projects.

"reasonable certainty" means a high degree of confidence.

A-2


Table of Contents

"recompletion" means the process of re-entering an existing wellbore that is either producing or not producing and completing new reservoirs in an attempt to establish or increase existing production.

"reserves" means estimated remaining quantities of oil and gas and related substances anticipated to be economically producible, as of a given date, by application of development projects to known accumulations. In addition, there must exist, or there must be a reasonable expectation that there will exist, a revenue interest in the production, installed means of delivering oil, gas, or related substances to market, and all permits and financing required to implement the project.

"reservoir" means a porous and permeable underground formation containing a natural accumulation of producible oil and/or gas that is confined by impermeable rock or water barriers and is individual and separate from other reservoirs.

"royalty" means a fractional undivided interest in the production of oil and natural gas wells or the proceeds therefrom, to be received free and clear of all costs of development, operations or maintenance.

"service well" means a well drilled or completed for the purpose of supporting production in an existing field. Specific purposes of service wells include gas injection, water injection, steam injection, air injection, saltwater disposal, water supply for injection, observation, or injection for in-situ combustion.

"shale" means a fine grained sedimentary rock formed by consolidation of clay- and silt-sized particles into thin, relatively impermeable layers. Shale can include relatively large amounts of organic material compared with other rock types and thus has the potential to become rich hydrocarbon source rock. Its fine grain size and lack of permeability can allow shale to form a good cap rock for hydrocarbon traps.

"spacing" means the distance between wells producing from the same reservoir. Spacing is often expressed in terms of acres (e.g., 40-acre spacing, and is often established by regulatory agencies).

"spud" means the very beginning of drilling operations of a new well, occurring when the drilling bit penetrates the surface utilizing a drilling rig capable of drilling the well to the authorized total depth.

"stratigraphic test well" means a drilling effort, geologically directed, to obtain information pertaining to a specific geologic condition. Such wells customarily are drilled without the intention of being completed for hydrocarbon production. This classification also includes tests identified as core tests and all types of expendable holes related to hydrocarbon exploration. Stratigraphic test wells are classified as (i) exploratory-type, if not drilled in a proved area, or (ii) development-type, if drilled in a proved area.

"undeveloped reserves" are quantities expected to be recovered through future investments: (1) from new wells on undrilled acreage in known accumulation, (2) from deepening existing wells to a different (but known) reservoir, (3) from infill wells that will increase recover, or (4) where a relatively large expenditure (e.g., when compared to the cost of drilling a new well) is required to (a) recomplete an existing well or (b) install production or transportation facilities for primary or improved recovery projects.

"unit" means the joining of all or substantially all interests in a reservoir or field, rather than a single tract, to provide for development and operation without regard to separate property interests. Also, the area covered by a unitization agreement.

"wellbore" means the hole drilled by the bit that is equipped for oil or gas production on a completed well. Also called well or borehole.

"working interest" means the right granted to the lessee of a property to explore for and to produce and own oil, gas, or other minerals. The working interest owners bear the exploration, development, and operating costs on either a cash, penalty, or carried basis.

"workover" means operations in a producing well to restore or increase production.

A-3


Table of Contents

Index to consolidated financial statements

Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—GeoPark Holdings Limited

       

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012

    F-6  

Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012

    F-7  

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012

    F-8  

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012

    F-9  

Notes to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012

    F-10  

Audited Annual Consolidated Financial Statements—GeoPark Holdings Limited

       

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

    F-22  

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011

    F-23  

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2012 and 2011

    F-24  

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011

    F-25  

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011

    F-26  

Notes to the Audited Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011

    F-27  

Consolidated Financial Statements—Winchester Oil & Gas S.A.

       

Independent Auditor's Report

    F-79  

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012

    F-80  

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of January 31, 2012

    F-81  

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012

    F-82  

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012

    F-83  

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012

    F-84  

Audited Annual Consolidated Financial Statements—Winchester Oil & Gas S.A.

       

Independent Auditor's Report

    F-104  

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011

    F-105  

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2011

    F-106  

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011

    F-107  

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011

    F-108  

Notes to the Audited Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011

    F-109  

       

F-1


Table of Contents

Consolidated Financial Statements—La Luna Oil Company Limited S.A.

       

Independent Auditor's Report

    F-132  

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012

    F-133  

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of January 31, 2012

    F-134  

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012

    F-135  

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012

    F-136  

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012

    F-137  

Audited Annual Consolidated Financial Statements—La Luna Oil Company Limited S.A.

       

Independent Auditor's Report

    F-154  

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011

    F-155  

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2011

    F-156  

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011

    F-157  

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011

    F-158  

Notes to the Audited Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011

    F-159  

Consolidated Financial Statements—Hupecol Caracara LLC (Colombian Branch)

       

Independent Auditor's Report

    F-178  

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2012

    F-179  

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012

    F-180  

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012

    F-181  

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012

    F-182  

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the three-month period ended March 31, 2012

    F-183  

Audited Annual Consolidated Financial Statements—Hupecol Caracara LLC (Colombian Branch)

       

Independent Auditor's Report

    F-200  

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2011

    F-201  

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011

    F-202  

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011

    F-203  

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011

    F-204  

Notes to the Audited Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011

    F-205  

       

F-2


Table of Contents

Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements—Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.

       

Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012

    F-221  

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012

    F-222  

Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012

    F-223  

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012

    F-224  

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012

    F-225  

Notes to the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and 2012

    F-226  

Audited Consolidated Financial Statements—Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.

       

Independent Auditor's Report

    F-242  

Consolidated Statements of Income for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011

    F-244  

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011

    F-245  

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2012 and 2011

    F-246  

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011

    F-247  

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011

    F-248  

Notes to the Audited Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011

    F-249  

F-3


Table of Contents

GeoPark Holdings Limited

Interim condensed consolidated financial statements

For the three months ended 31 March 2012 and 2013

F-4


Table of Contents

GeoPark Holdings Limited
31 March 2013

Contents

   
 
  Page
 
   

Consolidated statement of income and statement of comprehensive income

    F-6  

Consolidated statement of financial position

    F-7  

Consolidated statement of changes in equity

    F-8  

Consolidated statement of cash flow

    F-9  

Selected explanatory notes

    F-10  
   

F-5


Table of Contents


GeoPark Holdings Limited
31 March 2013
Consolidated statement of income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Note
  Three-months
period ended
31 March
2013

  Three-months
period ended
31 March
2012

  Year ended
31 December
2012

 
   

NET REVENUE

    2     89,774     51,321     250,478  

Production costs

          (38,313 )   (19,362 )   (129,235 )

GROSS PROFIT

          51,461     31,959     121,243  

Exploration costs

          (7,305 )   (1,281 )   (27,890 )

Administrative costs

          (9,606 )   (3,231 )   (28,798 )

Selling expenses

          (7,906 )   (1,744 )   (24,631 )

Other operating (expense) / income

          (154 )   (821 )   823  

OPERATING PROFIT

          26,490     24,882     40,747  

Financial income

    4     306     341     892  

Financial expenses

    5     (12,918 )   (4,219 )   (17,200 )

Bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries

    11         8,401     8,401  

PROFIT BEFORE TAX

          13,878     29,405     32,840  

Income tax

          (4,433 )   (5,117 )   (14,394 )

PROFIT FOR THE PERIOD/YEAR

          9,445     24,288     18,446  

Attributable to:

                         

Owners of the parent

          6,480     20,427     11,879  

Non-controlling interest

          2,965     3,861     6,567  

Earnings per share (in US$) for profit attributable to owners of the Company. Basic

          0.1490     0.4809     0.2784  

Earnings per share (in US$) for profit attributable to owners of the Company. Diluted

          0.1427     0.4552     0.2693  
   


Statement of comprehensive income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Three-months
period ended
31 March 2013

  Three-months
period ended
31 March 2012

  Year ended
31 December
2012

 
   

Profit for the period / year

    9,445     24,288     18,446  

Other comprehensive income

             

Total comprehensive Income for the period / year

    9,445     24,288     18,446  

Attributable to:

                   

Owners of the parent

    6,480     20,427     11,879  

Non-controlling interest

    2,965     3,861     6,567  
   

F-6


Table of Contents


GeoPark Holdings Limited
31 March 2013
Consolidated statement of financial position

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Note
  At 31 March
2013

  At 31 March
2012

  Year ended
31 December 2012

 
   

ASSETS

                         

NON CURRENT ASSETS

                         

Property, plant and equipment

    6     510,942     376,081     457,837  

Prepaid taxes

          12,690     8,650     10,707  

Other financial assets

          2,657     6,531     7,791  

Deferred income tax

          13,103     12,228     13,591  

Prepayments and other receivables

          452     887     510  

TOTAL NON CURRENT ASSETS

          539,844     404,377     490,436  

CURRENT ASSETS

                         

Inventories

          3,506     12,681     3,955  

Trade receivables

          39,939     31,952     32,271  

Prepayments and other receivables

          42,690     39,612     49,620  

Prepaid taxes

          6,026     4,035     3,443  

Cash at bank and in hand

          176,005     78,869     48,292  

TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS

          268,166     167,149     137,581  

TOTAL ASSETS

         
808,010
   
571,526
   
628,017
 

EQUITY

                         

Equity attributable to owners of the Company

                         

Share capital

    7     43     43     43  

Share premium

          116,817     113,478     116,817  

Reserves

          128,421     129,596     128,421  

Retained earnings (losses)

          2,427     1,878     (5,860 )

Attributable to owners of the Company

          247,708     244,995     239,421  

Non-controlling interest

          75,630     51,062     72,665  

TOTAL EQUITY

          323,338     296,057     312,086  

LIABILITIES

                         

NON CURRENT LIABILITIES

                         

Borrowings

    8     290,913     134,639     165,046  

Provisions for other long-term liabilities

    9     28,209     19,137     25,991  

Deferred income tax

          22,885     13,262     17,502  

TOTAL NON CURRENT LIABILITIES

          342,007     167,038     208,539  

CURRENT LIABILITIES

                         

Borrowings

    8     8,472     33,706     27,986  

Current income tax

          10,807     4,975     7,315  

Trade and other payables

    10     123,386     69,750     72,091  

TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES

          142,665     108,431     107,392  

TOTAL LIABILITIES

          484,672     275,469     315,931  

TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

         
808,010
   
571,526
   
628,017
 
   

F-7


Table of Contents


GeoPark Holdings Limited
31 March 2013
Consolidated statement of changes in equity

   
 
  Attributable to owners of the Company    
   
 
Amount in US$ '000
  Share
capital

  Share
premium

  Other
reserve

  Translation
reserve

  Retained
(losses)
earnings

  Non-controlling
interest

  Total
 
   

Equity at 1 January 2012

    43     112,231     114,270     894     (18,549 )   41,763     250,652  

Profit for the three month period

                    20,427     3,861     24,288  

Total comprehensive income for the period ended 31 March 2012

                    20,427     3,861     24,288  

Proceeds from transaction with Non-controlling interest

            14,432             5,438     19,870  

Shared-based payment

        1,247                     1,247  

        1,247     14,432             5,438     21,117  

Balance at 31 March 2012

   
43
   
113,478
   
128,702
   
894
   
1,878
   
51,062
   
296,057
 

Balance at 31 December 2012

   
43
   
116,817
   
127,527
   
894
   
(5,860

)
 
72,665
   
312,086
 

Profit for the three month period

                    6,480     2,965     9,445  

Total comprehensive income for the period ended 31 March 2013

                    6,480     2,965     9,445  

Share-based payment

                    1,807         1,807  

                    1,807         1,807  

Balance at 31 March 2013

    43     116,817     127,527     894     2,427     75,630     323,338  
   

F-8


Table of Contents


GeoPark Holdings Limited
31 March 2013
Consolidated statement of cash flow

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Three-months
period ended
31 March
2013

  Three-months
period ended
31 March
2012

  Year ended
31 December,
2012

 
   

Cash flows from operating activities

                   

Profit for the period/year

    9,445     24,288     18,446  

Adjustments for:

                   

Income tax for the period/year

    4,433     5,117     14,394  

Depreciation of the period/year

    15,769     8,431     53,317  

Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment

            546  

Write-off of unsuccessful efforts

    5,917     259     25,552  

Amortisation of other long-term liabilities

    (153 )   (407 )   (2,143 )

Accrual of borrowing's interests

    5,354     2,990     12,478  

Unwinding of long-term liabilities

    216     237     1,262  

Accrual of share-based payment

    1,807     1,247     5,396  

Deferred income

            5,550  

Income tax paid

            (408 )

Exchange difference generated by borrowings

    4     30     35  

Bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries (Note 11)

        (8,401 )   (8,401 )

Changes in working capital

    39,940     3,752     5,778  

Cash flows from operating activities—net

    82,732     37,543     131,802  

Cash flows from investing activities

                   

Purchase of property, plant and equipment

    (74,791 )   (47,513 )   (198,204 )

Acquisitions of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired (Note 11)

        (105,303 )   (105,303 )

Cash flows used in investing activities—net

    (74,791 )   (152,816 )   (303,507 )

Cash flows from financing activities

                   

Proceeds from borrowings

    290,713     4,577     37,200  

Proceeds from transaction with Non-controlling interest

    18,777     1,791     12,452  

Principal paid

    (175,036 )   (5,897 )   (12,382 )

Interest paid

    (4,728 )   (174 )   (10,895 )

Cash flows from financing activities—net

    129,726     297     26,375  

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents

    137,667     (114,976 )   (145,330 )

Cash and cash equivalents at 1 January

    38,292     183,622     183,622  

Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period/year

    175,959     68,646     38,292  

Ending Cash and cash equivalents are specified as follows:

                   

Cash in banks

    175,987     78,855     48,268  

Cash in hand

    18     14     24  

Bank overdrafts

    (46 )   (10,223 )   (10,000 )

Cash and cash equivalents

    175,959     68,646     38,292  
   

F-9


Table of Contents


GeoPark Holdings Limited
31 March 2013
Selected explanatory notes

Note 1  

General information

GeoPark Holdings Limited (the Company) is a company incorporated under the law of Bermuda. The Registered Office address is Cumberland House, 9th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, Hamilton HM11, Bermuda. The Company is quoted on the AIM market of London Stock Exchange plc.

This consolidated interim financial report was authorised for issue by the Board of Directors on July 17, 2013.

The consolidated interim financial report of GeoPark Holdings Limited is presented in accordance with IAS 34 "Interim Financial Reporting". It does not include all of the information required for full annual financial statements, and should be read in conjunction with the annual financial statements as at and for the years ended 31 December 2011 and 2012, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRSs.

The consolidated interim financial report has been prepared in accordance with the accounting policies applied in the most recent annual financial statements. For further information please refer to GeoPark Holdings Limited's consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2012.

Taxes on income in the interim periods are accrued using the tax rate that would be applicable to expected total annual profit or loss.

The activities of the Company are not subject to significant seasonal changes.

F-10


Table of Contents

Subsidiary undertakings

The following chart illustrates the Group structure as of 31 March 2013:

GRAPHIC

F-11


Table of Contents

Details of the subsidiaries and jointly controlled assets of the Company are set out below:

 
 
  Name and registered office
  Ownership interest
 

Subsidiaries

 

GeoPark Argentina Ltd.—Bermuda

  100%

 

GeoPark Argentina Ltd.—Argentine Branch

  100%(a)

 

GeoPark Latin America

  100%

 

GeoPark Latin America—Agencia en Chile

  100%(a)

 

GeoPark S.A. (Chile)

  100%(a)(b)

 

GeoPark Brasil Exploracao y Producao de Petróleo e Gas Ltda. (Brazil)

  100%

 

GeoPark Chile S.A. (Chile)

  80%(a)(c)

 

GeoPark Fell S.p.A. (Chile)

  80%(a)(c)

 

GeoPark Magallanes Limitada (Chile)

  80%(a)(c)

 

GeoPark TdF S.A. (Chile)

  69%(a)(d)

 

GeoPark Colombia S.A. (Chile)

  80%(a)(c)

 

GeoPark Luna SAS (Colombia)

  100%(a)(e)(f)

 

GeoPark Colombia SAS (Colombia)

  100%(a)(e)(f)

 

GeoPark Llanos SAS (Colombia)

  100%(a)(e)(f)

 

La Luna Oil Co. Ltd. (Panama)

  100%(a)(e)(f)

 

GeoPark Colombia PN S.A. (Panama)

  100%(a)(e)(f)

 

GeoPark Cuerva LLC (United States)

  100%(a)(e)(f)

 

Sucursal La Luna Oil Co. Ltd. (Colombia)

  100%(a)(e)(f)

 

Sucursal GeoPark Colombia PN S.A. (Colombia)

  100%(a)(e)(f)

 

Sucursal GeoPark Cuerva LLC (Colombia)

  100%(a)(e)(f)

 

GeoPark Brazil S.p.A. (Chile)

  100%(a)(b)

 

Raven Pipeline Company LLC (United States)

  23.5%(b)

Jointly controlled assets

 

Tranquilo Block (Chile)

 

29%

 

Otway Block (Chile)

  25%

 

Flamenco Block (Chile)

  50%(g)

 

Isla Norte Block (Chile)

  60%(g)

 

Campanario Block (Chile)

  50%(g)
 

(a)     Indirectly owned.

(b)     Dormant companies.

(c)     LG International has 20% interest.

(d)     LG International has 20% interest through GeoPark Chile S.A. and a 14% direct interest.

(e)     During the first quarter of 2012, the Company entered into a business combination acquiring 100% interest in each entity (see Note 11).

(f)      During 2013, the Company has started a merger process by which a sole company will continue the operations related to the referred companies. The Company estimates that the process will be completed by year end.

(g)     GeoPark is the operator in all blocks with a share of 60% for Isla Norte Block and 50% for the other 2 blocks (See Note 12).

F-12


Table of Contents

Note 2  

Net revenue

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Three-months
period ended 31
March 2013

  Three-months
period ended 31
March 2012

  Year ended
31 December
2012

 
   

Sale of crude oil

    83,710     42,754     221,564  

Sale of gas

    6,064     8,567     28,914  

    89,774     51,321     250,478  
   

Note 3  

Segment information

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker. The chief operating decision-maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified as the strategic steering committee. This committee is integrated by the CEO, Managing Director, CFO and managers in charge of the Geoscience, Drilling, Operations and SPEED departments. This committee reviews the Group's internal reporting in order to assess performance and allocate resources. Management has determined the operating segments based on these reports.

The committee considers the business from a geographic perspective.

The strategic steering committee assesses the performance of the operating segments based on a measure of adjusted earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, amortisation and certain non cash items such as write offs and share based payments (Adjusted EBITDA). This measurement basis excludes the effects of non-recurring expenditure from the operating segments, such as impairments when it is result of an isolated, non-recurring event. Interest income and expenditure are not included in the result for each operating segment that is reviewed by the strategic steering committee. Other information provided, except as noted below, to the strategic steering committee is measured in a manner consistent with that in the financial statements.

Three-months period ended 31 March 2013

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Total
  Argentina
  Chile
  Colombia
  Corporate
 
   

NET REVENUE

    89,774     446     45,518     43,810      

GROSS PROFIT

    51,461     872     27,381     23,208      

OPERATING PROFIT / (LOSS)

    26,490     (892 )   16,343     13,191     (2,152 )

Adjusted EBITDA

    49,652     (334 )   29,175     22,037     (1,226 )
   

Three-months period ended 31 March 2012

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Total
  Argentina
  Chile
  Colombia
  Corporate
 
   

NET REVENUE

    51,321     373     45,976     4,972      

GROSS PROFIT

    31,959     101     29,534     2,324      

OPERATING PROFIT / (LOSS)

    24,882     (995 )   25,025     1,923     (1,071 )

Adjusted EBITDA

    34,253     (154 )   32,464     2,731     (788 )
   

F-13


Table of Contents


   
Total Assets
  Total
  Argentina
  Chile
  Colombia
  Corporate
 
   

31 March 2013

    808,010     6,431     422,469     248,656     130,454  

31 December 2012

    628,017     6,108     405,674     213,202     3,033  

31 March 2012

    571,526     11,368     390,648     167,315     2,195  
   

A reconciliation of total Adjusted EBITDA to total profit before income tax is provided as follows:

   
 
  Three-months
period ended 31
March 2013

  Three-months
period ended 31
March 2012

 
   

Adjusted EBITDA for reportable segments

    49,652     34,253  

Depreciation

    (15,769 )   (8,431 )

Accrual of stock awards

    (1,807 )   (1,247 )

Write-off of unsuccessful efforts

    (5,917 )   (259 )

Others

    331     566  

Operating profit

    26,490     24,882  

Financial results

    (12,612 )   (3,878 )

Bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries

        8,401  

Profit before tax

    13,878     29,405  
   

Note 4  

Financial income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Three-months
period ended 31
March 2013

  Three-months
period ended 31
March 2012

  Year ended 31
December
2012

 
   

Exchange difference

    38     155     348  

Interest received

    268     186     544  

    306     341     892  
   

Note 5  

Financial expenses

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Three-months
period ended 31
March 2013

  Three-months
period ended 31
March 2012

  Year ended 31 December 2012
 
   

Bank charges and other financial costs

    265     388     1,764  

Bond GeoPark Fell SpA cancellation costs (Note 8)

    8,603          

Exchange difference

    552     804     2,429  

Unwinding of long-term liabilities

    216     237     1,262  

Interest and amortisation of debt issue costs

    3,704     3,056     13,114  

Less: amounts capitalised on qualifying assets

    (422 )   (266 )   (1,369 )

    12,918     4,219     17,200  
   

F-14


Table of Contents

Note 6  

Property, plant and equipment

   
Amounts in US$'000
  Oil & gas
properties

  Furniture,
equipment
and vehicles

  Production
facilities and
machinery

  Buildings and
improvements

  Construction
in progress

  Exploration
and
evaluation
assets

  TOTAL
 
   

Cost at 1 January 2012

    171,956     2,175     47,102     2,437     32,896     42,140     298,706  

Additions

        223     18,923         15,695     14,322     49,163  

Write-off and impairment(1)

                        (259 )   (259 )

Transfers

    21,440         2,544     2     (12,654 )   (11,332 )    

Acquisitions of subsidiaries

    62,449     482     10,865         9,359     27,818     110,973  

Cost at 31 March 2012

    255,845     2,880     79,434     2,439     45,296     72,689     458,583  

Cost at 1 January 2013

   
344,371
   
3,576
   
86,949
   
3,198
   
54,025
   
93,106
   
585,225
 

Additions

    3,327     453     10         38,394     32,607     74,791  

Write-off and impairment(1)

                        (5,917 )   (5,917 )

Transfers

    27,000         1,202     189     (23,929 )   (4,462 )    

Cost at 31 March 2013

    374,698     4,029     88,161     3,387     68,490     115,334     654,099  

Depreciation and write-down at 1 January 2012

   
(53,604

)
 
(1,123

)
 
(18,628

)
 
(716

)
 
   
   
(74,071

)

Depreciation

    (6,764 )   (136 )   (1,467 )   (64 )           (8,431 )

Depreciation and write-down at 31 March 2012

    (60,368 )   (1,259 )   (20,095 )   (780 )           (82,502 )

Depreciation and write-down at 1 January 2013

   
(98,156

)
 
(1,836

)
 
(26,336

)
 
(1,060

)
 
   
   
(127,388

)

Depreciation

    (13,437 )   (166 )   (2,040 )   (126 )           (15,769 )

Depreciation and write-down at 31 March 2013

    (111,593 )   (2,002 )   (28,376 )   (1,186 )           (143,157 )

Carrying amount at 31 March 2012

   
195,477
   
1,621
   
59,339
   
1,659
   
45,296
   
72,689
   
376,081
 

Carrying amount at 31 March 2013

   
263,105
   
2,027
   
59,785
   
2,201
   
68,490
   
115,334
   
510,942
 
   

(1)      Corresponds to write-off of Exploration and evaluation assets in Colombia US$ 1,353,000 and Chile US$ 4,564,000 (US$ 259,000 in 2012).

Note 7  

Share capital

   
Issued share capital
  Three-months
period ended 31 March 2013

  Three-months
period ended 31 March 2012

  Year ended
31 December 2012

 
   

Common stock (US$ '000)

    43     43     43  

The share capital is distributed as follows:

                   

Common shares, of nominal US$0.001

    43,495,585     42,474,274     43,495,585  

Total common shares in issue

    43,495,585     42,474,274     43,495,585  

Authorised share capital

                   

US$ per share

    0.001     0.001     0.001  

Number of common shares (US$0.001 each)

    5,171,969,000     5,171,969,000     5,171,969,000  

Amount in US$

    5,171,969     5,171,969     5,171,969  
   

F-15


Table of Contents

Note 8  

Borrowings

The outstanding amounts are as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At
31 March 2013

  At
31 March 2012

  Year ended
31 December
2012

 
   

Bond GeoPark Latin America Agencia en Chile(a)

    293,859          

Bond GeoPark Fell SpA(b)

        131,152     129,452  

Methanex Corporation(c)

    1,183     13,547     8,036  

Banco de Crédito e Inversiones(d)

    4,297     13,423     7,859  

Overdrafts(e)

    46     10,223     10,000  

Banco Itaú(f)

            37,685  

    299,385     168,345     193,032  
   

Classified as follows:

   

Current

    8,472     33,706     27,986  

Non-Current

    290,913     134,639     165,046  
   

(a)     During February 2013, the Company successfully placed US$ 300 million notes which were offered under Rule 144A and Regulation S exemptions of the United States Securities laws.

The Notes, issued by the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary GeoPark Latin America Limited Agencia en Chile ("the Issuer"), were priced at 99.332% and will carry a coupon of 7.50% per annum to yield 7.625% per annum. Final maturity of the notes will be 11 February 2020. The Notes are guaranteed by GeoPark Holdings and GeoPark Latin America Chilean Branch and are secured with a pledge of all of the equity interests of the Issuer in GeoPark Chile S.A. and GeoPark Colombia S.A. and a pledge of certain intercompany loans. Notes were rated single B by both Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings.

The net proceeds of the notes were partially used to repay debt of approximately US$ 170 million, including the existing Reg S Notes due 2015 and the Itaú loan. The remaining proceeds will be used to finance the Company's expansion plans in the region. The transaction extends GeoPark's debt maturity significantly, allowing the Company to allocate more resources to its investment and inorganic growth programs in the coming years.

(b)     Private placement of US$ 133,000,000 of Reg S Notes on 2 December 2010. The Notes carried a coupon of 7.75% per annum and mature on 15 December 2015. These Notes were fully repaid in March 2013.

(c)     The financing obtained in 2007, for development and investing activities on the Fell Block, is structured as a gas pre-sale agreement with a six year pay-back period and an interest rate of LIBOR flat. In each year, the Group will repay principal up to an amount equal to the loan amount multiplied by a specified percentage. Subject to that annual maximum principal repayment amount, the Group will repay principal and interest in an amount equal to the amount of gas specified in the contract at the effective selling price.

In addition on 30 October 2009 another financing agreement was signed with Methanex Corporation under which Methanex have funded GeoPark's portions of cash calls for the Otway Joint Venture for US$ 3,100,000. The loan has been fully repaid during 2012. The purpose was to finance the exploration of natural gas from the Otway Block. This financing did not bear interest.

(d)     Facility to establish the operational base in the Fell Block. This facility was acquired through a mortgage loan granted by the Banco de Crédito e Inversiones (BCI), a Chilean private bank. The loan was granted in Chilean pesos and is repayable over a period of 8 years. The interest rate applicable to this loan is 6.6%. The outstanding amount at 31 March 2013 is US$ 320,000.

During the last quarter of 2011, GeoPark TdF obtained short-term financing from BCI. This financing is structured as letter of credit with a pledge of the seismic equipment acquired to start the operations in the new blocks. The maturity is May 2013 and the applicable interest rate ranging from 4.45% to 5.45%. The outstanding amount at 31 March 2013 is US$ 3,977,000.

(e)     At 31 March 2013, the Group has been granted with credit lines for approximately US$ 49,000,000.

(f)      GeoPark Holdings Limited executed a loan agreement with Banco Itaú BBA S.A., Nassau Branch for US$ 37,500,000. GeoPark used the proceeds to finance the acquisition and development of the La Cuerva and Llanos 62 blocks. These blocks represent two of the ten production, development and exploration blocks, which GeoPark currently owns in Colombia. This loan was fully repaid in February 2013.

F-16


Table of Contents

Note 9  

Provision for other long-term liabilities

The outstanding amounts are as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At
31 March 2013

  At
31 March 2012

  Year ended
31 December
2012

 
   

Assets retirement obligation and other environmental liabilities

    19,525     12,589     16,213  

Deferred income

    7,215     5,611     7,369  

Other

    1,469     937     2,409  

    28,209     19,137     25,991  
   

Note 10  

Trade and other payables

The outstanding amounts are as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At
31 March 2013

  At
31 March 2012

  Year ended
31 December
2012

 
   

Trade payables

    103,860     55,452     54,890  

Staff costs to be paid

    5,137     3,424     5,867  

Royalties to be paid

    6,650     2,302     3,909  

Taxes and other debts to be paid

    6,100     7,167     5,418  

To be paid to co-venturers

    1,639     1,405     2,007  

    123,386     69,750     72,091  
   

Note 11  

Acquisitions in Colombia

In February 2012, GeoPark acquired two privately-held exploration and production companies operating in Colombia, Winchester Oil and Gas S.A. and La Luna Oil Company Limited S.A. ("Winchester Luna").

In March 2012, a second acquisition occurred with the purchase of Hupecol Cuerva LLC ("Hupecol"), a privately-held company with two exploration and production blocks in Colombia.

F-17


Table of Contents

The following table summarises the combined consideration paid for Winchester Luna and Hupecol, the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed for these transactions:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Hupecol
  Winchester Luna
  Total
 
   

Cash (including working capital adjustments)

    79,630     32,243     111,873  

Total consideration

    79,630     32,243     111,873  

Cash and cash equivalents

    976     5,594     6,570  

Property, plant and equipment (including mineral interest)

    73,791     37,182     110,973  

Trade receivables

    4,402     4,098     8,500  

Prepayments and other receivables

    5,640     2,983     8,623  

Deferred income tax assets

    10,344     5,262     15,606  

Inventories

    10,596     1,612     12,208  

Trade payables and other debt

    (20,487 )   (11,981 )   (32,468 )

Borrowings

        (1,368 )   (1,368 )

Provision for other long-term liabilities

    (5,632 )   (2,738 )   (8,370 )

Total identifiable net assets

    79,630     40,644     120,274  

Bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries

        8,401     8,401  
   

In 2012, the results of the operations corresponding to Winchester Luna and Hupecol were consolidated since the acquisition date, February and April, respectively.

See Note 35 to the audited Consolidated Financial Statements as of 31 December 2012.

Note 12  

Subsequent events

Acquisition in Brazil

GeoPark entered into Brazil with the acquisition of a ten percent working interest in the offshore Manati gas field ("Manati Field"), the largest natural gas producing field in Brazil. On May 14, 2013, GeoPark executed a stock purchase agreement ("SPA") with Panoro Energy do Brasil Ltda., the subsidiary of Panoro Energy ASA, ("Panoro"), a Norwegian listed company with assets in Brazil and Africa, to acquire all of the issued and outstanding shares of its wholly-owned Brazilian subsidiary, Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda ("Rio das Contas"), the direct owner of 10% of the BCAM-40 block (the "Block"), which includes the shallow-depth offshore Manati Field in the Camamu-Almada basin.

The Manati Field is a strategically important, profitable upstream asset in Brazil and currently provides approximately 50% of the gas supplied to the northeastern region of Brazil and more than 75% of the gas supplied to Salvador, the largest city and capital of the northeastern state of Bahia. The field is largely developed with existing producing wells and an extensive pipeline, treatment and delivery infrastructure and is not expected to require significant future capital expenditures to meet current production estimates. Additional reserve development may be possible.

The Manati Field is operated by Petrobras (35% working interest), the Brazilian national company, largest oil and gas operator in Brazil and internationally-respected offshore operator. Other partners in the block include Queiroz Galvao Exploracao e Producao (45% working interest) and Brasoil Manati Exploracao Petrolifera S.A. (10% working interest).

GeoPark has agreed to pay a cash consideration of US$140 million at closing, which will be adjusted for working capital with an effective date of April 30, 2013. The consideration will be funded from existing

F-18


Table of Contents

cash resources. The agreement also provides for possible future contingent payments by GeoPark over the next five years, depending on the economic performance and cash generation of the Block. The closing of the acquisition is subject to certain conditions, including approval by the Brazilian National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency ("ANP") and the Brazilian antitrust authorities.

The Manati Field acquisition provides GeoPark with:

A solid foundational platform in Brazil to support future growth and expansion in Brazil—one of the world's most attractive hydrocarbon regions.

Participation in an economically-attractive and strategic asset representing the largest non-associated gas producing field in Brazil, with a gross production of over 211 million cubic feet per day of gas and a secure attractively-priced long term off take contract that covers 75% of proven reserves (100% of proven developed reserves).

A low-risk and fully-developed producing gas field with no significant drilling or capital expenditure investments expected.

A valuable partnership with Petrobras, the largest operator in Brazil.

An established geoscience and administrative team to manage the assets—and seek new growth opportunities.

New operations in Brazil

On 14 May 2013, the Company has been awarded seven new licenses in the Brazilian Round 11 of which two are in the Reconcavo Basin in the State of Bahia and five are in the Potiguar Basin in the State of Rio Grande do Norte.

The licensing round was organized by the ANP and all proceedings and bids have been made public. The winning bids are subject to confirmation of qualification requirements.

For its winning bids on the seven blocks, GeoPark has committed to invest a minimum of US$15.3 million (including bonus and work program commitment) during the first 3 years of exploratory period. The new blocks cover an area of approximately 54,850 acres.

Drilling operations start-up in Tierra del Fuego

In April 2013, the Company has started the exploration drilling in Tierra del Fuego in Chile in its partnership with Empresa Nacional de Petroleo de Chile ("ENAP") with the spudding of the Chercán 1 well on the Flamenco Block. Chercán 1 is the first of 21 exploratory wells on the Flamenco, Campanario and Isla Norte Blocks in Tierra del Fuego as part of an estimated US$ 100 million investment commitment during the First Exploration Period. As of the date of this interim consolidated financial report, approximately 1,200 sq km of 3D seismic have been carried out over the three blocks; out of a total 3D seismic program of approximately 1,500 sq km.

Subsidiaries undertakings

Subsequent to the three months period ended 31 March 2013, with the purpose of conducting its multilocation activities and for allowing future business structures, the Group Company has incorporated the wholly owned subsidiaries GeoPark Colombia Coöperatie U.A. and GeoPark Brazil Coöperatie U.A. At the date of the issuance of these financial statement, these subsidiaries are dormant companies registered in The Netherlands.

F-19


Table of Contents

GeoPark Holdings Limited

Consolidated financial statements

As of and for the year ended 31 December 2012

F-20


Table of Contents

GeoPark Holdings Limited
31 December 2012

Contents

   

Report of independent registered public accounting firm

    F-22  

Consolidated statement of income

    F-23  

Consolidated statement of comprehensive income

    F-23  

Consolidated statement of financial position

    F-24  

Consolidated statement of changes in equity

    F-25  

Consolidated statement of cash flow

    F-26  

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

    F-27  

Supplemental information on oil and gas producing activities

    F-70  
   

F-21


Table of Contents


Report of independent registered public accounting firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
GeoPark Holdings Limited

In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated statement of financial position and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flow present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of GeoPark Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the periods ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ PRICE WATERHOUSE & CO. S.R.L.

By   /s/ Carlos Martín Barbafina

       
    (Partner)        

Buenos Aires, Argentina
July 17, 2013

F-22


Table of Contents


GeoPark Holdings Limited
31 December 2012
Consolidated statement of income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Note
  2012
  2011
 
   

NET REVENUE

    7     250,478     111,580  

Production costs

    8     (129,235 )   (54,513 )

GROSS PROFIT

          121,243     57,067  
             

Exploration costs

    11     (27,890 )   (10,066 )

Administrative costs

    12     (28,798 )   (18,169 )

Selling expenses

    13     (24,631 )   (2,546 )

Other operating income (expenses)

          823     (502 )

OPERATING PROFIT

          40,747     25,784  
             

Financial income

    14     892     162  

Financial expenses

    15     (17,200 )   (13,678 )

Bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries

    35     8,401      

PROFIT BEFORE INCOME TAX

          32,840     12,268  
             

Income tax

    16     (14,394 )   (7,206 )

PROFIT FOR THE YEAR

          18,446     5,062  
             

Attributable to:

                   

Owners of the Company

          11,879     54  

Non-controlling interest

          6,567     5,008  
             

Earnings per share (in US$) for profit attributable to owners of the Company. Basic

    18     0.2784     0.0013  
             

Earnings per share (in US$) for profit attributable to owners of the Company. Diluted

    18     0.2693     0.0012  
   


Consolidated statement of comprehensive income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Income for the year

    18,446     5,062  

Other comprehensive income:

         

Total comprehensive Income for year

    18,446     5,062  
       

Attributable to:

             

Owners of the Company

    11,879     54  

Non-controlling interest

    6,567     5,008  
   

   

The notes on pages F-27 to F-70 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-23


Table of Contents


GeoPark Holdings Limited
31 December 2012
Consolidated statement of financial position

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Note
  2012
  2011
 
   

ASSETS

                   

NON CURRENT ASSETS

                   

Property, plant and equipment

    19     457,837     224,635  

Prepaid taxes

    21     10,707     2,957  

Other financial assets

    24     7,791     5,226  

Deferred income tax asset

    17     13,591     450  

Prepayments and other receivables

    23     510     707  

TOTAL NON CURRENT ASSETS

          490,436     233,975  
             

CURRENT ASSETS

                   

Other financial assets

    24         3,000  

Inventories

    22     3,955     584  

Trade receivables

    23     32,271     15,929  

Prepayments and other receivables

    23     49,620     24,984  

Prepaid taxes

    21     3,443     147  

Cash at bank and in hand

    24     48,292     193,650  

TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS

          137,581     238,294  
             

TOTAL ASSETS

          628,017     472,269  
             

TOTAL EQUITY

                   

Equity attributable to owners of the Company

                   

Share capital

    25     43     43  

Share premium

          116,817     112,231  

Reserves

          128,421     115,164  

Accumulated losses

          (5,860 )   (18,549 )

Attributable to owners of the Company

          239,421     208,889  

Non-controlling interest

          72,665     41,763  

TOTAL EQUITY

          312,086     250,652  
             

LIABILITIES

                   

NON CURRENT LIABILITIES

                   

Borrowings

    26     165,046     134,643  

Provisions and other long-term liabilities

    27     25,991     9,412  

Deferred income tax liability

    17     17,502     13,109  

TOTAL NON CURRENT LIABILITIES

          208,539     157,164  
             

CURRENT LIABILITIES

                   

Borrowings

    26     27,986     30,613  

Current income tax liabilities

          7,315     187  

Trade and other payable

    28     54,890     28,535  

Provisions for other liabilities

    29     17,201     5,118  

TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES

          107,392     64,453  

TOTAL LIABILITIES

          315,931     221,617  
             

TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

          628,017     472,269  
   

The financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors on July 17, 2013.

   

The notes on pages F-27 to F-70 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-24


Table of Contents


GeoPark Holdings Limited
31 December 2012
Consolidated statement of changes in equity

   
 
  Attributable to owners of the company  
Amount in US$ '000
  Share
capital

  Share
premium

  Other
reserve

  Translation
reserve

  Accumulated
losses

  Non-controlling
interest

  Total
 
   

Equity at 1 January 2011

    42     107,858     3,025     894     (19,527 )       92,292  

Comprehensive income:

                                           

Profit for the year

                    54     5,008     5,062  

Total Comprehensive Income for the Year 2011

                    54     5,008     5,062  
       

Transactions with owners:

                                           

Proceeds from transaction with Non-controlling interest (Notes 25 and 35)

            111,245             36,755     148,000  

Share-based payment (Note 30)

    1     4,373             924         5,298  

Total 2011

    1     4,373     111,245         924     36,755     153,298  
       

Balances at 31 December 2011

    43     112,231     114,270     894     (18,549 )   41,763     250,652  
       

Comprehensive income:

                                           

Profit for the year

                    11,879     6,567     18,446  

Total Comprehensive Income for the Year 2012

                    11,879     6,567     18,446  
       

Transactions with owners:

                                           

Proceeds from transaction with Non-controlling interest (Notes 25 and 35)

              13,257             24,335     37,592  

Share-based payment (Note 30)

        4,586             810         5,396  

Total 2012

        4,586     13,257         810     24,335     42,988  
       

Balances at 31 December 2012

    43     116,817     127,527     894     (5,860 )   72,665     312,086  
   

   

The notes on pages F-27 to F-70 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-25


Table of Contents


GeoPark Holdings Limited
31 December 2012
Consolidated statement of cash flow

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Note
  2012
  2011
 
   

Cash flows from operating activities

                   

Income for the year

          18,446     5,062  

Adjustments for:

                   

Income tax for the year

    16     14,394     7,206  

Depreciation of the year

    9     53,317     26,408  

Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment

          546     2,010  

Write-off of unsuccessful efforts

    11     25,552     5,919  

Impairment loss

    11         1,344  

Accrual of interest on borrowings

          12,478     11,130  

Amortisation of other long-term liabilities

    27     (2,143 )   (1,038 )

Unwinding of long-term liabilities

    27     1,262     350  

Accrual of share-based payment

    10     5,396     5,298  

Exchange difference generated by borrowings

          35     (15 )

Gain on acquisition of subsidiaries

          (8,401 )    

Deferred income

    27     5,550     5,000  

Income tax paid

          (408 )    

Changes in working capital

    5     5,778     89  

Cash flows from operating activities—net

          131,802     68,763  
             

Cash flows from investing activities

                   

Purchase of property, plant and equipment

          (198,204 )   (98,651 )

Acquisitions of companies, net of cash acquired

    35     (105,303 )    

Purchase of financial assets

              (2,625 )

Cash flows used in investing activities—net

          (303,507 )   (101,276 )
             

Cash flows from financing activities

                   

Proceeds from borrowings

          37,200     9,668  

Proceeds from transaction with non-controlling interest

          12,452     142,000  

Principal paid

          (12,382 )   (9,150 )

Interest paid

          (10,895 )   (10,779 )

Cash flows from financing activities—net

          26,375     131,739  
             

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents

          (145,330 )   99,226  
             

Cash and cash equivalents at 1 January

          183,622     84,396  

Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year

          38,292     183,622  
             

Ending Cash and cash equivalents are specified as follows:

                   

Cash in bank

          48,268     193,642  

Cash in hand

          24     8  

Bank overdrafts

          (10,000 )   (10,028 )

Cash and cash equivalents

          38,292     183,622  
   

   

The notes on pages F-27 to F-70 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-26


Table of Contents


GeoPark Holdings Limited
31 December 2012
Notes

Note 1  General information

GeoPark Holdings Limited (the Company) is a company incorporated under the laws of Bermuda. The Registered office address is Cumberland House, 9th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, Hamilton HM 11, Bermuda. The Company has a representative office at 35 Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom.

The principal activity of the Company and its subsidiaries ("the Group") are exploration, development and production for oil and gas reserves in Chile, Colombia and Argentina. The Group has working interests and/or economic interests in 19 hydrocarbon blocks.

The Group was founded in 2002. The first acquisition was the purchase of AES Corporation's upstream oil and natural gas assets in Chile and Argentina. Those assets included a non-operating working interest in the Fell block in Chile, which at that time was operated by Empresa Nacional de Petróleo ("ENAP"), the Chilean state-owned hydrocarbon company, and operating working interests in the Del Mosquito, Cerro Doña Juana and Loma Cortaderal blocks in Argentina. In 2006, the Group was awarded a 100% operating working interest in the Fell block by the Republic of Chile. In 2008 and 2009, the Group continued the growth in Chile by acquiring operating working interests in each of the Otway and Tranquilo blocks. In 2011, the Group was awarded operating working interests in each of the Isla Norte, Flamenco and Campanario blocks in Tierra del Fuego, Chile, and in 2012, the Group formalized and entered into special operation contracts (Contratos Especiales de Operación para la Exploración y Explotación de Yacimientos de Hidrocarburos) (each, a "CEOP") with Chile for the exploitation and exploration of these blocks. In the first quarter of 2012, GeoPark extended its footprint to Colombia by acquiring three privately held Exploration and Production ("E&P") companies, Winchester, La Luna and Cuerva, that includes working interests and/or economic interests in 10 blocks located in the Llanos, Magdalena and Catatumbo basins.

The Company is quoted on the AIM London Stock Exchange. Also its shares are authorized for trading on the Santiago Off-Shore Stock Exchange, in US$ under the trading symbol "GPK".

These consolidated financial statements were authorised for issue by the Board of Directors on July 17, 2013.

Note 2  Summary of significant accounting policies

The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to the years presented, unless otherwise stated.

2.1 Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements of GeoPark Holdings Limited have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB").

The consolidated financial statements are presented in thousands (US$'000) of United States Dollars and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand (US$'000), except where otherwise indicated.

F-27


Table of Contents

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Group's accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in this note under the title "Accounting estimates and assumptions".

2.1.1 Changes in accounting policy and disclosure

New and amended standards adopted by the Group

There are no IFRSs or IFRIC interpretations that are effective for the first time for the financial year beginning on or after 1 January 2012 that would be expected to have a material impact on the Group.

New standards, amendments and interpretations issued but not effective for the financial year beginning 1 January 2012 and not early adopted

IFRS 9, 'Financial instruments', addresses the classification, measurement and recognition of financial assets and financial liabilities. IFRS 9 was issued in November 2009 and October 2010. It replaces the parts of IAS 39 that relate to the classification and measurement of financial instruments. IFRS 9 requires financial assets to be classified into two measurement categories: those measured at fair value and those measured at amortised cost. The determination is made at initial recognition. The classification depends on the entity's business model for managing its financial instruments and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the instrument. For financial liabilities, the standard retains most of the IAS 39 requirements.

The main change is that, in cases where the fair value option is taken for financial liabilities, the part of a fair value change due to an entity's own credit risk is recorded in other comprehensive income rather than the income statement, unless this creates an accounting mismatch. The Group is yet to assess IFRS 9's full impact and intends to adopt IFRS 9 no later than the accounting period beginning on or after 1 January 2015.

IFRS 10, 'Consolidated financial statements" builds on existing principles by identifying the concept of control as the determining factor in whether an entity should be included within the consolidated financial statements of the parent company. The standard provides additional guidance to assist in the determination of control where this is difficult to assess. The company applied IFRS 10 from 1 January 2013 and this standard did not materially affect the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 11, 'Joint arrangements', establishes principles for financial reporting by entities that have an interest in arrangements that are controlled jointly. IFRS 11 defines joint control and requires an entity that is a party to a joint arrangement to determine the type of joint arrangement in which it is involved by assessing its rights and obligations and to account for those rights and obligations in accordance with that type of joint arrangement. The company applied IFRS 11 from 1 January 2013 and this standard did not materially affect the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 12, 'Disclosures of interests in other entities' includes the disclosure requirements for all forms of interests in other entities, including joint arrangements, associates, special purpose vehicles and other off balance sheet vehicles. . The company applied IFRS 10 from 1 January 2013 and this standard did not materially affect the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

F-28


Table of Contents

IFRS 13, 'Fair value measurement', aims to improve consistency and reduce complexity by providing a precise definition of fair value and a single source of fair value measurement and disclosure requirements for use across IFRSs. The requirements, which are largely aligned between IFRSs and US GAAP, do not extend the use of fair value accounting but provide guidance on how it should be applied where its use is already required or permitted by other standards within IFRSs. The company applied IFRS 13 from 1 January 2013 and it has not have a significant impact on the balances recorded in the financial statements as at 31 December 2012 but would require the company to apply different valuation techniques to certain items (e.g. debt acquired as part of a business combination) recognised at fair value as and when they arise in the future.

There are no other IFRSs or IFRIC interpretations that are not yet effective that would be expected to have a material impact on the Group.

Management assessed the relevance of other new standards, amendments or interpretations not yet effective and concluded that they are not relevant to Group.

2.2 Going concern

The Directors regularly monitor the Group's cash position and liquidity risks throughout the year to ensure that it has sufficient funds to meet forecast operational and investment funding requirements. Sensitivities are run to reflect latest expectations of expenditures, oil and gas prices and other factors to enable the Group to manage the risk of any funding short falls and/or potential loan covenant breaches.

Considering macroeconomic environment conditions, the performance of the operations, the US$ 300 million debt fund raising completed in February 2013 and Group's cash position, the Directors have formed a judgement, at the time of approving the financial statements, that there is a reasonable expectation that the Group has adequate resources to continue with its investment programme to increase oil and gas reserves, production and revenues and meeting all its obligations for the foreseeable future. For this reason, the Directors have continued to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the consolidated financial statements.

2.3 Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements consolidate those of the Company and all of its subsidiary undertakings drawn up to the Balance Sheet date. Subsidiaries are entities over which the Group has the power to control the financial and operating policies so as to obtain benefits from its activities, generally accompanying a shareholding of more than one half of the voting rights. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group.

The Group applies the acquisition method to account for business combinations. The consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary is the fair values of the assets transferred, the liabilities incurred to the former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the Group. The consideration transferred includes the fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date.

Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill is initially measured as the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the fair value of non-controlling interest over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. If this

F-29


Table of Contents

consideration is lower than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognised in profit or loss.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealised gains on transactions between the Group and its subsidiaries are eliminated. Unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. Amounts reported in the financial statements of subsidiaries have been adjusted where necessary to ensure consistency with the accounting policies adopted by the Group.

2.4 Segment reporting

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker. The chief operating decision-maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified as the strategic steering committee that makes strategic decisions. This committee consists of the CEO, Managing Director, CFO and managers in charge of the Exploration, Development, Drilling, Operations and SPEED departments. This committee reviews the Group's internal reporting in order to assess performance and allocate resources. Management has determined the operating segments based on these reports.

2.5 Foreign currency translation

a) Functional and presentation currency

The consolidated financial statements are presented in US Dollars, which is the Group's presentation currency.

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group's entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the "functional currency"). The functional currency of Group companies incorporated in Chile, Colombia and Argentina is the US Dollar.

b) Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at period end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

2.6 Joint operations

The Company's interests in oil and gas related joint operations and other agreements involved in oil and gas exploration and production, have been consolidated line by line on the basis of the Company's proportional share in their assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses.

2.7 Revenue recognition

Revenue from the sale of crude oil and gas is recognised in the Statement of Income when risk transferred to the purchaser, and if the revenue can be measured reliably and is expected to be received. Revenue is shown net of VAT, discounts related to the sale and overriding royalties due to the ex-owners of oil and gas properties where the royalty arrangements represent a retained working interest in the property.

F-30


Table of Contents

2.8 Production costs

Production costs include wages and salaries incurred to achieve the net revenue for the year. Direct and indirect costs of raw materials and consumables, rentals and leasing, property, plant and equipment depreciation and royalties are also included within this account.

2.9 Financial costs

Financial costs include interest expenses, realised and unrealised gains and losses arising from transactions in foreign currencies and the amortisation of financial assets and liabilities. The Company has capitalised borrowing cost for wells and facilities that were initiated after 1 January 2009. Amounts capitalised totalled US$ 1,368,952 (US$ 597,127 in 2011).

2.10 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost less depreciation, and impairment if applicable. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items; including provisions for asset retirement obligation.

Oil and gas exploration and production activities are accounted for in accordance with the successful efforts method on a field by field basis. The Group accounts for exploration and evaluation activities in accordance with IFRS 6, Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources, capitalizing exploration and evaluation costs until such time as the economic viability of producing the underlying resources is determined. Costs incurred prior to obtaining legal rights to explore are expensed immediately to the income statement.

Exploration and evaluation costs may include: license acquisition, geological and geophysical studies (i.e.: seismic), direct labour costs and drilling costs of exploratory wells. No depreciation and/or amortisation are charged during the exploration and evaluation phase. Upon completion of the evaluation phase, the prospects are either transferred to oil and gas properties or charged to expense (exploration costs) in the period in which the determination is made depending whether they have found reserves or not. If not developed, exploration and evaluation assets are written off after three years unless, it can be clearly demonstrated that the carrying value of the investment is recoverable.

A charge of US$ 25,552,000 has been recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income within Exploration costs (US$ 5,919,000 in 2011) for write-offs in Argentina, Colombia and Chile (see Note 11).

All field development costs are considered construction in progress until they are finished and capitalised within oil and gas properties, and are subject to depreciation once complete. Such costs may include the acquisition and installation of production facilities, development drilling costs (including dry holes, service wells and seismic surveys for development purposes), project-related engineering and the acquisition costs of rights and concessions related to proved properties.

Workovers of wells made to develop reserves and/or increase production are capitalized as development costs. Maintenance costs are charged to income when incurred.

Capitalised costs of proved oil and gas properties and production facilities and machinery are depreciated on a licensed area by the licensed area basis, using the unit of production method, based on commercial proved and probable reserves. The calculation of the "unit of production" depreciation takes into account estimated future finding and development costs and is based on current year end unescalated price levels.

F-31


Table of Contents

Changes in reserves and cost estimates are recognised prospectively. Reserves are converted to equivalent units on the basis of approximate relative energy content.

Depreciation of the remaining property, plant and equipment assets (i.e. furniture and vehicles) not directly associated with oil and gas activities has been calculated by means of the straight line method by applying such annual rates as required to write-off their value at the end of their estimated useful lives. The useful lives range between 3 years and 10 years.

Depreciation is allocated in the Consolidated Statement of Income as production, exploration and administrative expenses, based on the nature of the associated asset.

An asset's carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset's carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount (see Impairment of non-financial assets in Note 2.12).

2.11 Provisions and other long-term liabilities

Provisions for asset retirement obligations, deferred income, restructuring obligations and legal claims are recognised when the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events; it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation; and the amount has been reliably estimated. Restructuring provisions comprise lease termination penalties and employee termination payments.

Provisions are measured at the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation using a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the obligation. The increase in the provision due to passage of time is recognised as interest expense.

2.11.1 Asset retirement obligation

The Group records the fair value of the liability for asset retirement obligations in the period in which the wells are drilled. When the liability is initially recorded, the Group capitalises the cost by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. Over time, the liability is accreted to its present value at each reporting period, and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the estimated useful life of the related asset. According to interpretations and application of current legislation and on the basis of the changes in technology and the variations in the costs of restoration necessary to protect the environment, the Group has considered it appropriate to periodically re-evaluate future costs of well-capping. The effects of this recalculation are included in the financial statements in the period in which this recalculation is determined and reflected as an adjustment to the provision and the corresponding property, plant and equipment asset.

2.11.2 Deferred income

Relates to contributions received in cash from the Group's clients to improve the project economics of gas wells. The amounts collected are reflected as a deferred income in the balance sheet and recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income over the productive life of the associated wells. The depreciation of the gas wells that generated the deferred income is charged to the Consolidated Statement of Income simultaneously with the amortisation of the deferred income.

F-32


Table of Contents

2.12 Impairment of non-financial assets

Assets that are not subject to depreciation and/or amortisation (i.e.: exploration and evaluation assets) are tested annually for impairment. Assets that are subject to depreciation and/or amortisation are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less costs to sell and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash flows (cash-generating units), generally a licensed area. Non-financial assets other than goodwill that suffered impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at each reporting date.

No asset should be kept as an exploration and evaluation asset for a period of more than three years, except if it can be clearly demonstrated that the carrying value of the investment will be recoverable.

In 2012, no charge (US$ 1,344,000 in 2011) has been recognised within exploration costs as a result of the impairment test performed regarding operating fields in Argentina (see Note 11).

2.13 Lease contracts

All current lease contracts are considered to be operating leases on the basis that the lessor retains substantially all the risks and rewards related to the ownership of the leased asset. Payments related to operating leases and other rental agreements are recognised in the Consolidated Income Statement on a straight line basis over the term of the contract. The Group's total commitment relating to operating leases and rental agreements is disclosed in Note 32.

2.14 Inventories

Inventories comprise crude oil and materials.

Crude oil is measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Materials are measured at the lower of cost and recoverable amount. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. The cost of materials and consumables is calculated at acquisition price with the addition of transportation and similar costs.

2.15 Current and deferred income tax

The tax expense for the year comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantially enacted at the balance sheet date in the countries where the Company's subsidiaries operate and generate taxable income.

Deferred income tax is recognised, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the balance sheet date and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled.

F-33


Table of Contents

In addition, tax losses available to be carried forward as well as other income tax credits to the Group are assessed for recognition as deferred tax assets.

Deferred tax liabilities are provided in full, with no discounting. Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the underlying deductible temporary differences will be able to be offset against future taxable income.

2.16 Financial assets

Financial assets are divided into the following categories: loans and receivables; financial assets at fair value through the profit or loss; available-for-sale financial assets; and held-to-maturity investments. Financial assets are assigned to the different categories by management on initial recognition, depending on the purpose for which the investments were acquired. The designation of financial assets is re-evaluated at every reporting date at which a choice of classification or accounting treatment is available.

All financial assets are recognised when the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. All financial assets are initially recognised at fair value, plus transaction costs.

Derecognition of financial assets occurs when the rights to receive cash flows from the investments expire or are transferred and substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred. An assessment for impairment is undertaken at each balance sheet date.

Interest and other cash flows resulting from holding financial assets are recognised in the Consolidated Income Statement when receivable, regardless of how the related carrying amount of financial assets is measured.

Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. They are included in current assets, except for maturities greater than twelve months after the balance sheet date. These are classified as non-current assets. The Group's loans and receivables comprise trade receivables, prepayments and other receivables and cash and cash equivalents in the balance sheet. They arise when the Group provides money, goods or services directly to a debtor with no intention of trading the receivables. Loans and receivables are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less provision for impairment. Any change in their value through impairment or reversal of impairment is recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income. All of the Group's financial assets are classified as loan and receivables.

2.17 Other financial assets

Non current other financial assets mainly relate to the cash collateral account required under the terms of the Bond issued in 2010 (see Note 26). This investment was intended to guarantee interest payments and was recovered at repayment date (see Note 37). Non current other financial assets also include contributions made for environmental obligations according to a Colombian government request.

Current other financial assets relate solely to the cash paid into escrow that has been released on the closing of the purchase of Colombian assets (see Notes 24 and 35).

F-34


Table of Contents

2.18 Impairment of financial assets

Provision against trade receivables is made when objective evidence is received that the Group will not be able to collect all amounts due to it in accordance with the original terms of those receivables. The amount of the write-down is determined as the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows.

2.19 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents includes cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks, other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts, if any, are shown within borrowings in the current liabilities section of the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

2.20 Trade and other payable

Trade payables are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of the business from suppliers. Accounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less (or in the normal operating cycle of the business if longer). If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities.

Trade payables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

2.21 Borrowings

Borrowings are obligations to pay cash and are recognised when the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Borrowings are recognised initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently stated at amortised cost; any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method.

Direct issue costs are charged to the Consolidated Statement of Income on an accruals basis using the effective interest method.

2.22 Share capital

Equity comprises the following:

"Share capital" representing the nominal value of equity shares.

"Share premium" representing the excess over nominal value of the fair value of consideration received for equity shares, net of expenses of the share issue.

"Other reserve" representing:

F-35


Table of Contents

"Reserve for exchange adjustment" representing the differences arising from translation of investments in overseas subsidiaries.

"Accumulated losses" representing accumulated and losses.

2.23 Share-based payment

The Group operates a number of equity-settled, share-based compensation plans comprising share awards payments and stock options plans to certain employees and other third party contractors.

Fair value of the stock option plan for employee or contractors services received in exchange for the grant of the options is recognised as an expense. The total amount to be expensed over the vesting period is determined by reference to the fair value of the options granted calculated using the Black-Scholes model.

Non-market vesting conditions are included in assumptions about the number of options that are expected to vest. At each balance sheet date, the entity revises its estimates of the number of options that are expected to vest. It recognises the impact of the revision to original estimates, if any, in the Consolidated Statement of Income, with a corresponding adjustment to equity.

The fair value of the share awards payments is determined at the grant date by reference of the market value of the shares and recognised as an expense over the vesting period.

When the options are exercised, the Company issues new shares. The proceeds received net of any directly attributable transaction costs are credited to share capital (nominal value) and share premium when the options are exercised.

Note 3  Financial Instruments-risk management

The Group is exposed through its operations to the following financial risks:

Currency risk
Price risk
Credit risk—concentration
Funding and liquidity risk
Interest rate risk
Capital risk management

The policy for managing these risks is set by the Board. Certain risks are managed centrally, while others are managed locally following guidelines communicated from the corporate office. The policy for each of the above risks is described in more detail below.

Currency risk

In Argentina, Colombia and Chile the functional currency is the US Dollar. The fluctuation of the local currencies of these countries against the US Dollar does not impact the loans, costs and revenues held in US Dollars; but it does impact the balances denominated in local currencies. Such is the case of the

F-36


Table of Contents

prepaid taxes. As currency rate changes between the U.S. Dollar and the local currencies, the Group recognizes gains and losses in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

In Chile, Colombia and Argentina subsidiaries most of the balances are denominated in US Dollars, and since it is the functional currency of the subsidiaries, there is no exposure to currency fluctuation except from receivables or payables originated in local currency mainly corresponding to VAT. The balances as of 31 December 2012 of VAT were credits for US$ 3,624,000 (US$ 3,630,000 in 2011) in Argentina, credits for US$ 221,000 (US$ 955,000 payable in 2011) in Chile and VAT payable for US$ 2,418,000 in Colombia.

The Group minimises the local currency positions in Argentina and Chile by seeking to equilibrate local and foreign currency assets and liabilities. However, tax receivables (VAT) are very difficult to match with local currency liabilities. Therefore the Group maintains a net exposure to them.

Most of the Group's assets are associated with oil and gas productive assets. Such assets in the oil and gas industry even in the local markets are usually settled in US Dollar equivalents.

During 2012, the Argentine peso weakened by 16% (8% in 2011) against the US Dollar, the Chilean Peso strengthened by 8% (weakened by 11% in 2011) and the Colombian Peso strengthened by 9%. If the Argentine Peso, the Chilean Peso and the Colombian Peso had each weakened an additional 5% against the US dollar, with all other variables held constant, post-tax profit for the year would have been lower by US$ 45,500 (US$ 41,000 in 2011).

Price risk

The price realised for the oil produced by the Group is linked to WTI (West Texas Intermediate) and Brent (in respect of our Colombian operations), which is settled in the international markets in US dollars. The market price of these commodities is subject to significant fluctuation but the Board does not consider it appropriate to manage the Group's risk to such fluctuation through futures contracts or similar because to do so would not have been economic at the achieved production levels.

In Chile, the oil price is based on WTI minus certain marketing and quality discounts such as, inter alia, API quality and mercury content. In Argentina, the oil price is also subject to the impact of the retention tax on oil exports defined by the Argentine government which limits the direct correlation to the WTI.

The Company has signed a long-term Gas Supply Contract with Methanex in Chile. The price of the gas under this contract is indexed to the international methanol price.

If the market prices of WTI, Brent and methanol had fallen by 10% compared to actual prices during the year, with all other variables held constant, post-tax profit for the year would have been lower by US$ 18,784,000 (US$ 9,501,000 in 2011).

The Board will consider adopting a hedging policy against commodity price risk, when deemed appropriate, according to the size of the business and market implied volatility.

Credit risk—concentration

The Group's credit risk relates mainly to accounts receivable where the credit risks correspond to the recognised values. There is not considered to be any significant risk in respect of the Group's major customers. Substantially all oil production in Argentina is sold to Oil Combustibles.

F-37


Table of Contents

In Chile, all gas production is sold to the local subsidiary of the Methanex Corporation, a Canadian public company (12% of total revenue, 34% in 2011). All the oil produced in Chile is sold to ENAP (48% of total revenue, 65% in 2011), the State owned oil and gas company. In Colombia, 78% of the oil we produced there, was sold to Hocol, a subsidiary of Ecopetrol, the Colombian Sate owned oil Company (31% of total revenue). The mentioned companies all have a very good credit standing and despite the concentration of the credit risk, the Directors do not consider there to be a significant collection risk.

See disclosure in Note 24.

Funding and Liquidity risk

The Group has strong support from its financial partners and significant flexibility in adjusting the programme to ensure the development of the key properties.

In addition, during 2011, the Group was able to secure US$ 148,000,000 from the disposal of 20% of the Chilean business and during 2012 LGI made a capital subscription in GeoPark Colombia S.A. for an amount of US$ 14,920,000 for the 20% of the Colombian business. In addition, as part of the transaction, US$ 5,000,000 was transferred directly to the Colombian subsidiary as a loan.

See disclosure in Note 35.

Interest rate risk

As the Group has no significant interest-bearing assets, the Group's profit and operating cash flows are substantially independent of changes in market interest rates. The Group's interest rate risk arises from long-term borrowings issued at variable rates, which expose the Group to cash flow to interest rate risk. The Group does not face interest rate risk on its US$ 133,000,000 Reg S Notes which carry a fixed rate coupon of 7.75% per annum.

The interest rate of the loans from Methanex Corporation and Itau Bank depends on the LIBOR rate. For the period covered by these financial statements, the Group has decided not to buy any coverage for this risk. At 31 December 2012 the outstanding long-term borrowing affected by variable rates amounted to US$ 45,721,000, representing 24% of total long-term borrowings.

The Group analyses its interest rate exposure on a dynamic basis. Various scenarios are simulated taking into consideration refinancing, renewal of existing positions, alternative financing and hedging. Based on these scenarios, the Group calculates the impact on profit and loss of a defined interest rate shift. For each simulation, the same interest rate shift is used for all currencies. The scenarios are run only for liabilities that represent the major interest-bearing positions.

At 31 December 2012, if interest rates on currency-denominated borrowings had been 1% higher with all other variables held constant, post-tax profit for the year would have been US$ 160,866 lower (US$ 144,267 in 2011), mainly as a result of higher interest expense on floating rate borrowings.

Capital risk management

The Group's objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the Group's ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for shareholders and benefits for other stakeholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce the cost of capital.

F-38


Table of Contents

Consistent with others in the industry, the Group monitors capital on the basis of the gearing ratio. This ratio is calculated as net debt divided by total capital. Net debt is calculated as total borrowings (including 'current and non-current borrowings' as shown in the consolidated balance sheet) less cash and cash equivalent. Total capital is calculated as 'equity' as shown in the consolidated balance sheet plus net debt.

The Group's strategy is to keep the gearing ratio within a 30% to 45% range.

Particularly, in 2011 the gearing ratio has been affected by the transactions with non-controlling interests, by which the Group received proceeds of US$ 142,000,000.

The gearing ratios at 31 December 2012 and 2011 were as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Net Debt

    144,740     86,768(a )

Total Equity

    312,086     250,652  

Total Capital

    456,826     337,420  

Gearing Ratio

    32%     26%  
   

(a)    For the calculation of the gearing ratio the Group does not consider the cash that has been allocated for future M&A activities.

Note 4  Accounting estimates and assumptions

Estimates and assumptions are used in preparing the financial statements. Although these estimates are based on management's best knowledge of current events and actions, actual results may differ from them. Estimates and judgements are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

The key estimates and assumptions used in these consolidated financial statements are noted below:

The Group adopts the successful efforts method of accounting. The Management of the Company makes assessments and estimates regarding whether an exploration asset should continue to be carried forward as an exploration and evaluation asset not yet determined or when insufficient information exists for this type of cost to remain as an asset. In making this assessment the Management takes professional advice from qualified independent experts.

Cash flow estimates for impairment assessments require assumptions about two primary elements—future prices and reserves. Estimates of future prices require significant judgments about highly uncertain future events. Historically, oil and gas prices have exhibited significant volatility. Our forecasts for oil and gas revenues are based on prices derived from future price forecasts amongst industry analysts and our own assessments. Our estimates of future cash flows are generally based on our assumptions of long-term prices and operating and development costs.

Given the significant assumptions required and the possibility that actual conditions will differ, we consider the assessment of impairment to be a critical accounting estimate.

The process of estimating reserves is complex. It requires significant judgements and decisions based on available geological, geophysical, engineering and economic data. The estimation of economically recoverable oil and natural gas reserves and related future net cash flows was performed based on the Reserves Report dated December 2012 prepared by DeGolyer and MacNaughton, an international

F-39


Table of Contents

    Management believes these factors and assumptions are reasonable based on the information available to us at the time we prepare our estimates. However, these estimates may change substantially as additional data from ongoing development activities and production performance becomes available and as economic conditions impacting oil and gas prices and costs change.
Oil and gas assets held in property plant and equipment are mainly depreciated on a unit of production basis at a rate calculated by reference to proven and probable reserves and incorporating the estimated future cost of developing and extracting those reserves. Future development costs are estimated using assumptions as to the numbers of wells required to produce those reserves, the cost of the wells, future production facilities and operating costs together with assumptions on oil and gas realisations.

Obligations related to the plugging of wells once operations are terminated may result in the recognition of significant obligations. Estimating the future abandonment costs is difficult and requires management to make estimates and judgments because most of the obligations are many years in the future. Technologies and costs are constantly changing as well as political, environmental, safety and public relations considerations. The Company has adopted the following criterion for recognising well plugging and abandonment related costs: The present value of future costs necessary for well plugging and abandonment is calculated for each area on the basis of a cash flow that is discounted at an average interest rate applicable to Company's indebtedness. The liabilities recognised are based upon estimated future abandonment costs, wells subject to abandonment, time to abandonment, and future inflation rates.

Note 5  Consolidated statement of cash flow

The Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow shows the Group's cash flows for the year for operating, investing and financing activities and the change in cash and cash equivalents during the year.

Cash flows from operating activities are computed from the results for the year adjusted for non-cash operating items, changes in net working capital, and corporation tax. Tax paid is presented as a separate item under operating activities.

F-40


Table of Contents

The following chart describes non-cash transactions related to the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow:

31 December 2012

   
Balance sheet items
  Movements
derived from
consolidated
statement of
financial
position

  Acquisition of
Colombian
subsidiaries

  Other
non-cash
movements
(*)

  Movements from
consolidated
statement of
cash flow

 
   

Property, plant and equipment

    233,202     (110,973 )   (3,440 )   118,789  

Prepaid taxes

    11,046               11,046  

Inventory

    3,371     (12,208 )       (8,837 )

Trade receivables

    16,342     (8,500 )       7,842  

Prepayment and other receivables

    24,439     (8,623 )   (25,140 )   (9,324 )

Other financial assets

    (435 )           (435 )

Cash at bank and in hands

    (145,358 )   (6,570 )       (151,928 )

Borrowings

    (27,776 )   1,368         (26,408 )

Trade accounts payable

    (26,355 )   32,468         6,113  

Deferred tax

    8,748     (15,606 )   (7,128 )   (13,986 )

Current income tax liabilities

    (7,128 )       7,128      

Other liabilities

    (28,662 )   8,370     3,440     (16,852 )

Equity

    (61,434 )   120,274     25,140     83,980  
   

31 December 2011

   
Balance sheet items
  Movements
derived from
consolidated
statement of
financial
position

  Other
non-cash
movements
(*)

  Movements from
consolidated
statement of
cash flow

 
   

Property, plant and equipment

    64,918     (1,948 )   62,970  

Prepaid taxes

    (892 )       (892 )

Inventory

    332         332  

Trade receivables

    2,858         2,858  

Prepayment and other receivables

    22,350     (6,000 )   16,350  

Other financial assets

    2,625         2,625  

Cash at bank and in hands

    99,226         99,226  

Borrowings

    (855 )       (855 )

Trade accounts payable

    (15,825 )       (15,825 )

Deferred tax

    (7,019 )   (187 )   (7,206 )

Current income tax liabilities

    (187 )   187      

Other liabilities

    (9,171 )   1,948     (7,223 )

Equity

    (158,360 )   6,000     (152,360 )
   

(*)    Non-cash movements include increase in the asset retirement obligation and deferred tax. In 2012, the movement amounting to US$ 14,920,000 relates to the contribution to be paid by LGI referring to the Colombian transactions with Non-controlling interest (see Notes 25 and 35). In 2011, the movement amounting to US$ 6,000,000 relates to the difference between the proceeds from transactions with Non-controlling interest and the total consideration of these transactions (see Notes 25 and 35).

F-41


Table of Contents

Cash flows from investing activities include payments in connection with the purchase and sale of property, plant and equipment and cash flows relating to the purchase and sale of enterprises to third parties. Cash flows from financing activities include changes in Shareholders' equity, and proceeds from borrowings and repayment of loans. Cash and cash equivalents include bank overdraft and liquid funds with a term of less than three months.

Changes in working capital shown in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow are disclosed as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Change in Prepaid taxes

    (11,046 )   892  

Change in Inventories

    8,837     (332 )

Change in Trade receivables

    (7,842 )   (2,858 )

Change in Prepayments and other receivables and Other assets

    9,759     (16,350 )

Change in liabilities

    6,070     18,737  

    5,778     89  
   

Note 6  Segment information

Management has determined the operating segments based on the reports reviewed by the strategic steering committee that are used to make strategic decisions. The committee considers the business from a geographic perspective.

The strategic steering committee assesses the performance of the operating segments based on a measure of adjusted earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, amortisation and certain non-cash items such as write-offs, impairments and share-based payments (Adjusted EBITDA). This measurement basis excludes the effects of non-recurring expenditure from the operating segments, such as impairments when it is the result of an isolated, non-recurring event. Interest income and expenses are not included in the result for each operating segment that is reviewed by the strategic steering committee. Other information provided, except as noted below, to the strategic steering committee is measured in a manner consistent with that in the financial statements.

Segment areas (geographical segments):

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Argentina
  Colombia
  Chile
  Corporate
  Total
 
   

2012

                               

Net revenue

    1,050     99,501     149,927         250,478  

Gross (loss) / profit

    (2,194 )   39,304     84,133         121,243  

Adjusted EBITDA

    2,051     34,474     93,908     (9,029 )   121,404  

Depreciation

    (3,408 )   (21,050 )   (28,734 )   (125 )   (53,317 )

Impairment and write-off

    (1,915 )   (5,147 )   (18,490 )       (25,552 )

Total assets

    6,108     213,202     405,674     3,033     628,017  

Employees (average)

    100     80     144         324  
   

F-42


Table of Contents


   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Argentina
  Colombia
  Chile
  Corporate
  Total
 
   

2011

                               

Net revenue

    1,477         110,103         111,580  

Gross profit

    179         56,888         57,067  

Adjusted EBITDA

    (1,081 )       70,421     (5,949 )   63,391  

Depreciation

    (1,083 )       (25,297 )   (28 )   (26,408 )

Impairment and write-off

    (1,344 )       (5,919 )       (7,263 )

Total assets

    10,895         453,384(1 )   7,990     472,269  

Employees (average)

    83         98     1     182  
   

(1)    Includes cash received from disposal of 20% of the Chilean business in 2011.

Approximately 70% of capital expenditure was allocated to Chile (95% in 2011) and 30% was allocated to Colombia (0% in 2011).

A reconciliation of total Adjusted EBITDA to total profit before income tax is provided as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Adjusted EBITDA for reportable segments

    121,404     63,391  

Depreciation

    (53,317 )   (26,408 )

Share-based payment

    (5,396 )   (5,298 )

Impairment and write-off of unsuccessful efforts

    (25,552 )   (7,263 )

Others(a)

    3,608     1,362  

Operating profit

    40,747     25,784  
       

Financial results

    (16,308 )   (13,516 )

Gain on acquisition of subsidiaries

    8,401      
       

Profit before tax

    32,840     12,268  
   

(a)    Includes internally capitalised costs.

Note 7  Net revenue

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Sale of crude oil

    221,564     73,508  

Sale of gas

    28,914     38,072  

    250,478     111,580  
   

F-43


Table of Contents

Note 8  Production costs

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Depreciation

    52,307     25,844  

Royalties

    11,424     4,843  

Staff costs (Note 10)

    12,384     4,568  

Gas plant costs

    3,371     3,242  

Transportation costs

    7,211     2,541  

Facilities maintenance

    3,277     2,302  

Well maintenance

    3,803     1,692  

Consumables

    9,884     1,687  

Share-based payments (Notes 10 and 30)

    1,787     1,447  

Vehicle rental and personnel transportation

    1,680     1,404  

Pulling costs

    2,305     1,086  

Field camp

    2,407     1,009  

Landowners

    845     344  

Safety and Insurance costs

    1,428     316  

Non operated blocks costs

    1,030      

Equipment rental

    5,936      

Cost of crude oil sold from acquired business

    3,826      

Other costs

    4,330     2,188  

    129,235     54,513  
   

Note 9  Depreciation

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Oil and gas properties

    44,552     20,096  

Production facilities and machinery

    7,708     5,767  

Furniture, equipment and vehicles

    713     343  

Buildings and improvements

    344     202  

Depreciation of property, plant and equipment

    53,317     26,408  
   

Recognised as follows:

   

Production costs

    52,307     25,844  

Administrative costs

    1,010     501  

Other operating costs

        63  

Depreciation total

    53,317     26,408  
   

F-44


Table of Contents

Note 10  Staff costs and directors remuneration

   
 
  2012
  2011
 
   

Average number of employees

    324     182  

Amounts in US$ '000

             

Wages and salaries

    19,132     9,914  

Shared-based payment

    5,396     5,298  

Social security charges

    3,636     2,228  

    28,164     17,440  
   

 

   
 
  2012
  2011
 
   

Board of Directors' and key managers' remuneration

             

Salaries and fees

    5,711     4,045  

Other benefits

    846     2,257  

    6,557     6,302  
   

Directors' remuneration

   
 
  2012 Cash payment   Stock payment  
 
  Executive
directors'
fees

  Executive
directors'
bonus

  Non-executive
directors'
fees

  Director fees
paid in shares
no. of shares

  Cash equivalent
total remuneration

 
   

Gerald O'Shaughnessy

  US$250,000   US$150,000           US$400,000  

James F. Park

  US$500,000   US$300,000           US$800,000  

Sir Michael Jenkins(1)

        £23,250     3,020   £40,750  

Peter Ryalls(1)

        £23,250     3,020   £40,750  

Christian Weyer(1)

        £23,250     3,020   £40,750  

Juan Cristóbal Pavez

        £17,500     3,020   £35,000  

Carlos Gulisano

        £35,000       £35,000  

Steven J. Quamme

        £17,500     3,020   £35,000  
   

(1)    Non-executive director fee includes a fee of £5,750 for holding a committee chairman position during the year.

IPO stock options to executive directors

The following Stock Options were issued to Executive Directors during 2006:

 
Name
  N° of underlying
common shares

  Exercise price
(£)

  Earliest exercise
date

  Expiry date
 

Gerald O'Shaughnessy

    153,345     3.20   15 May 2008   15 May 2013

    306,690     4.00   15 May 2008   15 May 2013

    153,345     3.20   15 May 2008   15 May 2013

James F. Park

    306,690     4.00   15 May 2008   15 May 2013
 

F-45


Table of Contents

Stock awards to executive directors

The following Stock Options were issued to Executive Directors during 2012:

   
Name
  N° of underlying
common shares

  % of issued
common share
capital

  Grant date
  Exercise
price
(US$)

  Earliest
exercise
date

 
   

Gerald O'Shaughnessy

    270,000   Approximately 0.6%     23 Nov 2012     0.001     23 Nov 2015  

James F. Park

    450,000   Approximately 1.0%     23 Nov 2012     0.001     23 Nov 2015  
   

In addition, Dr Carlos Gulisano holds the following interests in stock options and awards as a result of the services that he has previously provided to the Company:

50,000 IPO Stock Options issued on 15 May 2008 at an exercise price of £4.00 to be exercised between 15 May 2008 and 15 May 2013.

100,000 Stock awards issued on 15 December 2008 at an exercise price of $0.001 to be exercised between 15 December 2012 and 15 December 2018.

No stock options or awards were exercised by Directors during 2012.

Note 11  Exploration costs

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Staff costs (Note 10)

    3,089     2,292  

Allocation to capitalised project

    (1,849 )   (1,471 )

Share-based payments (Notes 10 and 30)

    1,329     985  

Write-off of unsuccessful efforts(a)

    25,552     5,919  

Impairment loss(b)

        1,344  

Amortisation of other long-term liabilities related to unsuccessful efforts

    (1,500 )   (600 )

Other services

    1,269     1,597  

    27,890     10,066  
   

(a)    The 2012 charge corresponds to the cost of eight unsuccessful exploratory wells: five of them in Chile (two in Fell Block, two in Otway Block and the remaining in Tranquilo Block) and three of them in Colombia (one well in Cuerva Block, one well in Arrendajo Block and the remaining in Llanos 17 Block). The 2012 charge also includes the loss generated by the relinquishment of an area in the Del Mosquito Block in Argentina. The 2011 charge corresponds to the write-off of exploration and evaluation assets in the Fell Block. The charge includes the cost of an unsuccessful exploratory well amounting to US$ 2,331,000 and also in accordance with the Group's accounting policy and considering that no additional work would be performed, wells from previous years were written-off for an amount of US$ 3,588,000.

(b)   The impairment charge relates to assets located in Del Mosquito Block based on the impairment test performed in 2011.

F-46


Table of Contents

Note 12  Administrative costs

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Staff costs (Note 10)

    7,295     5,282  

Share-based payments (Notes 10 and 30)

    2,280     2,866  

Consultant fees

    5,122     1,896  

New projects

    2,927     1,726  

Office expenses

    3,293     1,172  

Director fees and allowance

    1,516     903  

Travel expenses

    1,563     686  

Communication and IT costs

    889     539  

Depreciation

    1,010     501  

Public relations

    919     1,289  

Other administrative expenses

    1,984     1,309  

    28,798     18,169  
   

Note 13  Selling expenses

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Transportation

    22,066     1,886  

Delivery or pay penalty

    1,718      

Storage

    645     508  

Selling taxes

    202     152  

    24,631     2,546  
   

Note 14  Financial income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Exchange difference

    348     32  

Interest received

    544     130  

    892     162  
   

Note 15  Financial expenses

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Bank charges and other financial costs

    1,764     1,856  

Exchange difference

    2,429     496  

Unwinding of long-term liabilities

    1,262     350  

Interest and amortisation of debt issue costs

    13,114     11,573  

Less: amounts capitalised on qualifying assets

    (1,369 )   (597 )

    17,200     13,678  
   

F-47


Table of Contents

Note 16  Income tax

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Current tax

    7,536     187  

Deferred income tax (Note 17)

    6,858     7,019  

    14,394     7,206  
   

The tax on the Group's profit before tax differs from the theoretical amount that would arise using the weighted average tax rate applicable to profits of the consolidated entities as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Profit before tax

    32,840     12,268  

Tax losses from non-taxable jurisdictions

    8,373     8,565  

Taxable profit

    41,213     20,833  
       

Income tax calculated at statutory tax rate

    6,290     5,473  

Tax losses where no deferred income tax is recognised

    2,864     2,560  

Difference between functional currency and tax currency

    3,784     (761 )

Expenses not deductible for tax purposes

    1,903      

Non-taxable profit

    (447 )   (66 )

Income tax

    14,394     7,206  
   

Under current Bermuda law, the Company is not required to pay any taxes in Bermuda on income or capital gains. The Company has received an undertaking from the Minister of Finance in Bermuda that, in the event of any taxes being imposed, they will be exempt from taxation in Bermuda until March 2016. Income tax rates in those countries where the Group operates (Argentina, Colombia and Chile) ranges from 15% to 35%.

The Group has significant tax losses available which can be utilised against future taxable profit in the following countries:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Argentina

    11,645     18,656  

Total tax losses at 31 December

    11,645     18,656  
   

At the balance sheet date deferred tax assets in respect of tax losses in Argentina have not been recognised as there is insufficient evidence of future taxable profits before the statute of limitation of these tax losses causes them to expire.

Expiring dates for tax losses accumulated at 31 December 2012 are:

   
Expiring date
  Amounts in US$ '000
 
   

2013

    3,348  

2014

    634  

2015

    5,024  

2016

    2,639  

2017

     
   

F-48


Table of Contents

Note 17  Deferred income tax

The gross movement on the deferred income tax account is as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Deferred tax at 1 January

    (12,659 )   (5,640 )

Acquisition of subsidiaries

    15,606      

Income statement charge

    (6,858 )   (7,019 )

Deferred tax at 31 December

    (3,911 )   (12,659 )
   

The breakdown and movement of deferred tax assets and liabilities as of 31 December 2012 and 2011 are as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At the beginning
of year

  Acquisition of
subsidiaries

  (Charged)/
credited to net
profit

  At end of year
 
   

Deferred tax assets

                         

Difference in depreciation rates and other

    (1,426 )   11,313     (676 )   9,211  

Taxable losses(*)

    1,876     4,293     (1,789 )   4,380  

Total 2012

    450     15,606     (2,465 )   13,591  
       

Total 2011

    374         76     450  
   

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At the beginning of
year

  (Charged) / credited
to net profit

  At end of year
 
   

Deferred tax liabilities

                   

Difference in depreciation rates and other

    (12,338 )   (4,564 )   (16,902 )

Borrowings

    (771 )   171     (600 )

Total 2012

    (13,109 )   (4,393 )   (17,502 )
       

Total 2011

    (6,014 )   (7,095 )   (13,109 )
   

(*)    In Chile, taxable losses have no expiration date.

Note 18  Earnings per share

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Numerator:

             

Profit for the year

    11,879     54  

Denominator:

             

Weighted average number of shares used in basic EPS

    42,673,981     41,912,685  

Earnings after tax per share (US$)—basic and diluted

    0.2784     0.0013  
   

F-49


Table of Contents


   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Weighted average number of shares used in basic EPS

    42,673,981     41,912,685  

Effect of dilutive potential common shares

             

Stock award at US$0.001

    1,435,324     2,004,482  

Weighted average number of common shares for the purposes of diluted earnings per shares

    44,109,305     43,917,167  

Earnings after tax per share (US$)—diluted

    0.2693     0.0012  
   

Note 19  Property, plant and equipment

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Oil & gas
properties

  Furniture,
equipment
and
vehicles

  Production
facilities
and
machinery

  Buildings and
improvements

  Construction
in progress

  Exploration
and
evaluation
assets

  Total
 
   

Cost at 1 January 2011

    126,626     1,445     38,142     2,076     16,197     23,412     207,898  
       

Additions

    2,318     825     1,261     156     56,570     39,469     100,599  

Disposals

    (227 )   (177 )   (1,852 )       (272 )       (2,528 )

Write-off / Impairment

                        (7,263 )   (7,263 )

Transfers

    43,239     82     9,551     205     (39,599 )   (13,478 )    

Cost at 31 December 2011

    171,956     2,175     47,102     2,437     32,896     42,140     298,706  
       

Additions

    4,071     637     32,335         81,241     83,360     201,644  

Disposals

    (416 )       (130 )               (546 )

Write-off / Impairment

                        (25,552 )   (25,552 )

Acquisition of subsidiaries

    62,449     389     10,865         9,452     27,818     110,973  

Transfers

    106,311     375     (3,223 )   761     (69,564 )   (34,660 )    

Cost at 31 December 2012

    344,371     3,576     86,949     3,198     54,025     93,106     585,225  
       

Depreciation and write-down at 1 January 2011

    (33,508 )   (851 )   (13,308 )   (514 )           (48,181 )
       

Depreciation

    (20,096 )   (343 )   (5,767 )   (202 )           (26,408 )

Disposals

        71     447                 518  

Depreciation and write-down at 31 December 2011

    (53,604 )   (1,123 )   (18,628 )   (716 )           (74,071 )
       

Depreciation

    (44,552 )   (713 )   (7,708 )   (344 )           (53,317 )

Depreciation and write-down at 31 December 2012

    (98,156 )   (1,836 )   (26,336 )   (1,060 )           (127,388 )
       

Carrying amount at 31 December 2011

    118,352     1,052     28,474     1,721     32,896     42,140     224,635  
       

Carrying amount at 31 December 2012

    246,215     1,740     60,613     2,138     54,025     93,106     457,837  
   

As of 31 December 2012, the Group has pledged, as security for a mortgage obtained for the acquisition of the operating base in Chile, assets amounting to US$ 692,000 (US$ 638,000 in 2011). See Note 26.

On 25 August 2011 the exploratory period in the Fell Block ended. The exploration programme carried out during the exploration period enabled the Company to declare commerciality on approximately 84% of the total area of the Block. The remaining area not declared as commercial was relinquished, which did not generate any loss for the Group.

F-50


Table of Contents

Note 20  Subsidiary undertakings

The following chart illustrates the Group structure as of 31 December 2012:

GRAPHIC

F-51


Table of Contents

Details of the subsidiaries and jointly controlled assets of the Company are set out below:

 
 
  Name and registered office
  Ownership interest
 

Subsidiaries

  GeoPark Argentina Ltd.—Bermuda   100%

  GeoPark Argentina Ltd.—Argentine Branch   100%(a)

  Servicios Southern Cross Limitada (Chile)   100%(b)

  GeoPark Latin America   100%(i)

  GeoPark Latin America—Chilean Branch   100%(a)(i)

  GeoPark S.A. (Chile)   100%(a)(b)

  GeoPark Chile S.A. (Chile)   80%(a)(c)

  GeoPark Fell S.p.A. (Chile)   80%(a)(c)

  GeoPark Magallanes Limitada (Chile)   80%(a)(c)

  GeoPark TdF S.A. (Chile)   69%(a)(d)

  GeoPark Colombia S.A. (Chile)   80%(a)(e)

  GeoPark Luna SAS (Colombia)   100%(a)(e)

  GeoPark Colombia SAS (Colombia)   100%(a)(e)

  GeoPark Llanos SAS (Colombia)   100%(a)(e)

  La Luna Oil Co. Ltd. (Panama)   100%(a)(e)

  Winchester Oil and Gas S.A. (Panama)   100%(a)(e)

  GeoPark Cuerva LLC (United States)   100%(a)(e)

  Sucursal La Luna Oil Co. Ltd. (Colombia)   100%(a)(e)

  Sucursal Winchester Oil and Gas S.A. (Colombia)   100%(a)(e)

  Sucursal GeoPark Cuerva LLC (Colombia)   100%(a)(e)

  GeoPark Brazil S.p.A. (Chile)   100%(a)(b)

  Raven Pipeline Company LLC (United States)   23.5%(h)

Jointly controlled assets

  Tranquilo Block (Chile)   29%(f)

  Otway Block (Chile)   25%

  Flamenco (Chile)   50%(g)

  Isla Norte (Chile)   60%(g)

  Campanario (Chile)   50%(g)
 

(a)    Indirectly owned.

(b)   Dormant companies.

(c)    Since 20 May 2011, LG International acquired 20% interest.

(d)   LG International has 20% interest through GeoPark Chile S.A. and a 14% direct interest.

(e)    During the first quarter of 2012, the Company entered into a business combination acquiring 100% interest in each entity. In December 2012 LG International acquired 20% equity.

(f)    On 14 April 2011 following Governmental approval the new ownership of the Tranquilo Block was confirmed. The other partners in the JVs are Pluspetrol (29%), Methanex (17%) and Wintershall (25%).

(g)    After participating in a farm-in process organized by ENAP, GeoPark was awarded 3 blocks in Tierra del Fuego, Chile (Isla Norte Block, Flamenco Block and Campanario Block). GeoPark will be the operator in all blocks with a share of 60% for Isla Norte Block and 50% for the other 2 blocks.

(h)   Raven Pipeline Company LLC had no movements during 2012.

(i)     Formerly named GeoPark Chile Limited.

F-52


Table of Contents

Note 21  Prepaid taxes

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

V.A.T. 

    5,962     2,669  

Withholding tax

    3,347      

Income tax credits

    4,692      

Other prepaid taxes

    149     435  

Total prepaid taxes

    14,150     3,104  
       

Classified as follows:

             

Current

    3,443     147  

Non current

    10,707     2,957  

Total prepaid taxes

    14,150     3,104  
   

Note 22  Inventories

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Crude oil

    3,838     499  

Materials and spares

    117     85  

    3,955     584  
   

Note 23  Trade receivables and Prepayments and other receivables

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Trade accounts receivable

    32,271     15,929  

    32,271     15,929  

To be recovered from co-venturers

    8,773     537  

Related parties receivables (Note 33)

    31,138     6,000  

Prepayments and other receivables

    10,219     19,154  

    50,130     25,691  

Total

    82,401     41,620  

Classified as follows:

             

Current

    81,891     40,913  

Non current

    510     707  

Total

    82,401     41,620  
   

Trade receivables that are aged by less than three months are not considered impaired. As of 31 December 2012, trade receivables of US$ 31,984 (US$ 4,019 in 2011) were aged by more than 3 months, but not impaired. These relate to customers for whom there is no recent history of default. There are no balances due between 31 days and 90 days as of 31 December 2012 and 2011.

Movements on the Group provision for impairment are as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

At 1 January

    33     33  

Provision for receivables impairment

         

    33     33  
   

F-53


Table of Contents

The credit period for trade receivables is 30 days. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date is the carrying value of each class of receivable. The Group does not hold any collateral as security related to trade receivables.

The carrying value of trade receivables is considered to represent a reasonable approximation of its fair value due to their short-term nature.

Note 24  Financial instruments by category

   
 
  Loans and receivables  
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Assets as per statement of financial position

             

Trade receivables

    32,271     15,929  

To be recovered from co-venturers

    8,773     537  

Other financial assets(*)

    7,791     8,226  

Cash and cash equivalents

    48,292     193,650  

    97,127     218,342  
   

 

   
 
  Other financial liabilities at amortised cost  
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Liabilities as per statement of financial position

             

Trade payables

    50,590     27,580  

To be paid to co-venturers

    2,007      

Borrowings

    193,032     165,256  

    245,629     192,836  
   

(*)    Other financial assets relate to the cash collateral account required under the terms of the Bond issued in 2010. This investment was intended to guarantee interest payments and was recovered at repayment date (see Note 37). For 2012, they also include contributions made for environmental obligations according to Colombian government regulations. In 2011, they included the cash escrow payment that has since been released on closing of the purchase of the Colombian assets (Note 35).

Credit quality of financial assets

The credit quality of financial assets that are neither past due nor impaired can be assessed by reference to external credit ratings (if available) or to historical information about counterparty default rates:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Trade receivables

             

Counterparties with an external credit rating (Moody's)

             

A3

        11,333  

Ba1

    4,769     4,089  

Baa1

    13,488      

Baa2

    4,781      

Counterparties without an external credit rating

             

Group1(*)

    9,233     507  

Total trade receivables

    32,271     15,929  
   

(*)    Group 1—existing customers (more than 6 months) with no defaults in the past.

F-54


Table of Contents

All trade receivables are denominated in US Dollars.

   
Cash at bank and other financial assets(1)
   
   
 
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Counterparties with an external credit rating (Moody's)

             

A1

    7,408     2,139  

A3

    366     7,631  

Aa1

    2,131     50,000  

Aa2

        54  

Aa3

    38,952     139,594  

P1

    2,537     2,450  

Counterparties without an external credit rating

    4,665      

Total

    56,059     201,868  
   

(1)    The rest of the balance sheet item 'cash and cash equivalents' is cash on hand amounting to US$ 24,000 (US$ 8,000 in 2011).

Financial liabilities—contractual undiscounted cash flows

The table below analyses the Group's financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at the balance sheet to the contractual maturity date. The amounts disclosed in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Less than
1 year

  Between 1
and 2 years

  Between 2
and 5 years

 
   

At 31 December 2012

                   

Borrowings

    36,031     10,437     181,100  

Trade payables

    50,590          

    86,621     10,437     181,100  
       

At 31 December 2011

                   

Borrowings

    30,613     8,265     179,489  

Trade payables

    27,580          

    58,193     8,265     179,489  
   

Note 25  Share capital

   
Issued share capital
  2012
  2011
 
   

Common stock (amounts in US$ '000)

    43     43  

The share capital is distributed as follows:

             

Common shares, of nominal US$0.001

    43,495,585     42,474,274  

Total common shares in issue

    43,495,585     42,474,274  
       

Authorised share capital

             

US$ per share

    0.001     0.001  

Number of common shares (US$0.001 each)

    5,171,969,000     5,171,969,000  

Amount in US$

    5,171,969     5,171,969  
   

F-55


Table of Contents

Details regarding the share capital of the Company are set out below:

Common shares

As of 31 December 2012 the outstanding common shares confer the following rights on the holder:

the right to one vote per share;
ranking pari passu, the right to any dividend declared and payable on common shares;

   
GeoPark common shares history
  Date
  Shares issued
(millions)

  Shares closing
(millions)

  US$(`000)
Closing

 
   

Shares outstanding at the end of 2010

                41.7     42  
       

Issue of shares to Non-Executive Directors

    2011     0.01     41.7     42  

Stock awards

    May 2011     0.06     41.8     42  

Stock awards

    Oct 2011     0.10     41.9     42  

IPO stock options

    Oct 2011     0.60     42.5     43  
       

Shares outstanding at the end of 2011

                42.5     43  
       

Issue of shares to Non-Executive Directors

    2012     0.02     42.5     43  

Stock awards

    Oct 2012     1.01     43.5     43  

Shares outstanding at the end of 2012

                43.5     43  
   

During 2012, the Company issued 15,100 (12,028 in 2011) shares to Non-Executive Directors in accordance with contracts as compensation. Shares are issued at average price for the period, generating a share premium of US$ 142,492 (US$ 130,733 in 2011).

During 2012, 30,000 (158,000 in 2011) new common shares were issued, pursuant to a consulting agreement for services rendered to GeoPark Holdings Limited generating a share premium of US$ 253,315 (US$ 1,730,000 in 2011).

On 22 October 2012, 976,211 common shares were allotted to the trustee of the EBT in anticipation of the exercise of the 2008 Stock Awards Plan (see Note 30), generating a share premium of US$ 4,191,000. On 6 October 2011, 601,235 common shares were allotted to the trustee of the EBT in anticipation of the exercise of the 2006 Stock Option Plan (see Note 30).

The accounting treatment of the shares is in line with the Group's policy on share-based payments.

Other Reserve

During 2011, LGI acquired a 20% interest in GeoPark Chile S.A., the subsidiary that owns the Chilean assets for a total consideration of US$ 148,000,000.

During 2012, LGI also acquired a 20% interest in GeoPark Colombia S.A., the subsidiary that owns the Colombian assets by making a capital contribution in GeoPark Colombia S.A. for an amount of US$ 14,920,000. In addition, as part of the transaction, US$ 5,000,000 was transferred directly to the Colombian subsidiary as a loan. The differences between total consideration and the net equity of the Companies as per the book value were recorded as Other Reserve in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity.

F-56


Table of Contents

Note 26  Borrowings

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Outstanding amounts as of 31 December

             

Methanex Corporation(a)

    8,036     18,068  

Banco de Crédito e Inversiones(b)

    7,859     8,845  

Overdrafts(c)

    10,000     10,028  

Banco Itaú(d)

    37,685      

Bond(e)

    129,452     128,315  

    193,032     165,256  
       

Classified as follows:

             

Non current

    165,046     134,643  

Current

    27,986     30,613  
   

The fair value of these financial instruments at 31 December 2012 amounts to US$ 190,188,000 (US$ 159,602,000 in 2011).

(a)      The financing obtained in 2007, for development and investing activities on the Fell Block, is structured as a gas pre-sale agreement with a six year pay-back period and an interest rate of LIBOR. In each year, the Group will repay principal up to an amount equal to the loan amount multiplied by a specified percentage. Subject to that annual maximum principal repayment amount, the Group will repay principal and interest in an amount equal to the amount of gas specified in the contract at the effective selling price.

In addition on 30 October 2009 another financing agreement was signed with Methanex Corporation under which Methanex have funded GeoPark's portions of cash calls for the Otway Joint Operation for US$ 3,100,000. On May 2012 the outstanding amount was fully repaid.

(b)   Facility to establish the operational base in the Fell Block. This facility was acquired through a mortgage loan granted by the Banco de Crédito e Inversiones (BCI), a Chilean private bank (Note 20) in 2007. The loan was granted in Chilean pesos and is repayable over a period of 8 years. The interest rate applicable to this loan is 6.6%. The outstanding amount at 31 December 2012 is US$ 344,000 (US$ 410,000 in 2011).

In addition, during the last quarter of 2011, GeoPark TdF obtained short-term financing from BCI to start the operations in the new blocks acquired. This financing is structured as letter of credit with a maturity less than a year. The outstanding amount at 31 December 2012 is US$ 7,515,000 (US$ 8,435,000 in 2011).

(c)    The Group has been granted with credit lines for over US$ 46,000,000.

(d)   In 2012 GeoPark Holdings Limited executed a loan agreement with Banco Itaú BBA S.A., Nassau Branch for US$ 37,500,000. GeoPark used the proceeds to finance the acquisition and development of the La Cuerva and Llanos 62 blocks. These blocks represent two of the ten production, development and exploration blocks, which GeoPark currently owns in Colombia (see Note 35). The loan, which has a maturity of five years, repayable from month 21 in 14 equal quarterly installments, is ring-fenced by and secured against 100% of the capital of GeoPark Llanos SAS, the owner of the La Cuerva and Llanos 62 blocks. Interest on the loan is accrued at LIBOR + 4.55%.

(e)    Private placement of US$ 133,000,000 of Reg S Notes on 2 December 2010. The Notes carry a coupon of 7.75% per annum and mature on 15 December 2015. The Notes are guaranteed by the Company and secured with the pledge of 51% of the shares of GeoPark Fell. In addition, the Note agreement allows for the placement of up to an additional US$ 27,000,000 of Notes under the same indenture, subject to the maintenance of certain financial ratios. The net proceeds of the Notes are being used to support the Group's growth strategy and improve the Group's financial flexibility. See Note 37 for additional information.

F-57


Table of Contents

Note 27  Provisions and other long-term liabilities

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Asset retirement
obligation

  Deferred income
  Other
  Total
 
   

At 1 January 2011

    3,153             3,153  
       

Addition to provision / Contributions received

    1,947     5,000         6,947  

Amortisation

        (1,038 )       (1,038 )

Unwinding of discount

    350             350  

At 31 December 2011

    5,450     3,962         9,412  
       

Addition to provision / Contributions received

    3,440     5,550     100     9,090  

Acquisition of subsidiaries

    6,061         2,309     8,370  

Amortisation

        (2,143 )       (2,143 )

Unwinding of discount

    1,262             1,262  

At 31 December 2012

    16,213     7,369     2,409     25,991  
   

The provision for asset retirement obligation relates to the estimation of future disbursements related to the abandonment and decommissioning of oil and gas wells.

Deferred income and other mainly relates to contributions received to improve the project economics of the gas wells. The amortisation is in line with the related asset.

Note 28  Trade and other payable

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

V.A.T

    4,300     955  

Trade payables

    50,590     27,580  

    54,890     28,535  
   

The average credit period (expressed as creditor days) during the year ended 31 December 2012 was 69 days (2011: 74 days)

The fair value of these short-term financial instruments is not individually determined as the carrying amount is a reasonable approximation of fair value.

Note 29  Provisions for other liabilities

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Staff costs to be paid

    5,867     3,859  

Royalties to be paid

    3,909     458  

Other taxes to be paid

    5,418     155  

To be paid to co-venturers

    2,007      

Other

        646  

    17,201     5,118  
   

F-58


Table of Contents

Note 30  Share-based payments

IPO award programme and executive stock option plan

The Group has established IPO Award Programme, an Executive Stock Option Programme and Stock Award Programmes plans. These schemes were established to incentivise the Directors, senior management and employees, enabling them to benefit from the increased market capitalization of the Company.

IPO award programme

A total of 613,380 IPO Awards were granted to all of the Group's employees and certain consultants at the IPO date (May 2006). The Awards vested on 15 May 2008, the second anniversary of admission to IPO. On 3 July 2008, the Company issued 602,000 shares for nominal value of $ 0,001 each, corresponding to the total IPO awards vested which are held in a Beneficiary Trust. There are 11,380 awards that did not vest and were cancelled since they involved employees that had left the Group before the vesting date.

IPO executive stock option programme

On admission to AIM the Company granted:

i.      605,000 stock options to the senior management and some eligible employees, from which 60,000 have expired. The exercise price of these stock options is £ 4.00 (125%% of placing price). The vesting date of these stock options was 15 May 2008 and they expire in five years from that date, on 15 May 2013. The stock options give no voting rights to the holders until they are exercised and converted into common shares when they will rank pari-passu with all existing common shares.

ii.     306,690 stock options to the Executive Directors at an exercise price of £ 3.20 and 613,380 at an exercise price of £ 4.00. The vesting conditions of these options are equal to those described in i).

The fair value of the options granted was calculated using the Black-Scholes model. Due to the short trading history of the Company, expected volatility was determined by comparison to a sample of AIM listed oil and gas companies with a similar market capitalisation to the Group but a longer trading history.

Stock award programmes and other share based payments

During 2008, GeoPark Shareholders voted to authorize the Board to use up to 12% of the issued share capital of the Company at the relevant time for the purposes of the Performance-based Employee Long-Term Incentive Plan.

Main characteristics of the Stock Awards Programmes are:

All employees are eligible.

Exercise price is equal to the nominal value of shares.

Vesting period is four years.

Specific Award amounts are reviewed and approved by the Executive Directors and the Remuneration Committee of the Board of Directors.

F-59


Table of Contents

Details of these costs and the characteristics of the different stock awards programmes and other share based payments are described in the following table and explanations:

   
 
  Awards
at the
beginning

  Awards
granted
in the
year

   
   
  Awards
at year
end

  Charged to net profit  
 
  Awards
forfeited

  Awards
exercised

 
Year
  2012
  2011
 
   

2012

        500,000             500,000     55      

2011

    500,000                 500,000     926     37  

2010

    863,100         11,000         852,100     2,929     2,776  

2008

    976,211             976,211         1,087     925  

Subtotal

                                  4,997     3,738  

Stock awards for service contracts

    90,000             30,000     60,000         1,429  

Stock options to Executive Directors

        720,000             720,000     257      

Shares granted to Non-Executive Directors

        3,020         3,020         142     131  

                                  5,396     5,298  
   

The awards that are forfeited correspond to employees that had left the Group before vesting date.

In addition, a simplified procedure for the exercise of the Options was approved by the Board. It is a payment mechanism available to option holders that enables a cash-free exercise of their Options. The mechanism allows participating option holders to exercise their options utilizing fully issued shares made available by the EBT (Employee Beneficiary Trust) according to a formula (the "Stock Option cash-free payment option"). This allows participating option holders to exercise options to buy shares for the same number of shares they would have obtained with borrowed cash and then sell sufficient shares to repay the borrowed sums.

On 6 October 2011, 601,235 common shares each credited as fully paid, were allotted to the trustee of the EBT in anticipation of the exercise of the Options. This number of shares issued was estimated assuming that all beneficiaries will adopt the cash-less exercise mechanism at market price £ 6.5.

On 22 October 2012, a total of 976,211 common shares were allotted to the trustee of the EBT in anticipation of the exercise of the 2008 Stock Awards Plan generating a shared premium of US$ 4,191,000.

During 2012, 21,000 (15,000 in 2011) of these shares were sold by the employees at a weighted average price of £6.61 (£7.45 in 2011) per share. The shares held in the employee Beneficiary Trust rank pari-passu with GeoPark's ordinary shares.

On 23 November 2012, the Remuneration Committee and the board of directors approved granting 720,000 options over ordinary shares of US$0.001 each to the Executive Directors. Options granted vest on the third anniversary of the date on which they are granted and have an exercise price of US$0.001.

Other share-based payments

As it is mentioned in Note 25, the Company granted 15,100 (12,028 in 2011) shares at average price for each three month period for services rendered by the Non-Executive Directors of the Company. Fees paid in shares were directly expensed in the Administrative costs line in the amount of US$ 142,492 (US$ 130,745 in 2011).

F-60


Table of Contents

In October 2010 and August 2011 the company issued a total of 180,000 options over US$0.001 shares with an exercise price equal to their nominal value in consideration for certain consultancy services.

Note 31  Interests in Joint operations

The Group has interests in nine joint operations, which are involved in the exploration of hydrocarbons in Chile and Colombia. Three of the Chilean joint operations are related to the blocks acquired in Tierra del Fuego (TdF), Chile. No significant activities have commenced in these joint operations in 2012 and therefore no separate financial information is presented.

GeoPark is the operator of all of the Chilean Blocks.

The following amounts represent the Company's share in the assets, liabilities and results of the joint operations which have been consolidated line by line in the consolidated statement of financial position and statement of income:

Chile

   
 
  Tranquilo Block
GeoPark Magallanes Ltda.
29%
  Otway Block
GeoPark Magallanes Ltda.
25%
 
Joint operation
Subsidiary
Interest

 
  2012
  2011
  2012
  2011
 
   

ASSETS

                         

PP&E / E&E

    13,328     8,438     6,516     2,561  

Other assets

    1,467     2,458     1,326     262  

Total Assets

    14,795     10,896     7,842     2,823  

LIABILITIES

                         

Current liabilities

    (3,252 )   (1,048 )   (2,412 )   (332 )

Total Liabilities

    (3,252 )   (1,048 )   (2,412 )   (332 )

NET ASSETS / (LIABILITIES)

    11,543     9,848     5,430     2,491  
       

Sales

                 

Net loss

    (544 )   (569 )   (386 )   (232 )
   

Colombia

   
 
   
  Yamu/Carupana Block
GeoPark Colombia
and Luna
SAS
75%/54.50%
   
   
 
 
  Llanos 17 Block
GeoPark Luna
SAS
36.84%
  Llanos 34 Block
GeoPark Colombia
SAS
45%
  Llanos 32 Block
GeoPark Luna
SAS
10%
 
Joint operation
Subsidiary
Interest

 
  2012
  2012
  2012
  2012
 
   

ASSETS

                         

PP&E / E&E

    3,872     12,626     25,178     4,384  

Other assets

    144     26     72     1,484  

Total Assets

    4,016     12,652     25,250     5,868  

LIABILITIES

                         

Current liabilities

    (224 )           (1,509 )

Total Liabilities

    (224 )           (1,509 )

NET ASSETS / (LIABILITIES)

    3,792     12,652     25,250     4,359  
       

Sales

    144     23,283     10,362     2,900  

Net profit / (loss)

    144     4,034     3,767     1,207  
   

F-61


Table of Contents

Capital commitments are disclosed in Note 32 (b).

Note 32  Commitments

(a) Royalty commitments

In Argentina, crude oil production accrues royalties payable to the Provinces of Santa Cruz and Mendoza equivalent to 12% on estimated value at well head of those products. This value is equivalent to final sales price less transport, storage and treatment costs.

In Argentina crude oil sales accrue private royalties payable to EPP Petróleo S.A. (2.5% on invoiced amount of crude oil obtained from wells at "Del Mosquito", Province of Santa Cruz, Argentina) and to Occidental Petroleum Argentina INC, formerly Vintage Argentina Ltd. (8% on invoiced amount of crude oil obtained from wells at "Loma Cortaderal" and "Cerro Doña Juana", Province of Mendoza, Argentina).

In Chile, royalties are payable to the Chilean Government, which is calculated at 5% of crude oil production and 3% of gas production.

In Colombia, royalties on production are payable to the Colombian Government and are determined at a rate of 8%. Additionally, under the terms of the Winchester Stock Purchase Agreement, we are obligated to make certain payments to the previous owners of Winchester based on the production and sale of hydrocarbons discovered by exploration wells drilled after October 25, 2011. These payments involve both an earnings based measure and an overriding royalty equal to an estimated 4% carried interest on the part of the vendor. As at the balance sheet date and based on preliminary internal estimates of additions of 2P reserves since acquisition, the Company's best estimate of the total commitment over the remaining life of the concession is a range of US$ 35 million—US$ 42 million (assuming a discount rate of 9.7% and oil price of US$ 94 per barrel).

(b) Capital commitments

Chile

The Tranquilo Block Consortium has committed to drill four exploratory wells, to perform 2D and 3D seismic in the period to January 2013. The joint operation estimates that the remaining commitment amounts to US$ 5,500,000 at GeoPark's working interest (29%), related to the first exploratory phase. In January 2013, the Energy Ministry were informed that, in accordance with the article 3.3 of the Special Operations Contract for the Exploration and Exploitation (CEOP) that after the termination of the first exploratory phase, and after fulfilling the commitment previously mentioned, it had been decided not to continue to the second exploratory period. GeoPark and its partners relinquished the Tranquilo Block, except for an area of 92,417 acres consisting of protected exploitation zones for the Cabo Negro, Marcou Sur, Maria Antonieta and Palos Quemados prospects.

The Otway Block Consortium has committed to drill two exploratory wells and to perform 3D seismic until May 2013. The joint operation estimates that the remaining commitment amounts to US$ 2,400,000 at GeoPark's working interest (25%).

After participating in a farm-in process organized by ENAP, GeoPark was awarded three blocks in Tierra del Fuego (Isla Norte block, Flamenco block and Campanario block).

On 6 November 2012, the Chilean Government signed the CEOPs related to Flamenco and Isla Norte blocks. Subsequently, on 9 January 2013, the Chilean Government also signed the CEOP for Campanario block.

F-62


Table of Contents

Future investment commitments assumed by GeoPark were:

3 exploratory wells and 350 km2 of seismic surveys on Isla Norte Block (US$ 16,330,000)
8 exploratory wells and 578 km2 of seismic surveys on Campanario Block (US$ 41,530,000)
10 exploratory wells and 570 km2 of seismic surveys on Flamenco Block (US$ 43,570,000)

As part of the agreement, the investments made in the first exploratory period will be assumed 100% by GeoPark.

Colombia

The Yamu Block Consortium has committed to drill one exploratory well during 2013.

The Llanos 34 Block Consortium has committed to drill one exploratory well between 2013 and 2014. The joint operation estimates that the remaining commitment amounts to US$ 3,555,000 at GeoPark's working interest (45%). The Arrendajo Block (10% working interest) Consortium has committed to drill one exploratory well during 2013.

The Llanos 32 Block Consortium has committed to drill two exploratory wells between 2013 and 2014. The joint operation estimates that the remaining commitment amounts to US$ 750,000 at GeoPark's working interest (10%).

The Llanos 17 Block Consortium has committed to drill either two exploratory wells or one exploratory well and perform 3D seismic between 2013 and 2014. The joint operation estimates that the remaining commitment amounts to US$ 2,450,000 at GeoPark's working interest (36.84%).

The Llanos 62 Block (100% working interest) has committed to drill two exploratory wells between 2013 and 2014. The remaining commitment amounts to US$ 3,000,000.

The Cuerva Block (100% working interest) has committed to drill two exploratory wells between 2013 and 2014. This represents an approximately amount of US$ 4,800,000.

(c) Operating lease commitments—group company as lessee

The Group leases various plant and machinery under non-cancellable operating lease agreements.

The Group also leases offices under non-cancellable operating lease agreements. The lease terms are between 2 and 3 years, and the majority of lease agreements are renewable at the end of the lease period at market rate.

During 2012 a total amount of US$ 4,531,000 (US$ 3,313,000 in 2011) was charged to the income statement and US$ 32,706,000 of operating leases were capitalised as Property, plant and equipment (US$ 28,132,000 in 2011).

F-63


Table of Contents

The future aggregate minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases are as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Operating lease commitments

             

Falling due within 1 year

    26,464     34,126  

Falling due within 1–3 years

    3,709     24,797  

Falling due within 3–5 years

    443     222  

Falling due over 5 years

    895      

Total minimum lease payments

    31,511     59,145  
   

Note 33  Related parties

Controlling interest

The main shareholders of GeoPark Holdings Limited, a company registered in Bermuda, as of 31 December 2012, are:

a)     18.79% of share capital, by Gerald O'Shaughnessy (founder).

b)     16.05% of share capital, by Energy Holdings, LLC controlled by James F. Park (founder).

c)     11.44% of share capital, by Cartica Corporate Governance Fund, L.P.

d)     7.95% of share capital, by IFC (International Finance Corporation).

e)     4.99% of share capital, by Socoservin Overseas Ltd controlled by Juan Cristóbal Pavez (Non- Executive Director)

f)      5.21% of share capital, by MONEDA A.F.I.

g)     7.60% of share capital, by Pershing Keen, New Jersey (ND).

Balances outstanding and transactions with related parties

 
Account (Amounts in '000)
  Transaction
in the year

  Balances
at year
end

  Related Party
  Relationship
 

2012

                   

To be recovered from co-ventures

        8,773   Joint Operations   Joint Operations

Prepayment and other receivables

        31,138   LGI   Partner

To be paid to co-venturers

        (2,007 ) Joint Operations   Joint Operations

Exploration costs

    31       Carlos Gulisano   Non-Executive Director(*)

Administrative costs

    219       Carlos Gulisano   Non-Executive Director(*)

2011

                   

To be recovered from co-ventures

        537   Joint Operations   Joint Operations

Prepayment and other receivables

        6,000   LGI   Partner

Exploration costs

    138       Carlos Gulisano   Non-Executive Director(*)
 

(*)    Corresponding to consultancy services.

F-64


Table of Contents

There have been no other transactions with the Board of Directors, Executive Board, Executive officers, significant shareholders or other related parties during the year besides the intercompany transactions which have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements, and normal remuneration of Board of Directors and Executive Board.

Note 34  Fees paid to Auditors

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2012
  2011
 
   

Fees payable to the Group's auditors for the audit of the consolidated financial statements

    346     120  

Fees payable to the Group's auditors for the review of interim financial results

    52     32  

Fees payable for the audit of the Group's subsidiaries pursuant to legislation

    298     113  

Non-audit services

    713     239  
       

Fees paid to auditors

    1,409     504  
   

Non-audit services relates to tax services for US$ 121,000 (US$ 123,000 in 2011) and due diligence and other services for US$ 592,000 (US$ 116,000 in 2011).

Note 35  Business transactions

Acquisitions in Colombia

On 14 February 2012, GeoPark acquired two privately-held exploration and production companies operating in Colombia, Winchester Oil and Gas S.A. and La Luna Oil Company Limited S.A. ("Winchester Luna"). For accounting purposes, these acquisitions were computed as if they had occurred on 1 February 2012.

On 27 March 2012, a second acquisition occurred with the purchase of Hupecol Cuerva LLC ("Hupecol"), a privately-held company with two exploration and production blocks in Colombia. For accounting purposes, this acquisition was computed as if it had occurred on 1 April 2012.

The combined Hupecol and Winchester Luna purchases (acquired for a total consideration of US$ 105 million, adjusted for working capital) provide GeoPark with the following in Colombia:

Interests in 10 blocks (ranging from 5% to 100%), with license operationship in four of them, located in the Llanos, Magdalena and Catatumbo Basins, covering an area of approximately 220,000 gross acres.

Risk-balanced asset portfolio of existing reserves, low risk development potential and attractive exploration upside.

Successful Colombian operating and administrative team to support a smooth transition and start-up in Colombia together with Associations and JVs with principal Colombian operators.

Under the terms of the sale and purchase agreement entered into in 2012 in respect of the acquisition of Winchester Luna, the Company has to make certain payments to the former owners arising from the production and sale of hydrocarbons discovered by exploration wells drilled after 25 October 2011 on the working interests of the companies at that date. These payments which involve both, an earnings based measure and an overriding revenue royalty, equate to an estimated 4% carried interest on the part of the vendor.

In Colombia, royalties on production are payable to the Colombian Government and are determined at a rate of 8%.

F-65


Table of Contents

In accordance with the acquisition method of accounting, the acquisition cost was allocated to the underlying assets acquired and liabilities assumed based primarily upon their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. An income approach (being the net present value of expected future cash flows) was adopted to determine the fair values of the mineral interest. Estimates of expected future cash flows reflect estimates of projected future revenues, production costs and capital expenditures based on our business model.

The following table summarises the combined consideration paid for Winchester Luna and Hupecol, the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed for these transactions:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Hupecol
  Winchester Luna
  Total
 
   

Cash (including working capital adjustments)

    79,630     32,243     111,873  

Total consideration

    79,630     32,243     111,873  
       

Cash and cash equivalents

    976     5,594     6,570  

Property, plant and equipment (including mineral interest)

    73,791     37,182     110,973  

Trade receivables

    4,402     4,098     8,500  

Prepayments and other receivables

    5,640     2,983     8,623  

Deferred income tax assets

    10,344     5,262     15,606  

Inventories

    10,596     1,612     12,208  

Trade payables and other debt

    (20,487 )   (11,981 )   (32,468 )

Borrowings

        (1,368 )   (1,368 )

Provision for other long-term liabilities

    (5,632 )   (2,738 )   (8,370 )

Total identifiable net assets

    79,630     40,644     120,274  
       

Bargain purchase gain on acquisition of subsidiaries(1)

        8,401     8,401  
   

(1)    the bargain purchase gain is related to the fact that the Company paid a full market price for the proved reserves but received a discount on the probable and possible reserves and resource base acquired due to the vendor's limited ability to fund the future development of these assets.

The purchase price allocation above mentioned is final.

Acquisition-related costs have been charged to administrative expenses in the consolidated income statement for the year ended 31 December 2012.

In accordance with disclosure requirements for business combinations, the Company has calculated its net revenue and profit, considering as if the mentioned acquisitions had occurred at the beginning of the reporting period. The following table summarises both results:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Total
 
   

Net revenue

    275,051  

Profit for the year

    22,087  
   

The revenue included in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income since acquisition date contributed by the acquired companies was US$ 99,501,000. The acquired companies also contributed profit of US$ 1,152,000 over the same period.

LGI partnership

On 12 March 2010, LGI and the Company agreed to form a new strategic partnership to jointly acquire and develop upstream oil and gas projects in Latin America.

F-66


Table of Contents

During 2011, GeoPark and LGI entered into the following agreements through which LGI acquires an equity interest in the Chilean Business of the Group:

On 20 May 2011, the Company (through its wholly owned subsidiaries GeoPark Latin America Chilean Branch and GeoPark Chile S.A.) and LGI signed a subscription agreement in which LGI subscribed 10 million of ordinary shares representing 10% equity interest in GeoPark Chile S.A, the Company owner of the Chilean assets, for a total consideration of US$ 70,000,000.

On 4 October 2011, an addendum to the agreement dated 20 May 2011 was signed whereby 12.5 million of ordinary shares in GeoPark Chile S.A. were subscribed by LGI, for a consideration of US$ 78,000,000, representing an additional 10%.

The transactions mentioned above have been considered to be a deemed disposal and in accordance with IAS 27 it has been accounted for as a transaction with Non-controlling interest. Consequently, the gain of US$ 111,245,000 has been recognised through equity rather than in the income statement for the year. Under the terms of this agreement LGI also committed to provide additional equity funding of US$ 18 million to GeoPark Chile S.A. over the next three years, being LGI's share of GeoPark Chile S.A.'s commitments under the minimum work programme of the three Tierra del Fuego licences (see Note 32).

In December 2012, LGI has also joined GeoPark's operations in Colombia through the acquisition of a 20% interest in GeoPark Colombia S.A., a company that holds GeoPark's Colombian assets and which includes interests in 10 hydrocarbon blocks. A capital contribution in GeoPark Colombia S.A. for an amount of US$ 14,920,000 was made in 2013. In addition, as part of the transaction, US$ 5,000,000 was transferred directly to the Colombian subsidiary as a loan.

In addition, in March 2013 GeoPark and LGI announced their agreement to extend their strategic alliance to build a portfolio of upstream oil and gas assets throughout Latin America through 2015.

Note 36  Agreement with Methanex

In March 2012, the Company and Methanex signed a third addendum and amendment to the Gas Supply Agreement to incentivise the development of gas reserves. Through this new agreement, the Company completed the drilling of five new gas wells during 2012. Methanex contributed to the cost of drilling the wells in order to improve the project economics. As of 31 December, the Company has fulfilled all the commitments under this agreement.

The Agreement also included monthly commitments of delivering certain volume of gas; in case of failure, the Company could meet the obligation from future deliveries without penalties during a period of three months. Otherwise, the Company has to recognise the corresponding liability. As of 31 December 2012, the accrued penalty amounts to US$ 1.7 million.

Note 37  Subsequent events

Notes issuance

During February 2013, the Company successfully placed US$ 300 million notes which were offered under Rule 144A and Regulation S exemptions of the United States Securities laws.

The Notes, issued by the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary GeoPark Latin America Limited Agencia en Chile ("the Issuer"), were priced at 99.332% and will carry a coupon of 7.50% per annum to yield 7.625% per annum. Final maturity of the notes will be 11 February 2020. The Notes are guaranteed by GeoPark

F-67


Table of Contents

Holdings and GeoPark Latin America Chilean Branch and are secured with a pledge of all of the equity interests of the Issuer in GeoPark Chile S.A. and GeoPark Colombia S.A. and a pledge of certain intercompany loans. Notes were rated single B by both Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings.

The net proceeds of the notes will be used to finance the Company's expansion plans in the region and also to repay existing debt of approximately US$170 million, including the existing Reg S Notes due 2015 and the Itau loan. The transaction extends GeoPark's debt maturity significantly, allowing the Company to allocate more resources to its investment and inorganic growth programs in the coming years.

Acquisition in Brazil

GeoPark entered into Brazil with the acquisition of a ten percent working interest in the offshore Manati gas field ("Manati Field"), the largest natural gas producing field in Brazil. On May 14, 2013, GeoPark executed a stock purchase agreement ("SPA") with Panoro Energy do Brasil Ltda., the subsidiary of Panoro Energy ASA, ("Panoro"), a Norwegian listed company with assets in Brazil and Africa, to acquire all of the issued and outstanding shares of its wholly-owned Brazilian subsidiary, Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda ("Rio das Contas"), the direct owner of 10% of the BCAM-40 block (the "Block"), which includes the shallow-depth offshore Manati Field in the Camamu-Almada basin.

The Manati Field is a strategically important, profitable upstream asset in Brazil and currently provides approximately 50% of the gas supplied to the northeastern region of Brazil and more than 75% of the gas supplied to Salvador, the largest city and capital of the northeastern state of Bahia. The field is largely developed with existing producing wells and an extensive pipeline, treatment and delivery infrastructure and is not expected to require significant future capital expenditures to meet current production estimates. Additional reserve development may be possible.

The Manati Field is operated by Petrobras (35% working interest), the Brazilian national company, largest oil and gas operator in Brazil and internationally-respected offshore operator. Other partners in the block include Queiroz Galvao Exploracao e Producao (45% working interest) and Brasoil Manati Exploracao Petrolifera S.A. (10% working interest).

GeoPark has agreed to pay a cash consideration of US$140 million at closing, which will be adjusted for working capital with an effective date of April 30, 2013. The consideration will be funded from existing cash resources. The agreement also provides for possible future contingent payments by GeoPark over the next five years, depending on the economic performance and cash generation of the Block. The closing of the acquisition is subject to certain conditions, including approval by the Brazilian National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency ("ANP") and the Brazilian antitrust authorities.

The Manati Field acquisition provides GeoPark with:

A solid foundational platform in Brazil to support future growth and expansion in Brazil—one of the world's most attractive hydrocarbon regions.

Participation in an economically-attractive and strategic asset representing the largest non-associated gas producing field in Brazil, with a gross production of over 211 million cubic feet per day of gas and a secure attractively-priced long term off take contract that covers 75% of proven reserves (100% of proven developed reserves).

A low-risk and fully-developed producing gas field with no significant drilling or capital expenditure investments expected.

A valuable partnership with Petrobras, the largest operator in Brazil.

An established geoscience and administrative team to manage the assets—and seek new growth opportunities.

F-68


Table of Contents

New operations in Brazil

On 14 May 2013, the Company has been awarded seven new licenses in the Brazilian Round 11 of which two are in the Reconcavo Basin in the State of Bahia and five are in the Potiguar Basin in the State of Rio Grande do Norte.

The licensing round was organized by the ANP and all proceedings and bids have been made public. The winning bids are subject to confirmation of qualification requirements.

For its winning bids on the seven blocks, GeoPark has committed to invest a minimum of US$15.3 million (including bonus and work program commitment) during the first 3 years of exploratory period. The new blocks cover an area of approximately 54,850 acres.

Drilling operations start-up in Tierra del Fuego

In April 2013, the Company has started the exploration drilling in Tierra del Fuego in Chile in its partnership with Empresa Nacional de Petroleo de Chile ("ENAP") with the spudding of the Chercán 1 well on the Flamenco Block. Chercán 1 is the first of 21 exploratory wells on the Flamenco, Campanario and Isla Norte Blocks in Tierra del Fuego as part of an estimated US$ 100 million investment commitment during the First Exploration Period. As of the date of this interim consolidated financial report, approximately 1,200 sq km of 3D seismic have been carried out over the three blocks; out of a total 3D seismic program of approximately 1,500 sq km.

Subsidiary undertakings

Subsequent to the year ended 31 December 2012, with the purpose of conducting its multilocation activities and for allowing future business structures, the Group Company has incorporated the wholly owned subsidiaries GeoPark Brasil Exploracao y Producao de Petróleo e Gas Ltda. (Brazil), GeoPark Colombia Coöperatie U.A. (The Netherlands) and GeoPark Brazil Coöperatie U.A. (The Netherlands). At the date of the issuance of these financial statements, these subsidiaries are dormant companies.

F-69


Table of Contents

Note 38  Supplemental information on oil and gas activities (unaudited)

The following information is presented in accordance with ASC No. 932 "Extractive Activities—Oil and Gas", as amended by ASU 2010—03 "Oil and Gas Reserves. Estimation and Disclosures", issued by FASB in January 2010 in order to align the current estimation and disclosure requirements with the requirements set in the SEC final rules and interpretations, published on December 31, 2008. This information includes the Company's oil and gas production activities carried out in Chile, Colombia and Argentina.

Table 1—Costs incurred in exploration, property acquisitions and development(1)

The following table presents those costs capitalized as well as expensed that were incurred during each of the years ended as of 31 December 2012 and 2011. The acquisition of properties includes the cost of acquisition of proved or unproved oil and gas properties. Exploration costs include geological and geophysical costs, costs necessary for retaining undeveloped properties, drilling costs and exploratory well equipment. Development costs include drilling costs and equipment for developmental wells, the construction of facilities for extraction, treatment and storage of hydrocarbons and all necessary costs to maintain facilities for the existing developed reserves.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
  Total
 
   

Year ended 31 December 2012

                         

Acquisition of properties

                         

Proved

        82,766         82,766  

Unproved

        27,818         27,818  

Total property acquisition

        110,584         110,584  

Exploration

    58,301     28,999     (1,602 )   85,698  

Development

    89,669     27,479     499     117,647  

Total costs incurred

    147,970     167,062     (1,103 )   313,929  
   

 

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
  Total
 
   

Year ended 31 December 2011

                         

Acquisition of properties

                         

Proved

                 

Unproved

                 

Total property acquisition

                 

Exploration

    38,601           3,671     42,272  

Development

    60,002         147     60,149  

Total costs incurred

    98,603         3,818     102,421  
   

(1)    Includes capitalised amounts related to asset retirement obligations.

F-70


Table of Contents

Table 2—Capitalised costs related to oil and gas producing activities

The following table presents the capitalized costs as at 31 December 2012 and 2011, for proved and unproved oil and gas properties, and the related accumulated depreciation as of those dates.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
  Total
 
   

At 31 December 2012

                         

Proved properties

                         

Equipment, camps and other facilities

    69,755     16,351     843     86,949  

Mineral interest and wells(1)

    236,499     103,023     4,849     344,371  

Other uncompleted projects

    44,806     8,520         53,326  

Unproved properties(2)

    59,924     33,151     31     93,106  

Gross capitalised costs

    410,984     161,045     5,723     577,752  

Accumulated depreciation(1)

    (98,161 )   (20,917 )   (5,414 )   (124,492 )

Total net capitalised costs

    312,823     140,128     309     453,260  
   

(1)    Includes capitalised amounts related to asset retirement obligations

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
  Total
 
   

At 31 December 2011

                         

Proved properties

                         

Equipment, camps and other facilities

    46,259         843     47,102  

Mineral interest and wells(1)

    166,679         5,277     171,956  

Other uncompleted projects

    32,697         199     32,896  

Unproved properties(2)

    37,755         4,385     42,140  

Gross capitalised costs

    283,390         10,704     294,094  

Accumulated depreciation(1)

    (67,559 )       (4,673 )   (72,232 )

Total net capitalised costs

    215,831         6,031     221,862  
   

(1)    Includes capitalised amounts related to asset retirement obligations.

(2)    Exploration wells movement and balances are as follow:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Total
 
   

Exploration wells at 31 December 2010

    5,787  

Additions

    35,400  

Write-offs

    (5,919 )

Transfers

    (13,027 )

Exploration wells at 31 December 2011

    22,241  

Additions

    47,891  

Write-offs

    (21,339 )

Transfers

    (23,496 )

Acquisition of subsidiaries

    1,868  

Exploration wells at 31 December 2012

    27,165  
   

F-71


Table of Contents

Table 3—Results of operations for oil and gas producing activities

The breakdown of results of the operations shown below summarises revenues and expenses directly associated with oil and gas producing activities for the years ended 31 December 2012 and 2011. Income tax for the years presented was calculated utilizing the statutory tax rates.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
  Total
 
   

Year ended 31 December 2012

                         

Net revenue

    149,927     99,501     1,050     250,478  

Production costs

                         

Operating costs

    (30,586 )   (35,069 )   151     (65,504 )

Royalties and other

    (7,088 )   (4,164 )   (172 )   (11,424 )

Total production costs

    (37,674 )   (39,233 )   (21 )   (76,928 )

Exploration expenses

    (22,080 )   (5,528 )   (282 )   (27,890 )

Accretion expense(1)

    (265 )   (803 )   (194 )   (1,262 )

Depreciation, depletion and amortization

    (28,120 )   (20,964 )   (3,223 )   (52,307 )

Results of operations before income tax

    61,788     32,973     (2,670 )   92,091  

Income tax

    (9,268 )   (10,881 )   935     (19,214 )

Results of oil and gas operations

    52,520     22,092     (1,735 )   72,877  
   

 

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
  Total
 
   

Year ended 31 December 2011

                         

Net revenue

    110,103         1,477     111,580  

Production costs

                         

Operating costs

    (23,623 )       (203 )   (23,826 )

Royalties and other

    (4,634 )       (209 )   (4,843 )

Total production costs

    (28,257 )       (412 )   (28,669 )

Exploration expenses

    (8,487 )       (1,579 )   (10,066 )

Accretion expense(1)

    (178 )       (172 )   (350 )

Depreciation, depletion and amortization

    (24,958 )       (886 )   (25,844 )

Results of operations before income tax

    48,223         (1,572 )   46,651  

Income tax

    (7,233 )       550     (6,683 )

Results of oil and gas operations

    40,990         (1,022 )   39,968  
   

(1)    Represents accretion of ARO liability.

F-72


Table of Contents

Table 4—Reserve quantity information

Estimated oil and gas reserves

Proved reserves represent estimated quantities of oil (including crude oil and condensate) and natural gas, which available geological and engineering data demonstrates with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. Proved developed reserves are proved reserves that can reasonably be expected to be recovered through existing wells with existing equipment and operating methods. The choice of method or combination of methods employed in the analysis of each reservoir was determined by the stage of development, quality and reliability of basic data, and production history.

The Company believes that its estimates of remaining proved recoverable oil and gas reserve volumes are reasonable and such estimates have been prepared in accordance with the SEC Modernization of Oil and Gas Reporting rules, which were issued by the SEC at the end of 2008.

The Company estimates its reserves at least once a year. The Company's reserves estimation as of 31 December 31 2012 and 2011 was based on the DeGolyer and MacNaughton Reserves Report (the "D&M Reserves Report"). DeGolyer and MacNaughton prepared its proved oil and natural gas reserve estimates in accordance with Rule 4-10 of Regulation S—X, promulgated by the SEC, and in accordance with the oil and gas reserves disclosure provisions of ASC 932 of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) relating to Extractive Activities—Oil and Gas (formerly SFAS no. 69 Disclosures about Oil and Gas Producing Activities).

Reserves engineering is a subjective process of estimation of hydrocarbon accumulation, which cannot be accurately measured, and the reserve estimation depends on the quality of available information and the interpretation and judgment of the engineers and geologists. Therefore, the reserves estimations, as well as future production profiles, are often different than the quantities of hydrocarbons which are finally recovered. The accuracy of such estimations depends, in general, on the assumptions on which they are based.

The estimated GeoPark net proved reserves for the properties evaluated as of 31 December 2012, 2011 and 2010 are summarised as follows, expressed in thousands of barrels (Mbbl) and millions of cubic feet (MMcf):

   
 
  As of 31 December 2012   As of 31 December 2011  
 
  Oil and
condensate
(Mbbl)

  Natural gas
(MMcf)

  Oil and
condensate
(Mbbl)

  Natural gas
(MMcf)

 
   

Net proved developed

                         

Chile(1)

    2,104.8     12,768.0     2,133.2     24,476.0  

Colombia(2)

    2,008.6              

Argentina

                 

Total consolidated

    4,113.4     12,768.0     2,133.2     24,476.0  

Net proved undeveloped

                         

Chile(1)

    3,153.3     16,813.0     3,120.9     32,681.0  

Colombia(3)

    4,618.4              

Argentina

                 

Total consolidated

    7,771.7     16,813.0     3,120.9     32,681.0  

Total proved reserves

    11,885.1     29,581.0     5,254.1     57,157.0  
   

(1)    Fell Block accounts for 100% of the reserves.

(2)    Llanos 34 Block and Cuerva Block account for 31% and 53% of the proved developed reserves, respectively.

(3)    Llanos 34 Block and Cuerva Block account for 72% and 25% of the proved undeveloped reserves, respectively.

F-73


Table of Contents

Table 5—Net proved reserves of oil, condensate and natural gas

Net proved reserves (developed and undeveloped) of oil and condensate:

   
Thousands of barrels
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
  Total
 
   

Reserves as of 31 December 2010(1)

    5,349.9             5,349.9  

Increase (decrease) attributable to:

                         

Revisions

    (1,253.8 )           (1,253.8 )

Extensions and discoveries

    2,022.0             2,022.0  

Production

    (864.0 )           (864.0 )

Reserves as of 31 December 2011

    5,254.1             5,254.1  

Increase (decrease) attributable to:

                         

Revisions

    (1,250.8 )           (1,250.8 )

Extensions and discoveries

    2,670.0             2,670.0  

Purchases of minerals in place

        7,522.8         7,522.8  

Production

    (1,415.2 )   (895.8 )       (2,311.0 )

Reserves as of 31 December 2012

    5,258.1     6,627.0         11,885.1  
   

(1)    Includes 1,377 of developed reserves

Net proved reserves (developed and undeveloped) of natural gas:

   
Millions of cubic feet
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
  Total
 
   

Reserves as of 31 December 2010(1)

    76,974.0             76,974.0  

Increase (decrease) attributable to:

                         

Revisions

    (15,817.0 )           (15,817.0 )

Extensions and discoveries

    5,690.0             5,690.0  

Production

    (9,690.0 )           (9,690.0 )

Reserves as of 31 December 2011

    57,157.0             57,157.0  

Increase (decrease) attributable to:

                         

Revisions

    (21,860.0 )           (21,860.0 )

Extensions and discoveries

    2,256.0             2,256.0  

Purchases

                     

Production

    (7,972.0 )           (7,972.0 )

Reserves as of 31 December 2012

    29,581.0             29,581.0  
   

(1)    Includes 30,691 of developed reserves

Revisions refer to changes in interpretation of discovered accumulations and some technical / logistical needs in the area obliged to modify the timing and development plan of certain fields under appraisal and development phases.

F-74


Table of Contents

Table 6—Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows related to proved oil and gas reserves

The following table discloses estimated future net cash flows from future production of proved developed and undeveloped reserves of crude oil, condensate and natural gas. As prescribed by SEC Modernization of Oil and Gas Reporting rules and ASC 932 of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) relating to Extractive Activities—Oil and Gas (formerly SFAS no. 69 Disclosures about Oil and Gas Producing Activities), such future net cash flows were estimated using the average first day- of-the-month price during the 12-month period for 2012 and 2011 and using a 10% annual discount factor. Future development and abandonment costs include estimated drilling costs, development and exploitation installations and abandonment costs. These future development costs were estimated based on evaluations made by the Company. The future income tax was calculated by applying the statutory tax rates in effect in the respective countries in which we have interests, as of the date this supplementary information was filed.

This standardized measure is not intended to be and should not be interpreted as an estimate of the market value of the Company's reserves. The purpose of this information is to give standardized data to help the users of the financial statements to compare different companies and make certain projections. It is important to point out that this information does not include, among other items, the effect of future changes in prices, costs and tax rates, which past experience indicates that are likely to occur, as well as the effect of future cash flows from reserves which have not yet been classified as proved reserves, of a discount factor more representative of the value of money over the lapse of time and of the risks inherent to the production of oil and gas. These future changes may have a significant impact on the future net cash flows disclosed below. For all these reasons, this information does not necessarily indicate the perception the Company has on the discounted future net cash flows derived from the reserves of hydrocarbons.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
  Total
 
   

At 31 December 2012

                         

Future cash inflows

    568,647     491,578         1,060,225  

Future production costs

    (135,525 )   (181,780 )       (317,305 )

Future development costs

    (149,100 )   (45,966 )       (195,066 )

Future income taxes

    (44,218 )   (98,773 )       (142,991 )

Undiscounted future net cash flows

    239,804     165,059         404,863  

10% annual discount

    (37,355 )   (31,414 )       (68,769 )

Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows

    202,449     133,645         336,094  

At 31 December 2011

                         

Future cash inflows

    681,269             681,269  

Future production costs

    (130,786 )           (130,786 )

Future development costs

    (112,014 )               (112,014 )

Future income taxes

    (76,544 )           (76,544 )

Undiscounted future net cash flows

    361,925             361,925  

10% annual discount

    (76,322 )           (76,322 )

Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows

    285,603             285,603  
   

F-75


Table of Contents

Table 7—Changes in the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows from proved reserves

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Chile
  Colombia
  Argentina
  Total
 
   

Present value at 31 December 2010

    226,784             226,784  

Sales of hydrocarbon, net of production costs

    (83,199 )           (83,199 )

Net changes in sales price and production costs

    145,391             145,391  

Changes in estimated future development costs

    (39,039 )           (39,039 )

Extensions, discoveries and improved recovery less related costs

    87,266             87,266  

Development costs incurred

    56,566             56,566  

Revisions of previous quantity estimates

    (114,297 )           (114,297 )

Net changes in income taxes

    (20,058 )           (20,058 )

Accretion of discount

    28,085             28,085  

Other changes

    (1,896 )           (1,896 )

Present value at 31 December 2011

    285,603             285,603  
       

Sales of hydrocarbon , net of production costs

    (110,331 )   (10,015 )       (120,346 )

Net changes in sales price and production costs

    45,100             45,100  

Changes in estimated future development costs

    (73,255 )           (73,255 )

Extensions and discoveries less related costs

    108,768             108,768  

Development costs incurred

    57,055             57,055  

Revisions of previous quantity estimates

    (174,757 )           (174,757 )

Purchase of minerals in place

        143,660         143,660  

Net changes in income taxes

    23,250             23,250  

Accretion of discount

    36,215             36,215  

Other changes

    4,801             4,801  

Present value at 31 December 2012

    202,449     133,645         336,094  
   

F-76


Table of Contents

Winchester Oil & Gas S. A.

Consolidated financial statement

For one-month period ended January 31, 2012

F-77


Table of Contents

Contents

   
 
  Page
 
   

Independent auditor's report

    F-79  

Consolidated statement of income and consolidated statement of comprehensive income

    F-80  

Consolidated statement of financial position

    F-81  

Consolidated statement of cash flow

    F-82  

Consolidated statement of changes in equity

    F-83  

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

    F-84  
   

F-78


Table of Contents


Report of independent auditors

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Winchester Oil & Gas S.A.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of financial position of Winchester Oil & Gas S.A. and its subsidiary as of January 31, 2012, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the period of one month then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

As discussed in Note 2.1, the accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include comparative figures for the prior period as required by IAS 1, "Presentation of financial statements". In our opinion, inclusion of comparative figures is necessary to obtain a proper understanding of the current period's financial statements.

In our opinion, except for the exclusion of comparative information as discussed in the preceding paragraph, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Winchester Oil & Gas S.A. and its subsidiary at January 31, 2012, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the period of one month then ended in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda.

PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda.
Bogotá, Colombia
July 18, 2013

F-79


Table of Contents


Winchester Oil & Gas S.A.
January 31, 2012
Consolidated statement of income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Note
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

NET REVENUE

    6     2,613  

Production costs

    7     (1,196 )

GROSS PROFIT

          1,417  

Administrative costs

    9     (226 )

Selling expenses

    10     (508 )

Other operating income

          170  

OPERATING PROFIT

          853  

Financial income

    11     100  

Financial expenses

    12     (18 )

PROFIT BEFORE TAX

          935  

Income tax

    13     (594 )

PROFIT FOR THE PERIOD

          341  

Attributable to:

             

Owners of the parent

          341  
   


Consolidated statement of comprehensive income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Profit for the period

    341  

Other comprehensive income

     

Total comprehensive Income for the period

    341  

Attributable to:

       

Owners of the parent

    341  
   

   

The notes 1 to 26 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-80


Table of Contents


Winchester Oil & Gas S.A.
January 31, 2012
Consolidated statement of financial position

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Note
  At January 31,
2012

 
   

ASSETS

             

NON CURRENT ASSETS

             

Property and equipment

    15     26,049  

Other financial assets

          1,206  

TOTAL NON CURRENT ASSETS

          27,255  

CURRENT ASSETS

             

Inventories

    17     1,306  

Trade receivables

    18     4,098  

Prepayment and other receivables

    18     1,082  

Prepaid taxes

    18     735  

Cash and cash equivalents

          5,567  

TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS

          12,788  

TOTAL ASSETS

          40,043  

EQUITY

             

Equity attributable to owners of the Company

             

Share capital

    20     7  

Retained earnings

          24,672  

TOTAL EQUITY

          24,679  

LIABILITIES

             

NON CURRENT LIABILITIES

             

Trade and other payables

    23     266  

Provisions and other long-term liabilities

    22     2,222  

Deferred income tax liability

    14     153  

TOTAL NON CURRENT LIABILITIES

          2,641  

CURRENT LIABILITIES

             

Borrowings

    21     1,286  

Current income tax

          622  

Trade and other payables

    23     10,815  

TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES

          12,723  

TOTAL LIABILITIES

          15,364  

TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

          40,043  
   

   

The notes 1 to 26 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-81


Table of Contents


Winchester Oil & Gas S.A.
January 31, 2012
Consolidated statement of cash flow

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Cash flows from operating activities

       

Profit for the period

    341  

Adjustments for:

       

Income tax for the period

    594  

Depreciation of the period

    296  

Loss on disposal of property and equipment

    44  

Exchange difference generated by borrowings

    85  

Changes in working capital

    (530 )

Cash flows from operating activities—net

    830  

Cash flows from investing activities

       

Purchase of property and equipment

    (831 )

Cash flows used in investing activities—net

    (831 )

Net (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

    (1 )

Cash and cash equivalents at January 1

    5,568  

Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period

    5,567  

Ending Cash and cash equivalents are specified as follows:

       

Cash in banks

    5,567  

Cash and cash equivalents

    5,567  
   

   

The notes 1 to 26 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-82


Table of Contents


Winchester Oil & Gas S.A.
January 31, 2012
Consolidated statement of changes in equity

   
 
  Attributable to owners of the Company  
Amount in US$ '000
  Share
capital

  Retained
earnings

  Non-controlling
Interest

  Total
 
   

Equity at January 1, 2012

    7     24,331         24,338  

Profit for the one-month period

        341         341  

Total comprehensive income for the period ended January 31, 2012

        341         341  

Balance at January 31, 2012

    7     24,672         24,679  
   

   

The notes 1 to 26 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-83


Table of Contents


Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts expressed in thousands US Dollars

Note 1  General information

Winchester Oil & Gas SA ("The Company") is a corporation incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Panama, registered to the Listing Document 425060 and 405100 and domiciled in the City of Panama, Republic of Panama.

The Company established a branch in Colombia called Winchester Oil & Gas SA through public deed No. 3429 of Notary 36 of Bogotá from November 29, 2002, registered at the Chamber of Commerce of Bogota on December 13, 2002 under No. 107571, Book VI.

The principal activities of the Company are the conduct and further development of an oil and gas business in Colombia, directly or through its branch.

These consolidated financial statements were authorised for issuance by the Board of Directors on July 18, 2013.

Note 2  Summary of significant accounting policies

2.1 Basis of preparation

Basis of preparation

These consolidated financial statements of the Company for a one-month period ended January 31, 2012 have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IFRS), except that the consolidated financial information do not include comparative figures for the prior period as required by IAS 1 "Presentation of Financial Statements". The purpose of these financial statements is to meet the reporting requirements of Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) according to the Company?s ultimate parent requirements, in connection with an initial public offering process. The consolidated financial statements are presented in United States Dollars and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand (US$'000), except where otherwise indicated. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis.

The Company's transition date for IFRS purposes was January 1, 2011 as the Company did not present financial statements for previous periods. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with those IFRS standards and IFRIC interpretations issued and effective as at the time of preparing these statements.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Company's accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in this note under the title "Accounting estimates and assumptions".

F-84


Table of Contents

2.1.1 Changes in accounting policy and disclosure

New and amended standards adopted by the Company:

There are no IFRSs or IFRIC interpretations that are effective for the first time for the financial year beginning on or after January 1, 2012 that would be expected to have a material impact on the Company.

New standards, amendments and interpretations issued but not effective for the financial year beginning January 1, 2012 and not early adopted:

IFRS 9, 'Financial instruments', addresses the classification, measurement and recognition of financial assets and financial liabilities. IFRS 9 was issued in November 2009 and October 2010. It replaces the parts of IAS 39 that relate to the classification and measurement of financial instruments. IFRS 9 requires financial assets to be classified into two measurement categories: those measured as at fair value and those measured at amortised cost. The determination is made at initial recognition. The classification depends on the entity's business model for managing its financial instruments and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the instrument. For financial liabilities, the standard retains most of the IAS 39 requirements. The main change is that, in cases where the fair value option is taken for financial liabilities, the part of a fair value change due to an entity's own credit risk is recorded in other comprehensive income rather than the income statement, unless this creates an accounting mismatch. IFRS 9 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2015 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 10, 'Consolidated financial statements builds on existing principles by identifying the concept of control as the determining factor in whether an entity should be included within the consolidated financial statements of the parent company. The standard provides additional guidance to assist in the de-termination of control where this is difficult to assess. IFRS 10 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 11, 'Joint arrangements', establishes principles for financial reporting by entities that have an interest in arrangements that are controlled jointly. IFRS 11 defines joint control and requires an entity that is a party to a joint arrangement to determine the type of joint arrangement in which it is involved by assessing its rights and obligations and to account for those rights and obligations in accordance with that type of joint arrangement. IFRS 11 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 12, 'Disclosures of interests in other entities' includes the disclosure requirements for all forms of interests in other entities, including joint arrangements, associates, special purpose vehicles and other off balance sheet vehicles. IFRS 12 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 13, 'Fair value measurement', aims to improve consistency and reduce complexity by providing a precise definition of fair value and a single source of fair value measurement and disclosure requirements for use across IFRSs. The requirements, which are largely aligned between IFRSs and US GAAP, do not extend the use of fair value accounting but provide guidance on how it should be applied where its use is already required or permitted by other standards within IFRSs. IFRS 13 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013.

F-85


Table of Contents

2.2 Going concern

The Directors regularly monitor the Company's cash position and liquidity risks throughout the year to ensure that it has sufficient funds to meet forecast operational and investment funding requirements. Sensitivities are run to reflect latest expectations of expenditures, oil and gas prices and other factors to enable the Company to manage the risk of any funding short falls and/or potential loan covenant breaches.

Considering macroeconomic environment conditions, the performance of the operations and Company's cash position, the Directors have formed a judgement, at the time of approving the financial statements, that there is a reasonable expectation that the Company has adequate resources to continue with its investment program in order to increase oil and gas reserves, production and revenues and meeting all its obligations for the foreseeable future. For this reason, the Directors have continued to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the consolidated financial statements.

2.3 Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include those of the Company and all of its branch undertakings drawn up to the Balance Sheet date.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealised gains on transactions between the Company and its branches are eliminated. Unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. Amounts reported in the financial statements of branch have been adjusted where necessary to ensure consistency with the accounting policies adopted by the Company.

2.4 Foreign currency translation

a) Functional and presentation currency

The consolidated financial statements are presented in US Dollars, which is the Company's presentation currency.

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Company's entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the "functional currency"). The functional currency of the Company and its branch is the US Dollar.

b) Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at period end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

2.5 Joint operations

The Company's accounting for its investments in oil and gas related joint operations and other agreements involved in oil and gas exploration and production, have been recognized according to its share of the jointly controlled assets, liabilities, income and expenses.

F-86


Table of Contents

2.6 Revenue recognition

Revenue from the sale of crude oil is recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income when risk transferred to the purchaser, and if the revenue can be measured reliably and is expected to be received. Revenue is shown net of VAT.

2.7 Production costs

Production costs from joint operating agreements are recognized on an accruals basis in accordance with liquidations from the operators of each field. Property and equipment depreciation are also included in this account.

2.8 Financial costs

Financial costs principally include realised and unrealised gains and losses arising from transactions in foreign currencies and the amortisation of financial assets and liabilities.

2.9 Property and equipment

Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less depreciation, and impairment if applicable. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items; including provisions for asset retirement obligation.

Oil and gas exploration and production activities are accounted for in a manner similar to the successful efforts method on a field by field basis. The Company accounts for exploration and evaluation activities in accordance with IFRS 6, Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources, capitalising exploration and evaluation costs until such time as the economic viability of producing the underlying resources is determined. Costs incurred prior to obtaining legal rights to explore are expensed immediately to the income statement.

Exploration and evaluation costs may include: license acquisition, geological and geophysical studies (i.e.: seismic), direct labour costs and drilling costs of exploratory wells. No depreciation and/or amortisation is charged during the exploration and evaluation phase. Upon completion of the evaluation phase, the prospects are either transferred to oil and gas properties or charged to expense (exploration costs) in the period in which the determination is made depending whether they have found reserves or not. If not developed, Exploration and evaluation assets are written-off after three years unless, it can be clearly demonstrated that the carrying value of the investment is recoverable.

All field development costs are capitalised within oil and gas properties, and subject to depreciation. Such costs may include the acquisition and installation of production facilities, development drilling costs (including dry holes, service wells and seismic surveys for development purposes), project-related engineering and the acquisition costs of rights and concessions related to proved properties.

Workovers of wells made to develop reserves and/or increase production are capitalised as development costs. Maintenance costs are charged to income when incurred.

Capitalised costs of proved oil and gas properties are depreciated on a licensed area by the licensed area basis, using the unit of production method, based on commercial proved and probable reserves. The calculation of the "unit of production" depreciation takes into account estimated future finding and development costs and is based on current year end unescalated price levels. Changes in reserves and cost

F-87


Table of Contents

estimates are recognised prospectively. Reserves are converted to equivalent units on the basis of approximate relative energy content.

Commercial reserves are proved oil and gas reserves.

Depreciation of the remaining property and equipment assets (i.e.: furniture and vehicles) not directly associated with oil and gas activities has been calculated by means of the straight line method by applying such annual rates as required to write-off their value at the end of their estimated useful lives. The useful lives range between 3 years and 10 years.

Depreciation is allocated in the Consolidated Statement of Income as production or administrative costs, based on the nature of the associated asset.

An asset's carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset's carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.

2.10 Provisions and other long-term liabilities

Provisions for asset retirement obligations, restructuring obligations and legal claims are recognised when the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events; it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation; and the amount has been reliably estimated. Restructuring provisions comprise lease termination penalties and employee termination payments.

Provisions are measured at the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation using a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the obligation. The increase in the provision due to passage of time is recognised as interest expense.

The Company records the fair value of the liability for asset retirement obligations in the period in which the wells are drilled. When the liability is initially recorded, the Company capitalises the cost by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. Over time, the liability is accreted to its present value at each reporting period, and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the estimated useful life of the related asset. According to interpretations and application of current legislation and on the basis of the changes in technology and the variations in the costs of restoration necessary to protect the environment, the Company has considered it appropriate to periodically re-evaluate future costs of well-capping. The effects of this recalculation are included in the financial statements in the period in which this recalculation is determined and reflected as an adjustment to the provision and the corresponding property and equipment asset.

2.11 Impairment of non-financial assets

Assets that are not subject to depreciation and/or amortization (i.e. exploration and evaluation assets) are tested annually for impairment. Assets that are subject to depreciation and/or amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less costs to sell and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are tested at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash flows (cash-generating units), generally a licensed area. Non-financial

F-88


Table of Contents

assets that suffered an impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at each reporting date.

No asset is kept as an exploration and evaluation asset for a period of more than three years, except if it can be clearly demonstrated that the carrying value of the investment will be recoverable.

No impairment loss has been recognised during the first month of 2012.

2.12 Lease contracts

All current lease contracts are considered to be operating leases on the basis that the lessor retains substantially all the risks and rewards related to the ownership of the leased asset. Payments related to operating leases and other rental agreements are recognised in the Consolidated Income Statement on a straight line basis over the term of the contract. The Company's total commitment relating to operating leases and rental agreements is disclosed in Note 24.

2.13 Inventories

Inventories comprise crude oil and materials. Crude oil is measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value.

Materials are measured at the lower between cost and recoverable amount. Cost is determined using the average method. The cost of materials and consumables is calculated at acquisition price with the addition of transportation and similar costs. The Cost of inventories is calculated at the production cost.

2.14 Current and deferred income tax

The tax expense for the period comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantially enacted at the balance sheet date in the countries where the Company's branches operate and generate taxable income.

Deferred income tax is recognised, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the balance sheet date and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled.

Deferred tax liabilities are provided in full, with no discounting. Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the underlying deductible temporary differences will be able to be offset against future taxable income.

2.15 Financial assets

Financial assets are divided into the following categories: loans and receivables; financial assets at fair value through profit or loss; available-for-sale financial assets; and held-to-maturity investments. Financial assets are assigned to the different categories by management on initial recognition, depending on the purpose for which the investments were acquired. The designation of financial assets is re-evaluated at every reporting date at which a choice of classification or accounting treatment is available.

F-89


Table of Contents

All financial assets are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. All financial assets are initially recognised at fair value, plus transaction costs.

Derecognition of financial assets occurs when the rights to receive cash flows from the investments expire or are transferred and substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred. An assessment for impairment is undertaken at each balance sheet date.

Interest and other cash flows resulting from holding financial assets are recognised in the Consolidated Income Statement when receivable, regardless of how the related carrying amount of financial assets is measured.

Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. They are included in current assets, except for maturities greater than 12 months after the balance sheet date. These are classified as non-current assets. The Company's loans and receivables comprise trade receivables, prepayments and other receivables and cash and cash equivalents in the balance sheet. They arise when the Company provides money, goods or services directly to a debtor with no intention of trading the receivables. Loans and receivables are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less provision for impairment. Any change in their value through impairment or reversal of impairment is recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income. All of the Company's financial assets are classified as loan and receivables.

2.16 Other financial assets

Non current other financial assets relate to restricted funds made for environmental obligations according to Colombian government rules.

2.17 Impairment of financial assets

Provision against trade receivables is made when objective evidence is received that the Company will not be able to collect all amounts due to it in accordance with the original terms of those receivables. The amount of the write-down is determined as the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows.

2.18 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents includes cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks.

2.19 Trade and other payable

Trade payables are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of the business from suppliers. Accounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less (or in the normal operating cycle of the business if longer). If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities.

Trade payables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

F-90


Table of Contents

2.20 Borrowings

Borrowings are obligations to pay cash and are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Borrowings are recognised initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred.

Direct issue costs are charged to the Consolidated Statement of Income on an accruals basis using the effective interest method.

2.21 Share capital

Equity comprises the following:

"Share capital" representing the proceeds from capital contributions received; currently the formalization of shares issuance is in process.

"Retained earnings" representing retained profits and losses.

Note 3  Financial instruments—risk management

The Company is exposed through its operations to the following financial risks:

Currency risk
Price risk
Credit risk—concentration
Funding and liquidity risk

The policy for managing these risks is set by the Board. Certain risks are managed centrally, while others are managed locally following guidelines communicated from the corporate office. The policy for each of the above risks is described in more detail below.

Currency risk

The functional currency of the Company is the US Dollar. The fluctuation of the Colombian Peso does not impact the loans, costs and revenues held in US Dollars; but it does impact in some balances denominated in local currency, such as prepaid taxes and certain costs. As currency rate changes between the U.S. Dollar and the Colombian Peso, the Company recognizes gains and losses in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

The Company minimises the local currency positions by seeking to equilibrate local and foreign currency assets and liabilities. However tax balances are very difficult to match with local currency assets. Therefore the Company maintains a net exposure to changes in currency exchange rates.

Most of the Company's assets are associated with oil and gas productive assets. Such assets in the oil and gas industry, including in the local markets are usually settled in US Dollar equivalents.

During the first month of 2012, the Colombian Peso strengthened by 6,6%. If the Colombian Peso had strengthened by an additional 5% against the US Dollar, with all other variables held constant, post-tax profit for the period would have been higher by US$ 70,500.

F-91


Table of Contents

Price risk

The price realized for the oil produced by the Company is linked to international price refer to the mixed Vasconia which is settled in the international markets in US Dollars. The market price of these commodities is subject to significant fluctuation but the Board did not consider appropriate to manage the Company's risk to such fluctuation through futures contracts or similar because to do so would not have been economic at the achieved production levels.

If the market prices of Brent had fallen by 10% compared to actual prices during the year, with all other variables held constant, post-tax profit for the period would have been lower by US$ 184,667.

The Board will consider adopting a hedging policy when it deems it appropriate according to the size of the business and market implied volatility.

There are no financial instruments affected by this price risk.

Credit risk—concentration

The Company's credit risk relates mainly to accounts receivable where the credit risks correspond to the recognised values. There is not considered to be any significant risk in respect of the Company's major customers.

Most of the oil we produced was sold to Hocol, a Branch of Ecopetrol, the Colombian Sate owned oil Company. The mentioned company has a very good credit standing and despite the concentration of the credit risk, the management do not consider there to be a significant collection risk.

See disclosure in Note 18.

Funding and liquidity risk

Liquidity risk represents the Company's inability to meet its short and long-term financial commitments.

Cash flow forecasting is performed in the operating activities including those activities through joint agreements with partners. The Company finance monitors rolling forecasts of the Company's liquidity requirements to ensure it has sufficient cash to meet operational needs while maintaining sufficient headroom to fund the committed work programs of the Blocks. Producing Blocks combined low operating costs and the flexibility of a discretionary investment program that can be maintained, reduced or increased in the short term depending on the environment economic conditions.

Note 4  Accounting estimates and assumptions

Estimates and assumptions are used in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Although these estimates are based on management's best knowledge of current events and actions, actual results may differ. Estimates and judgments are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

The key estimates and assumptions used in these consolidated financial statements are noted below:

The Company adopts an approach similar to the successful efforts method of accounting. Management makes assessments and estimates regarding whether an exploration property should continue to be carried forward as an exploration and evaluation asset not yet determined or when insufficient information exists for this type of cost to remain as an asset. In making this assessment the

F-92


Table of Contents

Cash flow estimates for impairment assessments require assumptions about two primary elements—future prices and oil and gas reserves. Estimates of future prices require significant judgments about highly uncertain future events. Historically, oil and gas prices have exhibited significant volatility. Our forecasts for oil and gas revenues are based on prices derived from future price forecasts amongst industry analysts and our own assessments. Our estimates of future cash flows are generally based on our assumptions of long-term prices and operating and development costs. Given the significant assumptions required and the possibility that actual conditions will differ, we consider the assessment of impairment to be a critical accounting estimate.

The process of estimating reserves is complex. It requires significant judgements and decisions based on available geological, geophysical, engineering and economic data. The estimation of economically recoverable oil and natural gas reserves and related future net cash flows was performed based on internal estimates performed by the Company's technical team which incorporates many factors and assumptions including:

    Management believes these factors and assumptions are reasonable based on the information available to us at the time we prepare our estimates. However, these estimates may change substantially as additional data from ongoing development activities and production performance becomes available and as economic conditions impacting oil and gas prices and costs change.
Oil and gas assets held in property and equipment are mainly depreciated on a unit of production basis at a rate calculated by reference to proven reserves.

Obligations related to the plugging of wells once operations are terminated imply the recognition of significant obligations. Estimating the future abandonment costs is difficult and requires management to make estimates and judgments because most of the obligations are many years in the future. Technologies and costs are constantly changing as well as political, environmental, safety and public relations considerations. The Company has adopted the following criterion for recognising well plugging and abandonment related costs: the present value of future costs necessary for well plugging and abandonment is calculated for each area on the basis of a cash. The liabilities recognised are based upon estimated future abandonment costs, wells subject to abandonment, time to abandonment, and future inflation rates.

Note 5  Consolidated statement of cash flow

The Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow shows the Company's cash flows for the period for operating, investing and financing activities and the change in cash and cash equivalents during the period.

F-93


Table of Contents

Cash flows from operating activities are computed from the results for the year adjusted for non-cash operating items, changes in net working capital, and corporation tax. Tax paid is presented as a separate item under operating activities.

During the first month of 2012, there were not any material non-cash transactions.

Cash and cash equivalents include liquid funds with a term of less than three months.

Note 6  Net revenue

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Sale of crude oil

    2,613  

    2,613  
   

Note 7  Production costs

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Depreciation

    290  

Staff costs

    84  

Royalties

    166  

Consumables

    172  

Other costs

    484  

    1,196  
   

Note 8  Depreciation

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Oil and gas properties

    279  

Production facilities and machinery

    9  

Furniture, equipment and vehicles

    8  

Depreciation of property and equipment

    296  
   

Recognised as follows:

   

Production costs

    290  

Administrative costs

    6  

Depreciation total

    296  
   

F-94


Table of Contents

Note 9  Administrative costs

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Staff costs

    54  

Consultant fees

    112  

Office expenses

    13  

Depreciation

    6  

Other administrative costs

    41  

    226  
   

Note 10  Selling expenses

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Transportation

    508  

    508  
   

Note 11  Financial income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Net exchange difference

    87  

Interest received

    13  

    100  
   

Note 12  Financial expenses

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Bank charges and other financial costs

    18  

    18  
   

F-95


Table of Contents

Note 13  Income tax

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Current tax

    (622 )

Deferred income tax

    28  

    (594 )
   

The tax on the Company's profit before tax differs from the theoretical amount that would arise using the weighted average tax rate applicable to profits of the consolidated entities as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Profit before income tax

    935  

Income tax calculated at statutory tax rate

    (309 )

Non taxable loss

    (285 )

Income tax

    (594 )
   

Income tax rate in Colombia is 33%.

Note 14  Deferred income tax liability

The gross movement on the deferred income tax account is as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Deferred tax liability at January 1, 2012

    (181 )

Income statement charge

    28  

Deferred tax liability at January 31, 2012

    (153 )
   

The breakdown and movement of deferred tax position as of January 31, 2012 is as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At the
beginning

  Charged
to net loss

  At end
of the period

 
   

Deferred tax position

                   

Net deferred tax generated for assets and liabilities in joint agreements

    (1,334 )   28     (1,306 )

Other

    1,153         1,153  

Total

    (181 )   28     (153 )
   

F-96


Table of Contents

Note 15  Property and equipment

   
Amounts in US$'000
  Oil & gas
properties

  Furniture,
equipment and
vehicles

  Production
facilities and
machinery

  Construction
in progress

  Exploration
and evaluation
assets

  TOTAL
 
   

Cost at January 1, 2012

    30,550     625     7,196     1,190     6,501     46,062  

Additions

                12     819     831  

Disposal

        (19 )   (25 )           (44 )

Cost at January 31, 2012

    30,550     606     7,171     1,202     7,320     46,849  

Depreciation and write-down at January 1, 2012

    (16,923 )   (297 )   (3,284 )           (20,504 )

Depreciation

    (279 )   (8 )   (9 )           (296 )

Depreciation and write-down at January 31, 2012

    (17,202 )   (305 )   (3,293 )           (20,800 )

Carrying amount at January 31, 2012

    13,348     301     3,878     1,202     7,320     26,049  
   

Note 16  Branch undertakings

Details of the branch and participation in join agreements of the Company are set out below:

 
 
  Name and registered office
  Ownership interest
 

Branch

  Sucursal Winchester Oil and Gas S.A. (Colombia)   100%

Join operations

  Yamu Block (Colombia)   75%-43,83%

  Llanos 34 Block (Colombia)   45%

  Abanico Block (Colombia)   10%

  Arrendajo Block (Colombia)   10%

  Cerrito Block (Colombia)   10%
 

Note 17  Inventories

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At January 31,
2012

 
   

Crude oil

    350  

Materials

    956  

    1,306  
   

Note 18  Trade receivables and prepayments and other receivables

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At January 31,
2012

 
   

Trade receivables

    4,098  

Prepaid taxes

    735  

Prepayments and other receivables

    1,082  

Total

    5,915  

Classified as follows:

       

Current

    5,915  

Total

    5,915  
   

F-97


Table of Contents

Trade receivables that are aged by less than three months are not considered impaired. As of January 31, 2012, there are no balances aged by more than 3 months or due between 31 days and 90 days as of January 31, 2012.

The credit period for trade receivables is 30 days. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date is the carrying value of each class of receivable. The Company does not hold any collateral as security.

The carrying value of trade receivables is considered to represent a reasonable approximation of its fair value due to their short term nature.

Note 19  Financial instruments by category

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Loans and
receivables

 
   

Assets as per statement of financial position

       

Cash and cash equivalents

    5,567  

Trade receivables

    4,098  

Other financial assets

    1,206  

    10,871  
   

 

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Other financial liabilities /
Amortized cost

 
   

Liabilities as per statement of financial position

       

Trade payables

    10,815  

Borrowings

    1,286  

    12,101  
   

Credit quality of financial assets

The credit quality of financial assets that are neither past due nor impaired can be assessed by reference to external credit ratings (if available) or to historical information about counterparty default rates:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At January 31, 2012
 
   

Trade receivables

       

Counterparties with an external credit rating (Moody's)

       

Baa2

    4,098  

Total trade receivables

    4,098  
   

All trade receivables are denominated in US Dollars.

   

Cash at bank

       

Counterparties with an external credit rating

    5,567  

Total

    5,567  
   

F-98


Table of Contents

Financial liabilities—contractual undiscounted cash flows

The table below analyses the Company's financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at the balance sheet to the contractual maturity date. The amounts disclosed in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Less than
1 year

  Between 1
and 2 years

 
   

At January 31, 2012

             

Borrowings

    1,286      

Trade payables

    10,815     266  

    12,101     266  
   

Note 20  Share capital

Shares

The share capital of the company corresponds to 10,000 common shares for an equivalent amount of US$ 7,000.

Note 21  Borrowings

The outstanding amounts are as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At January 31, 2012
 
   

Banco BBVA(a)

    1,286  

    1,286  
   

Classified as follows:

   

Current

    1,286  
   

(a)    Corresponds to a loan obtained in December 2010, according to the following conditions: annual interest rate 6.9% and duration of 18 months.

Note 22  Provisions and other long-term liabilities

The outstanding amounts are as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Assets retirement
obligation

  Other
  Total
 
   

At January 1, 2012

    1,765     457     2,222  

Unwinding of discount

             

At January 31, 2012

    1,765     457     2,222  
   

The provision for decommissioning relates to the estimation of future disbursements related to the abandonment and decommissioning of oil and gas wells. This provision will be utilised when the related wells are fully depleted.

F-99


Table of Contents

Note 23  Trade and other payables

The outstanding amounts are as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At January 31, 2012
 
   

Trade and other payables

    4,991  

Staff costs to be paid

    168  

To be paid to co-venturers

    3,790  

Taxes and other debts to be paid

    1,619  

Other

    513  

    11,081  
   

Classified as follows:

   

Current

    10,815  

Non-current

    266  

Total

    11,081  
   

The fair value of these short term financial instruments are not individually determined as the carrying amount is a reasonable approximation of fair value.

Note 24  Commitments

(a) Royalty commitments

In Colombia, royalties on production are payable to the Colombian Government and are determined at a rate of 8%. Additionally, under the terms of the Winchester Stock Purchase Agreement, we are obligated to make certain payments to the previous owners of Winchester based on the production and sale of hydrocarbons discovered by exploration wells drilled after October 25, 2011.

These payments involve both an earnings based measure and an overriding royalty equal to an estimated 4% carried interest on the part of the vendor. As at the balance sheet date and based on preliminary internal estimates of additions of 2P reserves since acquisition, the Company's best estimate of the total commitment over the remaining life of the concession is a range of US$ 35 million—US$ 42 million (assuming a discount rate of 9.7% and oil price of US$ 94 per barrel).

(b) Capital commitments

The Yamu Block Consortium has committed to drill one exploratory well during 2012/2013.

The Llanos 34 Block Consortium has committed to drill one exploratory well between 2013 and 2014. The joint operation estimates that the remaining commitment amounts to US$ 3,555,000 at GeoPark's working interest (45%). The Arrendajo Block (10% working interest) Consortium has committed to drill one exploratory well during 2013.

(c) Operating lease commitments—Group Company as lessee

As of January 31, 2012, the Company has no significant future commitments under non-cancellable operating lease agreements.

F-100


Table of Contents

Note 25  Related parties

Balances outstanding with related parties

   
 
  At January 31, 2012  
Related Party and account
  Relationship
  Related Party
  Current
 
   

Co-venturers—Prepayments and other receivables

  Joint operations   Joint operations     32  

Related Parties—Prepayments and other receivables

  Participations agreements   Luna Oil Co     27  

Co-venturers—Trade payables and other

  Joint operations   Joint operations     3,790  
   

Note 26  Subsequent events

In February 2012, the Company was acquired by Geopark Colombia S.A.S., a company dedicated to the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons based in Colombia. Geopark Colombia S.A.S. is an indirect subsidiary of Geopark Holdings Limited, a Bermuda oil and gas company. As a result of this transaction, Geopark Holdings Limited obtained the control over the Company as of the acquisition date.

F-101


Table of Contents

Winchester Oil & Gas S. A.

Consolidated financial statements

As of and for the year ended December 31, 2011

F-102


Table of Contents

Winchester Oil & Gas S.A.
December 31, 2011

Contents

   

Independent auditor's report

    F-104  

Consolidated statement of income

    F-105  

Consolidated statement of comprehensive income

    F-105  

Consolidated statement of financial position

    F-106  

Consolidated statement of changes in equity

    F-107  

Consolidated statement of cash flow

    F-108  

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

    F-109  
   

F-103


Table of Contents


Report of independent auditors

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Winchester Oil & Gas S.A.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of financial position of Winchester Oil & Gas S.A. and its subsidiary as of December 31, 2011, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

As discussed in Note 2.1, the accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include comparative figures for the prior year as required by IAS 1, 'Presentation of financial statements'. In our opinion, inclusion of comparative figures is necessary to obtain a proper understanding of the current period's financial statements.

In our opinion, except for the exclusion of comparative information as discussed in the preceding paragraph, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Winchester Oil & Gas S.A. and its subsidiary at December 31, 2011, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda.

PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda.
Bogotá, Colombia
July 18, 2013

F-104


Table of Contents


Winchester Oil & Gas S.A.
December 31, 2011
Consolidated statement of income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Note
  2011
 
   

NET REVENUE

    6     26,663  

Production costs

    7     (13,612 )

GROSS PROFIT

          13,051  

Exploration costs

    10     (7,563 )

Administrative costs

    11     (2,196 )

Selling expenses

    12     (2,848 )

Other operating net expenses

    13     (828 )

OPERATING LOSS

          (384 )

Financial income

    14     1,444  

Financial expenses

    15     (675 )

PROFIT BEFORE INCOME TAX

          385  

Income tax

    16     (3 )

PROFIT FOR THE YEAR

          382  

Attributable to:

             

Owners of the Company

          382  
   


Consolidated statement of comprehensive income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Profit for the year

    382  

Total comprehensive income for year

    382  

Attributable to:

       

Owners of the Company

    382  
   

   

The notes 1 to 30 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-105


Table of Contents


Winchester Oil & Gas S.A.
December 31, 2011
Consolidated statement of financial position

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Note
  2011
 
   

ASSETS

             

NON CURRENT ASSETS

             

Properties, plant and equipment

    18     25,558  

Financial instruments

    22     1,100  

TOTAL NON CURRENT ASSETS

          26,658  

CURRENT ASSETS

             

Inventories

    20     2,067  

Trade receivables

    21     4,434  

Prepayments and other receivables

    21     1,449  

Prepaid taxes

    21     475  

Financial instruments

    22     5,568  

TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS

          13,993  

TOTAL ASSETS

          40,651  

TOTAL EQUITY

             

Equity attributable to owners of the Company

             

Share capital

    23     7  

Retained earnings

          24,331  

TOTAL EQUITY

          24,338  

LIABILITIES

             

NON CURRENT LIABILITIES

             

Provisions and other long-term liabilities

    25     2,222  

Deferred income tax liabilities

    17     181  

Trade and other payables

    26     174  

TOTAL NON CURRENT LIABILITIES

          2,577  

CURRENT LIABILITIES

             

Borrowings

    24     1,201  

Trade and other payables

    26     12,535  

TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES

          13,736  

TOTAL LIABILITIES

          16,313  

TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

          40,651  
   

   

The notes 1 to 30 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-106


Table of Contents


Winchester Oil & Gas S.A.
December 31, 2011
Consolidated statement of changes in equity

   
Amount in US$ '000
  Share
capital

  Retained
earnings

  Total
 
   

Balances at December 31, 2010

    7     23,949     23,956  

Comprehensive income:

                   

Profit for the year 2011

        382     382  

Total Comprehensive Income for the Year 2011

        382     382  

Balances at December 31, 2011

    7     24,331     24,338  
   

   

The notes 1 to 30 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-107


Table of Contents


Winchester Oil & Gas S.A.
December 31, 2011
Consolidated statement of cash flow

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Note
  2011
 
   

Cash flows from operating activities

             

Profit for the year

          382  

Adjustments for:

             

Income tax for the period

    15     3  

Depreciation of the period

    8     4,844  

Write-off of unsuccessful efforts

    10     7,563  

Accrual of borrowing's interests

          4  

Unwinding of discount

    14     90  

Changes in working capital

          (5,137 )

Cash flows from operating activities—net

          7,749  

Cash flows from investing activities

             

Additions of properties, plant and equipment

    17     (11,250 )

Cash flows used in investing activities—net

          (11,250 )

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents

          (3,501 )

Cash and cash equivalents at 1 January

          9,069  

Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year

          5,568  

Ending Cash and cash equivalents are specified as follows:

             

Cash in bank

          5,568  

Cash and cash equivalents

          5,568  
   

   

The notes 1 to 30 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-108


Table of Contents


Winchester Oil & Gas S.A.
December 31, 2011
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts expressed in US Dollars

Note 1  General information

Winchester Oil & Gas S.A. ("The Company") is a corporation incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Panama, registered to the Listing Document 425060 and 405100 and domiciled in the City of Panama, Republic of Panama.

The Company established a branch in Colombia called Winchester Oil & Gas S.A. through public deed No. 3429 of Notary 36 of Bogotá from November 29, 2002, registered at the Chamber of Commerce of Bogota on December 31, 2002 under No. 107571, Book VI.

The principal activities of the Company are the conduct and further development of an oil and gas business in Colombia, directly or through its branch.

These consolidated financial statements were authorised for issuance by the Board Directors on July 18, 2013.

Note 2  Summary of significant accounting policies

2.1 Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements of Winchester Oil & Gas S.A. as of and for the year ended December 31, 2011 have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IFRS), except that the consolidated financial information do not include comparative figures for the prior period as required by IAS 1 "Presentation of Financial Statements". The purpose of these financial statements is to meet the reporting requirements of Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) according to the Company?s ultimate parent requirements, in connection with an initial public offering process. The consolidated financial statements are presented in United States Dollars and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand (US$'000), except where otherwise indicated. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis.

The Company's transition date for IFRS purposes was January 1, 2011 as the Company did not present financial statements for previous periods. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with those IFRS standards and IFRIC interpretations issued and effective as at the time of preparing these statements.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Company's accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in this note under the title "Accounting estimates and assumptions".

F-109


Table of Contents

First-time application of IFRS

For purpose of preparing its first financial statements, the Company did not make use of any of the optional exemptions set by IFRS 1 "First Time Adoption of IFRS" for its operations and those of its subsidiaries. The mandatory exceptions in IFRS 1 did not have any significant impact for the Company. As the Company did not present financial statement for previous periods, no reconciliation from previous GAAP to IFRS is included in these financial statements.

2.1.1 Changes in accounting policy and disclosure

New and amended standards adopted by the Company:

There are no IFRSs or IFRIC interpretations that are effective for the first time for the financial year beginning on or after January 1, 2011 that would be expected to have a material impact on the Company.

New standards, amendments and interpretations issued but not effective for the financial year beginning January 1, 2011 and not early adopted:

IFRS 9, 'Financial instruments', addresses the classification, measurement and recognition of financial assets and financial liabilities. IFRS 9 was issued in November 2009 and October 2010. It replaces the parts of IAS 39 that relate to the classification and measurement of financial instruments. IFRS 9 requires financial assets to be classified into two measurement categories: those measured as at fair value and those measured at amortised cost. The determination is made at initial recognition. The classification depends on the entity's business model for managing its financial instruments and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the instrument. For financial liabilities, the standard retains most of the IAS 39 requirements. The main change is that, in cases where the fair value option is taken for financial liabilities, the part of a fair value change due to an entity's own credit risk is recorded in other comprehensive income rather than the income statement, unless this creates an accounting mismatch. IFRS 9 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2015 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 10, 'Consolidated financial statements' builds on existing principles by identifying the concept of control as the determining factor in whether an entity should be included within the consolidated financial statements of the parent company. The standard provides additional guidance to assist in the determination of control where this is difficult to assess. IFRS 10 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 11, 'Joint arrangements', establishes principles for financial reporting by entities that have an interest in arrangements that are controlled jointly. IFRS 11 defines joint control and requires an entity that is a party to a joint arrangement to determine the type of joint arrangement in which it is involved by assessing its rights and obligations and to account for those rights and obligations in accordance with that type of joint arrangement. IFRS 11 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 12, 'Disclosures of interests in other entities' includes the disclosure requirements for all forms of interests in other entities, including joint arrangements, associates, special purpose vehicles and other off balance sheet vehicles. IFRS 12 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

F-110


Table of Contents

IFRS 13, 'Fair value measurement', aims to improve consistency and reduce complexity by providing a precise definition of fair value and a single source of fair value measurement and disclosure requirements for use across IFRSs. The requirements, which are largely aligned between IFRSs and US GAAP, do not extend the use of fair value accounting but provide guidance on how it should be applied where its use is already required or permitted by other standards within IFRSs. IFRS 13 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013.

IFRS 13 is not expected to have a significant impact on the balances recorded in the financial statements as at December 31, 2011 but would require the company to apply different valuation techniques to certain items (e.g. debt acquired as part of a business combination) recognised at fair value as and when they arise in the future.

There are no other IFRSs or IFRIC interpretations that are not yet effective that would be expected to have a material impact on the Company.

Management assessed the relevance of other new standards, amendments or interpretations not yet effective and concluded that they are not relevant to Company.

2.2 Going concern

The Directors regularly monitor the Company's cash position and liquidity risks throughout the year to ensure that it has sufficient funds to meet forecast operational and investment funding requirements. Sensitivities are run to reflect latest expectations of expenditures, oil and gas prices and other factors to enable the Company to manage the risk of any funding short falls and/or potential loan covenant breaches.

Considering macroeconomic environment conditions, the performance of the operations and Company's cash position, the Directors have formed a judgement, at the time of approving the financial statements, that there is a reasonable expectation that the Company has adequate resources to continue with its investment program in order to increase oil and gas reserves, production and revenues and meeting all its obligations for the foreseeable future. For this reason, the Directors have continued to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the consolidated financial statements.

2.3 Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include those of the Company and all of its Branch undertakings drawn up to the Balance Sheet date.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealised gains on transactions between the Company and its branches are eliminated. Unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. Amounts reported in the financial statements of branch have been adjusted where necessary to ensure consistency with the accounting policies adopted by the Company.

2.4 Foreign currency translation

a) Functional and presentation currency

The consolidated financial statements are presented in US Dollars, which is the Company's presentation currency.

F-111


Table of Contents

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Company's entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the "functional currency"). The functional currency of the Company and its branch is the US Dollar.

b) Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at period end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

2.5 Joint operations

The Company's accounting for its investments in oil and gas related joint operations and other agreements involved in oil and gas exploration and production, have been recognized according to its share of the jointly controlled assets, liabilities, income and expenses.

2.6 Revenue recognition

Revenue from the sale of crude oil is recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income when risk transferred to the purchaser, and if the revenue can be measured reliably and is expected to be received. Revenue is shown net of VAT.

2.7 Production costs

Production costs include wages and salaries incurred to achieve the net revenue for the year. Direct and indirect costs of raw materials and consumables, rentals and leasing, property and equipment depreciation and royalties are also included within this account.

2.8 Financial costs

Financial costs include interest expenses, realised and unrealised gains and losses arising from transactions in foreign currencies and the amortisation of financial assets and liabilities. The Company has not capitalised borrowing cost for wells and facilities during 2011.

2.9 Property and equipment

Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less depreciation, and impairment if applicable. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items; including provisions for asset retirement obligation.

Oil and gas exploration and production activities are accounted for in a manner similar to the successful efforts method on a field by field basis. The Company accounts for exploration and evaluation activities in accordance with IFRS 6, Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources, capitalising exploration and evaluation costs until such time as the economic viability of producing the underlying resources is determined. Costs incurred prior to obtaining legal rights to explore are expensed immediately to the income statement.

Exploration and evaluation costs may include: license acquisition, geological and geophysical studies (i.e.: seismic), direct labour costs and drilling costs of exploratory wells. No depreciation and/or amortisation is

F-112


Table of Contents

charged during the exploration and evaluation phase. Upon completion of the evaluation phase, the prospects are either transferred to oil and gas properties or charged to expense (exploration costs) in the period in which the determination is made depending whether they have found reserves or not. If not developed, Exploration and evaluation assets are written-off after three years unless, it can be clearly demonstrated that the carrying value of the investment is recoverable.

A charge of US$ 7,563,052 has been recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income within Exploration costs for write-offs (see Note 10).

All field development costs are capitalised within oil and gas properties, and subject to depreciation. Such costs may include the acquisition and installation of production facilities, development drilling costs (including dry holes, service wells and seismic surveys for development purposes), project-related engineering and the acquisition costs of rights and concessions related to proved properties.

Workovers of wells made to develop reserves and/or increase production are capitalised as development costs. Maintenance costs are charged to income when incurred.

Capitalised costs of proved oil and gas properties are depreciated on a licensed area by the licensed area basis, using the unit of production method, based on commercial proved and probable reserves. The calculation of the "unit of production" depreciation takes into account estimated future finding and development costs and is based on current year end unescalated price levels. Changes in reserves and cost estimates are recognised prospectively. Reserves are converted to equivalent units on the basis of approximate relative energy content.

Commercial reserves are proved oil and gas reserves.

Depreciation of the remaining property and equipment assets (i.e.: furniture and vehicles) not directly associated with oil and gas activities has been calculated by means of the straight line method by applying such annual rates as required to write-off their value at the end of their estimated useful lives. The useful lives range between 3 years and 10 years.

Depreciation is allocated in the Consolidated Statement of Income as production or administrative costs, based on the nature of the associated asset.

An asset's carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset's carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount (see Impairment of non-financial assets in Note 2.11).

2.10 Provisions and other long-term liabilities

Provisions for asset retirement obligations, restructuring obligations and legal claims are recognised when the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events; it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation; and the amount has been reliably estimated. Restructuring provisions comprise lease termination penalties and employee termination payments.

Provisions are measured at the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation using a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the obligation. The increase in the provision due to passage of time is recognised as interest expense.

F-113


Table of Contents

The Company records the fair value of the liability for asset retirement obligations in the period in which the wells are drilled. When the liability is initially recorded, the Company capitalises the cost by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. Over time, the liability is accreted to its present value at each reporting period, and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the estimated useful life of the related asset. According to interpretations and application of current legislation and on the basis of the changes in technology and the variations in the costs of restoration necessary to protect the environment, the Company has considered it appropriate to periodically re-evaluate future costs of well-capping. The effects of this recalculation are included in the financial statements in the period in which this recalculation is determined and reflected as an adjustment to the provision and the corresponding property and equipment asset.

2.11 Impairment of non-financial assets

Assets that are not subject to depreciation and/or amortization (i.e. exploration and evaluation assets) are tested annually for impairment. Assets that are subject to depreciation and/or amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less costs to sell and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are tested at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash flows (cash-generating units), generally a licensed area.

Non-financial assets that suffered an impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at each reporting date.

No asset is kept as an exploration and evaluation asset for a period of more than three years, except if it can be clearly demonstrated that the carrying value of the investment will be recoverable.

No impairment loss has been recognised during 2011, only write-offs (see Note 10).

2.12 Lease contracts

All current lease contracts are considered to be operating leases on the basis that the lessor retains substantially all the risks and rewards related to the ownership of the leased asset. Payments related to operating leases and other rental agreements are recognised in the Consolidated Income Statement on a straight line basis over the term of the contract. The Company's total commitment relating to operating leases and rental agreements is disclosed in Note 27.

2.13 Inventories

Inventories comprise crude oil and materials. Crude oil is measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

Materials are measured at the lower between cost and recoverable amount. Cost is determined using the average method. The cost of materials and consumables is calculated at acquisition price with the addition of transportation and similar costs. The Cost of inventories is calculated at the production cost.

F-114


Table of Contents

2.14 Current and deferred income tax

The tax expense for the year comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the Consolidated statement of income.

The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantially enacted at the balance sheet date in the countries where the Company's branches operate and generate taxable income.

Deferred income tax is recognised, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the balance sheet date and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled.

Deferred tax liabilities are provided in full, with no discounting. Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the underlying deductible temporary differences will be able to be offset against future taxable income.

2.15 Financial assets

Financial assets are divided into the following categories: loans and receivables; financial assets at fair value through profit or loss; available-for-sale financial assets; and held-to-maturity investments. Financial assets are assigned to the different categories by management on initial recognition, depending on the purpose for which the investments were acquired. The designation of financial assets is re-evaluated at every reporting date at which a choice of classification or accounting treatment is available.

All financial assets are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. All financial assets are initially recognised at fair value, plus transaction costs.

Derecognition of financial assets occurs when the rights to receive cash flows from the investments expire or are transferred and substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred. An assessment for impairment is undertaken at each balance sheet date.

Interest and other cash flows resulting from holding financial assets are recognised in the Consolidated Income Statement when receivable, regardless of how the related carrying amount of financial assets is measured.

Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. They are included in current assets, except for maturities greater than 12 months after the balance sheet date. These are classified as non-current assets. The Company's loans and receivables comprise trade receivables, prepayments and other receivables and cash and cash equivalents in the balance sheet. They arise when the Company provides money, goods or services directly to a debtor with no intention of trading the receivables. Loans and receivables are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less provision for impairment. Any change in their value through impairment or reversal of impairment is recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income. All of the Company's financial assets are classified as loan and receivables.

F-115


Table of Contents

2.16 Other financial assets

Non current other financial assets relate to restricted funds made for environmental obligations according to Colombian government rules.

2.17 Impairment of financial assets

Provision against trade receivables is made when objective evidence is received that the Company will not be able to collect all amounts due to it in accordance with the original terms of those receivables. The amount of the write-down is determined as the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows.

2.18 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents includes cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks.

2.19 Trade and other payable

Trade payables are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of the business from suppliers. Accounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less (or in the normal operating cycle of the business if longer). If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities. Trade payables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

2.20 Borrowings

Borrowings are obligations to pay cash and are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Borrowings are recognised initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred.

Direct issue costs are charged to the Consolidated Statement of Income on an accruals basis using the effective interest method.

2.21 Share capital

Equity comprises the following:

"Share capital" representing the proceeds from capital contributions received; currently the formalization of shares issuance is in process.

"Retained earnings" representing retained profits and losses.

Note 3  Financial Instruments-risk management

The Company is exposed through its operations to the following financial risks:

Currency risk
Price risk
Credit risk—concentration
Funding and liquidity risk

F-116


Table of Contents

The policy for managing these risks is set by the Board. Certain risks are managed centrally, while others are managed locally following guidelines communicated from the corporate office. The policy for each of the above risks is described in more detail below.

Currency risk

The functional currency of the Company is the US Dollar. The fluctuation of the Colombian Peso does not impact the loans, costs and revenues held in US Dollars; but it does impact in some balances denominated in local currency, such as prepaid taxes and certain costs. As currency rate changes between the U.S. Dollar and the Colombian Peso, the Company recognizes gains and losses in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

The Company minimises the local currency positions by seeking to equilibrate local and foreign currency assets and liabilities. However tax balances are very difficult to match with local currency assets. Therefore the Company maintains a net exposure to changes in currency exchange rates.

Most of the Company's assets are associated with oil and gas productive assets. Such assets in the oil and gas industry, including in the local markets are usually settled in US Dollar equivalents.

During 2011, the Colombian Peso strengthened by 1,5%. If the Colombian Peso had strengthened by an additional 5% against the US Dollar, with all other variables held constant, post-tax loss for the year would have been higher by US$ 74,239.

Price risk

The price realized for the oil produced by the Company is linked to international price refer to the mixed Vasconia which is settled in the international markets in US Dollars. The market price of these commodities is subject to significant fluctuation but the Board did not consider appropriate to manage the Company's risk to such fluctuation through futures contracts or similar because to do so would not have been economic at the achieved production levels.

If the market prices of Brent had fallen by 10% compared to actual prices during the year, with all other variables held constant, post-tax loss for the year would have been higher by US$1,252,516.

The Board will consider adopting a hedging policy when it deems it appropriate according to the size of the business and market implied volatility.

There are no financial instruments affected by this price risk.

Credit risk—concentration

The Company's credit risk relates mainly to accounts receivable where the credit risks correspond to the recognised values. There is not considered to be any significant risk in respect of the Company's major customers.

Approximately 93% of the oil we produced was sold to Hocol, a Branch of Ecopetrol, the Colombian Sate owned oil Company. The mentioned company has a very good credit standing and despite the concentration of the credit risk, the Management do not consider there to be a significant collection risk.

See disclosure in Note 21.

F-117


Table of Contents

Funding and liquidity risk

Liquidity risk represents the Company's inability to meet its short and long-term financial commitments.

Cash flow forecasting is performed in the operating activities including those activities through joint agreements with partners. The Company finance monitors rolling forecasts of the Company's liquidity requirements to ensure it has sufficient cash to meet operational needs while maintaining sufficient headroom to fund the committed work programs of the Blocks. Producing Blocks combined low operating costs and the flexibility of a discretionary investment program that can be maintained, reduced or increased in the short term depending on the environment economics conditions.

Note 4  Accounting estimates and assumptions

Estimates and assumptions are used in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Although these estimates are based on management's best knowledge of current events and actions, actual results may differ. Estimates and judgments are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

The key estimates and assumptions used in these consolidated financial statements are noted below:

The Company adopts an approach similar to the successful efforts method of accounting. Management makes assessments and estimates regarding whether an exploration property should continue to be carried forward as an exploration and evaluation asset not yet determined or when insufficient information exists for this type of cost to remain as an asset. In making this assessment the Management takes professional advice from qualified independent experts, such as petroleum reserve engineers.

Cash flow estimates for impairment assessments require assumptions about two primary elements—future prices and oil and gas reserves. Estimates of future prices require significant judgments about highly uncertain future events. Historically, oil and gas prices have exhibited significant volatility. Our forecasts for oil and gas revenues are based on prices derived from future price forecasts amongst industry analysts and our own assessments. Our estimates of future cash flows are generally based on our assumptions of long-term prices and operating and development costs. Given the significant assumptions required and the possibility that actual conditions will differ, we consider the assessment of impairment to be a critical accounting estimate.

The process of estimating reserves is complex. It requires significant judgements and decisions based on available geological, geophysical, engineering and economic data. The estimation of economically recoverable oil and natural gas reserves and related future net cash flows was performed based on internal estimations performed by the Company's technical team as of December 31, 2011, which incorporates many factors and assumptions including:

F-118


Table of Contents

    Management believes these factors and assumptions are reasonable based on the information available to us at the time we prepare our estimates. However, these estimates may change substantially as additional data from ongoing development activities and production performance becomes available and as economic conditions impacting oil and gas prices and costs changes.
Oil and gas assets held in property and equipment are mainly depreciated on a unit of production basis at a rate calculated by reference to proven reserves.

Obligations related to the plugging of wells once operations are terminated imply the recognition of significant obligations. Estimating the future abandonment costs is difficult and requires management to make estimates and judgments because most of the obligations are many years in the future. Technologies and costs are constantly changing as well as political, environmental, safety and public relations considerations. The Company has adopted the following criterion for recognising well plugging and abandonment related costs: the present value of future costs necessary for well plugging and abandonment is calculated for each area on the basis of a cash. The liabilities recognised are based upon estimated future abandonment costs, wells subject to abandonment, time to abandonment, and future inflation rates.

Note 5  Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow

The Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow shows the Company's cash flows for the year for operating, investing and financing activities and the change in cash and cash equivalents during the year.

Cash flows from operating activities are computed from the results for the year adjusted for non-cash operating items, changes in net working capital, and corporation tax. Tax paid is presented as a separate item under operating activities.

During 2011, there were not any material non-cash transactions. Cash and cash equivalents include liquid funds with a term of less than three months.

Note 6  Net revenue

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Crude oil

    26,663  

    26,663  
   

F-119


Table of Contents

Note 7 Production costs  

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Depreciation of properties, plant and equipment

    4,753  

Rental equipment

    2,383  

Staff costs (Note 9)

    1,921  

Royalties

    1,830  

Consumables

    963  

Field camp

    203  

Facilities maintenance

    199  

Fees

    122  

Services

    114  

Well maintenance

    99  

Other costs

    1,025  

    13,612  
   

Note 8  Depreciation

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Oil and gas properties

    4,502  

Production facilities and machinery

    231  

Furniture, equipment and vehicles

    111  

    4,844  
   

Recognised as follows:

   

Production costs

    4,753  

Administrative costs

    91  

    4,844  
   

Note 9  Staff costs

   
 
  2011
 
   

Average number of employees

    44  

Amounts in US$ '000

       

Wages and salaries

    2,371  

Social security charges

    284  

    2,655  
   

Note 10  Exploration costs

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Write-off of unsuccessful efforts(a)

    7,563  

    7,563  
   

(a)     The charge corresponds to the write-off of exploration and evaluation assets related to the cost of three unsuccessful exploratory wells (2 well in Yamu Block, one well in Abanico Block, 2 well and Seismic 3D in Sierra Block and the remaining in Jagueyes Block).

F-120


Table of Contents

Note 11  Administrative costs

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Staff costs (Note 9)

    734  

Consultant fees

    691  

Rental equipment

    248  

Services

    116  

Office expenses

    116  

Depreciation of properties, plant and equipment

    91  

Maintenance

    34  

Other administrative costs

    166  

    2,196  
   

Note 12  Selling expenses

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Transportation

    2,848  

    2,848  
   

Note 13  Other operating net expenses

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Tax on equity

    668  

Ambient provision

    151  

Other expenses net

    9  

    828  
   

Note 14  Financial income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Net exchange difference

    1,313  

Interest received

    131  

    1,444  
   

Note 15  Financial expenses

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Bank charges and other financial costs

    581  

Unwinding of long-term liabilities

    90  

Interest and amortization of debt issue costs

    4  

    675  
   

F-121


Table of Contents

Note 16  Income tax

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Current tax

    (1,871 )

Deferred income tax

    1,868  

    (3 )
   

The tax on the Company's profit before tax differs from the theoretical amount that would arise using the weighted average tax rate applicable to profits of the consolidated entities as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Profit before income tax

    385  

Income tax calculated at statutory tax rate

    (127 )

Non taxable loss

    (307 )

Non taxable income

    433  

Other

    4  

Income tax

    (3 )
   

Income tax rate in Colombia is 33%.

Tax regulations applicable to the Company?s branch establish the following:

a.     Taxable income is subject to a 33% income tax rate, except for those taxpayers that handle special rates.

b.     The basis to compute income tax shall not be less than 3% of the taxpayer's net equity on the last day of the immediately preceding year.

c.     Until taxable year 2010, and for those taxpayers that had a contract signed at December 31, 2012, the special deduction on effective investments made on real productive fixed assets is equivalent to 30% of the investment value and its use does not result in taxable income for the partners or shareholders. Taxpayers who acquire depreciable fixed assets as of January 1, 2007 and use the deduction mentioned herein, may only depreciate such assets by means of the straight-line method and are not entitled to the audit benefit, even when in compliance with the requirements set forth by tax regulations for such entitlement. Regarding the deduction applied in previous years, if the good over which the benefit applied is not used for the income producing activity or is sold or is written-off before the end of its useful life, it is necessary to include a proportional income for the remaining useful life, upon the sale or retirement. Law 1607 of 2012, derogated the regulation that allowed to sign judicial stability contracts as of taxable year 2013.

d.     Tax losses generated as from 2007 may be offset, readjusted for tax purposes, against ordinary income at any time, without prejudice of the year's presumptive income. Tax losses generated by companies may not be transferred to their partners. Tax losses arisen from non-taxable income or occasional gains or from costs and deductions not cause-related to the generation of taxable income, in no case may be offset against the taxpayer's net taxable income.

e.     As from 2004, income taxpayers having performed transactions with foreign related or affiliated parties and/or residents in countries considered as tax havens are obliged to determine, for income tax

F-122


Table of Contents

purposes, their ordinary and extraordinary revenues, costs and deductions, and assets and liabilities considering for these transactions the market prices and profit margins.

h.     Law 1607 of December 2012, reduced to 25% the income tax rate for 2013 and created the "CREE" income tax for equality, which rate will be of 9% for 2013, 2014 and 2015, and as of 2016 the rate will be 8%. Except for the cases of special deductions, such as, offset losses and excess of presumptive income, benefits not applicable to CREE, the tax basis will be the same as the income tax base.

i.      As set-forth by Article 25 of Law 1607 of December 2012, as of July 1, 2013, salary tax contributions made in favor of SENA and ICBF by income tax payers related with employees that individually receive up to ten (10) minimum monthly salaries, will be exempt of this contribution. This exoneration will not be applicable to the taxpayers not subject to the CREE tax.

The Company's income tax returns for taxable years 2011 and 2010 are subject to review and acceptance by tax authorities. The Company's management and its tax advisors believe that the amounts recorded as tax liabilities are enough to cover any liability that may be established regarding those years.

Tax on equity

Law 1370 of 2009 established tax on equity for taxable year 2011, pursuant to which taxpayers which equity exceeds COP$ 5,000 million should pay a 4.8% tax rate, while for equities between COP$ 3,000 million and COP$ 5,000 million are subject to a 2.4% rate.

Moreover, Emergency Decree No. 4825 of December 2010 included a new range of taxpayers that will contribute to this tax, at a 1% rate, for equities between COP$ 1,000 million (aprox. US$ 514,748) and COP$ 2,000 million (aprox. US$ 1,029,495), and at a 1.4% rate for equities between COP$ 2,000 million (aprox. US$ 1,029,495) and COP$ 3,000 million (aprox. US$ 1,544,243). Additionally, 25% surtax is levied on this tax, which is applicable only for taxpayers for the tax on equity under Law 1370 of 2009. At December 2011, the Company recognized for this concept in Other operating net expenses at the Consolidated Income Statement US$ 668,098.

Note 17  Deferred income tax liabilities

The gross movement on the deferred income tax account is as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Deferred tax liability at January 1, 2011

    (2,049 )

Income statement charge

    1,868  

Deferred tax liability at December 31, 2011

    (181 )
   

The breakdown and movement of deferred tax position as of December 31, 2011 is as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At the
beginning

  Charged
to net
loss

  At end
of year

 
   

Deferred tax position

                   

Net deferred tax generated for assets and liabilities in joint agreements

    (3,214 )   1,880     (1,334 )

Other

    1,165     (12 )   1,153  

Total

    (2,049 )   1,868     (181 )
   

F-123


Table of Contents

Note 18  Properties, plant and equipment

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Oil & gas
properties

  Furniture,
equipment
and vehicles

  Production
facilities and
machinery

  Construction
in progress

  Exploration
and
evaluation
assets

  Total
 
   

Cost at December 31, 2010

    25,018     502     6,692     2,085     8,078     42,375  

Additions

    111     123     504     4,526     5,986     11,250  

Write-off

                    (7,563 )   (7,563 )

Transfers

    5,421             (5,421 )        

Cost at December 31, 2011

    30,550     625     7,196     1,190     6,501     46,062  

Depreciation and write down at December 31, 2010

    (12,421 )   (186 )   (3,053 )           (15,660 )

Depreciation

    (4,502 )   (111 )   (231 )           (4,844 )

Depreciation and write-down at December 31, 2011

    (16,923 )   (297 )   (3,284 )           (20,504 )

Carrying amount at December 31, 2011

    13,627     328     3,912     1,190     6,501     25,558  
   

Note 19  Branch undertakings

Details of the Branches and jointly controlled assets of the Company are set out below:

 
 
  Name and registered office
  Ownership interest
 

Branches

  Sucursal Winchester Oil and Gas S. A. (Colombia)   100%

Jointly controlled assets

  Yamu Block (Colombia)   43.83%/75%

  Llanos 34 Block (Colombia)   45%
 

Note 20  Inventories

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Crude oil

    963  

Materials

    1,104  

    2,067  
   

F-124


Table of Contents

Note 21  Trade receivables and prepayments and other receivables

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Trade receivables

    4,434  

Prepaid taxes

    475  

Prepayments and other receivables

    1,449  

Total

    6,358  

Classified as follows:

       

Current

    6,358  

Total

    6,358  
   

Trade receivables that are aged by less than three months are not considered impaired. As of December 31, 2011, there are no balances aged by more than 3 months or due between 31 days and 90 days as of December 31, 2011.

The credit period for trade receivables is 30 days. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date is the carrying value of each class of receivable. The Company does not hold any collateral as security.

The carrying value of trade receivables is considered to represent a reasonable approximation of its fair value due to their short term nature.

Note 22  Financial instruments

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Loans and
receivables
2011

 
   

Assets as per statement of financial position

       

Trade receivables

    4,434  

Other financial assets

    1,100  

Cash and cash equivalents

    5,568  

    11,102  
   

 

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Other
financial
liabilities /
Amortized
Cost
2011

 
   

Liabilities as per statement of financial position

       

Trade payables and other payable

    12,709  

Borrowings

    1,201  

    13,910  
   

F-125


Table of Contents

Credit quality of financial assets

The credit quality of financial assets that are neither past due nor impaired can be assessed by reference to external credit ratings (if available) or to historical information about counterparty default rates:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Trade receivables

       

Counterparties with an external credit rating (Moody?s)

       

Baa2

    4,434  

Total trade receivables

    4,434  
   

All trade receivables are denominated in US Dollars.

   
Cash and cash equivalents
  2011
 
   

Counterparties with an external credit rating

    5,568  

Total

    5,568  
   

Financial liabilities—contractual undiscounted cash flows

The table below analyses the Company's financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at the balance sheet to the contractual maturity date. The amounts disclosed in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Less than
1 year

  Between 1
and 2 years

 
   

At December 31, 2011

             

Borrowings

    1,201      

Trade and other payables

    12,535     174  

    13,736     174  
   

Note 23  Share capital

Shares

The share capital of the company corresponds to 10,000 common shares for an equivalent amount of US$ 7,000.

Note 24  Borrowings

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Outstanding amounts as of December 31

       

Banco BBVA(a)

    1,201  

Classified as follows:

       

Current

    1,201  
   

(a)    Corresponds to a loan obtained in December 2010, according to the following conditions: annual interest rate 6.9% and duration of 18 months.

F-126


Table of Contents

Note 25  Provisions and other long-term liabilities

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Assets
retirement
obligation

  Other
  Total
 
   

At January 1, 2011

    1,675     457     2,132  

Unwinding of long-term liabilities

    90         90  

At December 31, 2011

    1,765     457     2,222  
   

The provision for decommissioning relates to the estimation of future disbursements related to the abandonment and decommissioning of oil and gas wells. This provision will be utilised when the related wells are fully depleted.

Note 26  Trade and other payable

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Trade payables

    5,305  

Other debt(1)

    7,404  

    12,709  

Classified as follows:

       

Current

    12,535  

Non-current

    174  

Total

    12,709  
   

The fair value of these short term financial instruments are not individually determined as the carrying amount is a reasonable approximation of fair value.

(1) Other debt

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Join operation interest

    3,353  

VAT

    875  

Equity Tax

    495  

Royalties

    267  

Other

    2,414  

Total

    7,404  
   

Note 27  Interests in joint operations

The Company has interests in four joint operations, which are involved in the exploration of hydrocarbons in Colombia.

F-127


Table of Contents

The following amounts represent the Company's share in the assets, liabilities and results of the joint operations which have been consolidated line by line in the consolidated statement of financial position and statement of income:

   
Joint operation
  Abanico/Cerrito
Block

  Yamu/Carupana
Block

  Llanos 34
Block

  Arrendajo
 
   

Interest

    10%     75% / 43.83%     45%     10%  

ASSETS

                         

PP&E / E&E

    5,493     13,506     4,815     1,411  

Inventories

        220          

Total Assets

    5,493     13,726     4,815     1,411  

NET ASSETS / (LIABILITIES)

    5,493     13,726     4,815     1,411  

Sales

    2,988     22,420          

Net profit / (loss)

    1,918     12,444          
   

Capital commitments related to the Llanos 34, Abanico, Arrendajo and Yamu Blocks are disclosed in Note 28 (b).

Note 28  Commitments

(a) Royalty commitments

In Colombia, royalties on production are payable to the Colombian Government and are determined at a rate of 8%. Additionally, under the terms of the Winchester Stock Purchase Agreement, we are obligated to make certain payments to the previous owners of Winchester based on the production and sale of hydrocarbons discovered by exploration wells drilled after October 25, 2011. These payments involve both an earnings based measure and an overriding royalty equal to an estimated 4% carried interest on the part of the vendor. As at the balance sheet date and based on preliminary internal estimates of additions of 2P reserves since acquisition, the Company's best estimate of the total commitment over the remaining life of the concession is a range of US$ 35 million—US$ 42 million (assuming a discount rate of 9.7% and oil price of US$ 94 per barrel).

(b) Capital commitments

The Yamu Block Consortium has committed to drill one exploratory well during 2012/2013.

The Llanos 34 Block Consortium has committed to drill one exploratory well between 2013 and 2014. The joint operation estimates that the remaining commitment amounts to US$ 3,555,000 at GeoPark's working interest (45%). The Arrendajo Block (10% working interest) Consortium has committed to drill one exploratory well during 2013.

(c) Operating lease commitments—Group Company as lessee

As of December 31, 2011, the Company has no significant future commitments under non-cancellable operating lease agreements.

F-128


Table of Contents

Note 29  Related parties

Balances outstanding with related parties

   
Related Party and account
  Relationship
  Related Party
  2011 Current
 
   

Co-venturers—Prepayments and other receivables

  Joint operations   Joint Operations     116  

Related Parties—Prepayments and other receivables

  Participations agreements   Luna Oil Co     26  

Co-venturers—Trade payables and other

  Joint operations   Joint Operations     3,339  

Related Parties—Trade payables and other

  Participations agreements   Luna Oil Co     1,777  
   

Note 30  Subsequent events

In February 2012 the Company was acquired by Geopark Colombia S.A.S., a company dedicated to the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons based in Colombia. Geopark Colombia S.A.S. is an indirect subsidiary of Geopark Holdings Limited, a Bermuda oil and gas company. As a result of this transaction, Geopark Holdings Limited obtained the control over the Company as of the acquisition date.

F-129


Table of Contents

La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.

Consolidated financial statement

For one-month period ended January 31, 2012

F-130


Table of Contents


La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.
January 31, 2012

Contents

   
 
  Page
 
   

Independent auditor's report

    F-132  

Consolidated statement of income and consolidated statement of comprehensive income

    F-133  

Consolidated statement of financial position

    F-134  

Consolidated statement of changes in equity

    F-135  

Consolidated statement of cash flow

    F-136  

Notes to the consolidated statement

    F-137  
   

F-131


Table of Contents


Report of independent auditors

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of financial position of La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D. and its subsidiary as of January 31, 2012, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the period of one month then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

As discussed in Note 2.1, the accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include comparative figures for the prior period as required by IAS 1, 'Presentation of financial statements'. In our opinion, inclusion of comparative figures is necessary to obtain a proper understanding of the current period's financial statements.

In our opinion, except for the exclusion of comparative information as discussed in the preceding paragraph, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D. and its subsidiary at January 31, 2012, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the period of one month then ended in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda.

PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda.
Bogotá, Colombia
July 18, 2013

F-132


Table of Contents


La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.
January 31, 2012
Consolidated statement of income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Note
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

NET REVENUE

  6     360  

Production costs

  7     (124 )

GROSS PROFIT

        236  

Exploration costs

  9     (337 )

Administrative costs

  10     (24 )

Selling expenses

  11     (51 )

Other operating income

        14  

OPERATING LOSS

        (162 )

Financial income

  12     444  

Financial expenses

  13     (10 )

PROFIT BEFORE TAX

        272  

Income tax

  14     (89 )

PROFIT FOR THE PERIOD

        183  

Attributable to:

           

Owners of the parent

        183  
   


Consolidated statement of comprehensive income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month period ended January 31, 2012
 
   

Profit for the period

    183  

Other comprehensive income

     

Total comprehensive Income for the period

    183  

Attributable to:

       

Owners of the parent

    183  
   

   

The notes 1 to 25 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-133


Table of Contents


La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.
January 31, 2012
Consolidated statement of financial position

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Note
  At January 31,
2012

 
   

ASSETS

           

NON CURRENT ASSETS

           

Property, plant and equipment

  16     1,971  

Deferred income tax asset

  15     2,745  

TOTAL NON CURRENT ASSETS

        4,716  

CURRENT ASSETS

           

Inventories

  18     59  

Prepayments and other receivables

  19     2,162  

Prepaid taxes

        61  

Cash and cash equivalents

        28  

TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS

        2,310  

TOTAL ASSETS

       
7,026
 

EQUITY

           

Equity attributable to owners of the Company

           

Share capital

  21     31  

Retained earnings

        6,374  

TOTAL EQUITY

        6,405  

LIABILITIES

           

CURRENT LIABILITIES

           

Trade and other payables

  22     621  

TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES

        621  

TOTAL LIABILITIES

        621  

TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

       
7,026
 
   

   

The notes 1 to 25 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-134


Table of Contents


La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.
January 31, 2012
Consolidated statement of changes in equity

   
 
  Attributable to owners of the Company  
Amount in US$ '000
  Share
capital

  Retained
earnings

  Total
 
   

Equity at January 1, 2012

    31     6,191     6,222  

Profit for the period

        183     183  

Total comprehensive income for the period ended January 31, 2012

        183     183  

Balances at January 31, 2012

   
31
   
6,374
   
6,405
 
   

   

The notes 1 to 25 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-135


Table of Contents


La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.
January 31, 2012
Consolidated statement of cash flow

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Cash flows from operating activities

       

Profit for the period

    183  

Adjustments for:

       

Income tax for the period

    89  

Depreciation of the period

    29  

Write-off of unsuccessful efforts

    337  

Changes in working capital

    (596 )

Cash flows from operating activities—net

    42  

Cash flows from investing activities

       

Purchase of property, plant and equipment

    (18 )

Cash flows used in investing activities—net

    (18 )

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents

    24  

Cash and cash equivalents at January 1

    4  

Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period

    28  

Ending Cash and cash equivalents are specified as follows:

       

Cash in banks

    28  

Cash and cash equivalents

    28  
   

   

The notes 1 to 25 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-136


Table of Contents


La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.
January 31, 2012
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts expressed in US Dollars

Note 1  General information

La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D. is a corporation incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Panama, registered to the Listing Document 539272 and 1015472 and domiciled in the City of Panama, Republic of Panama.

The Company established a branch in Colombia called La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D. through public deed No. 4131 of Notary 45 of Bogotá from December 10, 1998, registered at the Chamber of Commerce of Bogotá on December 16, 1998 under number 00085878, Book VI.

The principal activities of the Company are the conduct and further development of an oil and gas business in Colombia, directly or through its branch.

These consolidated financial statements were authorised for issuance by the Board of Directors on July 18, 2013.

Note 2  Summary of significant accounting policies

2.1 Basis of preparation

These consolidated financial statements of the Company for the one-month period ended January 31, 2012 have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IFRS), except that the consolidated financial information do not include comparative figures for the prior period as required by IAS 1 "Presentation of Financial Statements". The purpose of these financial statements is to meet the reporting requirements of Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) according to the Company's ultimate parent requirements, in connection with an initial public offering process. The consolidated financial statements are presented in United States Dollars and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand (US$'000), except where otherwise indicated. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis.

The Company's transition date for IFRS purposes was January 1, 2011 as the Company did not present financial statements for previous periods. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with those IFRS standards and IFRIC interpretations issued and effective as at the time of preparing these statements.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Company's accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in this note under the title "Accounting estimates and assumptions".

F-137


Table of Contents

2.1.1 Changes in accounting policy and disclosure

New and amended standards adopted by the Company:

There are no IFRSs or IFRIC interpretations that are effective for the first time for the financial year beginning on or after January 1, 2012 that would be expected to have a material impact on the Company.

New standards, amendments and interpretations issued but not effective for the financial year beginning January 1, 2012 and not early adopted:

IFRS 9, 'Financial instruments', addresses the classification, measurement and recognition of financial assets and financial liabilities. IFRS 9 was issued in November 2009 and October 2010. It replaces the parts of IAS 39 that relate to the classification and measurement of financial instruments. IFRS 9 requires financial assets to be classified into two measurement categories: those measured as at fair value and those measured at amortised cost. The determination is made at initial recognition. The classification depends on the entity's business model for managing its financial instruments and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the instrument. For financial liabilities, the standard retains most of the IAS 39 requirements. The main change is that, in cases where the fair value option is taken for financial liabilities, the part of a fair value change due to an entity's own credit risk is recorded in other comprehensive income rather than the income statement, unless this creates an accounting mismatch. IFRS 9 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2015 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 10, 'Consolidated financial statements builds on existing principles by identifying the concept of control as the determining factor in whether an entity should be included within the consolidated financial statements of the parent company. The standard provides additional guidance to assist in the determination of control where this is difficult to assess. IFRS 10 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 11, 'Joint arrangements', establishes principles for financial reporting by entities that have an interest in arrangements that are controlled jointly. IFRS 11 defines joint control and requires an entity that is a party to a joint arrangement to determine the type of joint arrangement in which it is involved by assessing its rights and obligations and to account for those rights and obligations in accordance with that type of joint arrangement. IFRS 11 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 12, 'Disclosures of interests in other entities' includes the disclosure requirements for all forms of interests in other entities, including joint arrangements, associates, special purpose vehicles and other off balance sheet vehicles. IFRS 12 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 13, 'Fair value measurement', aims to improve consistency and reduce complexity by providing a precise definition of fair value and a single source of fair value measurement and disclosure requirements for use across IFRSs. The requirements, which are largely aligned between IFRSs and US GAAP, do not extend the use of fair value accounting but provide guidance on how it should be applied where its use is already required or permitted by other standards within IFRSs. IFRS 13 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013.

F-138


Table of Contents

IFRS 13 is not expected to have a significant impact on the balances recorded in the financial statements as at January 31, 2012 but would require the company to apply different valuation techniques to certain items (e.g. debt acquired as part of a business combination) recognised at fair value as and when they arise in the future.

There are no other IFRSs or IFRIC interpretations that are not yet effective that would be expected to have a material impact on the Company.

Management assessed the relevance of other new standards, amendments or interpretations not yet effective and concluded that they are not relevant to Company.

2.2 Going concern

The Directors regularly monitor the Company's cash position and liquidity risks throughout the year to ensure that it has sufficient funds to meet forecast operational and investment funding requirements. Sensitivities are run to reflect latest expectations of expenditures, oil and gas prices and other factors to enable the Company to manage the risk of any funding short falls and/or potential loan covenant breaches.

Considering macroeconomic environment conditions, the performance of the operations and Company's cash position, the Directors have formed a judgement, at the time of approving the financial statements, that there is a reasonable expectation that the Company has adequate resources to continue with its investment program in order to increase oil and gas reserves, production and revenues and meeting all its obligations for the foreseeable future. For this reason, the Directors have continued to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the consolidated financial statements.

2.3 Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include those of the Company and all of its branch undertakings drawn up to the Balance Sheet date.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealised gains on transactions between the Company and its branches are eliminated. Unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. Amounts reported in the financial statements of branches have been adjusted where necessary to ensure consistency with the accounting policies adopted by the Company.

2.4 Foreign currency translation

a) Functional and presentation currency

The consolidated financial statements are presented in US Dollars, which is the Company's presentation currency.

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Company's entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the "functional currency"). The functional currency of the Company and its branch is the US Dollar.

b) Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement

F-139


Table of Contents

of such transactions and from the translation at period end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

2.5 Joint Operations

The Company's accounting for its investments in oil and gas related joint operations and other agreements involved in oil and gas exploration and production, have been recognized according to its share of the jointly controlled assets, liabilities, income and expenses.

2.6 Revenue recognition

Revenue from the sale of crude oil is recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income when risk transferred to the purchaser, and if the revenue can be measured reliably and is expected to be received. Revenue is shown net of VAT.

2.7 Production costs

Production costs from joint operating agreements are recognized on an accruals basis in accordance with liquidations from the operators of each field. Property, plant and equipment depreciation are also included in this account.

2.8 Financial costs

Financial costs principally include realised and unrealised gains and losses arising from transactions in foreign currencies and the amortisation of financial assets and liabilities.

2.9 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost less depreciation, and impairment if applicable. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items; including provisions for asset retirement obligation.

Oil and gas exploration and production activities are accounted for in a manner similar to the successful efforts method on a field by field basis. The Company accounts for exploration and evaluation activities in accordance with IFRS 6, Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources, capitalising exploration and evaluation costs until such time as the economic viability of producing the underlying resources is determined. Costs incurred prior to obtaining legal rights to explore are expensed immediately to the income statement.

Exploration and evaluation costs may include: license acquisition, geological and geophysical studies (i.e.: seismic), direct labour costs and drilling costs of exploratory wells. No depreciation and/or amortisation is charged during the exploration and evaluation phase. Upon completion of the evaluation phase, the prospects are either transferred to oil and gas properties or charged to expense (exploration costs) in the period in which the determination is made depending whether they have found reserves or not. If not developed, Exploration and evaluation assets are written-off after three years unless, it can be clearly demonstrated that the carrying value of the investment is recoverable.

A charge of US$ 337,000 has been recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income within Exploration costs for write-offs (see Note 9).

F-140


Table of Contents

All field development costs are capitalised within oil and gas properties, and subject to depreciation. Such costs may include the acquisition and installation of production facilities, development drilling costs (including dry holes, service wells and seismic surveys for development purposes), project-related engineering and the acquisition costs of rights and concessions related to proved properties.

Workovers of wells made to develop reserves and/or increase production are capitalised as development costs. Maintenance costs are charged to income when incurred.

Capitalised costs of proved oil and gas properties are depreciated on a licensed area by the licensed area basis, using the unit of production method, based on commercial proved and probable reserves. The calculation of the "unit of production" depreciation takes into account estimated future finding and development costs and is based on current year end unescalated price levels. Changes in reserves and cost estimates are recognised prospectively. Reserves are converted to equivalent units on the basis of approximate relative energy content.

Commercial reserves are proved oil and gas reserves.

Depreciation of the remaining property and equipment assets (i.e.: furniture and vehicles) not directly associated with oil and gas activities has been calculated by means of the straight line method by applying such annual rates as required to write-off their value at the end of their estimated useful lives. The useful lives range between 3 years and 10 years.

Depreciation is allocated in the Consolidated Statement of Income as production or administrative costs, based on the nature of the associated asset.

An asset's carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset's carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.

2.10 Impairment of non-financial assets

Assets that are not subject to depreciation and/or amortization (i.e. exploration and evaluation assets) are tested annually for impairment. Assets that are subject to depreciation and/or amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less costs to sell and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are tested at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash flows (cash-generating units), generally a licensed area. Non-financial assets that suffered an impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at each reporting date.

No asset is kept as an exploration and evaluation asset for a period of more than three years, except if it can be clearly demonstrated that the carrying value of the investment will be recoverable.

No impairment loss has been recognised during 2011; only write-offs (see Note 9).

2.11 Inventories

Inventories comprise crude oil. Crude oil is measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.

F-141


Table of Contents

2.12 Current and deferred income tax

The tax expense for the period comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Luna Oil Co. is a LLC company based in Panamá and is not subject to income taxes. Consequently, income taxes have been provided based on the tax laws and rates in effect in the countries in which the Company's operations are conducted and income is earned.

The Branch records a provision for income taxes using the "liability" method. The provision for the Branch income tax is calculated at the official rate of 33%, by the liability method, on the higher of presumptive income, alternative minimum taxable basis, or taxable income.

Advance tax payments and recoverable withholding taxes are offset against the estimated income tax liability.

Deferred income tax is recognised, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the balance sheet date and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled.

Deferred tax liabilities are provided in full, with no discounting. Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the underlying deductible temporary differences will be able to be offset against future taxable income.

2.13 Financial assets

Financial assets are divided into the following categories: loans and receivables; financial assets at fair value through profit or loss; available-for-sale financial assets; and held-to-maturity investments. Financial assets are assigned to the different categories by management on initial recognition, depending on the purpose for which the investments were acquired. The designation of financial assets is re-evaluated at every reporting date at which a choice of classification or accounting treatment is available.

All financial assets are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. All financial assets are initially recognised at fair value, plus transaction costs.

Derecognition of financial assets occurs when the rights to receive cash flows from the investments expire or are transferred and substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred. An assessment for impairment is undertaken at each balance sheet date.

Interest and other cash flows resulting from holding financial assets are recognised in the Consolidated Income Statement when receivable, regardless of how the related carrying amount of financial assets is measured.

Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. They are included in current assets, except for maturities greater than 12 months after the balance sheet date. These are classified as non-current assets. The Company's loans and receivables comprise trade receivables, prepayments and other receivables and cash and cash equivalents in the balance sheet. They arise when the Company provides money, goods or services directly to a debtor with no intention of trading the receivables.

F-142


Table of Contents

2.14 Impairment of financial assets

Provision against trade receivables is made when objective evidence is received that the Company will not be able to collect all amounts due to it in accordance with the original terms of those receivables. The amount of the write-down is determined as the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows.

2.15 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalent include cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks.

2.16 Trade and other payable

Trade payables are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of the business from suppliers. Accounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less (or in the normal operating cycle of the business if longer). If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities.

Trade payables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

2.17 Share capital

Equity comprises the following:

"Share capital" representing the proceeds from capital contributions received; currently the formalization of shares issuance is in process.

"Retained Earnings" representing retained profits and losses.

Note 3  Financial Instruments-risk management

The Company is exposed through its operations to the following financial risks:

Currency risk
Price risk
Credit risk—concentration
Funding and liquidity risk

The policy for managing these risks is set by the Board. Certain risks are managed centrally, while others are managed locally following guidelines communicated from the corporate office. The policy for each of the above risks is described in more detail below.

Currency risk

The functional currency of the Company is the US Dollar. The fluctuation of the Colombian Peso does not impact the loans, costs and revenues held in US Dollars; but it does impact in some balances denominated in local currency, such as prepaid taxes and certain costs. As currency rate changes between the US Dollar and the Colombian Peso, the Company recognizes gains and losses in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

F-143


Table of Contents

The Company minimises the local currency positions by seeking to equilibrate local and foreign currency assets and liabilities. However, tax balances are very difficult to match with local currency assets. Therefore, the Company maintains a net exposure to changes in currency exchange rates.

Most of the Company's assets are associated with oil and gas productive assets. Such assets in the oil and gas industry, including in the local markets are usually settled in US Dollar equivalents.

During the first month of 2012, the Colombian Peso strengthened by 6,6%. If the Colombian Peso had strengthened by an additional 5% against the US Dollar, with all other variables held constant, post-tax profit for the period would have been lower by US$ 305,000.

Price risk

In the first month of 2012 net revenue comes from Carupana field (participation agreement) which is operated by Winchester Oil & Gas S.A. The operator is responsible for selling the oil produced and then distribute to each partner's the net income generated by the field.

As mentioned above, the price risk is related to sales made by Winchester Oil & Gas S.A. In the first month of 2012 the prise realised for the oil produce by Winchester Oil and Gas is linked to Brent adjusted by the Vasconia differential (Colombian market indicator) which is settled in the international markets in US Dollars. The market price of these commodities is subject to significant fluctuation but the Board did not consider appropriate to manage the Company's risk to such fluctuation through futures contracts or similar because to do so would not have been economic at the achieved production levels.

If the market prices of Brent adjusted by the Vasconia differential had fallen by 10% compared to actual prices during the period, with all other variables held constant, post-tax profit for the period would have been lower by US$ 22,190.

The Board will consider adopting a hedging policy when it deems it appropriate according to the size of the business and market implied volatility.

Credit risk—concentration

The Company's credit risk relates mainly to accounts receivable where the credit risks correspond to the recognised values. There is not considered to be any significant risk.

Funding and liquidity risk

Liquidity risk represents the Company's inability to meet its short and long-term financial commitments. Cash flow forecasting is performed in the operating activities including those activities through joint agreements with partners. The Company finance monitors rolling forecasts of the Company's liquidity requirements to ensure it has sufficient cash to meet operational needs while maintaining sufficient headroom to fund the committed work programs of the Blocks. Producing Blocks combined low operating costs and the flexibility of a discretionary investment program that can be maintained, reduced or increased in the short term depending on the environment economic conditions.

Note 4  Accounting estimates and assumptions

Estimates and assumptions are used in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Although these estimates are based on management's best knowledge of current events and actions, actual results may

F-144


Table of Contents

differ. Estimates and judgments are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

The key estimates and assumptions used in these consolidated financial statements are noted below:

The Company adopts an approach similar to the successful efforts method of accounting. Management makes assessments and estimates regarding whether an exploration property should continue to be carried forward as an exploration and evaluation asset not yet determined or when insufficient information exists for this type of cost to remain as an asset. In making this assessment the Management takes professional advice from qualified independent experts, such as petroleum reserve engineers.

Cash flow estimates for impairment assessments require assumptions about two primary elements—future prices and oil and gas reserves. Estimates of future prices require significant judgments about highly uncertain future events. Historically, oil and gas prices have exhibited significant volatility. Our forecasts for oil and gas revenues are based on prices derived from future price forecasts amongst industry analysts and our own assessments. Our estimates of future cash flows are generally based on our assumptions of long-term prices and operating and development costs. Given the significant assumptions required and the possibility that actual conditions will differ, we consider the assessment of impairment to be a critical accounting estimate.

    The process of estimating reserves is complex. It requires significant judgements and decisions based on available geological, geophysical, engineering and economic data. The estimation of economically recoverable oil and natural gas reserves and related future net cash flows was performed based on internal estimates performed by the Company's technical team as of December 31, 2011, which incorporates many factors and assumptions including:

    Management believes these factors and assumptions are reasonable based on the information available to us at the time we prepare our estimates. However, these estimates may change substantially as additional data from ongoing development activities and production performance becomes available and as economic conditions impacting oil and gas prices and costs change.
Oil and gas assets held in property and equipment are mainly depreciated on a unit of production basis at a rate calculated by reference to proven reserves.

Note 5  Consolidated statement of cash flow

The Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow shows the Company's cash flows for the period for operating, investing and financing activities and the change in cash and cash equivalents during the period.

F-145


Table of Contents

Cash flows from operating activities are computed from the results for the period adjusted for non-cash operating items, changes in net working capital, and corporation tax. Tax paid is presented as a separate item under operating activities.

During the first month of 2012, there were not any material non-cash transactions.

Cash and cash equivalents include liquid funds with a term of less than three months.

Note 6  Net revenue

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Sale of crude oil

    360  

TOTAL

    360  
   

Note 7  Production costs

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Depreciation

    29  

Royalties

    21  

Other costs

    74  

    124  
   

Note 8  Depreciation

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Oil and gas properties

    18  

Production facilities and machinery

    11  

Depreciation of property, plant and equipment

    29  
   

Note 9  Exploration costs

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Write-off of unsuccessful efforts(a)

    337  

    337  
   

F-146


Table of Contents

(a)    The charge corresponds to the write-off of exploration and evaluation assets related to the cost of seismic in Llanos 17 Block incurred during the period.

Note 10  Administrative costs

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Consultant fees

    5  

Other administrative costs

    19  

    24  
   

Note 11  Selling expenses

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Transportation

    51  

    51  
   

Note 12  Financial income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Exchange difference

    444  

    444  
   

Note 13  Financial expenses

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Bank charges and other financial costs

    10  

    10  
   

F-147


Table of Contents

Note 14  Income tax

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31,
2012

 
   

Current tax

    (89 )

Deferred income tax

     

    (89 )
   

The tax on the Company's profit before tax differs from the theoretical amount that would arise using the weighted average tax rate applicable to profits of the consolidated entities as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  One-month
period ended
January 31, 2012

 
   

Profit before income tax

    272  

Income tax calculated at statutory tax rate

    (89 )

Income tax

    (89 )
   

Income tax rate in Colombia is 33%.

Note 15  Deferred income tax asset

The gross movement on the deferred income tax asset account is as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At January 31,
2012

 
   

Deferred tax asset at January 1, 2012

    2,745  

Income statement charge

     

Deferred tax asset at January 31, 2012

    2,745  
   

The breakdown and movement of deferred tax balances as of January 31, 2012 is as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At the
beginning

  Charged to
net profit

  At end
of period

 
   

Deferred tax balances

                   

Participation agreement

    1,283         1,283  

Property, plant and equipment

    1,417         1,417  

Other

    45         45  

    2,745         2,745  
   

F-148


Table of Contents

Note 16  Property, plant and equipment

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Oil & gas
properties

  Furniture,
equipment
and
vehicles

  Production
facilities
and
machinery

  Construction
in progress

  Exploration
and
evaluation
assets

  Total
 
   

Cost at January 1, 2012

    2,212     15     608     98     1,207     4,140  

Additions

                    18     18  

Write-off(1)

                    (337 )   (337 )

Cost at January 31, 2012

    2,212     15     608     98     888     3,821  

Depreciation and write-down at January 1, 2012

    (1,583 )   (14 )   (224 )           (1,821 )

Depreciation

    (18 )       (11 )           (29 )

Depreciation and write-down at January 31, 2012

    (1,601 )   (14 )   (235 )           (1,850 )

Carrying amount at January 31, 2012

    611     1     373     98     888     1,971  
   

(1)    Corresponds to write-off of Exploration and evaluation assets in Llanos 17 Block.

Note 17  Branch and joint agreement undertakings

Details of the branch and participation in join agreements of the Company are set out below:

 
 
  Name and registered office
  Ownership interest
 

Branch

  Sucursal La Luna Oil Co. Ltd. (Colombia)   100%

Joint agreements

  Llanos 17 (Colombia)   36,84%

  Llanos 32 (Colombia)   10.00%

  Carupana (Colombia)   10,67%
 

Note 18  Inventories

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At January 31, 2012
 
   

Crude oil

    59  

    59  
   

Note 19  Prepayments and other receivables

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At January 31, 2012
 
   

Receivables from join agreement partners

    2,162  

    2,162  

Classified as follows:

       

Current

    2,162  

    2,162  
   

As of January 31, 2012, there are no balances aged by more than 3 months or due between 31 days and 90 days as of January 31, 2012.

F-149


Table of Contents

The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date is the carrying value of each class of receivable. The Company does not hold any collateral as security.

The carrying value of accounts receivables is considered to represent a reasonable approximation of its fair value due to their short term nature.

Note 20  Financial instruments by category

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Loans and
receivables

 
   

Assets as per statement of financial position

       

Cash and cash equivalents

    28  

Prepayments and other receivables

    2,162  

    2,190  
   

 

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Other financial liabilities /
Amortized cost

 
   

Liabilities as per statement of financial position

       

Trade and other payables

    621  

    621  
   

Credit quality of financial assets

The credit quality of financial assets that are neither past due nor impaired can be assessed by              reference to external credit ratings (if available) or to historical information about counterparty default rates:

   
Cash at bank
  At January 31, 2012
 
   

Counterparties with an external credit rating

    28  

    28  
   

Financial liabilities—contractual undiscounted cash flows

The table below analyses the Company's financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at the balance sheet to the contractual maturity date. The amounts disclosed in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Less than
1 year

 
   

At January 31, 2012

       

Trade and other payables

    621  

    621  
   

F-150


Table of Contents

Note 21  Share capital

Shares

The share capital of the company corresponds to 50,000 common shares for an equivalent amount of US$ 31,000.

Note 22  Trade and other payables

The outstanding amounts are as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At January 31, 2012
 
   

Trade payables

    3  

Tax on equity and other debts to be paid

    577  

Payables to joint agreement partners

    14  

Related parties—Winchester Oil & Gas

    27  

    621  
   

Note 23  Commitments

(a) Capital commitments

The Llanos 32 Block Consortium has committed to drill two exploratory wells in 2013 and 2014. The joint operation estimates that the remaining commitment amounts to US$ 2,450,000 at GeoPark's working interest (36.84%).

The Llanos 17 Block Consortium has committed to drill two exploratory wells in 2012 and perform 3D seismic between 2013 and 2014. The joint operation estimates that the remaining commitment amounts to US$ 2,450,000 at GeoPark's working interest (36.84%).

Note 24  Related parties

Balances outstanding with related parties

   
 
  At January 31, 2011  
Related Party and account
  Relationship
  Related Party
  Current
 
   

Co-venturers—Prepayments and other receivables

  Joint operations   Joint operations     2,162  

Co-venturers—Trade payables and other

  Joint operations   Joint operations     14  

Related Parties—Trade payables and other

  Participations agreements   Winchester Oil & Gas     27  
   

Note 25  Subsequent events

In February 2012, the Company was acquired by Geopark Luna S.A.S., a company dedicated to the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons based in Colombia. Geopark Luna S.A.S. is an indirect subsidiary of Geopark Holdings Limited, a Bermuda oil and gas company. As a result of this transaction, Geopark Holdings Limited obtained the control over the Company as of the acquisition date.

F-151


Table of Contents

La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.

Consolidated financial statements

As of and for the year ended December 31, 2011

F-152


Table of Contents


La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.
December 31, 2011

Contents

 

Independent auditor's report

  F-154

Consolidated statement of income

  F-155

Consolidated statement of comprehensive income

  F-155

Consolidated statement of financial position

  F-156

Consolidated statement of changes in equity

  F-157

Consolidated statement of cash flow

  F-158

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

  F-159
 

F-153


Table of Contents


Report of independent auditors

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of financial position of La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D. and its subsidiary as of December 31, 2011, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

As discussed in Note 2.1, the accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include comparative figures for the prior year as required by IAS 1, 'Presentation of financial statements'. In our opinion, inclusion of comparative figures is necessary to obtain a proper understanding of the current period's financial statements.

In our opinion, except for the exclusion of comparative information as discussed in the preceding paragraph, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D. and its subsidiary at December 31, 2011, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda.

PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda.
Bogotá, Colombia
July 18, 2013

F-154


Table of Contents


La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.
December 31, 2011
Consolidated statement of income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Note
  2011
 
   

NET REVENUE

    6     4,560  

Production costs

    7     (1,487 )

GROSS PROFIT

          3,073  

Exploration costs

    9     (1,469 )

Administrative costs

    10     (79 )

Selling expenses

    11     (422 )

Tax on equity and other operating expenses

    13     (671 )

OPERATING PROFIT

          432  

Financial expenses

    12     (40 )

PROFIT BEFORE INCOME TAX

          392  

Income tax

    13     (387 )

PROFIT FOR THE YEAR

          5  

Attributable to:

             

Owners of the Company

          5  
   


Consolidated statement of comprehensive income

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Income for the year

    5  

Total comprehensive income for year

    5  

Attributable to:

       

Owners of the Company

    5  
   

   

The notes 1 to 25 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-155


Table of Contents


La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.
December 31, 2011
Consolidated statement of financial position

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Note
  2011
 
   

ASSETS

             

NON CURRENT ASSETS

             

Properties, plant and equipment

    15     2,319  

Deferred income tax asset

    14     2,745  

TOTAL NON CURRENT ASSETS

          5,064  

CURRENT ASSETS

             

Inventories

    17     137  

Prepayments and other receivables

    18     1,957  

Cash and cash equivalents

    19     4  

TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS

          2,098  

TOTAL ASSETS

          7,162  

TOTAL EQUITY

             

Equity attributable to owners of the Company

             

Share capital

    20     31  

Retained earnings

          6,191  

TOTAL EQUITY

          6,222  

LIABILITIES

             

CURRENT LIABILITIES

             

Income tax liability

          47  

Trade and other payables

    21     893  

TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES

          940  

TOTAL LIABILITIES

          940  

TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

          7,162  
   

   

The notes 1 to 25 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-156


Table of Contents


La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.
December 31, 2011
Consolidated statement of changes in equity

   
 
  Share
capital

  Retained
Earnings

  Total
 
   

Balances at December 31, 2010

    31     6,186     6,217  

Comprehensive income:

                   

Profit for the year 2011

        5     5  

Total Comprehensive Income for the Year 2011

        5     5  

Balances at December 31, 2011

    31     6,191     6,222  
   

   

The notes 1 to 25 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-157


Table of Contents


La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.
December 31, 2011
Consolidated statement of cash flow

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Note
  2011
 
   

Cash flows from operating activities

             

Profit for the year

          5  

Adjustments for:

             

Income tax for the year

    13     387  

Depreciation of the year

    8     377  

Write-off of unsuccessful efforts

    9     1,469  

Changes in working capital

          78  

Cash flows from operating activities—net

          2,316  

Cash flows from investing activities

             

Additions of property, plant and equipment

    15     (2,340 )

Cash flows used in investing activities—net

          (2,340 )

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents

          (24 )

Cash and cash equivalents at January 1, 2011

          28  

Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year

          4  

Ending Cash and cash equivalents are specified as follows:

             

Cash and cash equivalents

          4  

Cash and cash equivalents

          4  
   

   

The notes 1 to 25 are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-158


Table of Contents


La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D.
December 31, 2011
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts expressed in US Dollars

Note 1  General information

La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D. ("The Company") is a corporation incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Panama, registered to the Listing Document 539272 and 1015472 and domiciled in the City of Panama, Republic of Panama.

The Company established a branch in Colombia called La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D. through public deed No. 4131 of Notary 45 of Bogotá from December 10, 1998, registered at the Chamber of Commerce of Bogotá on December 16, 1998 under number 00085878, Book VI.

The principal activities of the Company are the conduct and further development of an oil and gas business in Colombia, directly or through its branch.

These consolidated financial statements were authorised for issuance by the Board of Directors on July 18, 2013.

Note 2  Summary of significant accounting policies

2.1 Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements of La Luna Oil Co. L.T.D. as of and for the year ended December 31, 2011 have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IFRS) except that the consolidated financial information do not include comparative figures for the prior period as required by IAS 1 "Presentation of Financial Statements". The purpose of these financial statements is to meet the reporting requirements of Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) according to the Company's ultimate parent requirements, in connection with an initial public offering process. The consolidated financial statements are presented in United States Dollars and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand (US$'000), except where otherwise indicated. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis.

The Company's transition date for IFRS purposes was January 1, 2011 as the Company did not present financial statements for previous periods. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with those IFRS standards and IFRIC interpretations issued and effective as at the time of preparing these statements.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Company's accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in this note under the title "Accounting estimates and assumptions".

F-159


Table of Contents

First-time application of IFRS

For purpose of preparing its first financial statements, the Company did not make use of any of the financial exemptions set by IFRS 1 "First Time Adoption of IFRS" for its operations and those of its subsidiaries. The mandatory exceptions in IFRS 1 did not have any significant impact for the Company. As the Company did not present financial statement for previous periods, no reconciliation from previous GAAP to IFRS is included in these financial statements.

2.1.1 Changes in accounting policy and disclosure

New and amended standards adopted by the Company:

There are no IFRSs or IFRIC interpretations that are effective for the first time for the financial year beginning on or after January 1, 2011 that would be expected to have a material impact on the Company.

New standards, amendments and interpretations issued but not effective for the financial year beginning January 1, 2011 and not early adopted:

IFRS 9, 'Financial instruments', addresses the classification, measurement and recognition of financial assets and financial liabilities. IFRS 9 was issued in November 2009 and October 2010. It replaces the parts of IAS 39 that relate to the classification and measurement of financial instruments. IFRS 9 re-quires financial assets to be classified into two measurement categories: those measured as at fair value and those measured at amortised cost. The determination is made at initial recognition. The classification depends on the entity's business model for managing its financial instruments and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the instrument. For financial liabilities, the standard retains most of the IAS 39 requirements. The main change is that, in cases where the fair value option is taken for financial liabilities, the part of a fair value change due to an entity's own credit risk is recorded in other comprehensive income rather than the income statement, unless this creates an accounting mismatch. IFRS 9 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2015 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 10, 'Consolidated financial statements builds on existing principles by identifying the concept of control as the determining factor in whether an entity should be included within the consolidated financial statements of the parent company. The standard provides additional guidance to assist in the de-termination of control where this is difficult to assess. IFRS 10 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 11, 'Joint arrangements', establishes principles for financial reporting by entities that have an interest in arrangements that are controlled jointly. IFRS 11 defines joint control and requires an entity that is a party to a joint arrangement to determine the type of joint arrangement in which it is involved by assessing its rights and obligations and to account for those rights and obligations in accordance with that type of joint arrangement. IFRS 11 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

IFRS 12, 'Disclosures of interests in other entities' includes the disclosure requirements for all forms of interests in other entities, including joint arrangements, associates, special purpose vehicles and other off balance sheet vehicles. IFRS 12 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013 and it is not expected to have a materially impact on the Company's financial condition or results of the operations.

F-160


Table of Contents

IFRS 13, 'Fair value measurement', aims to improve consistency and reduce complexity by providing a precise definition of fair value and a single source of fair value measurement and disclosure requirements for use across IFRSs. The requirements, which are largely aligned between IFRSs and US GAAP, do not extend the use of fair value accounting but provide guidance on how it should be applied where its use is already required or permitted by other standards within IFRSs. IFRS 13 is applicable for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013.

IFRS 13 is not expected to have a significant impact on the balances recorded in the financial statements as at December 31, 2011 but would require the company to apply different valuation techniques to certain items (e.g. debt acquired as part of a business combination) recognised at fair value as and when they arise in the future.

There are no other IFRSs or IFRIC interpretations that are not yet effective that would be expected to have a material impact on the Company.

Management assessed the relevance of other new standards, amendments or interpretations not yet effective and concluded that they are not relevant to Company.

2.2 Going concern

The Directors regularly monitor the Company's cash position and liquidity risks throughout the year to ensure that it has sufficient funds to meet forecast operational and investment funding requirements. Sensitivities are run to reflect latest expectations of expenditures, oil and gas prices and other factors to enable the Company to manage the risk of any funding short falls and/or potential loan covenant breaches.

Considering macroeconomic environment conditions, the performance of the operations and Company's cash position, the Directors have formed a judgement, at the time of approving the financial statements, that there is a reasonable expectation that the Company has adequate resources to continue with its investment program in order to increase oil and gas reserves, production and revenues and meeting all its obligations for the foreseeable future. For this reason, the Directors have continued to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the consolidated financial statements.

2.3 Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include those of the Company and all of its branch undertakings drawn up to the Balance Sheet date.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealised gains on transactions between the Company and its branches are eliminated. Unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. Amounts reported in the financial statements of branches have been adjusted where necessary to ensure consistency with the accounting policies adopted by the Company.

2.4 Foreign currency translation

a) Functional and presentation currency

The consolidated financial statements are presented in US Dollars, which is the Company's presentation currency.

F-161


Table of Contents

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Company's entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the "functional currency"). The functional currency of the Company and its branch is the US Dollar.

b) Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at period end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

2.5 Joint operations

The Company's accounting for its investments in oil and gas related joint operations and other agreements involved in oil and gas exploration and production, have been recognized according to its share of the jointly controlled assets, liabilities, income and expenses.

2.6 Revenue recognition

Revenue from the sale of crude oil is recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income when risk transferred to the purchaser, and if the revenue can be measured reliably and is expected to be received. Revenue is shown net of VAT.

2.7 Production costs

Production costs from joint operating agreements are recognized on an accruals basis in accordance with liquidations from the operators of each field. Property, plant and equipment depreciation are also included in this account.

2.8 Financial costs

Financial costs principally include realised and unrealised gains and losses arising from transactions in foreign currencies and the amortisation of financial assets and liabilities.

2.9 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost less depreciation, and impairment if applicable. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items; including provisions for asset retirement obligation.

Oil and gas exploration and production activities are accounted for in a manner similar to the successful efforts method on a field by field basis. The Company accounts for exploration and evaluation activities in accordance with IFRS 6, Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources, capitalising exploration and evaluation costs until such time as the economic viability of producing the underlying resources is determined. Costs incurred prior to obtaining legal rights to explore are expensed immediately to the income statement.

Exploration and evaluation costs may include: license acquisition, geological and geophysical studies (i.e.: seismic), direct labour costs and drilling costs of exploratory wells. No depreciation and/or amortisation is charged during the exploration and evaluation phase. Upon completion of the evaluation phase, the

F-162


Table of Contents

prospects are either transferred to oil and gas properties or charged to expense (exploration costs) in the period in which the determination is made depending whether they have found reserves or not. If not developed, Exploration and evaluation assets are written-off after three years unless, it can be clearly demonstrated that the carrying value of the investment is recoverable.

A charge of US$ 1,469,008 has been recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income within Exploration costs for write-offs (see Note 9).

All field development costs are capitalised within oil and gas properties, and subject to depreciation. Such costs may include the acquisition and installation of production facilities, development drilling costs (including dry holes, service wells and seismic surveys for development purposes), project-related engineering and the acquisition costs of rights and concessions related to proved properties.

Workovers of wells made to develop reserves and/or increase production are capitalised as development costs. Maintenance costs are charged to income when incurred.

Capitalised costs of proved oil and gas properties are depreciated on a licensed area by the licensed area basis, using the unit of production method, based on commercial proved and probable reserves. The calculation of the "unit of production" depreciation takes into account estimated future finding and development costs and is based on current year end unescalated price levels. Changes in reserves and cost estimates are recognised prospectively. Reserves are converted to equivalent units on the basis of approximate relative energy content.

Commercial reserves are proved oil and gas reserves.

Depreciation of the remaining property, plant and equipment assets (i.e.: furniture and vehicles) not directly associated with oil and gas activities has been calculated by means of the straight line method by applying such annual rates as required to write-off their value at the end of their estimated useful lives. The useful lives range between 3 years and 10 years.

Depreciation is allocated in the Consolidated Statement of Income as production or administrative costs, based on the nature of the associated asset.

An asset's carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset's carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.

2.10 Impairment of non-financial assets

Assets that are not subject to depreciation and/or amortization (i.e. exploration and evaluation assets) are tested annually for impairment. Assets that are subject to depreciation and/or amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less costs to sell and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are tested at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash flows (cash-generating units), generally a licensed area. Non-financial assets that suffered an impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at each reporting date.

F-163


Table of Contents

No asset is kept as an exploration and evaluation asset for a period of more than three years, except if it can be clearly demonstrated that the carrying value of the investment will be recoverable.

No impairment loss has been recognised during 2011; only write-offs (see Note 9).

2.11 Inventories

Inventories comprise crude oil. Crude oil is measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.

2.12 Current and deferred income tax

The tax expense for the year comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Luna Oil Co. is a LLC company based in Panamá and is not subject to income taxes. Consequently, income taxes have been provided based on the tax laws and rates in effect in the countries in which the Company's operations are conducted and income is earned.

The Branch records a provision for income taxes using the "liability" method. The provision for the Branch income tax is calculated at the official rate of 33%, by the liability method, on the higher of presumptive income, alternative minimum taxable basis, or taxable income.

Advance tax payments and recoverable withholding taxes are offset against the estimated income tax liability.

Deferred income tax is recognised, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the balance sheet date and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled.

Deferred tax liabilities are provided in full, with no discounting. Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the underlying deductible temporary differences will be able to be offset against future taxable income.

2.13 Financial assets

Financial assets are divided into the following categories: loans and receivables; financial assets at fair value through profit or loss; available-for-sale financial assets; and held-to-maturity investments. Financial assets are assigned to the different categories by management on initial recognition, depending on the purpose for which the investments were acquired. The designation of financial assets is re-evaluated at every reporting date at which a choice of classification or accounting treatment is available.

All financial assets are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. All financial assets are initially recognised at fair value, plus transaction costs.

Derecognition of financial assets occurs when the rights to receive cash flows from the investments expire or are transferred and substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred. An assessment for impairment is undertaken at each balance sheet date.

F-164


Table of Contents

Interest and other cash flows resulting from holding financial assets are recognised in the Consolidated Income Statement when receivable, regardless of how the related carrying amount of financial assets is measured.

Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. They are included in current assets, except for maturities greater than 12 months after the balance sheet date. These are classified as non-current assets. The Company's loans and receivables comprise trade receivables, prepayments and other receivables and cash and cash equivalents in the balance sheet. They arise when the Company provides money, goods or services directly to a debtor with no intention of trading the receivables.

Loans and receivables are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less provision for impairment. Any change in their value through impairment or reversal of impairment is recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Income. All of the Company's financial assets are classified as loan and receivables.

2.14 Impairment of financial assets

Provision against trade receivables is made when objective evidence is received that the Company will not be able to collect all amounts due to it in accordance with the original terms of those receivables. The amount of the write-down is determined as the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows.

2.15 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalent include cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks.

2.16 Trade and other payable

Trade payables are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of the business from suppliers. Accounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less (or in the normal operating cycle of the business if longer). If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities.

Trade payables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

2.17 Share capital

Equity comprises the following:

"Share capital" representing the proceeds from capital contributions received; currently the formalization of shares issuance is in process.

"Retained Earnings" representing retained profits and losses.

F-165


Table of Contents

Note 3  Financial instruments-risk management

The Company is exposed through its operations to the following financial risks:

Currency risk
Price risk
Credit risk—concentration
Funding and liquidity risk

The policy for managing these risks is set by the Board. Certain risks are managed centrally, while others are managed locally following guidelines communicated from the corporate office. The policy for each of the above risks is described in more detail below.

Currency risk

The functional currency of the Company is the US Dollar. The fluctuation of the Colombian Peso does not impact the loans, costs and revenues held in US Dollars; but it does impact the balances denominated in local currency. Such is the case of the prepaid taxes and certain costs. As currency rate changes between the US Dollar and the Colombian Peso, the Company recognizes gains and losses in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

The Company minimises the local currency positions by seeking to equilibrate local and foreign currency assets and liabilities. However, tax balances are very difficult to match with local currency assets. Therefore, the Company maintains a net exposure to changes in currency exchange rates.

Most of the Company's assets are associated with oil and gas productive assets. Such assets in the oil and gas industry, including in the local markets are usually settled in US Dollar equivalents.

During 2011, the Colombian Peso strengthened by 1,5%. If the Colombian Peso had strengthened by an additional 5% against the US Dollar, with all other variables held constant, post-tax profit for the year would have been higher by US$ 22,138.

Price risk

In 2011 net revenue comes from Carupana field (participation agreement) which is operated by Winchester Oil & Gas S.A. The operator is responsible for selling the oil produced and then distribute to each partner's the net income generated by the field.

As mentioned above, the price risk is related to sales made by Winchester oil & Gas S.A. In 2011 the prise realised for the oil produce by Winchester Oil and GAS is linked to Brent adjusted by the Vasconia differential (Colombian market indicator) which is settled in the international markets in US Dollars. The market price of these commodities is subject to significant fluctuation but the Board did not consider appropriate to manage the Company's risk to such fluctuation through futures contracts or similar because to do so would not have been economic at the achieved production levels.

If the market prices of Brent adjusted by the Vasconia differential had fallen by 10% compared to actual prices during the year, with all other variables held constant, post-tax profit for the year would have been lower by US$170.112.

The Board will consider adopting a hedging policy when it deems it appropriate according to the size of the business and market implied volatility.

F-166


Table of Contents

Credit risk—concentration

The Company's credit risk relates mainly to accounts receivable where the credit risks correspond to the recognised values. There is not considered to be any significant risk.

Funding and liquidity risk

Liquidity risk represents the Company's inability to meet its short and long-term financial commitments. Cash flow forecasting is performed in the operating activities including those activities through joint agreements with partners. The Company finance monitors rolling forecasts of the Company's liquidity requirements to ensure it has sufficient cash to meet operational needs while maintaining sufficient headroom to fund the committed work programs of the Blocks. Producing Blocks combined low operating costs and the flexibility of a discretionary investment program that can be maintained, reduced or increased in the short term depending on the environment economic conditions.

Note 4  Accounting estimates and assumptions

Estimates and assumptions are used in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Although these estimates are based on management's best knowledge of current events and actions, actual results may differ. Estimates and judgments are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

The key estimates and assumptions used in these consolidated financial statements are noted below:

The Company adopts an approach similar to the successful efforts method of accounting. Management makes assessments and estimates regarding whether an exploration property should continue to be carried forward as an exploration and evaluation asset not yet determined or when insufficient information exists for this type of cost to remain as an asset. In making this assessment the Management takes professional advice from qualified independent experts, such as petroleum reserve engineers.

Cash flow estimates for impairment assessments require assumptions about two primary elements—future prices and oil and gas reserves. Estimates of future prices require significant judgments about highly uncertain future events. Historically, oil and gas prices have exhibited significant volatility. Our forecasts for oil and gas revenues are based on prices derived from future price forecasts amongst industry analysts and our own assessments. Our estimates of future cash flows are generally based on our assumptions of long-term prices and operating and development costs. Given the significant assumptions required and the possibility that actual conditions will differ, we consider the assessment of impairment to be a critical accounting estimate.

The process of estimating reserves is complex. It requires significant judgements and decisions based on available geological, geophysical, engineering and economic data. The estimation of economically recoverable oil and natural gas reserves and related future net cash flows was performed based on internal estimations performed by the Company's technical team as of December 31, 2011, which incorporates many factors and assumptions including:

F-167


Table of Contents

    Management believes these factors and assumptions are reasonable based on the information available to us at the time we prepare our estimates. However, these estimates may change substantially as additional data from ongoing development activities and production performance becomes available and as economic conditions impacting oil and gas prices and costs change.
Oil and gas assets held in property, plant and equipment are mainly depreciated on a unit of production basis at a rate calculated by reference to proven reserves.

Note 5  Consolidated statement of cash flow

The Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow shows the Company's cash flows for the year for operating, investing and financing activities and the change in cash and cash equivalents during the year.

Cash flows from operating activities are computed from the results for the year adjusted for non-cash operating items, changes in net working capital, and corporation tax. Tax paid is presented as a separate item under operating activities.

During 2011, there were not any material non-cash transactions.

Cash and cash equivalents include liquid funds with a term of less than three months.

Note 6  Net revenue

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Crude oil

    4,560  

    4,560  
   

Note 7  Production costs

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Depreciation

    374  

Royalties

    248  

Staff costs

    177  

Consumables

    179  

Rental equipment

    390  

Other costs

    119  

    1,487  
   

F-168


Table of Contents

Note 8  Depreciation

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Oil and gas properties

    232  

Production facilities and machinery

    142  

Furniture, equipment and vehicles

    3  

    377  
   

Recognised as follows:

   

Production costs

    374  

Administrative costs

    3  

    377  
   

Note 9  Exploration costs

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Write-off of unsuccessful efforts(a)

    1,469  

    1,469  
   

(a)    The charge corresponds to the write-off of exploration and evaluation assets related to the cost of seismic in Llanos 17 Block.

Note 10  Administrative costs

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Consultant fees

    62  

Depreciation

    3  

Other administrative costs

    14  

    79  
   

Note 11  Selling expenses

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Transportation

    422  

    422  
   

Note 12  Financial expenses

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Bank charges and other financial costs

    39  

Interest

    1  

    40  
   

F-169


Table of Contents

Note 13  Income tax

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Current tax

    (70 )

Deferred income tax (Note 14)

    (317 )

    (387 )
   

The tax on the Company's profit before tax differs from the theoretical amount that would arise using the weighted average tax rate applicable to profits of the consolidated entities as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Profit before income tax

    392  

Income tax calculated at statutory tax rate

    (129 )

Non taxable results

    (191 )

Other

    (67 )

Income tax

    (387 )
   

Income tax rate in Colombia is 33%.

Tax regulations applicable to the Company's branch establish the following:

a.     Taxable income is subject to a 33% income tax rate, except for those taxpayers that handle special rates.

b.     The basis to compute income tax shall not be less than 3% of the taxpayer's net equity on the last day of the immediately preceding year.

c.     Until taxable year 2010, and for those taxpayers that had a contract signed at December 31, 2012, the special deduction on effective investments made on real productive fixed assets is equivalent to 30% of the investment value and its use does not result in taxable income for the partners or shareholders. Taxpayers who acquire depreciable fixed assets as of January 1, 2007 and use the deduction mentioned herein, may only depreciate such assets by means of the straight-line method and are not entitled to the audit benefit, even when in compliance with the requirements set forth by tax regulations for such entitlement. Regarding the deduction applied in previous years, if the good over which the benefit applied is not used for the income producing activity or is sold or is written-off before the end of its useful life, it is necessary to include a proportional income for the remaining useful life, upon the sale or retirement. Law 1607 of 2012, derogated the regulation that allowed to sign judicial stability contracts as of taxable year 2013.

d.     Tax losses generated as from 2007 may be offset, readjusted for tax purposes, against ordinary income at any time, without prejudice of the year's presumptive income. Tax losses generated by companies may not be transferred to their partners. Tax losses arisen from non-taxable income or occasional gains or from costs and deductions not cause-related to the generation of taxable income, in no case may be offset against the taxpayer's net taxable income.

e.     As from 2004, income taxpayers having performed transactions with foreign related or affiliated parties and/or residents in countries considered as tax havens are obliged to determine, for income tax purposes, their ordinary and extraordinary revenues, costs and deductions, and assets and liabilities considering for these transactions the market prices and profit margins stated in the market.

F-170


Table of Contents

h.     Law 1607 of December 2012, reduced to 25% the income tax rate for 2013 and created the "CREE" income tax for equality, which rate will be of 9% for 2013, 2014 and 2015, and as of 2016 the rate will be 8%. Except for the cases of special deductions, such as, offset losses and excess of presumptive income, benefits not applicable to CREE, the tax basis will be the same as the income tax base.

i.      As set-forth by Article 25 of Law 1607 of December 2012, as of July 1, 2013, salary tax contributions made in favor of SENA and ICBF by income tax payers related with employees that individually receive up to ten (10) minimum monthly salaries, will be exempt of this contribution. This exoneration will not be applicable to the taxpayers not subject to the CREE tax.

At the date of the issuance of Consolidate Financial Statement, the Company's income tax returns for taxable years 2011, 2010, 2009 and 2008 2010 are subject to review and acceptance by tax authorities. The Company's management and its tax advisors believe that the amounts recorded as tax liabilities are enough to cover any liability that may be established regarding those years.

Tax on equity

Law 1370 of 2009 established tax on equity for taxable year 2011, pursuant to which taxpayers which equity exceeds COP$5,000 million (US$ 2,573,738 aprox.) should pay a 4.8% tax rate, while for equities between COP$3,000 million (US$ 1,544,243 aprox.) and COP$5,000 million (US$ 2,573,738 aprox.) are subject to a 2.4% rate.

Moreover, Emergency Decree No. 4825 of December 2010 included a new range of taxpayers that will contribute to this tax, at a 1% rate, for equities between COP$1,000 million (US$514,748 aprox.) and COP$2,000 million (US$1,029,495 aprox.), and at a 1.4% rate for equities between COP$2,000 million (US$1,029,495 aprox.) and COP$3,000 million (US$ 1,544,243 aprox). Additionally, 25% surtax is levied on this tax, which is applicable only for taxpayers for the tax on equity under Law 1370 of 2009. At December 2011, the Company recognized for this concept in Other operating expenses of the Consolidated Income Statement US$654,988.

Note 14  Deferred income tax asset

The gross movement on the deferred income tax account is as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Deferred tax asset at January 1, 2011

    3,062  

Income statement charge

    (317 )

Deferred tax asset at December 31, 2011

    2,745  
   

The breakdown and movement of deferred tax balances as of December 31, 2011 is as follows:

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At the beginning
  Charged
to net profit

  At end of year
 
   

Deferred tax balances

                   

Taxable losses and other

    323     (323 )    

Participation agreement

    1,761     (478 )   1,283  

Property, plant and equipment

    933     484     1,417  

Other

    45         45  

    3,062     (317 )   2,745  
   

F-171


Table of Contents

Note 15  Property, plant and equipment

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Oil & gas
properties

  Furniture,
equipment
and
vehicles

  Production
facilities
and
machinery

  Construction
in progress

  Exploration
and
evaluation
assets

  Total
 
   

Cost at December 31, 2010

    1,759     15     600         895     3,269  

Additions

    453         8     98     1,781     2,340  

Write-off

                    (1,469 )   (1,469 )

Cost at December 31, 2011

    2,212     15     608     98     1,207     4,140  

Depreciation and write-down at December 31, 2010

    (1,351 )   (11 )   (82 )           (1,444 )

Depreciation

    (232 )   (3 )   (142 )           (377 )

Depreciation and write-down at December 31, 2011

    (1,583 )   (14 )   (224 )           (1,821 )

Carrying amount at December 31, 2011

    629     1     384     98     1,207     2,319  
   

Note 16  Branch and joint agreement undertakings

Details of the branches and participation in joint agreements assets of the Company are set out below:

 
 
  Name and registered office
  Ownership interest
 

Branches

  Sucursal La Luna Oil Co. Ltd. (Colombia)   100%
 

Joint Agreements

 

Llanos 17

  36.84%

Llanos 32

  10.00%

Carupana

  10.67%
 

Note 17  Inventories

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Crude oil

    137  

    137  
   

Note 18  Prepayments and other receivables

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Other receivables

    1,900  

Prepaid taxes

    57  

    1,957  

Classified as follows:

       

Current

    1,957  

    1,957  
   

As of December 31, 2011, there are no balances aged by more than 3 months or due between 31 days and 90 days as of December 31, 2011.

F-172


Table of Contents

The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date is the carrying value of each class of receivable. The Company does not hold any collateral as security.

The carrying value of accounts receivables is considered to represent a reasonable approximation of its fair value due to their short term nature.

Note 19  Financial instruments

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Loans and receivables
2011

 
   

Assets as per statement of financial position

       

Cash and cash equivalents

    4  

Other receivables

    1,900  

    1,904  
   

 

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Other financial liabilities / Amortized cost
2011

 
   

Liabilities as per statement of financial position

       

Trade and other payables

    893  

    893  
   

Credit quality of financial assets

The credit quality of financial assets that are neither past due nor impaired can be assessed by reference to external credit ratings (if available) or to historical information about counterparty default rates:

   
Cash and cash equivalents
  2011
 
   

Counterparties without an external credit rating

    4  

    4  
   

Financial liabilities—contractual undiscounted cash flows

The table below analyses the Company's financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at the balance sheet to the contractual maturity date. The amounts disclosed in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Less than
1 year

 
   

At December 31, 2011

       

Trade payables and other debt

    893  

    893  
   

Note 20  Share capital

Shares

The share capital of the company corresponds to 50,000 common shares.

F-173


Table of Contents

Note 21  Trade and other payables

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  2011
 
   

Trade payables

    2  

Tax on equity and other debts to be paid

    488  

To be paid to co-venturers

    377  

Related parties—Winchester Oil & Gas

    26  

    893  

Classified as follows:

       

Current

    893  

    893  
   

The fair value of these short term financial instruments are not individually determined as the carrying amount is a reasonable approximation of fair value.

Note 22  Interests in joint operations

The Company has interests in four joint operations, which are involved in the exploration of hydrocarbons in Colombia.

The following amounts represent the Company's share in the assets, liabilities and results of the joint ventures which have been consolidated line by line in the consolidated statement of financial position and statement of income:

   
Joint operation
  Llanos 17
Block

  Carupana
Block

  Llanos 32
Block

 
   

Interest

    36.84%     10,67%     10%  

ASSETS

                   

PP&E / E&E

    21     1,177     1,121  

Total Assets

    21     1,177     1,121  

Sales

    4,560          

Net profit / (loss)

    2,651     (1,469 )    
   

Capital commitments related to the Llanos 17, Llanos 32 and Carupana Blocks are disclosed in Note 23 (a).

Note 23  Commitments

(a) Capital commitments

The Llanos 32 Block Consortium has committed to drill two exploratory wells in 2013 and 2014. The joint operation estimates that the remaining commitment amounts to US$ 2,450,000 at GeoPark's working interest (36.84%).

The Llanos 17 Block Consortium has committed to drill two exploratory wells in 2012 and perform 3D seismic between 2013 and 2014. The joint operation estimates that the remaining commitment amounts to US$ 2,450,000 at GeoPark's working interest (36.84%).

F-174


Table of Contents

Note 24  Related parties

Balances outstanding with related parties

   
Related Party and account
  Relationship
  Related party
  2011 current
 
   

Co-venturers—Prepayments and other receivables

  Joint operations   Joint Operations     123  

Related Parties—Prepayments and other receivables

 

Participations agreements

 

Winchester Oil & Gas

   
1,777
 

Co-venturers—Trade payables and other

 

Joint operations

 

Joint Operations

   
377
 

Related Parties—Trade payables and other

 

Participations agreements

 

Winchester Oil & Gas

   
26
 
   

Note 25  Subsequent events

In February 2012 the Company was acquired by Geopark Luna S.A.S., a company dedicated to the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons based in Colombia. Geopark Luna S.A.S. is an indirect subsidiary of Geopark Holdings Limited, a Bermuda oil and gas company. As a result of this transaction, Geopark Holdings Limited obtained the control over the Company as of the acquisition date.

F-175


Table of Contents

Hupecol Cuerva LLC

Consolidated financial statements

March 31, 2012 and for the period of three months then ended

F-176


Table of Contents

Hupecol Cuerva LLC
Consolidated financial statements
March 31, 2012 and for the period of three months then ended

Contents

   

Independent auditor's report

    F-178  

Consolidated financial statements

       

Consolidated balance sheet

   
F-179
 

Consolidated statement of income

    F-180  

Consolidated statement of changes in members equity

    F-181  

Consolidated statement of cash flow

    F-182  

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

    F-183  
   

F-177


Table of Contents


Independent auditor's report

To the Board of Directors and Member of
Hupecol Cuerva LLC

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Hupecol Cuerva LLC and its subsidiary as of March 31, 2012, and the related consolidated statement of income, changes in members' equity and cash flow for the period of three months then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Hupecol Cuerva LLC and its subsidiary at March 31, 2012, and the results of its operations and its cash flow for the period of three months then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda.

PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda.
Bogotá, Colombia
July 18, 2013

F-178


Table of Contents


Consolidated balance sheet
(Amounts expressed in thousands of US Dollars)
As of March 31, 2012

   
 
  Notes
   
 
   

ASSETS

             

CURRENT ASSETS

             

Cash and cash equivalents

    4     927  

Accounts and notes receivable

    5     4,402  

Inventories

    6     7,406  

Other accounts receivable

    7     6,833  
             

TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS

          19,568  
             

NON-CURRENT ASSETS

             

Properties, plant and equipment

    8     15,024  

Oil properties

    9     33,680  

Deferred tax assets, net

    12     9,494  
             

TOTAL NON-CURRENT ASSETS

          58,198  
             

TOTAL

          77,766  
             

LIABILITIES AND MEMBERS' EQUITY

             

CURRENT LIABILITIES

             

Suppliers

    10     7,302  

Related parties payables

    20     9,767  

Accounts payable

    11     1,430  

Labor liabilities

          14  

Taxes, liens and encumbrances

    12     2,108  

Accrued liabilities and provisions

          19  
             

TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES

          20,640  
             

NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES

             

Accrued liabilities and provisions

          1,341  

Asset retirement obligations

    13     3,990  
             

TOTAL NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES

          5,331  
             

TOTAL LIABILITIES

          25,971  
             

MEMBERS EQUITY

             

Units

    3     8  

Retained earnings

          51,787  
             

TOTAL MEMBERS EQUITY

          51,795  
             

TOTAL

          77,766  
   

   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-179


Table of Contents


Consolidated statement of income
(Amounts expressed in thousands of US Dollars)
For the period ended March 31, 2012

   
 
  Notes
   
 
   

Oil revenues

          22,594  

Operating costs

    14     (13,421 )
             

GROSS PROFITS

          9,173  

Services—Related parties

    20     (1,097 )

General and administrative costs

    15     (1,070 )

Transportation costs

    16     (4,149 )
             

OPERATING LOSS

          2,857  
             

Financial results, net

          (332 )

Other income, net

    17     481  
             

INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAX

          3,006  
             

Income tax

    12     (1,331 )

NET INCOME FOR THE PERIOD

          1,675  
   

   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-180


Table of Contents


Consolidated statement of changes in members equity
(Amounts expressed in thousands of US Dollars)
For the period ended March 31, 2012

   
 
  Units
(See note 3)

  Retained
earnings

  Total
 
   

Balances at December 31, 2011

    8     50,112     50,120  
             

Net income for the period ended March 31, 2012

        1,675     1,675  
             

Balances at March 31, 2012

    8     51,787     51,795  
   

   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-181


Table of Contents


Consolidated statement of cash flows
(Amounts expressed in thousands of US Dollars)
For the period ended March 31, 2012

   

Cash flows from operating activities

       

Net income for the period

    1,675  

Adjustments to reconcile the net income for the period with net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

       

Deferred income tax

    1,331  

Amortization of oil properties

    3,946  

Depreciation of properties and equipment

    807  

Accretion of asset retirement obligations

    245  

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

       

Accounts and notes receivable

    107  

Inventories

    917  

Other accounts receivable

    (3,219 )

Suppliers

    6,266  

Accounts payables—Related parties

    (7,634 )

Accounts payables

    1,362  

Labor liabilities

    14  

Taxes, liens and encumbrances

    (896 )

Accrued liabilities and provisions

    89  
       

Net cash provided by operating activities

    5,010  

Cash flows from investing activities

       

Acquisition of properties and equipment

    (8,308 )
       

Cash used in investment activities

    (8,308 )

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents

    (3,298 )

Cash and cash equivalents beginning of the period

    4,225  
       

Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period

    927  
   

   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-182


Table of Contents


Hupecol Cuerva LLC
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts expressed in thousands of US Dollars

Note 1.  Description of the company

Hupecol Cuerva Holding LLC ("Hupecol") is a Delaware-based limited liability company, located in 1200 New Hampshire Ave N.W., Washington DC, incorporated on March 7, 1997, with a branch in Bogotá, Colombia. Hupecol Caracara LLC ("The Branch") was established on June 12, 1997 and its main activities are oriented to the exploration, development and production of oil, natural gas and other hydrocarbons in Colombia. This corporate purpose is expected to be developed through association contracts or other mechanisms allowed by Colombian laws. The Branch's life term is unlimited.

At March 31, 2012 the Company holds 100% ownership interest in Cuerva Block through an exploration and production contract signed between ANH "Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos" and its branch in Colombia.

At March 31, 2012 Company was under the control of Hupecol Cuerva Holding LLC.

These consolidated financial statements were authorized for issuance by the Board of Directors on July 18, 2013.

Note 2.  Summary of significant accounting policies

2.1 Basis of presentation / consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of Hupecol Cuerva LLC as of and for the period ended March 31, 2012 have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America—"US GAAP". The purpose of these financial reports is to meet the reporting requirements of Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X according to the latest requirements of the parent Company, in connection with an initial public offering process. Considering the above mentioned special purposes, the comparative information regarding 2011 is not disclosed. The consolidated financial statements are presented in United States Dollars and all amounts are rounded to the nearest thousand (USD'000), except where otherwise indicated. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the Company's accounting policies. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in preparing the consolidated accounts.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern.

2.1.1 Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include those of the Company and all the operations of its branch up to the Balance Sheet date.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions between the Company and its branches are eliminated. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. Amounts reported in the financial statements of branches have

F-183


Table of Contents

been adjusted where necessary to ensure consistency with the accounting policies adopted by the Company.

2.2 Foreign currency translation

The consolidated financial statements are presented in US Dollars, which is the Company's presentation currency.

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Company's entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the "functional currency"). The functional currency of the Company and its branches is the US Dollar.

2.3 Use of estimates

The presentation of financial statements in conformity with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the attached notes. Accordingly, management's estimates require the exercise of judgment. While management believes the estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are appropriate, actual results could differ from the assumptions.

2.4 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include banks and corporations.

2.5 Accounts and notes receivable

Accounts and notes receivable are stated at net realizable value.

2.6 Inventories

Crude oil inventories are carried at the lower of current market value or cost. Inventory costs include expenditures and other charges (including depreciation) directly and indirectly incurred in bringing the inventory to its existing condition and location. The inventory cost is calculated by dividing the lifting cost between monthly production.

2.7 Properties, plant, equipment and depreciation

Properties, plant, and equipment are recorded at their historical cost, which includes financial expenses until the asset is put into operation.

Depreciation is calculated on the total acquisition cost using the straight-line method, based on the assets' useful lives.

Annual depreciation rates used are:

   
 
  %
 
   

Office equipment

    10  

Computer and communication equipment

    20  
   

F-184


Table of Contents

2.8 Oil properties

The Company follows the successful efforts method of accounting for investments in exploration and production or development areas. Costs of productive wells and development dry holes are capitalized and amortized using the unit-of-production method.

Acquisition and exploration costs are capitalized until the time in which it is determined if exploration drilling was economically successful or not. If exploration drilling results are unsuccessful, all incurred costs are charged to expenses. When a project is approved for development, the accumulated acquisition and exploration costs are classified in the oil properties account.

Capitalized cost also includes assets retirement costs. Production and support equipment are accounted for at historical cost and are included in properties and equipment (Buildings, equipment, pipelines, networks and lines) and subject to depreciation under proven development reserves per field and royalty-free.

Oil properties and assets are depleted using the technical units-of-production method. The amortization charged to results is adjusted at the end of December, recalculating the DD&A (Depletion, Depreciation and Amortization) as of January 1 of the current year, based on the reserve study updated at the end of the current year made by the Company's technical team.

2.9 Deferred tax

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences and carry forwards are expected to be recovered or settled. Valuation allowances are provided if, after considering available evidence, it is not more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized.

In addition, a deferred income tax asset resulted from the application of the provisions of ASC 740-10-25, Accounting for Acquired Temporary Differences in Certain Purchase Transactions, because this investment creates an additional tax deduction of 40% in 2009 and 30% in 2010.

2.10 Impairment of long-lived assets

Under US GAAP, in accordance with ASC 360-10, long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset to be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset to the carrying value of the asset. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary.

As of March 31, 2012 no impairment charge has been recognized in the consolidated financial statements.

F-185


Table of Contents

2.11 Suppliers and accounts payable

Correspond to obligations incurred by the Company with third parties in order to comply with its corporate purpose.

2.12 Labor liabilities

Wages, salaries, bonuses, social security contributions, paid annual leaves and sick leaves are accrued during the period in which the associated services are rendered by the Branch's employees.

2.13 Financial instruments

Financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables, the nature of which is short-term.

Management's opinion is that the Company is not exposed to significant interest or credit risks arising from these financial instruments. The fair value of these financial instruments is approximate to their carrying values.

2.14 Revenue recognition

Revenue from crude oil is recognized at the time of transfer of title to the buyer, including its risks and benefits.

The Company has a sales agreement to sell its oil production to Hocol S.A. The price is based on the international price with reference to the mixed Vasconia crude oil as set forth in the sales contract.

2.15 Asset retirement obligations

For purposes of reporting, the Company follows the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 143 Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations (ASC 410), as amended ASC 410 requires the Company to recognize a liability for the present value of all legal obligations associated with the retirement of tangible, long-lived assets as of the date the related asset was placed into service, and capitalize an equal amount as an additional cost of the asset. Each period the liability is accreted using the effective interest rate method. The accretion is included as an operating expense. The cost associated with the asset retirement is included in the computation of depreciation, depletion and amortization.

The Company provides for future asset retirement obligations on its oil properties based on estimates established by the current regulations. The asset retirement obligation is initially measured at fair value and capitalized to oil properties as an asset retirement cost. The asset retirement obligation accretes until the time the asset retirement obligation is expected to settle while the asset retirement cost is amortized over the useful life of the underlying oil properties.

The Company's asset retirement obligations primarily relate to the plugging, dismantlement, removal, site reclamation and similar activities in its oil and gas properties until the end of the exploration and production contracts.

F-186


Table of Contents

2.16 Income tax

Hupecol is a Limited Liability Company based in Delaware and is not subject to income taxes. Consequently, income taxes have been provided based on the tax laws and rates in effect in the countries in which the Company's operations are conducted and income is earned.

The Colombian Branch records a provision for income taxes using the "liability" method. The provision for the Branch income tax is calculated at the official rate of 33%, by the liability method, on the higher of presumptive income, alternative minimum taxable basis, or taxable income.

Advance tax payments and recoverable withholding taxes are offset against the estimated income tax liability.

2.17 Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and trade receivables. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents in large reputable financial institutions. The Company's customer base consists primarily of large oil companies. Management believes the credit quality of its customers is generally high. The Company provides allowances for potential credit losses when necessary.

During the period ended March 31, 2012, approximately 99,9% of the Company revenues were obtained from one customer (Hocol S.A.).

Note 3.  Members equity

At March 31, 2012, the authorized and issue share capital of the Company was 100 units. The units are identical in all respects.

The sole Member of the Company is GeoPark Llanos S.A.S.

Limitation on liability

The debts, obligations and liabilities of the Company, whether arising in contract, tort or otherwise, shall be solely the debts, obligations and liabilities of the Company, and the Member and Manager of the Company shall not be obligated personally for any such debt, obligation or liability of the Company solely by reason of being the Member or Manager.

Note 4.  Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and equivalents at March 31, 2012 were comprised by:

   

Banks and corporations

    927  
       

    927  
   

F-187


Table of Contents

Note 5.  Accounts and notes receivable

Accounts and notes receivable at March 31, 2012 were comprised by:

   

Customers—Hocol S.A. 

    4,402  
       

    4,402  
   

Note 6.  Inventories

Inventories at March 31, 2012 were comprised by:

   

Crude oil

    7,406  
       

    7,406  
   

Note 7.  Other accounts receivable

Other accounts receivable at March 31, 2012 were comprised by:

   

Tax refund security(1)

    49  

Tax balances receivables

    6,784  
       

    6,833  
   

(1)    The tax refund security are used exclusively for the payment of VAT generated in Colombia.

Note 8.  Properties, plant and equipment

Properties, plant, equipment and depreciation at March 31, 2012 were comprised by:

   

Construction in progress

    8,092  

Buildings

    415  

Properties and equipment

    8,309  

Office equipment

    72  

Computer and communication equipment

    70  

Pipelines, networks and lines

    2,656  

Properties and equipment in transit

    94  
       

    19,708  

Accumulated depreciation, depletion and Amortization

    (4,684 )
       

    15,024  
   

Depreciation expenses totaled $807 for the period ended March 31, 2012.

F-188


Table of Contents

Note 9.  Oil properties

Amortizable oil investments, net at March 31, 2012 were comprised by:

   

Oil properties(1)

    59,252  

Accumulated amortization

    (28,073 )
       

    31,179  

Assets retirement cost

    3,744  

Accumulated amortization for facility abandonment cost

    (1,243 )
       

    2,501  

    33,680  
   

(1)    They include a reduction for $5,662 related to the special deduction on effective investments made on real productive fixed assets equivalent to 30% in 2010 and 40% in 2009 of the investment value.

Amortization expenses totaled $3,946 for the period ended March 31, 2012.

Note 10.  Suppliers

Suppliers at March 31, 2012 were comprised by:

   

Domestic suppliers

    7,302  
       

    7,302  
   

Note 11.  Accounts payables

Accounts payable at March 31, 2012 were comprised by:

   

Royalties

    1,379  

Withholding tax

    39  

Payroll withholding and contributions

    9  

Other

    3  
       

    1,430  
   

Note 12.  Taxes, liens and encumbrances

Taxes, liens and encumbrances at March 31, 2012 were comprised by:

   

Sales (VAT) tax

    945  

Tax on equity

    1,163  
       

    2,108  
   

Tax regulations applicable to the Company's branch establish the following:

a.
Taxable income is subject to a 33% income tax rate, except for those taxpayers that handle special rates.

b.
The basis to compute the income tax shall not be less than 3% of the taxpayer's net equity on the last day of the immediately preceding year.

F-189


Table of Contents

c.
Until taxable year 2010, and for those taxpayers having a contract signed at December 31, 2012, the special deduction on effective investments made on real productive fixed assets is equivalent to 30% of the investment value, and its use does not result in taxable income for partners or members. Taxpayers acquiring depreciable fixed assets as of January 1, 2007 and using the deduction mentioned herein may only depreciate such assets by means of the straight-line method and are not entitled to the audit benefit, even when being in compliance with the requirements set forth by tax regulations for such entitlement. Regarding the deduction applied in previous years, if the good over which the benefit applied is not used for the income producing activity or is sold or is written-off before the end of its useful life, it is necessary to include a proportional income for the remaining useful life, upon the sale or retirement. Act 1607 of 2012, derogated the regulation that allowed signing judicial stability contracts as of taxable year 2013.

d.
At March 31, 2012, the Company showed tax loss carry forwards for $7,842,962 generated in 2010. According to the regulations, tax losses generated as from 2007 may be offset, readjusted for tax purposes, against ordinary income at any time, without prejudice to the year's presumptive income. Tax losses generated by companies may not be transferred to their partners. Tax losses arisen from non-taxable income or occasional gains or from costs and deductions not cause-related to the generation of taxable income, in no case may be offset against the taxpayer's net taxable income.


Maturity of tax losses and excess of presumptive over ordinary income are as follows:

   
Expiration date
  Tax
losses

 
   

No expiration date

    7,842,962  
       

    7,842,962  
   
e.
As from 2004, income taxpayers having performed transactions with foreign related or affiliated parties and/or residents in countries considered as tax havens are obliged to determine, for income tax purposes, their ordinary and extraordinary revenues, costs and deductions, and assets and liabilities considering for these transactions the market prices and profit margins.

f.
Law 1607 of December 2012, reduced to 25% the income tax rate for 2013 and created the "CREE" income tax for equality, the rate of which will be of 9% for 2013, 2014 and 2015, and as of 2016 the rate will be 8%. Except for the cases of special deductions, such as offset losses and excesses of presumptive income, benefits that are not applicable to CREE, the tax basis will be the same as the income tax base.

g.
As set-forth by Article 25 of Law 1607 of December 2012, as of July 1, 2013, payroll contributions made by income taxpayers related to employees that individually receive up to ten (10) minimum monthly salaries, will be exempt of this contribution. This exoneration will not be applicable to the taxpayers not subject to the CREE tax.

The Company's income tax returns for taxable years 2011 and 2012 are subject to review and acceptance by tax authorities. The Company's management and its tax advisors believe that the amounts recorded as tax liabilities are enough to cover any liability that may be established regarding those years.

F-190


Table of Contents

Tax on equity

Act 1370 of 2009 established tax on equity for taxable year 2011, pursuant to which taxpayers which equity exceeding COP5,000 million should pay a 4.8% tax rate, while for equities between COP3,000 million and COP5,000 million are subject to a 2.4% rate.

Moreover, Emergency Decree No. 4825 of December 2010 included a new range of taxpayers that will contribute to this tax, at a 1% rate, for equities between COP1,000 million and COP2,000 million, and at a 1.4% rate for equities between COP2,000 million and COP3,000 million. Additionally, 25% surtax is levied on this tax, which is applicable only for taxpayers for the tax on equity under Act 1370 of 2009.

The components of the income tax expense were as follows:

   

Deferred

    (1,331 )
       

Total

    (1,331 )
   

The tax effects of temporary differences giving rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are presented below:

   

Deferred tax assets

       

Properties and equipment

    7,945  

Carry forward losses

    2,698  

Asset retirement obligations

    1,124  

Inventory

    447  
       

Total long-term tax assets

    12,214  
       

Deferred tax liabilities

       

Liabilities

    (2,695 )

Other

    (25 )
       

Total long-term deferred tax liabilities

    (2,720 )
       

Deferred tax, net

    9,494  
   

A reconciliation between the statutory tax rates and the actual tax rate is summarized as follows:

   

Income before income tax

    3,006  

Income tax calculated at statutory tax rate

    992  

Non taxable results

    60  

Other

    279  

Income tax

    1,331  
   

Note 13.  Asset retirement obligations

Asset retirement obligations at March 31, 2012 were comprised by:

   

Balance at the beginning of the period

    3,221  

Revisions(1)

    524  

Accretion

    245  
       

Balance at the end of the period

    3,990  
   

(1)    Includes upgrades for estimated cash flow, changes in estimates and new wells.

F-191


Table of Contents

Note 14.  Operating costs

Operating costs during the period ended March 31, 2012 were comprised by:

   

Amortization and depreciation

    4,778  

Royalties

    2,748  

Consumables

    1,217  

Operating & Maintenance

    1,129  

Transportation

    658  

Rental equipment

    448  

Services

    396  

Well maintenance

    381  

Safety

    227  

Field camp

    120  

Other

    1,319  
       

    13,421  
   

Note 15.  General and administrative costs

General and administrative costs during the period ended March 31, 2012 were comprised by:

   

Fees

    281  

Rentals

    64  

Services

    44  

Travel expenses

    35  

Legal expenses

    31  

Personal expenses

    30  

Depreciation

    25  

Maintenance and repairs

    10  

Taxes

    7  

Other

    543  
       

    1,070  
   

Note 16.  Transportation costs

Transportation costs during the period ended March 31, 2012 were comprised by:

   

Transportation costs

    4,149  
       

    4,149  
   

Note 17.  Other income, net

Other income, net during the period ended March 31, 2012 includes the recovery of cost related to transportation costs for $298.

F-192


Table of Contents

Note 18.  New accounting pronouncements not yet applied

In May 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2011-04, "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in US GAAP and IFRS." This update clarifies the application of certain existing fair value measurement guidance and expands the disclosures for fair value measurements that are estimated using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs. This update is effective for the Company for periods beginning January 1, 2012. The Company's adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In December 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-11- "Balance Sheet (Topic 210)". This update was issued to enhance disclosures about amounts of financial and derivative instruments recognized in the statement of financial position that are either (i) offset or (ii) subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement, irrespective of whether they are offset. The scope of the update includes derivatives, sale and repurchase agreements and reverse sale and repurchase agreements, and securities borrowing and securities lending arrangements. This update is effective for the Company for annual and interim periods beginning January 1, 2013, and is applicable retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this additional disclosure requirement.

Note 19.  Commitments

The Cuerva Block has committed to drill 2 exploratory wells between 2012 and 2013 corresponding to the fourth and fifth exploratory phases. During 2012 and 2013, the commitments were fulfilled.

The Cuerva Block has committed to drill 1 exploratory well between 2013 and 2014 corresponding to the sixth exploratory phase. During 2013, the commitment was fulfilled.

The Llanos 62 Block (Note 20) has committed to drill 2 exploratory wells before august 2014 corresponding to the first exploratory phases.

Note 20.  Related parties

Accounts payable to related parties at March 31, 2012 were comprised by:

   

Hupecol Operating Co LLC (group company)

    9,767  
       

    9,767  
   

Transactions with the related party during the period ended March 31, 2012 were comprised by:

   

Hupecol Operating Co LLC Services(1)

    1,097  
       

Total

    1,097  
   

(1)    It corresponds to mandate contract fees.

At March 31, 2012 the Company did not receive revenues from related parties.

Note 21.  Subsequent events

In March 2012, the company was acquired by Geopark Llanos SAS, a company dedicated to the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons based in Colombia. Geopark Llanos SAS is an indirect subsidiary of

F-193


Table of Contents

Geopark Holdings Limited, a Bermuda oil and gas company. As a result of this transaction, Geopark Holdings Limited obtained the control over the Company as of the acquisition date.

During 2012, the Company and its branch changed their name to Geopark Cuerva LLC and Geopark Cuerva LLC Sucursal Colombia, respectively.

On October 3, 2012, Hupecol Operating LLC ceded 100% of the interests, rights and obligations in Llanos 62 Block to Geopark Cuerva LLC

Subsequent events have been evaluated until the date of the issuance of the financial statement, which is July 18, 2013.

Supplemental information on oil and gas activities (Unaudited)

The following information is presented in accordance with ASC No. 932 "Extractive Activities—Oil and Gas", as amended by ASU 2010—03 "Oil and Gas Reserves. Estimation and Disclosures", issued by FASB in January 2010 in order to align the current estimation and disclosure requirements with the requirements set in the SEC final rules and interpretations, published on December 31, 2008. This information includes the Company's oil production activities carried out in Colombia

Table 1—Costs incurred in exploration and development

The following table presents those costs capitalized as well as expensed that were incurred during the three month period then ended at March 31, 2012. Exploration costs include geological and geophysical costs, costs necessary for retaining undeveloped properties, drilling costs and exploratory well equipment. Development costs include drilling costs and equipment for developmental wells, the construction of facilities for extraction, treatment and storage of hydrocarbons and all necessary costs to maintain facilities for the existing developed reserves.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Total
 
   

For the period ended March 31, 2012

       

Exploration

    514  

Development(1)

    7,421  

Total costs incurred

    7,935  
   

(1)    Includes capitalized amounts related to asset retirement obligations.

Table 2—Capitalized costs relating to oil and gas producing activities

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Total
 
   

For the period ended March 31, 2012

       

Proved properties

       

Equipment, camps and other facilities

    11,616  

Oil properties

    62,996  

Other uncompleted projects

    8.092  

Gross capitalised costs

    82,704  

Accumulated depreciation and amortization(1)

    (34,000 )

Total net capitalised costs

    48,704  
   

(1)    Includes the amortization related to asset retirement obligations.

F-194


Table of Contents

At March 31, 2012 the Company has not exploratory wells in suspend for more than a year.

Table 3—Results of operations for oil producing activities

The breakdown of results of the operations shown below summarizes revenues and expenses directly associated with oil and gas producing activities for the year ended 31 March 2012. Income tax for the years presented was calculated utilizing the statutory tax rates.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Total
 
   

For the period ended March 31, 2012

       

Net revenue

    22,605  

Production costs

       

Operating costs

    (5,895 )

Royalties

    (2,748 )

Total production costs

    (8,643 )

Accretion expense

    (245 )

Depreciation and amortization

    (4,778 )

Results of operations before income tax

    8,939  

Income tax

    (2,950 )

Results of oil and gas operations

    5,989  
   

Table 4—Reserve quantity information

Proved reserves represent estimated quantities of oil (including crude oil and condensate), which available geological and engineering data demonstrates with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. Proved developed reserves are proved reserves that can reasonably be expected to be recovered through existing wells with existing equipment and operating methods. The choice of method or combination of methods employed in the analysis of each reservoir was determined by the stage of development, quality and reliability of basic data, and production history.

The Company believes that its estimates of remaining proved recoverable oil reserve volumes are reasonable and such estimates have been prepared in accordance with the SEC Modernization of Oil and Gas Reporting rules, which were issued by the SEC at the end of 2008.

Reserves engineering is a subjective process of estimation of hydrocarbon accumulation, which cannot be accurately measured, and the reserve estimation depends on the quality of available information and the interpretation and judgment of the engineers and geologists. Therefore, the reserves estimations, as well as future production profiles, are often different than the quantities of hydrocarbons which are finally recovered. The accuracy of such estimations depends, in general, on the assumptions on which they are based.

F-195


Table of Contents

The Company estimated net proved reserves for the properties evaluated as of 31 March 2012 and 1 January 2012 are summarised as follows, expressed in thousands of barrels (Mbbl):

   
 
  Oil (Mbbl)
 
   

Net proved development and undevelopment reserves as of January 1, 2011(1)

    2,449  

Decrease attributable to:

       

Production

    (178 )

Net proved development and undevelopment reserves as of March 31, 2012

    2,271  

Net proved developed

    795  

Net proved undeveloped

    1,476  

Total reserves

    2,271  
   

(1)    Includes net proved development reserves for 973 Mbbl and net proved undeveloped for 1,476 Mbbl.

Table 5—Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows related to proved oil reserves

The following table discloses estimated future net cash flows from future production of proved developed and undeveloped reserves of crude oil, As prescribed by SEC Modernization of Oil and Gas Reporting rules and ASC 932 of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) relating to Extractive Activities—Oil and Gas (formerly SFAS no. 69 Disclosures about Oil and Gas Producing Activities), such future net cash flows were estimated using the average first day- of-the-month price during the 12-month period for 2011 and using a 10% annual discount factor. Future development and abandonment costs include estimated drilling costs, development and exploitation installations and abandonment costs. These future development costs were estimated based on evaluations made by the Company. The future income tax was calculated by applying the statutory tax rates.

This standardized measure is not intended to be and should not be interpreted as an estimate of the market value of the Company's reserves. The purpose of this information is to give standardized data to help the users of the financial statements to compare different companies and make certain projections. It is important to point out that this information does not include, among other items, the effect of future changes in prices, costs and tax rates, which past experience indicates that are likely to occur, as well as the effect of future cash flows from reserves which have not yet been classified as proved reserves, of a discount factor more representative of the value of money over the lapse of time and of the risks inherent to the production of oil and gas. These future changes may have a significant impact on the future net cash flows disclosed below. For all these reasons, this information does not necessarily indicate the perception the Company has on the discounted future net cash flows derived from the reserves of hydrocarbons.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At
31 March 2012

 
   

Future cash inflows

    198,853  

Future production and development costs

    (125,715 )

Future income taxes

    (28,700 )

Undiscounted future net cash flows

    44,438  

10% annual discount

    (5,821 )

Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows

    38,617  
   

F-196


Table of Contents

Changes in the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows from proved reserves

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Total
 
   

Present value at December 31, 2011

    39.569  

Sales of hydrocarbon, net of production cost

    7.394  

Net changes in sales price and production cost

    5.587  

Net changes in income tax

    707  

Accretion of discount

    143  

Other changes

    5  

Present value at March 31, 2012

    38.617  
   

F-197


Table of Contents

Hupecol Cuerva LLC

Consolidated financial statements

December 31, 2011 and for the year then ended

F-198


Table of Contents

Hupecol Cuerva LLC
Consolidated financial statements
December 31, 2011 and for the year then ended

Contents

 

Independent auditor's report

  F-200

Consolidated financial statements

   

Consolidated balance sheet

 
F-201

Consolidated statement of income

  F-202

Consolidated statement of changes in members' equity

  F-203

Consolidated statement of cash flow

  F-204

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

  F-205
 

F-199


Table of Contents


Independent auditor's report

To the Board of Directors and Member of
Hupecol Cuerva LLC

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Hupecol Cuerva LLC and its subsidiary as of December 31, 2011, and the related consolidated statements of income, changes in members' equity and cash flow for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Hupecol Cuerva LLC and its subsidiary at December 31, 2011, and the results of its operations and its cash flow for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda.

PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda.
Bogotá, Colombia
July 18, 2013

F-200


Table of Contents


Consolidated balance sheet
(Amounts expressed in thousands of US Dollars)
As of December 31, 2011

   
 
  Notes
   
 
   

ASSETS

             

CURRENT ASSETS

             

Cash and cash equivalents

    4     4,154  

Accounts and notes receivable

    5     4,509  

Inventories

    6     8,323  

Other accounts receivable

    7     3,685  
             

TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS

          20,671  
             

NON-CURRENT ASSETS

             

Properties, plant and equipment

    8     7,920  

Oil properties

    9     36,705  

Deferred tax assets, net

    11     10,829  
             

TOTAL NON-CURRENT ASSETS

          55,454  
             

TOTAL

          76,125  
             

LIABILITIES AND MEMBERS' EQUITY

             

CURRENT LIABILITIES

             

Suppliers

          1,036  

Related parties payables

    20     17,401  

Accounts payable

    10     68  

Taxes, liens and encumbrances

    11     3,008  

Accrued liabilities and provisions

          18  
             

TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES

          21,531  
             

NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES

             

Asset retirement obligations

    12     3,221  

Accrued liabilities and provisions

          1,253  
             

TOTAL NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES

          4,474  
             

TOTAL LIABILITIES

          26,005  
             

MEMBERS' EQUITY

             

Units

    3     8  

Retained earnings

          50,112  
             

TOTAL MEMBERS' EQUITY

          50,120  
             

TOTAL

          76,125  
   

   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements

F-201


Table of Contents


Consolidated statement of income
(Amounts expressed in thousands of US Dollars)
For the year ended December 31, 2011

   
 
  Notes
   
 
   

Oil revenues

          72,198  

Operating costs

    13     (35,052 )
             

GROSS PROFITS

          37,146  

Services—Related parties

    20     (3,454 )

General and administrative costs

    14     (4,563 )

Transportation costs

    15     (17,603 )

Exploration costs

    16     (13,832 )
             

OPERATING LOSS

          (2,306 )
             

Financial results, net

          (762 )

Other income, net

    17     7,481  
             

INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAX

          4,413  
             

Income tax

    11     (348 )

NET INCOME FOR THE YEAR

          4,065  
   

   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements

F-202


Table of Contents


Consolidated statement of changes in members' equity
(Amount expressed in thousands of US Dollars)
For the year ended December 31,2011

   
 
  Units
(See note 3)

  Retained
earnings

  Total
 
   

Balances at December 31, 2010

    8     46,047     46,055  
       

Net income for the year ended December 31, 2011

        4,065     4,065  
       

Balances at December 31, 2011

    8     50,112     50,120  
   

   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements

F-203


Table of Contents


Consolidated statement of cash flows
(Amounts expressed in thousands of US Dollars)
For the year ended December 31, 2011

   

Cash flows from operating activities

       

Net income for the year

    4,065  

Adjustments to reconcile the net income for the year with net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

       

Deferred income tax

    (588 )

Depreciation of properties and equipment

    3,321  

Amortization of oil properties

    15,166  

Write-off of unsuccessful efforts

    13,832  

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

       

Accounts and notes receivable

    398  

Inventories

    (6,935 )

Other accounts receivable

    (1,787 )

Suppliers

    875  

Accounts payables with related parties

    13,612  

Accounts payables

    (20,264 )

Taxes, liens and encumbrances

    (3,396 )

Accrued liabilities and provisions

    20  
       

Net cash provided by operating activities

    18,319  

Cash flows from investing activities

       

Acquisition of properties and equipment

    (39,214 )
       

Cash used in investment activities

    (39,214 )

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents

    (20,895 )

Cash and cash equivalents beginning of the year

    25,049  
       

Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year

    4,154  
   

   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-204


Table of Contents


Hupecol Cuerva LLC
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
Amounts expressed in thousands of US Dollars

Note 1.  Description of the Company

Hupecol Cuerva Holding LLC ("Hupecol") is a Delaware-based limited liability company, located in 1200 New Hampshire Ave N.W., Washington DC, incorporated on March 7, 1997, with a branch in Bogotá, Colombia. Hupecol Caracara LLC ("The Branch") was established on June 12, 1997 and its main activities are oriented to the exploration, development and production of oil, natural gas and other hydrocarbons in Colombia. This corporate purpose is expected to be developed through association contracts or other mechanisms allowed by Colombian laws. The Branch's life term is unlimited.

At December 31, 2011 the Company holds 100% ownership interest in Cuerva Block through an exploration and production contract signed between ANH "Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos" and its branch in Colombia.

At December 31, 2011 Company was under the control of Hupecol Cuerva Holding LLC.

These consolidated financial statements were authorized for issuance by the Board of Directors on July 18, 2013.

Note 2.  Summary of significant accounting policies

2.1 Basis of presentation / consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of Hupecol Cuerva LLC as of and for the year ended December 31, 2011 have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America—"US GAAP". The purpose of these financial reports is to meet the reporting requirements of Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X according to the latest requirements of the parent Company, in connection with an initial public offering process. Considering the mentioned special purposes, the comparative information regarding 2010 is not disclosed. The consolidated financial statements are presented in United States Dollars and all amounts are rounded to the nearest thousand (USD'000), except where otherwise indicated. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the Company's accounting policies.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern.

2.1.1 Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include those of the Company and all the operations of its branch up to the Balance Sheet date.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions between the Company and its branches are eliminated. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. Amounts reported in the financial statements of branches have

F-205


Table of Contents

been adjusted where necessary to ensure consistency with the accounting policies adopted by the Company.

2.2 Foreign currency translation

The consolidated financial statements are presented in US Dollars, which is the Company's presentation currency.

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Company's entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the "functional currency"). The functional currency of the Company and its branches is the US Dollar.

2.3 Use of estimates

The presentation of financial statements in conformity with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the attached notes. Accordingly, management?s estimates require the exercise of judgment. While management believes the estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are appropriate, actual results could differ from the assumptions.

2.4 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include banks and corporations.

2.5 Accounts and notes receivable

Accounts and notes receivable are stated at net realizable value.

2.6 Inventories

Crude oil inventories are carried at the lower of current market value or cost. Inventory costs include expenditures and other charges (including depreciation) directly and indirectly incurred in bringing the inventory to its existing condition and location. The inventory cost is calculated by dividing the lifting cost between monthly production.

2.7 Properties, plant and equipment

Properties and equipment are recorded at their historical cost, which includes financial expenses until the asset is put into operation.

Depreciation is calculated on the total acquisition cost using the straight-line method, based on the assets' useful lives.

Annual depreciation rates used are:

   
 
  %
 
   

Office equipment

    10  

Computer and communication equipment

    20  
   

F-206


Table of Contents

2.8 Oil properties

The Company follows the successful efforts method of accounting for investments in exploration and production or development areas. Costs of productive wells and development dry holes are capitalized and amortized using the unit-of-production method.

Acquisition and exploration costs are capitalized until the time in which it is determined if exploration drilling was economically successful or not. If exploration drilling results are unsuccessful, all incurred costs are charged to expenses. When a project is approved for development, the accumulated acquisition and exploration costs are classified in the oil properties account.

Capitalized costs also include assets retirement costs. Production and support equipment are accounted for at historical cost and are included in properties and equipment (Buildings, equipment, pipelines, networks and lines) and subject to depreciation under proven development reserves per field and royalty-free.

Oil properties and assets are depleted using the technical units-of-production method. The amortization charged to results is adjusted at the end of December, recalculating the DD&A (Depletion, Depreciation and Amortization) as of January 1 of the current year, based on the reserve study updated at the end of the current year made by the Company's technical team.

2.9 Deferred tax

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences and carry forwards are expected to be recovered or settled. Valuation allowances are provided if, after considering available evidence, it is not more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized.

In addition, a deferred income tax asset resulted from the application of the provisions of ASC 740-10-25, Accounting for Acquired Temporary Differences in Certain Purchase Transactions, because this investment creates an additional tax deduction of 40% in 2009 and 30% in 2010.

2.10 Impairment of long-lived assets

Under US GAAP, in accordance with ASC 360-10, long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset to be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset to the carrying value of the asset. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary.

As of December 31, 2011 no impairment charge has been recognized in the consolidated financial statements.

F-207


Table of Contents

2.11 Suppliers and accounts payable

Correspond to obligations incurred by the Company with third parties in order to comply with its corporate purpose.

2.12 Financial instruments

Financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables the nature of which is short-term.

Management's opinion is that the Company is not exposed to significant interest or credit risks arising from these financial instruments. The fair value of these financial instruments is approximate to their carrying values.

2.13 Revenue recognition

Revenue from crude oil is recognized at the time of transfer of title to the buyer, including its risks and benefits.

The Company has a sales agreement to sell its oil production to Hocol S.A. The price is based on the international price with reference to the mixed Vasconia crude oil as set forth in the sales contract.

2.14 Asset retirement obligations

For purposes of reporting, the Company follows the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 143 Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations (ASC 410), as amended ASC 410 requires the Company to recognize a liability for the present value of all legal obligations associated with the retirement of tangible, long—lived assets as of the date the related asset was placed into service, and capitalize an equal amount as an additional cost of the asset. Each period the liability is accreted using the effective interest rate method. The accretion is included as an operating expense. The cost associated with the asset retirement is included in the computation of depreciation, depletion and amortization.

The Company provides for future asset retirement obligations on its oil properties based on estimates established by the current regulations. The asset retirement obligation is initially measured at fair value and capitalized to oil properties as an asset retirement cost. The asset retirement obligation accretes until the time the asset retirement obligation is expected to settle while the asset retirement cost is amortized over the useful life of the underlying oil properties.

The Company's asset retirement obligations primarily relate to the plugging, dismantlement, removal, site reclamation and similar activities in its oil and gas properties until the end of the exploration and production contracts.

2.15 Income tax

Hupecol is a Limited Liability Company based in Delaware and is not subject to income taxes. Consequently, income taxes have been provided based on the tax laws and rates in effect in the countries in which the Company's operations are conducted and income is earned.

The Colombian Branch records a provision for income taxes using the "liability" method. The provision for the Branch income tax is calculated at the official rate of 33%, by the liability method, on the higher of presumptive income, alternative minimum taxable basis, or taxable income.

F-208


Table of Contents

Advance tax payments and recoverable withholding taxes are offset against the estimated income tax liability.

2.16 Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and trade receivables. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents in large reputable financial institutions. The Company's customer base consists primarily of large oil companies. Management believes the credit quality of its customers is generally high. The Company provides allowances for potential credit losses when necessary.

During the years ended December 31, 2011, approximately 99,9% of the Company revenues were obtained from one customer (Hocol S.A.).

Note 3.  Members' equity

At December 31, 2011, the authorized and issue share capital of the Company was 100 units. The units are identical in all respects.

The sole Member of the Company is GeoPark Llanos S.A.S.

Limitation on liability

The debts, obligations and liabilities of the Company, whether arising in contract, tort or otherwise, shall be solely the debts, obligations and liabilities of the Company, and the Member and Manager of the Company shall not be obligated personally for any such debt, obligation or liability of the Company solely by reason of being the Member or Manager.

Note 4.  Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and equivalents at December 31, 2011 were comprised by:

   

Banks and corporations

    4,154  
       

    4,154  
   

Note 5.  Accounts and notes receivable

Accounts and notes receivable at December 31, 2011 were comprised by:

   

Customers—Hocol S.A. 

    4,493  

Other

    16  
       

    4,509  
   

Note 6.  Inventories

Inventories at December 31, 2011 were comprised by:

   

Crude oil

    8,323  
       

    8,323  
   

F-209


Table of Contents

Note 7.  Other accounts receivable

Other accounts receivable at December 31, 2011 were comprised by:

   

Tax refund security(1)

    71  

Tax balances receivables

    3,614  
       

    3,685  
   

(1)    The tax refund security are used exclusively for the payment of VAT generated in Colombia.

Note 8.  Properties, plant, equipment and depreciation

Properties, plant, equipment and depreciation at December 31, 2011 were comprised by:

   

Buildings

    415  

Properties, plant and equipment

    8,589  

Office equipment

    67  

Computer and communication equipment

    69  

Pipelines, networks and lines

    2,657  
       

    11,797  

Accumulated depreciation, depletion and Amortization

    (3,877 )
       

    7,920  
   

Depreciation expense totaled $3,321 for the year ended December 31, 2011.

Note 9.  Oil properties

Amortizable oil investments, net at December 31, 2011 were comprised by:

   

Oil properties(1)

    58,854  

Accumulated amortization

    (24,423 )
       

    34,431  

Assets retirement cost

    3,221  

Accumulated amortization for facility abandonment cost

    (947 )
       

    2,274  
       

    36,705  
   

(1)    They include a reduction for $5,662 related to the special deduction on effective investments made on real productive fixed assets equivalent to 30% in 2010 and 40% in 2009 of the investment value.

Amortization expenses totaled $15,166 for the year ended December 31, 2011.

Note 10.  Accounts payable

Accounts payable at December 31, 2011 were comprised by:

   

Withholding tax

    57  

Other

    11  
       

    68  
   

F-210


Table of Contents

Note 11.  Taxes, liens and encumbrances

Taxes, liens and encumbrances at December 31, 2011 were comprised by:

   

Sales (VAT) tax

    1,845  

Tax on equity

    1,163  
       

    3,008  
   

Tax regulations applicable to the Company?s branch establish the following:

a.
Taxable income is subject to a 33% income tax rate, except for those taxpayers that handle special rates.

b.
The basis to compute the income tax shall not be less than 3% of the taxpayer's net equity on the last day of the immediately preceding year.

c.
Until taxable year 2010, and for those taxpayers having a contract signed at December 31, 2012, the special deduction on effective investments made on real productive fixed assets is equivalent to 30% of the investment value and its use does not result in taxable income for partners or members. Taxpayers acquiring depreciable fixed assets as of January 1, 2007 and using the deduction mentioned herein, may only depreciate such assets by means of the straight-line method and are not entitled to the audit benefit, even when being in compliance with the requirements set forth by tax regulations for such entitlement. Regarding the deduction applied in previous years, if the good over which the benefit applied is not used for the income producing activity or is sold or is written-off before the end of its useful life, it is necessary to include a proportional income for the remaining useful life, upon the sale or retirement. Act 1607 of 2012 derogated the regulation that allowed signing juridical stability contracts as of taxable year 2013.

d.
At December 31, 2011, the Branch showed tax loss carry forwards for $7,842,962 generated in 2010. According to the regulations, tax losses generated as from 2007 may be offset, readjusted for tax purposes, against ordinary income at any time, without prejudice to the year's presumptive income. Tax losses generated by companies may not be transferred to their partners. Tax losses arisen from non-taxable income or occasional gains or from costs and deductions not cause-related to the generation of taxable income, in no case may be offset against the taxpayer's net taxable income.


Maturity of tax losses and excess of presumptive over ordinary income are as follows:

   
Expiration date
  Tax
losses

 
   

No expiration date

    7,842,962  
       

    7,842,962  
   
e.
As from 2004, income taxpayers having performed transactions with foreign related or affiliated parties and/or residents in countries considered as tax havens are obliged to determine, for income tax purposes, their ordinary and extraordinary revenues, costs and deductions, and assets and liabilities considering for these transactions the market prices and profit margins.

f.
Law 1607 of December 2012, reduced to 25% the income tax rate for 2013 and created the "CREE" income tax for equality, the rate of which will be of 9% for 2013, 2014 and 2015, and as of 2016 the

F-211


Table of Contents

g.
As set-forth by Article 25 of Law 1607 of December 2012, as of July 1, 2013, payroll contributions made by income taxpayers related to employees that individually receive up to ten (10) minimum monthly salaries, will be exempt of this contribution. This exoneration will not be applicable to the taxpayers not subject to the CREE tax.

The Company's income tax returns for taxable years 2011 and 2010 are subject to review and acceptance by tax authorities. The Company's management and its tax advisors believe that the amounts recorded as tax liabilities are enough to cover any liability that may be established regarding those years.

Tax on equity

Act 1370 of 2009 established tax on equity for taxable year 2011, pursuant to which taxpayers which equity exceeds COP5,000 million (aprox. US$2,573,738) should pay a 4.8% tax rate, while for equities between COP3,000 million (aprox. US$ 1,544,243) and COP5,000 million (aprox. US$2,573,738) are subject to a 2.4% rate.

Moreover, Emergency Decree No. 4825 of December 2010 included a new range of taxpayers that will contribute to this tax, at a 1% rate, for equities between COP1,000 million (aprox. US$514,748) and COP2,000 million (aprox. US$1,029,495), and at a 1.4% rate for equities between COP2,000 million (aprox. US$1,029,495) and COP3,000 million (aprox. US$1,544,243). Additionally, 25% surtax is levied on this tax, which is applicable only for taxpayers for the tax on equity under Act 1370 of 2009.

The components of the income tax expense were as follows:

   

Current

    240  

Deferred

    (588 )
       

Total

    (348 )
   

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are presented below:

   

Deferred tax assets

       

Properties and equipment

    9,537  

Carry forward losses

    2,489  

Asset retirement obligations

    1,023  

Inventory

    373  
       

Total long-term tax assets

    13,422  
       

Deferred tax liabilities:

       

Liabilities

    (2,593 )
       

Total long-term deferred tax liabilities

    (2,593 )
       

Deferred tax, net

    (10,829 )
   

F-212


Table of Contents

A reconciliation between the statutory tax rates and the actual tax rate is summarized as follows:

   

Profit before income tax

    4,413  

Income tax calculated at statutory tax rate

    1,456  

Non taxable results

    (530 )

Foreign exchange

    (176 )

Other

    (402 )
       

Income tax

    348  
   

Note 12.  Asset retirement obligations

Asset retirement obligations at December 31, 2011 were comprised by:

   

Balance, at beginning of year

    2,013  

Revisions(1)

    1,208  
       

Balance, at end of year

    3,221  
   

(1)    Includes upgrades for estimated cash flow, changes in estimates and new wells.

Note 13.  Operating costs

Operating costs during the year ended December 31, 2011 were comprised by:

   

Amortization and depreciation

    18,467  

Royalties

    4,968  

Consumables

    3,935  

Operating & Maintenance

    2,900  

Rental equipment

    2,118  

Transportation

    1,610  

Other

    1,054  
       

    35,052  
   

Note 14.  General and administrative costs

General and administrative costs during the year ended December 31, 2011 were comprised by:

   

Fees

    1,330  

Taxes

    1,344  

Miscellaneous

    687  

Rentals

    268  

Services

    260  

Travel expenses

    105  

Legal expenses

    87  

Maintenance and repairs

    79  

Contributions and affiliations

    41  

Insurance policies

    46  

Depreciation

    20  

Adaptation and installation

    3  

Provisions

    293  
       

    4,563  
   

F-213


Table of Contents

Note 15.  Transportation costs

Transportation costs during the year ended December 31, 2011 were comprised by:

   

Transportation cost

    17,603  
       

    17,603  
   

Note 16.  Exploration costs

Exploration costs during the year ended December 31, 2011 were comprised by:

   

Exploration of dry holes

    13,832  
       

    13,832  
   

The charge corresponds to the write-off of exploration and evaluation assets related to the wells No. 3, No. 11, No. 12, No. 13, No. 14, and No. 16.

Note 17.  Other income, net

Other income, net, during the year ended December 31, 2011, was comprised by:

   

Income

       

Other(1)

    9,029  
       

    9,029  
       

Expenses

       

Translation adjustment

    (1,315 )

Other

    (233 )
       

    (1,548 )
       

    7,481  
   

(1)    It corresponds to tax remittances for $5,715 made in 2004, 2005 and 2006, which completed the five-year period established by current regulations. It also includes the recovery of provisions related to the arbitration with Ecopetrol S.A. in the Caracara Association Contract for $3,085, the arbitration finished at June 30, 2011.

Note 18.  New accounting pronouncements not yet applied

In May 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2011-04, "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRS." This update clarifies the application of certain existing fair value measurement guidance and expands the disclosures for fair value measurements that are estimated using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs. This update is effective for the Company for periods beginning January 1, 2012. The Company's adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In December 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-11- "Balance Sheet (Topic 210)". This update was issued to enhance disclosures about amounts of financial and derivative instruments recognized in the statement of financial position that are either (i) offset or (ii) subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement, irrespective of whether they are offset. The scope of the update includes derivatives, sale and repurchase agreements and reverse sale and repurchase agreements, and securities borrowing and securities lending arrangements. This update is effective for the Company for annual and interim

F-214


Table of Contents

periods beginning January 1, 2013, and is applicable retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this additional disclosure requirement.

Note 19.  Commitments

The Cuerva Block has committed to drill 2 exploratory wells between 2012 and 2013 corresponding to the fourth and fifth exploratory phases. During 2012 and 2013, the commitments were fulfilled.

The Cuerva Block has committed to drill an exploratory well between 2013 and 2014 corresponding to the sixth exploratory phase. During 2013, the commitment was fulfilled.

The Llanos 62 Block (Note 20) has committed to drill 2 exploratory wells before august 2014 corresponding to the first exploratory phases.

Note 20.  Related parties

Accounts payable to related parties at December 31, 2011 were comprised by:

   

Hupecol Operating Co LLC (group company)

    9,301  

Hupecol Cuerva Holdings (group company)

    8,100  
       

    17,401  
   

The transactions with the related parties during the year ended December 31, 2011 were comprised by:

Hupecol Operating Co LLC

   

Services(1)

    3,454  
       

    3,454  
   

(1)    It corresponds to mandate contract fees.

At December 31, 2011 the Company did not receive revenues from related parties.

Note 21.  Subsequent events

In March 2012, the company was acquired by Geopark Llanos SAS, a company dedicated to the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons based in Colombia. Geopark Llanos SAS is an indirect subsidiary of Geopark Holdings Limited, a Bermuda oil and gas company. As a result of this transaction, Geopark Holdings Limited obtained the control over the Company as of the acquisition date.

During 2012, the Company and its branch changed their name to Geopark Cuerva LLC and Geopark Cuerva LLC Sucursal Colombia, respectively.

On October 3, 2012, Hupecol Operating LLC ceded 100% of the interests, rights and obligations in Llanos 62 Block to Geopark Cuerva LLC.

Subsequent events have been evaluated until the date of the issuance of the financial statement, which is July 18, 2013.

Supplemental information on oil activities (Unaudited)

The following information is presented in accordance with ASC No. 932 "Extractive Activities—Oil and Gas", as amended by ASU 2010-03 "Oil and Gas Reserves. Estimation and Disclosures", issued by FASB in January 2010 in order to align the current estimation and disclosure requirements with the requirements

F-215


Table of Contents

set in the SEC final rules and interpretations, published on December 31, 2008. This information includes the Company's oil production activities carried out in Colombia.

Table 1—Costs incurred in exploration and development

The following table presents those costs capitalized as well as expensed that were incurred during the year ended as of 31 December 2011. Exploration costs include geological and geophysical costs, costs necessary for retaining undeveloped properties, drilling costs and exploratory well equipment. Development costs include drilling costs and equipment for developmental wells, the construction of facilities for extraction, treatment and storage of hydrocarbons and all necessary costs to maintain facilities for the existing developed reserves.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Total
 
   

For the year ended 31 December, 2011

       

Exploration

    13,832  

Development(1)

    21,423  

Total costs incurred

    35,255  
   

(1)    Includes capitalized amounts related to asset retirement obligations.

Table 2—Capitalized costs relating to oil producing activities

The following table presents the capitalized costs as at 31 December 2011, for proved oil and gas properties and the related accumulated depreciation as of this date.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Total
 
   

For the year ended 31 December, 2011

       

Proved properties

       

Equipment and other facilities

    11,797  

Oil properties(1)

    62,075  

Gross capitalised costs

    73,872  

Accumulated depreciation and amortization(1)

    (29,247 )

Total net capitalized costs

    44,625  
   

(1)    Includes the amortization related to asset retirement obligations.

At December 31, 2011 the company has not unproved properties or exploratory wells in suspend for more than a year.

Table 3—Results of operations for oil producing activities

The breakdown of results of the operations shown below summarizes revenues and expenses directly associated with oil and gas producing activities for the year ended December 31, 2011. Income tax for the years presented was calculated utilizing the statutory tax rates.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Total
 
   

For the year ended 31 December, 2011

       

Net revenue

    72,198  

Production costs

       

Operating costs

    (11,617 )

Royalties

    (4,968 )

Total production costs

    (16,585 )

Exploration expenses

    (13,832 )

Depreciation and amortization

    (18,467 )

Results of operations before income tax expenses

    23,314  

Income tax expenses

    (7,694 )

Results of oil and gas production activities

    15,620  
   

F-216


Table of Contents

Table 4—Reserve quantity information

Proved reserves represent estimated quantities of oil (including crude oil and condensate), which available geological and engineering data demonstrates with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. Proved developed reserves are proved reserves that can reasonably be expected to be recovered through existing wells with existing equipment and operating methods. The choice of method or combination of methods employed in the analysis of each reservoir was determined by the stage of development, quality and reliability of basic data, and production history.

The Company believes that its estimates of remaining proved recoverable oil reserve volumes are reasonable and such estimates have been prepared in accordance with the SEC Modernization of Oil and Gas Reporting rules, which were issued by the SEC at the end of 2008.

Reserves engineering is a subjective process of estimation of hydrocarbon accumulation, which cannot be accurately measured, and the reserve estimation depends on the quality of available information and the interpretation and judgment of the engineers and geologists. Therefore, the reserves estimations, as well as future production profiles, are often different than the quantities of hydrocarbons which are finally recovered. The accuracy of such estimations depends, in general, on the assumptions on which they are based.

The Company estimated net proved reserves for the properties evaluated as of 31 December 2011, and 2010 are summarised as follows, expressed in thousands of barrels (Mbbl):

   
 
  Oil (Mbbl)
 
   

Net proved development and undevelopment reserves as of January 1, 2010(1)

    2,336  

Increase (decrease) attributable to:

       

Revisions, extensions and discoveries

    890  

Production

    (777 )

Net proved development and undevelopment reserves as of December 31, 2011

    2,449  

Net proved developed

    973  

Net proved undeveloped

    1,476  

Total reserves

    2,449  
   

(1)    Includes net proved development reserves for 386 Mbbl and net proved undeveloped for 1,950 Mbbl.

Table 5—Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows related to proved oil reserves

The following table discloses estimated future net cash flows from future production of proved developed and undeveloped reserves of crude oil, As prescribed by SEC Modernization of Oil and Gas Reporting rules and ASC 932 of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) relating to Extractive Activities—Oil and Gas (formerly SFAS no. 69 Disclosures about Oil and Gas Producing Activities), such future net cash flows were estimated using the average first day- of-the-month price during the 12-month period for 2011 and using a 10% annual discount factor. Future development and abandonment costs include estimated drilling costs, development and exploitation installations and abandonment costs. These future development costs were estimated based on evaluations made by the Company. The future income tax was calculated by applying the statutory tax rates.

This standardized measure is not intended to be and should not be interpreted as an estimate of the market value of the Company's reserves. The purpose of this information is to give standardized data to help the users of the financial statements to compare different companies and make certain projections. It

F-217


Table of Contents

is important to point out that this information does not include, among other items, the effect of future changes in prices, costs and tax rates, which past experience indicates that are likely to occur, as well as the effect of future cash flows from reserves which have not yet been classified as proved reserves, of a discount factor more representative of the value of money over the lapse of time and of the risks inherent to the production of oil and gas. These future changes may have a significant impact on the future net cash flows disclosed below. For all these reasons, this information does not necessarily indicate the perception the Company has on the discounted future net cash flows derived from the reserves of hydrocarbons.

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  At
31 December 2011

 
   

Future cash inflows

    208,408  

Future production and development costs

    (133,468 )

Future income tax expenses

    (29,407 )

Undiscounted future net cash flows

    45,533  

10% annual discount

    (5,964 )

Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows

    39,569  
   

Changes in the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows from proved reserves

   
Amounts in US$ '000
  Total
 
   

Present value at December 31, 2010

    6,435  

Sales of hydrocarbon, net of production cost

    (13,566 )

Net changes in sales price and production cost

    37,541  

Change in estimated future development cost net of development cost incurred

    1,810  

Extensions, discoveries less related cost, net of revisions

    36,971  

Net changes in income tax

    (24,625 )

Accretion of discount

    (4,994 )

Other changes

    (3 )

Present value at December 31, 2011

    39,569  
   

F-218


Table of Contents

GRAPHIC


Financial statements

Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.

March 31, 2013

F-219


Table of Contents


Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.
Financial statements
March 31, 2013

Contents

 

Income statements

  F-221

Statements of comprehensive income

  F-222

Balance sheets

  F-223

Statements of changes in equity

  F-224

Cash flow statements

  F-225

Notes to financial statements

  F-226
 

F-220


Table of Contents


Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.
Income statements
Three month period ended March 31, 2013

   
(In thousands of dollars)
  Note
  03/31/2013
  03/31/2012
 
   

Sales revenue, net

    4     14,151     12,017  

Cost of products sold

    5     (4,662 )   (4,103 )
             

Gross profit

          9,489     7,914  
             

Operating expenses

                   

General and administrative expenses

    6     (577 )   (989 )
             

Operating profit

          8,912     6,925  
             

Financial income (expenses)

                   

Financial expenses

    7     (92 )   (59 )

Financial income

    7     261     200  

Foreign exchange and monetary variations, net

    7     31     952  
             

Profit before income taxes

          9,112     8,018  
             

Income taxes

                   

Current

    13     (1,706 )   (919 )

Deferred

    13     (916 )   (2,345 )
             

Total income taxes

          (2,622 )   (3,264 )
             

Profit for the period

          6,490     4,754  
   

   

See accompanying notes.

F-221


Table of Contents


Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.
Statements of comprehensive income
Three month period ended March 31, 2013

   
(In thousands of dollars)
  2013
  2012
 
   

Net income for the period

    6,490     4,754  

Other components of comprehensive income

         

Exchange reserve

    1,217     (6,729 )
       

Total comprehensive income for the period

    7,707     (1,975 )
   

   

See accompanying notes.

F-222


Table of Contents


Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.
Balance sheets
March 31, 2013

   
(In thousands of dollars)
  Note
  03/31/2013
  12/31/2012
 
   

Assets

                   

Non-current assets

                   

Other Financial Assets

          3,048     2,632  

Property and equipment

    8     73,580     74,054  
             

Total noncurrent assets

          76,628     76.686  
             

Current assets

                   

Cash and cash equivalents

    9     17,495     9,613  

Accounts receivable

    10     11,418     10,347  

Taxes recoverable

    11     181     120  

Other receivables

          73     162  
             

Total current assets

          29,167     20,242  
             

Total assets

          105,795     96,928  
             

Equity

                   

Share capital

    14     64,865     64,865  

Tax incentives reserve

          12,458     10,865  

Deemed cost reserve

          7,254     7,581  

Retained profits reserve

          12,707     7,483  

Exchange reserve

          (3,445 )   (4,662 )
             

Total equity

          93,839     86,132  
             

Non-current liabilities

                   

Deferred income and social contribution taxes

    13     4,767     3,802  

Provision for abandonment

    14     2,904     2,823  
             

Total non-current liabilities

          7,671     6,625  
             

Liabilities and equity

                   

Current liabilities

                   

Taxes payable

    11     2,664     2,299  

Accounts payable

          428     675  

Other accounts payable

          1,193     1,197  
             

          4,285     4,171  
             

Total liabilities and equity

          105,795     96,928  
   

   

See accompanying notes.

F-223


Table of Contents


Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.
Statements of changes in equity
Three month period ended March 31, 2013

   
(In thousands of dollars)
  Share
capital

  Tax
incentives

  Retained
profits
reserve

  Deemed
cost
reserve

  Exchange
reserve

  Retained
earnings
(accumulated
losses)

  Total
 
   

Balances at December 31, 2011

    64,865     6,032     11,489     8,977     4,759         96,122  

Profit for the period

                        4,754     4,754  

Transfer of tax incentives

        1,177                 (1,177 )    

Realization of deemed cost

                (315 )       315      

Retained profits reserve

            3,892             (3,892 )    

Exchange reserve

                    6,729           6,729  
       

Balances at March 31, 2012

    64,865     7,209     15,381     8,662     11,488         107,605  
       

Capital increase

                             

Profit for the period

                        18,480     18,480  

Dividends

            (23,803 )               (23,803 )

Transfer of tax incentives

        3,656                 (3,656 )    

Realization of deemed cost

                (1,081 )       1,081      

Retained profits reserve

            15,905             (15,905 )    

Exchange reserve

                    (16,150 )       (16,150 )
       

Balances at December 31, 2012

    64,865     10,865     7,483     7,581     (4,662 )       86,132  
       

Profit for the period

                        6,490     6,490  

Dividends

                             

Transfer of tax incentives

        1,593                 (1,593 )    

Realization of deemed cost

                (327 )       327      

Retained profits reserve

            5,224             (5,224 )    

Exchange reserve

                    1,217         1,217  
       

Balances at March 31, 2013

    64,865     12,458     12,707     7,254     (3,445 )       93,839  
   

   

See accompanying notes.

F-224


Table of Contents


Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.
Cash flow statements
Three month period ended March 31, 2013

   
(In thousands of dollars)
  03/31/2013
  03/31/2012
 
   

Cash flows from operating activities

             

Net income for the year

    6,490     4,754  

Depreciation

    2,020     1,742  

Provision for impairment loss on property and equipment and intangible assets

         

Deferred income and social contribution taxes

    965     2,268  

Financial charges and foreign exchange variation on loans and financing

        58  

Provision for research and development

    (20 )   124  

Changes in assets and liabilities

             

(Increase) decrease in assets

             

Accounts receivable

    (1,071 )   (768 )

Taxes recoverable

    (61 )   (31 )

Other assets

    89     (335 )

Increase (decrease) in liabilities

             

Accounts payable—Petrobras

    (247 )   (437 )

Taxes payable

    365     (92 )

Other liabilities

    224     (105 )
   

Net cash provided by operating activities

    8,754     7,178  
   

Cash flows from investing activities

             

Acquisition of property and equipment

    (456 )   (440 )

Restricted short-term investments

    (416 )   (273 )
   

Net cash used in investing activities

    (872 )   (713 )
   

Cash flows from financing activities

             

Interest paid on loans and financing

         

Repayment of loans and financing

        (8,426 )

Dividends paid

        (3,272 )
   

Net cash used in financing activities

        (11,698 )
   

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents

    7,882     (5,233 )
   

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period

    9,613     16,890  

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

    17,495     11,657  
   

   

See accompanying notes.

F-225


Table of Contents


Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.
Notes to financial statements
Three month period ended March 31, 2013
(In thousands of dollars)

1.     Operations

Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda. ("Rio das Contas" or "Company"), with place of business at Praia de Botafogo 228, Rio de Janeiro, is engaged in the exploration, development and production of crude oil and natural gas in BCAM-40 block, located in the Camamu-Almada basin.

On January 23, 2006, the units of interest comprising the Company's capital were acquired by Norse Energy do Brasil Ltda. (current Panoro Energy do Brasil S.A.—"Panoro Brasil") and by Coplex Petróleo do Brasil Ltda. ("Coplex") at the ratio of 57% and 43%, respectively. Norse Brasil and Coplex, privately-held companies headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, were direct and indirect subsidiaries of Norse Energy Corp. A.S.A., a publicly-held company headquartered in Oslo, Norway.

On June 7, 2010, Norse Energy Corp. ASA concluded its spin-off process in which the companies related to operations held in Brazil were transferred to Panoro Energy ASA, a company established on April 28, 2010 through the merger of New Brazil Holding ASA and Pan-Petroleum Holdings Limited (PPHCL). Panoro Energy ASA was listed in the Oslo Stock Exchange, Norway on June 8, 2010.

On September 30, 2011, Coplex was merged into Panoro Energy do Brasil S.A., which became holder of 100% of Rio das Contas' units of interest. At December 31, 2011, Panoro Energy do Brasil transferred one unit of interest in the amount of US$0.01 to Pan-Petroleum Holding BV.

The Manati field started its commercial operations on January 15, 2007. The field produces condensed and natural gas through six producing wells, which flow to a gas treatment station (Estação Geólogo Vandemir Ferreira) through a gas pipeline. The exploration license of BCAM-40 Block was relinquished back to Brazil's National Petroleum Agency (ANP) in September 2009. In addition to the Manati field, the Company is the owner of Camarão Norte field, now under development, which is also within BCAM-40 block.

The Company currently has concession rights of exploration and production of crude oil and natural gas in the blocks as follows:

   
Phase
  Basin
  Block/Camp
  Interest
  %
 
   

Under development

  Camamu-Almada   Camarão Norte   Petrobras (operator)     35  

          Manati     45  

          Rio das Contas     10  

          Brazil     10  

Production

 

Camamu-Almada

 

Manati

 

Petrobras (operator)

   
35
 

          Manati     45  

          Rio das Contas     10  

          Brazil     10  
   

In accordance with the terms provided for in the concession agreements, should commercially exploitable oil be discovered, the Company shall be given the right to explore, develop and produce, for a 27- year

F-226


Table of Contents

period, crude oil and natural gas in any commercial fields enclosed within the limits of these blocks. There are no price restrictions for the sale of products arising from the exploration of these areas.

2.     Basis of presentation of financial statements

2.1. Financial statements

The financial statements of Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda. are the responsibility of management and were prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

Issuance of the financial statements for the three month period ended March 31, 2013 was authorized at the Executive Board meeting held on July 2, 2013.

3.     Summary of significant accounting practices

3.1. Functional and reporting currency

The basic financial statements are stated in Brazilian reais, the currency of the country in which the Company is incorporated and operates. Transactions in foreign currency are translated to the functional currency at the exchange rate in effect on the date of each transaction. On the reporting dates, monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currency are translated to the functional currency at the closing exchange rate and the exchange variation gains and losses are recognized in the Income Statement. Non-monetary assets and liabilities acquired or contracted in foreign currency are translated as of the reporting dates based on the exchange rates in effect on the transaction dates and thus do not generate exchange variations.

The translations of Brazilian real amounts into U.S. dollar amounts are included for the convenience of readers outside Brazil and have been made as follows:

Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate as of the balance sheet date (R$2.0138 to US$1.00 as of March 31, 2013, and R$2.0435 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2012). The equity accounts are translated by the historical rates. Income and expenses are translated at the average rate on a monthly basis. Gain or loss on translation is presented as a separate component of equity as an "Exchange reserve". Such translations should not be construed as representations that the Brazilian real amounts could be converted into U.S. dollars at the above or any other rate.

3.2. Recognition of assets and liabilities

An asset is recognized in the balance sheet when it is probable that future economic benefits will be generated on behalf of the Company and when its cost or value can be reliably measured.

A liability is recognized in the balance sheet when the Company has a legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event and it is probable that an outflow of funds will be required to settle it. Provisions are recorded reflecting the best estimates of the risk involved.

Assets and liabilities are classified as current when their realization or settlement is likable to occur within the subsequent twelve months. Otherwise, they are stated as non-current.

F-227


Table of Contents

3.3. Cash and cash equivalents

Cash equivalents are held by the Company in order to meet short-term cash obligations, rather than for investment or other purposes. Cash and cash equivalents include cash and bank deposits, which are readily convertible to a known amount of cash and are subject to a insignificant risk of change in value.

3.4. Accounts receivable—Petrobras

These are stated at fair value. There is no allowance for doubtful accounts. Petrobras is the Company's sole client.

3.5. Property and equipment

Property and equipment in use are stated at acquisition, buildup or construction cost, valued at average acquisition cost, less accumulated depreciation.

Expenses with exploration, evaluation and development of production are accounted for through the successful efforts method of accounting.

Costs incurred prior to obtaining concessions and spending on geological and geophysical studies and surveys are recorded under the P&L.

Expenses with exploration and evaluation directly associated to the exploratory well are capitalized as expenses with exploration, until the drilling is completed and results thereto evaluated. These costs include costs with employee remuneration, material and fuel utilization, costs incurred with the rent of drilling rigs and other costs incurred with third parties.

In case commercially viable reserves are not discovered, the exploration well are written-off to P&L. When reserves are discovered, the cost is still recorded under assets upon the conclusion of additional analyses regarding the commerciality of hydrocarbon reserves, which may include drilling other wells.

Exploration assets are subject to technical, commercial and financial reviews at least on an annual basis to confirm management's intention to develop and produce hydrocarbons in the area. In case the aforesaid intention is not confirmed, these costs will be written-off to P&L. When reserves are identified and proved commercially viable and the development is authorized, exploratory expenses are transferred to "oil and gas assets".

In the development phase, expenditure on the construction, installation or completion of infrastructure facilities (such as platform, pipelines and drilling of development wells, including delimitating wells or unsuccessful development wells) are capitalized within "oil and gas assets".

Oil and gas assets are depreciated by the unit-of-production method, based on the ratio of oil and gas production of each field and the corresponding proven and developed reserves.

3.6. Provision for abandonment

The filed operator-member is responsible for the dismantling of production areas before regulatory organs and environment agencies, as provided for in the joint operation agreement for the field. The operator calculates and submits the estimated well abandonment costs for the review and approval of consortium members. The Company's responsibility on the abandonment and dismantling of areas is limited to the provision and payment of amounts established thereto by the operator, in accordance with the interest

F-228


Table of Contents

percentage in the consortium. The estimated abandonment costs reported by the operator are regularly reviewed, thereby reviewing the calculation of such amount, thus adjusting assets and liabilities balances at present value.

The provision amount equivalent to the amount reported by the member-operator for future obligations due to abandonment and dismantling of areas is inflated until the expected abandonment date, and then discounted to present value. The amount is recorded under property and equipment against noncurrent liabilities (provision for abandonment) and is amortized by using the unit-of-production method in relation to proven and developed reserves, the amortization being an integral part of inventory costs. The provision is increased by the effect of the discount rate, against financial income.

3.7. Impairment of assets

Property and equipment, and other noncurrent and intangible assets are reviewed annually to identify evidence that may indicate impairment, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the book value may not be recoverable. Where applicable, the recoverable amount is calculated to check for impairment loss. When impairment evidence is found, it is recognized at the amount corresponding to the book value of assets exceeding its recoverable value, which is the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value in use of an asset. For evaluation purposes, assets are grouped at their lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash flows.

3.8. Loans

Loans are adjusted based on monetary variations and include interest incurred up to the balance sheet date, based on the contractual terms.

3.9. Provision for legal disputes

A provision for contingencies is set up for legal disputes, in which the outflow of funds is considered probable and a reasonable estimate is possible. The loss probability assessment includes the evaluation of available evidence, the hierarchy of laws, available case law, the most recent court rulings and their relevance to the legal system, as well as the assessment of the external advisors. The provisions are reviewed and adjusted in order to comply with changes made to the applicable statutes of limitation, tax audit conclusions or supplementary issues identified based on new subject matters or court decisions. At march 31, 2013 and december 31, 2012, the Company, based on the opinion of its external legal advisors, did not present any provision, due to the inexistence of actions with probable loss.

3.10. Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions

The preparation of the Company's financial statements in accordance with accounting practices adopted in Brazil requires management to use professional judgment and estimates, and adopt assumptions that affect the amounts presented in revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities reported on the financial statements and corresponding notes.

Significant items subject to these estimates and assumptions include the economic useful life and the net book value of property and equipment and intangible assets, provision for contingencies, recoverability of assets and fair value of financial instruments. The use of estimates and judgments is complex and considers various assumptions and future projections and, therefore, the settlement of transactions may

F-229


Table of Contents

result in amounts different from those estimated. The Company reviews its estimates and assumptions on a three-month period or an annual basis.

3.11. Financial instruments

Financial instruments are only recognized as from the date on which the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of such financial instruments.

When recognized, they are initially recorded at fair value plus transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition or issue, except for financial assets and liabilities classified at fair value through profit or loss, where such costs are directly recorded in the income (loss) for the year. The subsequent measure is held on each reporting date, according to the guidelines for each financial assets and liabilities classification.

3.12. Taxation

Taxation on sales and services

Revenues from sales and services are subject to the following taxes and contributions, at the following statutory tax rates:

Contribution Tax on Gross Revenue for Social Integration Program (PIS) 0.65%;
Contribution Tax on Gross Revenue for Social Security Financing (COFINS) 7,65%;
State VAT (ICMS) 7% to 19%;
Royalties 7,5%

These charges are presented as sales deductions in the income statement.

Tax credits arising out of non-cumulative taxation of PIS/COFINS are recorded as a deduction from operating revenues and expenses in the income statement. Tax debts arising out of financial income and credits arising out of financial expenses are recorded as a deduction from said accounts in the income statement.

Current income and social contribution taxes

Taxation on profit comprises both income and social contribution taxes. Income tax is computed at a 15% rate, plus a surtax of 10% on taxable profit exceeding US$119 over 12 months, whereas social contribution tax is computed at a rate of 9% on taxable profit, both recognized on an accrual basis; therefore, additions to book income deriving from temporarily non-deductible expenses or exclusions from temporarily non-taxable revenues upon determination of current taxable profit generate deferred tax assets or liabilities. Prepaid or recoverable amounts are stated in current or noncurrent assets, based on their estimated realization.

Deferred income and social contribution taxes

Deferred income and social contribution taxes reflect income and social contribution tax losses and temporary differences between the assets and liabilities balances and tax bases, net of valuation allowance. These temporary differences will be used to reduce future tax profits. The Company annually reviews the balance of deferred income and social contribution tax assets in relation to taxable profit projection to maintain such assets by the expected realization value.

F-230


Table of Contents

Tax incentives

The Company is entitled to the reduction of 75% of the Income tax (Superintendency for the Development of the Northeast "SUDENE"—Tax incentive), calculated based on the profit from exploration and is conditioned to the installation infrastructure development in the area within SUDENE. The Company shall take advantage of the aforesaid benefit up to calendar year 2017. In accordance with Laws No. 11638/07 and No. 11941/09 and CPC 07—Government Subsidies and Assistance, the amount corresponding to the incentive of SUDENE calculated as from the effectiveness of the Law ("transition date") is accounted for in the P&L in the subsequent year for further allocation to profit reserve of tax incentives referring to article 195A of Law No. 6406/76, according to guideline of Law No.11941/09. The balance of this incentive may be used for capital increase purposes only.

3.13. Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized to the extent economic benefits are likely to be generated for the Company and when such amount can be reliably measured. Revenue is measured based on fair value of the consideration received, net of discounts, rebates and taxes or charges incurred on sales.

3.14. Cash flow statements

Cash flow statements were prepared and are presented in accordance with the IAS 7—Statement of Cash Flow.

3.15. New accounting pronouncements

IAS 1—Presentation of the Financial Statements—the main alteration is the separation of components of other comprehensive income into two groups: those that will be realized against the statement of income and those that will remain in shareholders' equity. The change in the regulation is effective as from January 1, 2013. This alteration is unlikely to have any impact on the Company.

IFRS 7—Disclosures—Offsetting between Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities—Revisions of IFRS 7. These revisions demand that an organization discloses information about rights to offset and related agreements (for instance, guarantee agreements). The disclosures provide users with useful information for assessing the effect of offset agreements on an organization's financial condition. The revision will come into force for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013. This alteration is unlikely to have any impact on the Company.

IFRS 9—Financial Instruments—this covers the classification, measurement and recognition of financial assets and liabilities. It was issued in November 2009 and October 2010 and replaces the sections of IAS 39 that were related to the classification and measurement of financial instruments. IFRS 9 requires that financial assets be classified into two categories: those measured at fair value and those measured at amortized cost. The determination is made at the time of initial recognition. The classification basis depends on the organization's business model and on the contractual characteristics of the cash flow of the financial instruments. With regard to financial liabilities, the regulation maintains the majority of the demands established by IAS 39. The main change is that in those cases where the fair value option is adopted for financial liabilities, the portion of the change in the fair value that is due to organization's own credit risk is recorded under other comprehensive income and not in the statement of income, when it results in an accounting mismatch. The rule which was originally effective as from January 1, 2013 was altered to January 1, 2015. This alteration is unlikely to have any impact on the Company.

F-231


Table of Contents

IFRS 10—Consolidated Financial Statements—is based on already existing principles, identifying the concept of control as being the key factor for determining whether an organization should or should not be included in the consolidated financial statements. The rule extends the concept of control and provides additional guidance for determining it. The rule is effective as from January 1, 2013. This alteration is unlikely to have any impact on the Company.

IFRS 11—Joint Arrangements—the standard defines joint arrangements based on the arrangement's rights and obligations instead of its legal form. There are two types of joint arrangements: (i) joint operations—which occur when an operator has rights over the assets and obligations over to the liabilities and, as a result, accounts for its share of the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses; and (ii) joint ventures—which occur when an operator has rights over the net assets of the arrangement and accounts for the investment in accordance with equity pickup. The proportional consolidation method will no longer be allowed in the case of joint ventures. This alteration is unlikely to have any impact on the Company.

IFRS 12—Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities—deals with the disclosure demands for all types of interest in other entities, including subsidiaries, affiliates, joint ventures, associations, interests for specific purposes and other interests. The standard is effective as from January 1, 2013. This alteration is unlikely to have any impact on the Company.

IFRS 13—Fair Value Measurement—the purpose of IFRS 13 is to improve consistency and reduce the complexity of fair value measurement, providing a more precise definition and a single source of fair value measurement and its disclosure requirements. The demands do not extend the use of accounting at fair value, but provide guidance with regard to how to apply it when its usage is required or allowed by other pronouncements. The rule is effective as from January 1, 2013. The Company's Management is of the opinion that there will not be any significant impact on its financial statements as a result of this pronouncement.

There are no other standards or interpretations that have not yet come into force which could have any impact on the Company's financial statements.

4.    Net revenue

   
 
  03/31/2013
  03/31/2012
 
   

Gross revenue

    18,385     15,559  
       

PIS

    (295 )   (250 )

COFINS

    (1,357 )   (1,152 )

ICMS

    (2,058 )   (1,739 )

Contractual rebates—discounts

    (524 )   (401 )
       

Total deductions

    (4,234 )   (3,542 )
       

Net revenue

    14,151     12,017  
   

F-232


Table of Contents

5.     Cost of products sold

   
 
  03/31/2013
  03/31/2012
 
   

Extraction cost

    (1,568 )   (1,452 )

Royalties and special interests

    (1,074 )   (930 )

Amortization and depreciation

    (2,020 )   (1,721 )
       

Total

    (4,662 )   (4,103 )
   

6.     General and administrative expenses

   
 
  03/31/2013
  03/31/2012
 
   

Personnel

    (396 )   (725 )

Selling expenses

        (11 )

Third-party services

    (43 )   (112 )

Tax expenses

    (25 )   (13 )

Other expenses

    (113 )   (128 )
       

Total

    (577 )   (989 )
   

7.     Financial income (expenses)

   
 
  03/31/2013
  03/31/2012
 
   

Financial income

             

Interest income

    261     200  
       

Total

    261     200  

Financial expenses

             

Interest on loans

        (58 )

Interest and fine on late payment of taxes and installment arrangements

    (2 )   (1 )

Other

    (90 )    
       

Total

    (92 )   (59 )

Monetary and foreign exchange variations

             

Monetary and foreign exchange gains

    43     1,772  

Monetary and foreign exchange losses

    (12 )   (820 )
       

Total

    31     952  
       

Financial income (expenses), net

    200     1,093  
   

F-233


Table of Contents

8.     Property and equipment

Changes in the property and equipment are described as below:

   
 
  Oil and gas assets    
   
 
 
  Manati
  BCAM 40
  Camarão Norte
  Other
  Total
 
   

Cost

                               

Balance at December 31, 2011

    120,206     1,263     3,976     579     126,024  
       

(+) Additions

    343                 97     440  

Cumulative translation adjustment

    (8,278 )   (87 )   (272 )   (51 )   (8,688 )
       

Balance at March 31, 2012

    112,271     1,176     3,704     625     117,776  
       

(+) Additions

    736             26     762  

(-) Impairment

        (1,211 )           (1,211 )

Cumulative translation adjustment

    (1,634 )   35     (54 )   (2 )   (1,655 )
       

Balance at December 31, 2012

    111,373         3,650     649     115,672  
       

(+) Additions

    453             3     456  

(-) Impairment

                     

Cumulative translation adjustment

    1,639         55     10     1,704  
       

Balance at March 31, 2013

    113,465         3,705     662     117,832  
       

Depreciation

                               

Balance at December 31, 2011

    (37,339 )           (237 )   (37,576 )
       

(-) Depreciation for the period

    (1,721 )               (21 )   (1,742 )

Cumulative translation adjustment

    21,758                 19     21,777  
       

Balance at March 31, 2012

    (17,302 )           (239 )   (17,541 )
       

(-) Depreciation for the period

    (5,653 )               (54 )   (5,707 )

Cumulative translation adjustment

    (18,374 )               4     (18,370 )
       

Balance at December 31, 2012

    (41,329 )           (289 )   (41,618 )
       

(-) Depreciation for the period

    (2,020 )           (16 )   (2,036 )

Cumulative translation adjustment

    (593 )           (5 )   (598 )
       

Balance at March 31, 2013

    (43,942 )           (310 )   (44,252 )
       

Net book

                               

Balance at March 31, 2013

    69,523         3,705     0,352     73,580  

Balance at December 31, 2012

    70,044         3,650     0,360     74,054  

Balance at March 31, 2012

    94,969     1,176     3,704     0,386     100,235  

Balance at December 31, 2011

    82,867     1,263     3,976     0,342     88,448  

Average annual depreciation rate (in %)

    6%     0%     0%     11%     6%  
   

According to Technical Pronouncement IAS 36, "Impairment of Assets", property and equipment items indicating that their recorded costs are higher than their impairment value (fair value) are reviewed to determine the necessity of provision to reduce their book value to realization value. Management conducted an annual analysis of the corresponding operating and financial performance of its assets and did not identify changes of circumstances or evidence of technological obsolescence.

F-234


Table of Contents

9.     Cash and cash equivalents

   
 
  03/31/2013
  12/31/2012
 
   

Cash and Banks

    236     179  

Short-term investments

    17,259     9,434  
       

    17,495     9,613  
   

10.   Accounts receivable

Total production referring to Manati block for the year 2013 and 2012 was sold to Petrobras. Outstanding balance at March 31, 2013 totals US$ 11,418 (US$ 10,347 at December 31, 2012).

11.   Taxes recoverable and payable

   
 
  03/31/2013
  12/31/2012
 
   

Taxes recoverable

             

Contribution Tax on Gross Revenue for Social Integration Program (PIS)/Contribution Tax on Gross Revenue for Social Security Financing (COFINS) recoverable

         

Corporate Income Tax (IRPJ) and Social Contribution Tax on Net Profit (CSLL) Recoverable

    103     39  

State value-added tax (ICMS) on property and equipment recoverable

    78     81  

Other

         
       

Total

    181     120  
   

 

   
 
  03/31/2013
  12/31/2012
 
   

Taxes payable

             

Social charges on payroll

    114     248  

Royalties on production

    360     340  

PIS/COFINS payable

    564     495  

Provision for IRPJ and CSLL

    582     328  

ICMS payable

    699     610  

Other

    345     278  
       

Total

    2,664     2,299  
   

The balance of ICMS recoverable arises from the entry of items designated to permanent assets and has been settled in 48 months with the ICMS payable on gas sale. Other taxes and contributions will be offset with obligations payable of the same nature.

12.   Equity

12.1. Capital

At December 31, 2011, members decided to change the unit par value of units of interest from US$0.006 to US$0.01. Hence, the Company's capital amounting to US$64,865 was divided into 11,396,871,630 (eleven

F-235


Table of Contents

billion, three hundred-ninety six million, eight hundred seventy-one thousand, six hundred thirty) units of interest.

On that same date, members decided to increase the Company's capital by US$6,808, from US$58,057 to US$64,865, by issuing 1,277,154,168 (one billion, two hundred seventy-seven million, one hundred fifty-four thousand, one hundred sixty-eight) new units of interest. This capital increase occurred when the intercompany loan agreement, recorded in current liabilities, was settled.

At March 31, 2013, the Company's capital comprises 12,674,025,798 units of interest, distributed as follows

   
 
  03/31/2013  
 
  Units of interest
  Amount
 
   

Panoro Energy do Brasil Ltda. 

    12,674,025,797     64,865  

Pan-Petroleum Holding BV

    1      
       

    12,674,025,798     64,865  
   

12.2. Tax incentive reserve

As provided for in Law No.11941/09, with reference to article 195A of Law 6406/76, the management of the subsidiary Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda. allocated to tax incentive reserve the amount inherent to tax incentive credits stated as income tax (income statement).

12.3. Deemed cost

In 2010, the Company determined the deemed cost of its property and equipment in conformity with Technical Pronouncement IFRS 1—First time adoption of international financial standards. At March 31, 2013, the deemed cost amount, net of tax effects, is US$7,254 (R$7,581 in 2012). In 2013, the amount of US$327 from that total was realized, net of the respective tax effects.

12.4. Dividend policy

The Articles of Organization do not confer mandatory minimum dividends to members. In 2012, a dividend distribution of US$23,803 was approved.

13.   Income taxes

a) Income taxes—current and deferred

Current and deferred income taxes are as follows:

   
 
  03/31/2013
  03/31/2012
 
   

Current income tax

    (834 )   (363 )

Current social contribution tax

    (872 )   (556 )
       

Total current income and social contribution taxes liability

    (1,706 )   (919 )
       

Deferred income tax

    (674 )   (1,725 )

Deferred social contribution tax

    (242 )   (620 )
       

Total deferred income and social contribution taxes asset

    (916 )   (2,345 )
       

Total tax expense for the period

    (2,622 )   (3,264 )
   

F-236


Table of Contents

Reconciliation of income and social contribution accounting taxes and the amount established by the effective rate for 2013 and 2012 are as follows

   
 
  03/31/2013
  03/31/2012
 
   

Income before income taxes

    9,112     8,018  

Statutory rate

    34%     34%  
       

Income taxes at statutory rate

    (3,098 )   (2,726 )

Nondeductible expenses

   
   
(16

)

Other

    33     16  

Profit from tax incentive activities

   
1,593
   
1,177
 

Other

    (1,150 )   (1,715 )
       

Effective rate of 24% (8% in 2011)

    (2,622 )   (3,264 )

Current income tax

   
(1,706

)
 
(919

)

Deferred income tax

    (916 )   (2,345 )
   

Income and social contribution taxes calculated and paid by the Company, in addition to the corresponding income tax return and accounting records are subject to the examination by tax authorities for variable statutes of limitation; after the respective periods are barred by statute, these are no longer subject to the review of authorities.

b) Deferred income and social contribution taxes

   
 
  03/31/2013
  12/31/2012
 
   

Exchange variation on loans

    (69 )   355  

Provision for abandonment of fields

    555     1,181  

Deemed cost—Manati

    (5,045 )   (5,145 )

Other temporary provisions

    (208 )   (193 )
       

Deferred income and social contribution taxes

    (4,767 )   (3,802 )
   

The Company, based on the expected generation of future taxable profit, determined by means of a technical study approved by the management, recognized tax credits on income and social contribution tax losses and temporary differences. Management reviews the book value of deferred tax assets annually to keep such asset at the estimated realization amount.

Income and social contribution tax losses are not subject to statutes of limitation, however; the Company's offset amount is limited to up to 30% of each year's taxable profit.

14.   Provision for abandonment

   
 
  03/31/2013
  12/31/2012
 
   

Provision for abandonment

    2,904     2,823  
       

    2,904     2,823  
   

F-237


Table of Contents

Changes in provision for abandonment for the respective years:

   
 
  03/31/2013
  12/31/2012
 
   

Opening balance

    2,823     2,520  

Interest

    81     303  
       

Closing balance

    2,904     2,823  
   

15.   Financial instruments

In the normal course of its operations, the Company is exposed to market risks such as interest rates and credit risk. These risks are monitored by management by using management and policy tools that are defined for each specific case. The Company did not have outstanding derivative financial instruments at March 31, 2013 and 2012.

Key company risk factors

a) Operational risks

Natural gas price is impacted by supply and demand issues. Factors influencing supply and demand include operational issues, natural disasters, climate changes, political instability, conflicts, economical conditions and decision taken by petroleum exporting countries. Price fluctuations may significantly impact the Company's income and financial position. Additionally, the Company may have less influence and control on the behavior, performance, and cost of operations than it would have, if it were the operator.

The entire production of Manati field is sold to Petrobras through a long a long-term Gas Supply Contract. The price of the gas under this contract is indexed to IGPM (General Index of Market Prices) adjusted on a yearly basis.

b) Currency risk

The Company has obligations indexed to US dollars, principally due to intercompany loans and financing, for which there are no hedge instruments aiming to protect against unexpected fluctuations, if any.

During the three month period ended March 31, 2013, the Brazilian Real strengthened by 1,36% (weakened by 9,38% in 2011). If the Brazilian Real had weakened by an additional 5% against the US Dollar, with all other variables held constant, the current debt of the company would have been higher by US$ 1,478 (US$ 190 in 2012).

c) Credit risk

This financial instrument specially refers to cash and cash equivalents and the Company's accounts receivable. All Company's operations are conducted with banks that are known for their liquidity, thereby minimizing risks thereto. Accounts receivable are principally concentrated in Petrobras, a good standing and sound company, thereby management does not expect to face difficulties regarding the realization of credits receivable.

F-238


Table of Contents

16.   Insurance coverage

At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the Company has insurance coverage for its facilities and equipment with the following coverage:

   
Risk
   
 
   

Operational risks—Gas stations

    USD 16,000  

Petroleum risks—Gas station

    USD 28,700  

Petroleum risks—Additional expenses from Operator

    USD 100,000  

Petroleum risks—Additional expenses from Operator

    USD 33,000  
   

F-239


Table of Contents


Financial statements

Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.

December 31, 2012 and 2011
With independent auditor's report

F-240


Table of Contents

Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.
Audited financial statements
December 31, 2012 and 2011

Contents

 

Independent auditor's report on financial statements

  F-242

Audited financial statements

   

Income statements

 
F-244

Statements of comprehensive income

  F-245

Balance sheets

  F-246

Statements of changes in equity

  F-247

Cash flow statements

  F-248

Notes to financial statements

  F-249
 

F-241


Table of Contents


Independent auditor's report on financial statements

The Management and Members
Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.
Rio de Janeiro—RJ

We have audited the accompanying financial statements of Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda. ("Company"), which comprise the balance sheets as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 and the related income statements, statements of comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes to the financial statements.

Management's responsibility for the financial statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements in conformity with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB); this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free of material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

Auditor's responsibility

Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement.

An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor's judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal controls relevant to the entity's preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity's internal control. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements.

We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.

Opinion

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda. at December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

F-242


Table of Contents

Emphasis of a matter

Restatement of prior year corresponding figures

As discussed in Note 2.2, to the financial statements due to correction of error in provision for abandonment balances as well as reclassifications in the cash flow statement adopted by the Company in 2012, the prior year corresponding figures, presented for comparative purposes, were adjusted and are restated as required by IAS 8 (Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors). Our opinion is not modified with respect to this matter.

Rio de Janeiro, July 2, 2013

/s/ ERNST & YOUNG TERCO

ERNST & YOUNG TERCO
Auditores Independentes S.S.
CRC-2SP 015.199/O-6-F-RJ

/s/ Roberto Cesar Andrade dos Santos
Accountant CRC-1RJ 093.771/O-9

F-243


Table of Contents


Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.
Income statements
Years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011

   
(In thousands of dollars)
  Note
  12/31/2012
  12/31/2011
 
   

Sales revenue, net

    4     51,094     38,157  

Cost of products sold

    5     (18,167 )   (15,563 )
       

Gross profit

          32,927     22,594  
       

Operating expenses

                   

General and administrative expenses

    6     (4,075 )   (4,504 )

Provision for impairment loss on property and equipment

    9     (1,211 )   (1,162 )

Other operating income

          2,107      
       

Operating profit

          29,748     16,928  
       

Financial income (expenses)

                   

Financial expenses

    7     (72 )   (693 )

Financial income

    7     1,631     1,043  

Foreign exchange and monetary variations, net

    7     (504 )   (2,557 )
       

Profit before taxes

          30,803     14,721  
       

Income taxes

                   

Current

    8     (3,089 )   (2,311 )

Deferred

    8     (4,480 )   876  
       

Total income taxes

          (7,569 )   (1,435 )
       

Profit for the year

          23,234     13,286  
   

F-244


Table of Contents


Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.
Statements of comprehensive income
Years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011

   
(In thousands of dollars)
  2012
  2011
 
   

Profit for the year

    23,234     13,286  

Exchange reserve

    (9,421 )   (11,079 )

Other components of comprehensive income

         
       

Total comprehensive income for the year

    13,813     2,207  
   

   

See accompanying note

F-245


Table of Contents


Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.
Balance sheets
December 31, 2012 and 2011

   
(In thousands of dollars)
  Note
  12/31/2012
  12/31/2011
  12/31/2010
 
   
 
   
   
  (Restated)
  (Restated)
 

Assets

                         

Noncurrent assets

                         

Deferred income taxes

    8         369      

Taxes recoverable

                  49  

Property and equipment

    9     74,054     88,448     106,237  

Other Financial Assets

          2,632     1,348     540  
       

Total noncurrent assets

          76,686     90,165     106,826  
       

Current assets

                         

Cash and cash equivalents

    10     9,613     16,890     8,158  

Accounts receivable—Petrobras

    11     10,347     8,741     11,133  

Taxes recoverable

    12     120     164     2,986  

Other receivables

          162     70     487  
       

Total current assets

          20,242     25,865     22,764  
       

Total assets

          96,928     116,030     129,590  
       

Equity

    13                    

Share capital

          64,865     64,865     58,057  

Tax incentive reserve

          10,865     6,032     3,255  

Deemed cost reserve

          7,581     8,977     9,957  

Retained profits reserve

          7,483     11,489      

Exchange reserve

          (4,662 )   4,759     15,837  
       

Total equity

          86,132     96,122     87,107  
       

Non-current liabilities

                         

Taxes payable

                  1,573  

Deferred income taxes

    8     3,802           578  

Intercompany loans

    14         8,368      

Provision for abandonment

    15     2,823     2,520     2,250  
       

Total noncurrent liabilities

          6,625     10,888     4,403  
       

Current liabilities

                         

Intercompany loans

    14             13,862  

Taxes payable

    12     2,299     2,036     1,876  

Accounts payable

          675     2,842     3,673  

Related parties

              3,272     7,684  

Dividends payable

                  10,803  

Other accounts payable

          1,197     870     184  
       

          4,171     9,020     38,082  
       

Total liabilities and equity

          96,928     116,030     129,590  
   

   

See accompanying notes.

F-246


Table of Contents


Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.
Change in stockholders' equity
Years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011

   
(In thousands of dollars)
  Subscribed
capital

  Tax
incentives

  Retained
profits
reserve

  Deemed cost
reserve

  Exchange
reserve

  Retained
earnings
(accumulated
losses)

  Total
 
   

Balances at December 31, 2010

    58,057     3,255         9,957     15,838         87,107  

Capital increase (Note 13.1)

    6,808                         6,808  

Profit for the period

                        13,286     13,286  

Transfer of tax incentives (Note 13.2)

        2,777                 (2,777 )    

Realization of deemed cost (Note 13.3)

                (980 )       980      

Retained profits reserve

            11,489             (11,489 )    

Exchange reserve

                    (11,079 )       (11,079 )
       

Balances at December 31, 2011

    64,865     6,032     11,489     8,977     4,759         96,122  
       

Profit for the period

                        23,234     23,234  

Dividends (Note 13.4)

            (23,803 )               (23,803 )

Transfer of tax incentives (Note 13.2)

        4,833                 (4,833 )    

Realization of deemed cost (Note 13.3)

                (1,396 )       1,396      

Retained profits reserve

            19,797             (19,797 )    

Exchange reserve

                    (9,421 )       (9,421 )
       

Balances at December 31, 2012

    64,865     10,865     7,483     7,581     (4.662 )       86,132  
   

   

See accompanying notes.

F-247


Table of Contents


Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.
Cash flow statements
Years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011

   
(In thousands of dollars)
  12/31/2012
  12/31/2011
 

 

 

             
 
   
  (Restated)
 

Cash flows from operating activities

             

Net income for the year

    23,234     13,286  

Depreciation

    7,362     5,530  

Provision for impairment loss on property and equipment and intangible assets

    1,211     1,163  

Deferred income and social contribution taxes

    4,480     (320 )

Financial charges and foreign exchange variation on loans and financing

    (464 )   662  

Provision for research and development

    508     662  

Changes in assets and liabilities

             

(Increase) decrease in assets

             

Accounts receivable

    (1,606 )   2,392  

Taxes recoverable

    44     2,822  

Other assets

    (272 )   672  

Increase (decrease) in liabilities

             

Accounts payable—Petrobras

    (2,168 )   1,565  

Taxes payable

    263     (1,992 )

Other liabilities

    (1,217 )   294  
       

Net cash provided by operating activities

    31,375     26,736  
       

Cash flows from investing activities

             

Acquisition of property and equipment

    (1,202 )   (236 )

Restricted short-term investments

    (1,284 )   (808 )
       

Net cash used in investing activities

    (2,486 )   (1,044 )
       

Cash flows from financing activities

             

Interest paid on loans and financing

    (2,426 )   (1,156 )

Repayment of loans and financing

    (6,000 )   (5,000 )

Dividends paid

    (27,740 )   (10,803 )
       

Net cash used in financing activities

    (36,166 )   (16,959 )
       

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents

    (7,277 )   8,733  
       

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year

    16,891     8,158  

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year

    9,614     16,891  
       

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents

    (7,277 )   8,733  
   

   

See accompanying notes.

F-248


Table of Contents


Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda.
Notes to financial statements
Years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011
(In thousands of dollars)

1.     Operations

Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda. ("Rio das Contas" or "Company"), with place of business at Praia de Botafogo 228, Rio de Janeiro, is engaged in the exploration, development and production of crude oil and natural gas in BCAM-40 block, located in the Camamu-Almada basin.

On January 23, 2006, the units of interest comprising the Company's capital were acquired by Norse Energy do Brasil Ltda. (current Panoro Energy do Brasil S.A.—"Panoro Brasil") and by Coplex Petróleo do Brasil Ltda. ("Coplex") at the ratio of 57% and 43%, respectively. Norse Brasil and Coplex, privately-held companies headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, were direct and indirect subsidiaries of Norse Energy Corp. A.S.A., a publicly-held company headquartered in Oslo, Norway.

On June 7, 2010, Norse Energy Corp. ASA concluded its spin-off process in which the companies related to operations held in Brazil were transferred to Panoro Energy ASA, a company established on April 28, 2010 through the merger of New Brazil Holding ASA and Pan-Petroleum Holdings Limited (PPHCL). Panoro Energy ASA was listed in the Oslo Stock Exchange, Norway on June 8, 2010.

On September 30, 2011, Coplex was merged into Panoro Energy do Brasil S.A., which became holder of 100% of Rio das Contas' units of interest. At December 31, 2011, Panoro Energy do Brasil transferred one unit of interest in the amount of US$0.01 to Pan-Petroleum Holding BV.

The Manati field started its commercial operations on January 15, 2007. The field produces condensed and natural gas through six producing wells, which flow to a gas treatment station (Estação Geólogo Vandemir Ferreira) through a gas pipeline. The exploration license of BCAM-40 Block was relinquished back to Brazil's National Petroleum Agency (ANP) in September 2009. In addition to the Manati field, the Company is the owner of Camarão Norte field, now under development, which is also within BCAM-40 block.

The Company currently has concession rights of exploration and production of crude oil and natural gas in the blocks as follows:

   
Phase
  Basin
  Block/camp
  Interest
  %
 
   

Under development

  Camamu-Almada   Camarão Norte   Petrobras (operator)     35  

          Manati     45  

          Rio das Contas     10  

          Brazil     10  

Production

 

Camamu-Almada

 

Manati

 

Petrobras (operator)

   
35
 

          Manati     45  

          Rio das Contas     10  

          Brazil     10  
   

In accordance with the terms provided for in the concession agreements, should commercially exploitable oil be discovered, the Company shall be given the right to explore, develop and produce, for a 27-year

F-249


Table of Contents

period, crude oil and natural gas in any commercial fields enclosed within the limits of these blocks. There are no price restrictions for the sale of products arising from the exploration of these areas.

2.     Basis of presentation of financial statements

2.1. Financial statements

The financial statements of Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda. are the responsibility of management and were prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

Issuance of the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2012 was authorized at the Executive Board meeting held on July 2, 2013.

2.2. Restatement of financial statements at December 31, 2011 and December 31, 2010

(i)     Correction of provision for abandonment balances

The Company corrected the provision for abandonment balances in accordance with IAS 8—Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors, therefore changing the amounts previously presented in the financial statements at December 31, 2011 and 2010, which had not been adjusted to present value.

Additionally, the restricted short term investments related to the provision were reclassified as non-current assets. Reconciliation between the figures originally stated and those that have been restated can be found in Note 2.2.(ii)

(ii)    Reconciliation between the figures originally stated and those restated

   
 
  Balance sheet at December 31, 2011  
 
  Originally
stated

  Adjustments
  Restated
 
   

Current assets

    25,865         25,865  

Non-current assets

                   

Restricted short-term investments

        1,348     1,348  

Deferred income and social contribution taxes

    369         369  

Property and equipment

    98,592     (10,144 )   88,448  
       

Total assets

    124,826     (8,796 )   116,030  
       

Current liabilities

    9,020         9,020  

Noncurrent liabilities

                   

Intercompany loans

    8,368         8,368  

Provision for abandonment

    11,316     (8,796 )   2,520  

Equity

    96,122         96,122  
       

Total liabilities and equity

    124,826     (8,796 )   116,030  
   

F-250


Table of Contents


   
 
  Balance sheet at December 31, 2010  
 
  Originally
stated

  Adjustments
  Restated
 
   

Current assets

    22,764         22,764  

Non-current assets

                   

Restricted short-term investments

        540     540  

Taxes recoverable—long term

    49         49  

Property and equipment

    116,652     (10,415 )   106,237  
       

Total assets

    139,465     (9,875 )   129,590  
       

Current liabilities

    38,082         38,082  

Noncurrent liabilities

                   

Taxes payable

    1,573         1,573  

Deferred income and social contribution taxes

    578         578  

Provision for abandonment

    12,125     (9,875 )   2,250  

Equity

    87,107         87,107  
       

Total liabilities and equity

    139,465     (9,875 )   129,590  
   

3.     Summary of significant accounting practices

3.1. Functional and reporting currency

The basic financial statements are stated in Brazilian reais, the currency of the country in which the Company is incorporated and operates. Transactions in foreign currency are translated to the functional currency at the exchange rate in effect on the date of each transaction. On the reporting dates, monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currency are translated to the functional currency at the closing exchange rate and the exchange variation gains and losses are recognized in the Income Statement. Non-monetary assets and liabilities acquired or contracted in foreign currency are translated as of the reporting dates based on the exchange rates in effect on the transaction dates and thus do not generate exchange variations.

The translations of Brazilian real amounts into U.S. dollar amounts are included for the convenience of readers outside Brazil and have been made as follows:

Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate as of the balance sheet date (R$2.0435 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2012, and R$1.8758 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2011). The equity accounts are translated by the historical rates. Income and expenses are translated at the average rate on a monthly basis. Gain or loss on translation is presented as a separate component of equity as an "Exchange reserve". Such translations should not be construed as representations that the Brazilian real amounts could be converted into U.S. dollars at the above or any other rate.

3.2. Recognition of assets and liabilities

An asset is recognized in the balance sheet when it is probable that future economic benefits will be generated on behalf of the Company and when its cost or value can be reliably measured.

A liability is recognized in the balance sheet when the Company has a legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event and it is probable that an outflow of funds will be required to settle it. Provisions are recorded reflecting the best estimates of the risk involved.

F-251


Table of Contents

Assets and liabilities are classified as current when their realization or settlement is likable to occur within the subsequent twelve months. Otherwise, they are stated as non-current.

3.3. Cash and cash equivalents

Cash equivalents are held by the Company in order to meet short-term cash obligations, rather than for investment or other purposes. Cash and cash equivalents include cash and bank deposits, which are readily convertible to a known amount of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value.

3.4. Accounts receivable—Petrobras

These are stated at fair value. There is no allowance for doubtful accounts. Petrobras is the Company's sole client.

3.5. Property and equipment

Property and equipment in use are stated at acquisition, buildup or construction cost, valued at average acquisition cost, less accumulated depreciation.

Expenses with exploration, evaluation and development of production are accounted for through the successful efforts method of accounting.

Costs incurred prior to obtaining concessions and spending on geological and geophysical studies and surveys are recorded under the P&L.

Expenses with exploration and evaluation directly associated to the exploratory well are capitalized as expenses with exploration, until the drilling is completed and results thereto evaluated. These costs include costs with employee remuneration, material and fuel utilization, costs incurred with the rent of drilling rigs and other costs incurred with third parties.

In case commercially viable reserves are not discovered, the exploration well will be written-off to P&L. When reserves are discovered, the cost is still recorded under assets upon the conclusion of additional analyses regarding the commerciality of hydrocarbon reserves, which may include drilling other wells.

Exploration assets are subject to technical, commercial and financial reviews at least on an annual basis to confirm management's intention to develop and produce hydrocarbons in the area. In case the aforesaid intention is not confirmed, these costs are written-off to P&L. When reserves are identified and proved commercially viable and the development is authorized, exploratory expenses are transferred to "oil and gas assets".

In the development phase, expenditure on the construction, installation or completion of infrastructure facilities (such as platform, pipelines and drilling of development wells, including delimitating wells or unsuccessful development wells) are capitalized within "oil and gas assets".

Oil and gas assets are depreciated by the unit-of-production method, based on the ratio of oil and gas production of each field and the corresponding proven and developed reserves.

F-252


Table of Contents

3.6. Provision for abandonment

The filed operator-member is responsible for the dismantling of production areas before regulatory organs and environment agencies, as provided for in the joint operation agreement for the field. The operator calculates and submits the estimated well abandonment costs for the review and approval of consortium members. The Company's responsibility on the abandonment and dismantling of areas is limited to the provision and payment of amounts established thereto by the operator, in accordance with the interest percentage in the consortium. The estimated abandonment costs reported by the operator are regularly reviewed, thereby reviewing the calculation of such amount, thus adjusting assets and liabilities balances at present value.

The provision amount equivalent to the amount reported by the member-operator for future obligations due to abandonment and dismantling of areas is inflated until the expected abandonment date, and then discounted to present value. The amount is recorded under property and equipment against noncurrent liabilities (provision for abandonment) and is amortized by using the unit-of-production method in relation to proven and developed reserves, the amortization being an integral part of inventory costs. The provision is increased by the effect of the discount rate, against financial income.

3.7. Impairment of assets

Property and equipment, and other noncurrent and intangible assets are reviewed annually to identify evidence that may indicate impairment, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the book value may not be recoverable. Where applicable, the recoverable amount is calculated to check for impairment loss. When impairment evidence is found, it is recognized at the amount corresponding to the book value of assets exceeding its recoverable value, which is the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value in use of an asset. For evaluation purposes, assets are grouped at their lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash flows.

3.8. Loans

Loans are adjusted based on monetary variations and include interest incurred up to the balance sheet date, based on the contractual terms.

3.9. Provision for legal disputes

A provision for contingencies is set up for legal disputes, in which the outflow of funds is considered probable and a reasonable estimate is possible. The loss probability assessment includes the evaluation of available evidence, the hierarchy of laws, available case law, the most recent court rulings and their relevance to the legal system, as well as the assessment of the external advisors. The provisions are reviewed and adjusted in order to comply with changes made to the applicable statutes of limitation, tax audit conclusions or supplementary issues identified based on new subject matters or court decisions. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company, based on the opinion of its external legal advisors, did not present any provision, due to the inexistence of actions with probable loss.

3.10. Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions

The preparation of the Company's financial statements in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) requires management to use professional judgment and estimates, and adopt

F-253


Table of Contents

assumptions that affect the amounts presented in revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities reported on the financial statements and corresponding notes.

Significant items subject to these estimates and assumptions include the economic useful life and the net book value of property and equipment and intangible assets, provision for contingencies, recoverability of assets and fair value of financial instruments. The use of estimates and judgments is complex and considers various assumptions and future projections and, therefore, the settlement of transactions may result in amounts different from those estimated. The Company reviews its estimates and assumptions on a three-month period or an annual basis.

3.11. Financial instruments

Financial instruments are only recognized as from the date on which the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of such financial instruments.

When recognized, they are initially recorded at fair value plus transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition or issue, except for financial assets and liabilities classified at fair value through profit or loss, where such costs are directly recorded in the income (loss) for the year. The subsequent measure is held on each reporting date, according to the guidelines for each financial assets and liabilities classification.

3.12. Taxation

Taxation on sales and services

Revenues from sales and services are subject to the following taxes and contributions, at the following statutory tax rates:

Contribution Tax on Gross Revenue for Social Integration Program (PIS) 0.65%;
Contribution Tax on Gross Revenue for Social Security Financing (COFINS) 7,65%;
State VAT (ICMS) 7% to 19%;
Royalties 7,5%

These charges are presented as sales deductions in the income statement.

Tax credits arising out of non-cumulative taxation of PIS/COFINS are recorded as a deduction from operating revenues and expenses in the income statement. Tax debts arising out of financial income and credits arising out of financial expenses are recorded as a deduction from said accounts in the income statement.

Current income and social contribution taxes

Taxation on profit comprises both income and social contribution taxes. Income tax is computed at a 15% rate, plus a surtax of 10% on taxable profit exceeding US$117 over 12 months, whereas social contribution tax is computed at a rate of 9% on taxable profit, both recognized on an accrual basis; therefore, additions to book income deriving from temporarily non-deductible expenses or exclusions from temporarily non-taxable revenues upon determination of current taxable profit generate deferred tax assets or liabilities. Prepaid or recoverable amounts are stated in current or noncurrent assets, based on their estimated realization.

F-254


Table of Contents

Deferred income and social contribution taxes

Deferred income and social contribution taxes reflect income and social contribution tax losses and temporary differences between the assets and liabilities balances and tax bases, net of valuation allowance. These temporary differences will be used to reduce future tax profits. The Company annually reviews the balance of deferred income and social contribution tax assets in relation to taxable profit projection to maintain such assets by the expected realization value.

Tax incentives

The Company is entitled to the reduction of 75% of the Income tax (Superintendency for the Development of the Northeast "SUDENE"—Tax incentive), calculated based on the profit from exploration and is conditioned to the installation infrastructure development in the area within SUDENE. The Company shall take advantage of the aforesaid benefit up to calendar year 2017. In accordance with Laws No. 11638/07 and No. 11941/09 and CPC 07—Government Subsidies and Assistance, the amount corresponding to the incentive of SUDENE calculated as from the effectiveness of the Law ("transition date") is accounted for in the P&L in the subsequent year for further allocation to profit reserve of tax incentives referring to article 195A of Law No. 6406/76, according to guideline of Law No.11941/09. The balance of this incentive may be used for capital increase purposes only.

3.13. Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized to the extent economic benefits are likely to be generated for the Company and when such amount can be reliably measured. Revenue is measured based on fair value of the consideration received, net of discounts, rebates and taxes or charges incurred on sales.

3.14. Cash flow statements

Cash flow statements were prepared and are presented in accordance with the IAS 7—Statement of Cash Flow.

3.15. New accounting pronouncements

IAS 1—Presentation of the Financial Statements—the main alteration is the separation of components of other comprehensive income into two groups: those that will be realized against the statement of income and those that will remain in shareholders' equity. The change in the regulation is effective as from January 1, 2013. This alteration is unlikely to have any impact on the Company.

IFRS 7—Disclosures—Offsetting between Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities—Revisions of IFRS 7. These revisions demand that an organization discloses information about rights to offset and related agreements (for instance, guarantee agreements). The disclosures provide users with useful information for assessing the effect of offset agreements on an organization's financial condition. The revision will come into force for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013. This alteration is unlikely to have any impact on the Company.

IFRS 9—Financial Instruments—this covers the classification, measurement and recognition of financial assets and liabilities. It was issued in November 2009 and October 2010 and replaces the sections of IAS 39 that were related to the classification and measurement of financial instruments. IFRS 9 requires that financial assets be classified into two categories: those measured at fair value and those measured at amortized cost. The determination is made at the time of initial recognition. The classification basis depends on the organization's business model and on the contractual characteristics of the cash flow of

F-255


Table of Contents

the financial instruments. With regard to financial liabilities, the regulation maintains the majority of the demands established by IAS 39. The main change is that in those cases where the fair value option is adopted for financial liabilities, the portion of the change in the fair value that is due to organization's own credit risk is recorded under other comprehensive income and not in the statement of income, when it results in an accounting mismatch. The rule which was originally effective as from January 1, 2013 was altered to January 1, 2015. This alteration is unlikely to have any impact on the Company.

IFRS 10—Consolidated Financial Statements—is based on already existing principles, identifying the concept of control as being the key factor for determining whether an organization should or should not be included in the consolidated financial statements. The rule extends the concept of control and provides additional guidance for determining it. The rule is effective as from January 1, 2013. This alteration is unlikely to have any impact on the Company.

IFRS 11—Joint Arrangements—the standard defines joint arrangements based on the arrangement's rights and obligations instead of its legal form. There are two types of joint arrangements: (i) joint operations—which occur when an operator has rights over the assets and obligations over to the liabilities and, as a result, accounts for its share of the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses; and (ii) joint ventures—which occur when an operator has rights over the net assets of the arrangement and accounts for the investment in accordance with equity pickup. The proportional consolidation method will no longer be allowed in the case of joint ventures. This alteration is unlikely to have any impact on the Company.

IFRS 12—Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities—deals with the disclosure demands for all types of interest in other entities, including subsidiaries, affiliates, joint ventures, associations, interests for specific purposes and other interests. The standard is effective as from January 1, 2013. This alteration is unlikely to have any impact on the Company.

IFRS 13—Fair Value Measurement—the purpose of IFRS 13 is to improve consistency and reduce the complexity of fair value measurement, providing a more precise definition and a single source of fair value measurement and its disclosure requirements. The demands do not extend the use of accounting at fair value, but provide guidance with regard to how to apply it when its usage is required or allowed by other pronouncements. The rule is effective as from January 1, 2013. The Company's Management is of the opinion that there will not be any significant impact on its financial statements as a result of this pronouncement.

There are no other standards or interpretations that have not yet come into force which could have any impact on the Company's financial statements.

4.    Net revenue

   
 
  2012
  2011
 
   

Gross revenue

    66,279     49,137  
       

PIS

    (1,063 )   (795 )

COFINS

    (4,898 )   (3,662 )

ICMS

    (7,393 )   (5,565 )

Contractual rebates—discounts

    (1,831 )   (958 )
       

Total deductions

    (15,185 )   (10,980 )
       

Net revenue

    51,094     38,157  
   

F-256


Table of Contents

5.     Cost of products sold

   
 
  2012
  2011
 
   

Extraction cost

    (5,641 )   (6,777 )

Royalties and special interests

    (5,164 )   (3,256 )

Amortization and depreciation

    (7,362 )   (5,530 )
       

Total

    (18,167 )   (15,563 )
   

6.     General and administrative expenses

   
 
  2012
  2011
 
   

Personnel

    (3,127 )   (1,387 )

Selling expenses

    (42 )   (1,018 )

Third-party services

    (285 )   (566 )

Tax expenses

    (28 )   (650 )

Other expenses

    (593 )   (883 )
       

Total

    (4,075 )   (4,504 )
   

7.     Financial income (expenses)

   
 
  12/31/2012
  12/31/2011
 
   

Financial income

             

Interest income

    1,631     1,043  
       

Total

    1,631     1,043  

Financial expenses

             

Interest on loans

    (58 )   (662 )

Interest and fine on late payment of taxes and installment arrangements

    (13 )   (30 )

Other

    (1 )   (1 )
       

Total

    (72 )   (693 )

Monetary and foreign exchange variations

             

Monetary and foreign exchange gains

    2,301     3,688  

Monetary and foreign exchange losses

    (2,805 )   (6,245 )
       

Total

    (504 )   (2,557 )

Financial income (expenses), net

    1,055     (2,207 )
   

F-257


Table of Contents

8.     Income tax

a) Income tax—current and deferred

Current and deferred income taxes are as follows:

   
 
  12/31/2012
  12/31/2011
 
   
 
   
  (Restated)
 

Current income tax

    (990 )   (969 )

Current social contribution tax

    (2,099 )   (1,342 )
       

Total current income and social contribution taxes liability

    (3,089 )   (2,311 )
       

Deferred income tax

    (3,291 )   634  

Deferred social contribution tax

    (1,189 )   242  
       

Total deferred income and social contribution taxes asset

    (4,480 )   876  
       

Total tax expense for the year

    (7,569 )   (1,435 )
   

Reconciliation of income taxes and the amount established by the effective rate for 2012 and 2011 are as follows

   
 
  12/31/2012
  12/31/2011
 
   

Income before income tax

    30,803     14,721  

Statutory rate

    34 %   34 %
       

Income tax at statutory rate

    (10,473 )   (5,005 )

Nondeductible expenses

    (17 )   (134 )

Donations

        (21 )

Other

    18     (33 )

Profit from tax incentive activities

    4,804     2,777  

Other

    (1,901 )   981  
       

Effective rate of 25% (10% in 2011)

    (7,569 )   (1,435 )

Current income tax

    (3,089 )   (2,311 )

Deferred income tax

    (4,480 )   876  
   

Income and social contribution taxes calculated and paid by the Company, in addition to the corresponding income tax return and accounting records are subject to the examination by tax authorities for variable statutes of limitation; after the respective periods are barred by statute, these are no longer subject to the review of authorities.

b) Deferred income tax

   
 
  12/31/2012
  12/31/2011
 
   

Income and social contribution tax losses

        3,077  

Exchange variation on loans

    355     461  

Provision for impairment

        1,387  

Provision for abandonment of fields

    1,181     933  

Deemed cost—Manati

    (5,145 )   (6,357 )

Other temporary provisions

    (193 )   868  
       

Deferred income and social contribution taxes

    (3,802 )   369  
   

F-258


Table of Contents

The Company, based on the expected generation of future taxable profit, determined by means of a technical study approved by the management, recognized tax credits on income and social contribution tax losses and temporary differences. Management reviews the book value of deferred tax assets annually to keep such asset at the estimated realization amount.

Income and social contribution tax losses are not subject to statutes of limitation, however; the Company's offset amount is limited to up to 30% of each year's taxable profit.

9.     Property and equipment

Changes in the property and equipment are described as below:

   
 
  Oil and gas assets    
   
 
 
  Manati
  BCAM-40
  Camarão
Norte

  Other
  Total
 
   

Cost

                               

Balance at December 31, 2010 (Restated)

    136,532     2,678     4,471     636     144,317  
       

(+) Additions

    214         6     16     236  

(-) Impairment

        (1,163 )           (1,163 )

Transfers

    (1,413 )               (1,413 )

Cumulative Translation Adjustment

    (15,127 )   (252 )   (501 )   (73 )   (15,953 )
       

Balance at December 31, 2011 (Restated)

    120,206     1,263     3,976     579     126,024  

(+) Additions

    1,079             123     1,202  

(-) Impairment

        (1,211 )           (1,211 )

Cumulative Translation Adjustment

    (9,912 )   (52 )   (326 )   (53 )   (10,343 )
       

Balances at December 31, 2012

    111,373         3,650     649     115,672  
       

Depreciation

                               

Balances at December 31, 2010

    (37,887 )           (193 )   (38,080 )
       

(-) Depreciation for the year

    (5,542 )           (73 )   (5,615 )

Transfers

    1,414                 1,414  

Cumulative Translation Adjustment

    4,676                 29     4,705  
       

Balances at December 31, 2011

    (37,339 )           (237 )   (37,576 )

(-) Depreciation for the year

    (7,374 )           (75 )   (7,449 )

Cumulative Translation Adjustment

    3,384             23     3,407  
       

Balances at December 31, 2012

    (41,329 )           (289 )   (41,618 )
       

Net book

                               

Balances at December 31, 2012

    70,044         3,650     360     74,054  

Balances at December 31, 2011

    82,867     1,263     3,976     342     88,448  

Balances at December 31, 2010

    98,645     2,678     4,471     443     106,237  

Average annual depreciation rate (in %)

    6 %   0 %   0 %   10 %   6 %
   

According to Technical Pronouncement IAS 36, "Impairment of Assets", property and equipment items indicating that their recorded costs are higher than their impairment value (fair value) are reviewed to determine the necessity of provision to reduce their book value to realization value. Management conducted an annual analysis of the corresponding operating and financial performance of its assets and registered impairment losses for the BCAM-40 field due to change of expectations on its production.

F-259


Table of Contents

10.   Cash and cash equivalents

   
 
  12/31/2012
  12/31/2011
  12/31/2010
 
   
 
   
  (Restated)
  (Restated)
 

Cash and Banks

    179     248     8,158  

Short-term investments

    9,434     16,642      
       

    9,613     16,890     8,158  
   

11.   Accounts receivable

Total production referring to Manati block for the year 2012 and 2011 was sold to Petrobras. Outstanding balance at December 31, 2012 totals US$ 10,347 (US$8,741 in 2011 and US$11,133 in 2010).

12.   Taxes recoverable and payable

   
 
  12/31/2012
  12/31/2011
  12/31/2010
 
   
 
   
  (Restated)
  (Restated)
 

Taxes recoverable

                   

Contribution Tax on Gross Revenue for Social Integration Program (PIS)/Contribution Tax on Gross Revenue for Social Security Financing (COFINS) recoverable

        11     11  

Corporate Income Tax (IRPJ) and Social Contribution Tax on Net Profit (CSLL) Recoverable

    39     33     2,828  

State value-added tax (ICMS) on property and equipment recoverable

    81     103     124  

Other

        17     23  
       

Total

    120     164     2,986  
   

 

   
 
  12/31/2012
  12/31/2011
  12/31/2010
 
   
 
   
  (Restated)
  (Restated)
 

Taxes payable

                   

Social charges on payroll

    248     128     130  

Royalties on production

    340     289     439  

PIS/COFINS payable

    495     426     492  

Provision for IRPJ and CSLL

    328     133     70  

ICMS payable

    610     531     593  

Other

    278     529     152  
       

Total

    2,299     2,036     1,876  
   

The balance of ICMS recoverable arises from the entry of items designated to permanent assets and has been settled in 48 months with the ICMS payable on gas sale. Other taxes and contributions will be offset with obligations payable of the same nature.

F-260


Table of Contents

13.   Equity

13.1. Capital

At December 31, 2011, members decided to change the unit par value of units of interest from US$0.006 to US$0.01 Hence, the Company's capital amounting to US$64,865 was divided into 11,396,871,630 (eleven billion, three hundred-ninety six million, eight hundred seventy-one thousand, six hundred thirty) units of interest.

On that same date, members decided to increase the Company's capital by US$6,808, from US$58,057 to US$64,865, by issuing 1,277,154,168 (one billion, two hundred seventy-seven million, one hundred fifty-four thousand, one hundred sixty-eight) new units of interest. This capital increase occurred when the intercompany loan agreement, recorded in current liabilities, was settled.

At December 31, 2012, the Company's capital comprises 12,674,025,798 units of interest, distributed as follows

   
 
  2012  
 
  Units of interest
  Amount
 
   

Panoro Energy do Brasil Ltda. 

    12,674,025,797     64,865  

Pan-Petroleum Holding BV

    1      
       

    12,674,025,798     64,865  
   

13.2. Tax incentive reserve

As provided for in Law No.11941/09, with reference to article 195A of Law 6406/76, the management of the subsidiary Rio das Contas Produtora de Petróleo Ltda. allocated to tax incentive reserve the amount inherent to tax incentive credits stated as income tax (income statement).

13.3. Deemed cost

In 2010, the Company determined the deemed cost of its property and equipment in conformity with Technical Pronouncement IFRS 1—First time adoption of international financial standards. At December 31, 2012, the deemed cost amount, net of tax effects, is US$7,581 (R$8,977 in 2011). In 2012, the amount of US$1,340 from that total was realized, net of the respective tax effects.

13.4. Dividend policy

The Articles of Organization do not confer mandatory minimum dividends to members. In 2012, a dividend distribution of US$23,803 was approved.

F-261


Table of Contents

14.   Related parties

14.1. Intercompany loans

   
Loans (US$)
  Charges
  Maturity
  12/31/2012
  12/31/2011
  12/31/2010
 
   

Panoro Energy A.S.A. (US$)

                8,368     13,862  
   

Changes in loans and financing for the respective years:

   
 
  2012
  2011
 
   

Opening balance

    8,368     13,862  

Interest

    58     662  

Amortization

    (8,426 )   (6,156 )
       

Closing balance

        8,368  
   

The loan agreements with Panoro Energy ASA were renewed on December 1, 2011, including a change in the maturity dates of loans, which were postponed to December 31, 2014, bearing interest at a rate of 13% p.a.

On January 27, 2012, the Company fully repaid the loans (principal and interest) taken out from Panoro Energy ASA in the amount of U$8,426.

14.2. Key management personnel compensation

For the year ended December 31, 2012, the total compensation (salaries and profit sharing) of the Company's officers was US$1,194 (US$166 at December 31, 2011).

15.   Provision for abandonment

   
 
  12/31/2012
  12/31/2011
  12/31/2010
 
   
 
   
  (Restated)
  (Restated)
 

Provision for abandonment

    2,823     2,520     2,250  
       

    2,823     2,520     2,250  
   

Changes in provision for abandonment for the respective years:

   
 
  2012
  2011
 
   

Opening balance

    2,520     2,250  

Interest

    303     270  
       

Closing balance

    2,823     2,520  
   

F-262


Table of Contents

16.   Financial instruments

In the normal course of its operations, the Company is exposed to market risks such as interest rates and credit risk. These risks are monitored by management by using management and policy tools that are defined for each specific case. The Company did not have outstanding derivative financial instruments at December 31, 2012 and 2011.

Key company risk factors

a) Operational risks

Natural gas price is impacted by supply and demand issues. Factors influencing supply and demand include operational issues, natural disasters, climate changes, political instability, conflicts, economical conditions and decision taken by petroleum exporting countries. Price fluctuations may significantly impact the Company's income and financial position. Additionally, the Company may have less influence and control on the behavior, performance, and cost of operations than it would have, if it were the operator.

The entire production of Manati field is sold to Petrobras through a long-term Gas Supply Contract. The price of the gas under this contract is indexed to IGPM (General Index of Market Prices) adjusted on a yearly basis.

b) Currency risk

The Company has obligations indexed to US dollars, principally due to intercompany loans and financing, for which there are no hedge instruments aiming to protect against unexpected fluctuations, if any.

During 2012, the Brazilian Real strengthened by 9.38% (strengthened by 13.62% in 2011). If the Brazilian Real had weakened by an additional 5% against the US Dollar, with all other variables held constant, the current debt of the company would have been higher by US$ 190 (US$ 396 in 2011).

c) Credit risk

This financial instrument specially refers to cash and cash equivalents and the Company's accounts receivable. All Company's operations are conducted with banks that are known for their liquidity, thereby minimizing risks thereto. Accounts receivable are principally concentrated in Petrobras, a good standing and sound company, thereby management does not expect to face difficulties regarding the realization of credits receivable.

17.   Insurance coverage

At December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company has insurance coverage for its facilities and equipment with the following coverage:

   
Risk
  12/31/2012
  12/31/2011
 
   

Operational risks—Gas stations

    USD 16,000     USD 14,093  

Petroleum risks—Gas station

    USD 28,700     USD 16,442  

Petroleum risks—Additional expenses from Operator

    USD 100,000     USD 50,000  

Petroleum risks—Additional expenses from Operator

    USD 33,000     USD 1,500  
   

F-263


Table of Contents

Until                             , 2013, all dealers that buy, sell or trade in our common shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers' obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

Shares

GRAPHIC

Common shares

Prospectus

Global Coordinator
and Joint Bookrunner
  Joint Bookrunners

J.P. Morgan   BTG Pactual   Itaú BBA

                  , 2013


Table of Contents


Part II
Information not required in prospectus

Item 6. Indemnification of directors and officers

Section 98 of the Bermuda Companies Act 1981 of Bermuda, or the Bermuda Companies Act, provides generally that a Bermuda company may indemnify its directors, officers and auditors against any liability which by virtue of any rule of law would otherwise be imposed on them in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust, except in cases where such liability arises from fraud or dishonesty of which such director, officer or auditor may be guilty in relation to the company. Section 98 further provides that a Bermuda company may indemnify its directors, officers and auditors against any liability incurred by them in defending any proceedings, whether civil or criminal, in which judgment is awarded in their favor or in which they are acquitted or granted relief by the Supreme Court of Bermuda pursuant to section 281 of the Bermuda Companies Act.

We have adopted provisions in our bye-laws that provide that we shall indemnify our officers and directors in respect of their actions and omissions, except in respect of their fraud or dishonesty. Our bye-laws provide that the company and the shareholders waive all claims or rights of action that they might have, individually or in right of the company, against any of the company's directors or officers for any act or failure to act in the performance of such director's or officer's duties, except in respect of any fraud or dishonesty of such director or officer. Section 98A of the Bermuda Companies Act permits us to purchase and maintain insurance for the benefit of any officer or director in respect of any loss or liability attaching to him in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust, whether or not we may otherwise indemnify such officer or director.

Insofar as indemnification by us for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling the company pursuant to provisions of our bye-laws, or otherwise, we have been advised that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

At the present time, there is no pending litigation or proceeding involving a director, officer, employee or other agent of ours in which indemnification would be required or permitted. We are not aware of any threatened litigation or proceeding, which may result in a claim for such indemnification.

We carry insurance policies insuring our directors and officers against certain liabilities that they may incur in their capacity as directors and officers. In addition, we expect to enter into indemnification agreements with each of our directors prior to completion of the offering.

In accordance with Bermuda law, share certificates are only issued in the names of companies, partnerships or individuals. In the case of a shareholder acting in a special capacity (for example as a trustee), certificates may, at the request of the shareholder, record the capacity in which the shareholder is acting. Notwithstanding such recording of any special capacity, we are not bound to investigate or see to the execution of any such trust. We will take no notice of any trust applicable to any of our shares, whether or not we have been notified of such trust.

Additionally, reference is made to the Underwriting Agreement filed as Exhibit 1.1. hereto, which provides for indemnification by the underwriters of GeoPark Holdings Limited, our directors and officers who sign the registration statement and persons who control GeoPark Holdings Limited, under certain circumstances.


Table of Contents

Item 7. Recent sales of unregistered securities

On February 11, 2013, Agencia issued US$300,000,000 aggregate principal amount of notes pursuant to a private placement made under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, which we refer to as the Notes due 2020. The Notes due 2020 were sold to Qualified Institutional Buys, or QUIBs, and offshore investors. The Notes due 2020 carry a coupon of 7.50% per annum and mature on February 11, 2020. The global coordinators for the transaction were Itau BBA USA Securities, Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, and the joint bookrunners were Itau BBA USA Securities, Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Banco BTG Pactual S.A.—Cayman Branch. The aggregate underwriting discounts and commissions were US$3.8 million. The Notes due 2020 are guaranteed by us and secured on a first-priority senior secured basis. The indenture governing the Notes due 2020 contains customary covenants including, among others, restrictions on our and our subsidiaries' ability to among other things: incur additional debt; make certain restricted payments; incur liens or guarantee additional indebtedness; sell certain assets; engage in certain transactions with affiliates; engage in certain businesses; and merge with or consolidate with or into another company.

On December 2, 2010, Agencia issued a US$ 133,000,000 aggregate principal amount of notes pursuant to a private placement made under Regulation S of the Securities Act, which we refer to as the Notes due 2015. The Notes due 2020 were sold to QUIBs and offshore investors. The Notes due 2015 carried a coupon of 7.75% per annum and had a maturity date of December 15, 2015. Celfin International Limited was the sole bookrunner of the offering. The aggregate underwriting discounts and commissions were US$1.5 million. The Notes due 2015 were guaranteed by us and secured by a first-priority security interest in an interest reserve account and a pledge of 51% of the common shares of GeoPark Fell. The net proceeds of the Notes due 2015 were used for: (i) refinancing of our existing debt; (ii) capital expenditures in connection with our 2011 development program of oil and natural gas in the Fell Block; (iii) financing of potential acquisitions and/or investments in oil and natural gas assets, companies and/or concessions in South America and (iv) general corporate purposes. We redeemed the outstanding principal amount of Notes due 2015 in connection with our issuance of the Notes due 2020.

On admission to the AIM, our executive directors, management and key employees received options to purchase common shares of the Company granted under the Executive Stock Options Plan. The options became fully vested in May 2008 and expired in May 2013. As of June 30, 2013, we had awarded 896,834 common shares, corresponding to exercises of these options. Additionally, pursuant to our Employee Incentive Program, we have made the following common share awards to our executive directors, management and key employees since 2010.

   
Number of underlying common shares awarded
  % of issued
common share
capital

  Grant date
  Exercise price
  Earliest exercise
date

  Expiration date
 
   

848,600

    approximately 2.0     December 15, 2010   US$0.001     December 15, 2014     December 15, 2020  

500,000

    approximately 1.1     December 15, 2011   US$0.001     December 15, 2015     December 15, 2021  

500,000

    approximately 1.1     December 15, 2012   US$0.001     December 15, 2016     December 15, 2022  
   

In addition to these common shares awarded under our Employee Incentive Program, on August 31, 2011, we granted an aggregate award of 90,000 common shares at an exercise price of US$0.001 to certain of our former employees. Also, on November 23, 2012, we granted awards of 450,000 common shares to James F. Park and 270,000 common shares to Gerald O'Shaughnessy, in each case at an exercise price of US$0.001 and with a vesting date of November 23, 2015. These issuance of our common shares were not registered under the Securities Act because the shares were offered and sold in transactions exempt from registration under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act.


Table of Contents

Item 8. Exhibits

(a)    The Exhibit Index is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

(b)   Financial Statement Schedules

All schedules have been omitted because they are not required, are not applicable or the information is otherwise set forth in the combined financial statements and related notes thereto.

Item 9. Undertakings

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer, or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question of whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:

(1)    To provide to the underwriter at the closing specified in the underwriting agreements, certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriter to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.

(2)    That for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.

(3)    That for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.


Table of Contents


Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form F-1 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in                   on                  , 2013.

    GEOPARK HOLDINGS LIMITED

 

 

By:

 

  

Name:  James F. Park
Title:    Chief Executive Officer

Table of Contents


Power of attorney

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints                            and                           and each of them, individually, as his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead in any and all capacities, in connection with this Registration Statement, including to sign in the name and on behalf of the undersigned, this Registration Statement and any and all amendments thereto, including post-effective amendments and registrations filed pursuant to Rule 462 under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto such attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or his substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons on                           , 2013 in the capacities indicated:

 
Name
  Title
 

 

 

 
 

James F. Park
  Chief Executive Officer and Deputy Chairman
(principal executive officer)

  

Juan Pablo Spoerer

 

Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial officer and principal accounting officer)

 

Gerald E. O'Shaughnessy

 

Executive Chairman

  

Juan Cristóbal Pavez

 

Director

  

Peter Ryalls

 

Director

  

Carlos Gulisano

 

Director

  

Steven J. Quamme

 

Director

  

    

 

Authorized Representative in the United States

Table of Contents


Exhibit index

 
Exhibit no.
  Description
 
  1.1   Form of Underwriting Agreement*
  3.1   Certificate of Incorporation
  3.2   Memorandum of Association
  3.3   Bye-laws
  4.1   Form of Certificate of common shares of the Registrant*
  4.2   Indenture, dated February 11, 2013, among GeoPark Chile Limited Agencia en Chile, GeoPark Holdings Limited, GeoPark Latin America Limited and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas
  4.3   Share Pledge Agreement, dated February 11, 2013, among GeoPark Chile Limited Agencia en Chile, GeoPark Chile S.A., GeoPark Colombia S.A. and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas
  4.4   Intercompany Loan Pledge Agreement, dated February 11, 2013, among GeoPark Chile Limited Agencia en Chile, GeoPark Fell SpA., GeoPark Llanos SAS and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas
  5.1   Form of opinion of Cox Hallett Wilkinson Limited, Bermuda counsel of the Registrant, as to the validity of the common shares*
  8.1   Form of opinion of Cox Hallett Wilkinson Limited, Bermuda counsel of the Registrant, as to certain Bermuda tax matters.*
  10.1   Special Contract for the Exploration and Exploitation of Hydrocarbons, Fell Block, dated April 29, 1997, among the Republic of Chile, the Chilean Empresa Nacional de Petróleo and Cordex Petroleum Inc.
  10.2   Exploration and Production Contract regarding exploration for and exploitation of hydrocarbons in the La Cuerva Block, dated April 16, 2008, between the Colombian Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos and Hupecol Caracara LLC
  10.3   Exploration and Production Contract regarding exploration for and exploitation of hydrocarbons in the Llanos 34 Block, dated March 13, 2009, between the Colombian Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos and Unión Temporal Llanos 34
  21.1   Subsidiaries of GeoPark Holdings Limited
  23.1   Consent of Price Waterhouse & Co, S.R.I.*
  23.2   Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltda.*
  23.3   Consent of Ernst & Young Terco Auditores Independentes S.S.*
  23.4   Consent of DeGolyer and MacNaughton (Chile, Colombia and Argentina)*
  23.5   Consent of Cox Hallett Wilkinson Limited (included in Exhibit 5.1*
  23.6   Consent of Cox Hallett Wilkinson Limited (included in Exhibit 8.1)*
  24.1   Powers of attorney (included on the signature page to this registration statement)
  99.1   Summary Report of DeGolyer and MacNaughton for reserves in Chile, Colombia and Argentina as of December 31, 2012
 

*      To be filed by amendment.




Dates Referenced Herein   and   Documents Incorporated by Reference

This ‘DRS’ Filing    Date    Other Filings
3/31/35
3/28/35
8/24/32
12/15/22
12/15/21
12/15/20
2/11/20
12/31/1820-F
12/15/18
12/31/1720-F
4/30/17
2/11/17
12/15/16
2/11/16
12/15/15
11/23/15
1/1/15
12/31/1420-F
12/15/14
10/18/14
9/15/14
7/16/14
2/14/14
12/31/1320-F
Release Delayed to:9/9/13CORRESP,  F-1
8/6/13
7/30/13
Filed as of:7/25/13
Filed on:7/24/13
7/18/13
7/17/13
7/15/13
7/2/13
7/1/13
6/30/13
6/28/13
6/24/13
5/31/13
5/14/13
5/10/13
4/30/13
4/15/13
4/10/13
3/31/13
2/11/13
1/17/13
1/1/13
12/31/12
12/28/12
12/26/12
12/18/12
12/15/12
11/23/12
10/3/12
9/24/12
8/31/12
8/6/12
7/28/12
6/13/12
5/4/12
5/3/12
4/30/12
4/23/12
4/5/12
3/31/12
3/27/12
3/26/12
2/15/12
2/14/12
2/10/12
1/31/12
1/27/12
1/1/12
12/31/11
12/15/11
12/13/11
12/8/11
12/1/11
10/26/11
10/25/11
10/4/11
9/30/11
8/31/11
7/4/11
6/30/11
5/20/11
1/31/11
1/1/11
12/31/10
12/15/10
12/2/10
6/8/10
6/7/10
4/28/10
1/1/10
12/16/09
10/30/09
9/11/09
3/13/09
12/31/08
12/15/08
7/17/08
4/16/08
1/15/07
1/1/07
12/31/06
5/15/06
5/10/06
2/7/06
1/23/06
1/1/06
11/3/05
7/14/05
7/1/05
6/22/05
12/21/04
11/3/04
10/4/04
9/28/04
7/6/04
2/4/04
2/3/04
12/29/03
10/31/03
12/31/02
12/13/02
11/29/02
11/5/02
7/29/99
12/16/98
12/10/98
8/6/98
1/14/98
12/19/97
8/25/97
8/6/97
6/12/97
4/29/97
3/7/97
11/9/95
 List all Filings 
Top
Filing Submission 0000912057-13-000249   –   Alternative Formats (Word / Rich Text, HTML, Plain Text, et al.)

Copyright © 2024 Fran Finnegan & Company LLC – All Rights Reserved.
AboutPrivacyRedactionsHelp — Mon., May 13, 11:12:40.4am ET