DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The information required by Part III is incorporated by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year covered by this report.

Unless the context requires otherwise, in this Form 10-K the term “Hallmark” refers solely to Hallmark Financial Services, Inc. and the terms “we,” “our,” “us” and the “Company” refer to Hallmark and its subsidiaries.

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Risks Associated with Forward-Looking Statements Included in this Form 10-K

This Form 10-K contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which are intended to be covered by the safe harbors created thereby. Forward-looking statements include statements which are predictive in nature, which depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, or which include words such as “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate” or similar expressions. These statements include the plans and objectives of management for future operations, including plans and objectives relating to future business activities and availability of funds. Statements regarding the following subjects are forward-looking by their nature:

The forward-looking statements included in this Form 10-K are based on current expectations that involve numerous risks and uncertainties. Assumptions relating to these forward-looking statements involve judgments with respect to, among other things, future economic, competitive and market conditions, legislative initiatives, regulatory framework, weather-related events, novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and future business decisions, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of which are beyond our control. Although we believe that the assumptions underlying these forward-looking statements are reasonable, any of the assumptions could be inaccurate and, therefore, there can be no assurance that the forward-looking statements included in this Form 10-K will prove to be accurate. In light of the significant uncertainties inherent in these forward-looking statements, the inclusion of such information should not be regarded as a representation that our objectives and plans will be achieved.

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PART I

Item 1. Business.

Who We Are

We are a diversified property/casualty insurance group that serves businesses and individuals in specialty and niche markets.

We offer commercial and personal insurance in selected market subcategories. We focus on marketing, distributing, underwriting and servicing property/casualty insurance products that require specialized underwriting expertise or market knowledge. We believe this approach provides us the best opportunity to achieve favorable policy terms and pricing. The insurance policies we produce are written by our six insurance company subsidiaries as well as unaffiliated insurers.

We market, distribute, underwrite and service our property/casualty insurance products primarily through business units organized by products and distribution channel. Our business units are supported by our insurance company subsidiaries. Our Commercial Accounts business unit offers package and monoline property/casualty and, until exited in 2016, occupational accident insurance products. Our Aviation business unit offers general aviation property/casualty insurance products and services. Our former Workers Compensation operating unit specialized in small and middle market workers compensation business until discontinued during 2015. Our Specialty Personal Lines business unit offers non-standard personal automobile and renters insurance products and services. Our  Specialty Runoff business unit is comprised of the senior care facilities liability insurance business previously reported as part of our Professional Liability business unit; the contract binding line of the primary automobile insurance previously reported as part of our Commercial Auto business unit; and the satellite launch property/casualty insurance products, as well as certain specialty programs, previously reported as part of our Aerospace & Programs business unit.  The lines of business comprising the Specialty Runoff business unit were discontinued at various times during 2020 through 2022 and are presently in runoff.  The Specialty Runoff business unit, together with our discontinued operations, were previously reported as our former Specialty Commercial Lines Segment.

Each business unit has its own management team with significant experience in distributing products to its target markets and proven success in achieving underwriting profitability. Each business unit is responsible for marketing, distribution and underwriting while we provide capital management, claims management, reinsurance, actuarial, investment, financial reporting, technology and legal services and other administrative support at the parent level. We believe this approach optimizes our operating results by allowing us to effectively penetrate our selected specialty and niche markets while maintaining operational controls, managing risks, controlling overhead and efficiently allocating our capital across business units. We expect future growth to be derived from organic growth in the premium production of our existing business units.

What We Do

We market commercial and personal lines property/casualty insurance products which are tailored to the risks and coverages required by the insured. We believe that most of our target markets are underserved by larger property/casualty insurers because of the specialized nature of the underwriting required. We expect to offer these products profitably as a result of the expertise of our experienced underwriters. We also believe our long-standing relationships with independent general agencies and retail agents and the service we provide differentiate us from larger property/casualty insurers.

Our Commercial Accounts business unit primarily underwrites low-severity, short-tailed commercial property/casualty insurance products in the standard market. These products include general liability, commercial automobile, commercial property and umbrella coverages. Our Commercial Accounts business unit currently markets its products through a network of 242 independent agency groups primarily serving businesses in the non-urban areas of 16 states predominately in the southwest and northwest regions. In addition, our Commercial Accounts business unit previously provided occupational accident coverage in Texas through an underwriting agency that specialized in the occupational accident insurance market. Effective June 1, 2016, we ceased marketing new or renewal occupational accident policies.

The aircraft liability and hull insurance products underwritten by our Aviation business unit target standard general aviation aircraft risks. Airport liability insurance is marketed to smaller, regional airports. Our Aviation business unit markets these general aviation insurance products through 161 independent specialty brokers in 48 states.

Our Specialty Personal Lines business unit primarily offers non-standard personal automobile policies, which generally provide the minimum limits of liability coverage mandated by state law to drivers who find it difficult to obtain insurance from standard carriers due to various factors including age, driving record, claims history or limited financial resources. Our Specialty Personal Lines business unit also provides a renters insurance product that complements our non-standard automobile offering and fits well in our distribution channel. Our Specialty Personal Lines business unit markets and services these non-standard automobile and renters insurance policies in 10 and 12 states, respectively, through 4,017 independent retail agent locations.

Our insurance company subsidiaries are American Hallmark Insurance Company of Texas (“AHIC”), Hallmark Insurance Company (“HIC”), Hallmark Specialty Insurance Company (“HSIC”), Hallmark County Mutual Insurance Company (“HCM”), Hallmark National Insurance Company (“HNIC”) and Texas Builders Insurance Company (“TBIC”). AHIC, HIC, HSIC and HNIC have entered into a pooling arrangement, pursuant to which AHIC retains 28% of the net premiums written by any of them, HIC retains 38% of the net premiums written by any of them, HSIC retains 21% of the net premiums written by any of them and HNIC retains 13% of the net premiums written by any of them. A.M. Best Company (“A.M. Best”), a nationally recognized insurance industry rating service and publisher, has pooled its ratings of these four insurance company subsidiaries and assigned a financial strength rating of “A-” (Excellent) and an issuer credit rating of “a-” to each of the insurance company subsidiaries comprising the pool. Also, A.M. Best has assigned a financial strength rating of “A-” (Excellent) and an issuer credit rating of   “a-” to HCM. A.M. Best does not assign a financial strength rating or an issuer credit rating to TBIC. (See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for a further discussion regarding our A.M. Best rating).

These business units are segregated into three reportable industry segments for financial accounting purposes. The Commercial Lines Segment consists of the Commercial Accounts business unit, the Aviation business unit and the runoff from our former Workers Compensation operating unit. The Personal Lines Segment consists solely of our Specialty Personal Lines business unit. The Runoff Segment consists solely of the Specialty Runoff business unit. The following table displays the gross premiums written and net premiums written by these reportable segments for affiliated and unaffiliated insurers for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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Commercial Lines Segment

The Commercial Lines Segment of our business includes the package and monoline property/casualty and, until exited during 2016, occupational accident insurance products and services handled by our Commercial Accounts business unit, the Aviation business unit which offers general aviation insurance products and services and the runoff of workers compensation insurance products handled by our former Workers Compensation operating unit.  Effective June 1, 2016, we ceased marketing new or renewal occupational accident policies. Effective July 1, 2015, the former Workers Compensation operating unit ceased retaining any risk on new or renewal policies.

Commercial Accounts business unit. Our Commercial Accounts business unit primarily underwrites low-severity, short-tailed commercial property/casualty insurance products in the standard market. These products include general liability, commercial automobile, commercial property and umbrella coverages. Our Commercial Accounts business unit currently markets its products through a network of 242 independent agency groups primarily serving businesses in the non-urban areas of 16 states predominately in the southwest and northwest regions. In addition, our Commercial Accounts business unit previously provided occupational accident coverage in Texas through an underwriting agency that specialized in the occupational accident insurance market. Effective June 1, 2016, we ceased marketing new or renewal occupational accident policies. Our Commercial Accounts business unit include the following:

The Commercial Accounts business  unit has historically maintained excellent relationships with its producing agents, as evidenced by the 28 agency groups that each produced more than $1.0 million in premium during the year ended December 31, 2022.  During 2022, the top ten agency groups produced 35%, and no individual agency group produced more than 7%, of the total premium volume of our Commercial Accounts business unit.

Our Commercial Accounts business unit writes most risks on a package basis using a commercial multi-peril policy or a business owner’s policy. Umbrella policies are written only when our Commercial Accounts business unit also writes the insured’s underlying general liability and commercial automobile coverage.

All of the commercial policies written by our Commercial Accounts business unit are for a term of 12 months. If the insured is unable or unwilling to pay for the entire premium in advance, we provide an installment payment plan that requires the insured to pay 20% or 25% down and the remaining payments over eight months. We charge installment fees per payment for the installment payment plan.

Former Workers Compensation operating unit. Effective July 1, 2015, this operating unit ceased marketing or retaining any risk on new or renewal policies. The run-off of existing policies issued by  our former Workers Compensation operating unit is being administered by an independent third party.

Aviation business unit. The aircraft liability and hull insurance products underwritten by our Aviation business unit target standard general aviation aircraft risks. Airport liability insurance is marketed to smaller, regional airports. Our Aviation business unit markets these general aviation insurance products through 161 independent agents in 48 states. The general aviation products offered by our Aviation business unit include the following:

These specialty brokers submit requests for aviation insurance quotations received from the states in which we operate and our Aviation business unit selectively determines the risks fitting its target niche for which it will prepare a quote. During 2022, the top ten independent specialty brokers produced 51%, and no single broker produced more than 11%, of the total general aviation premium volume of our Aviation business unit. Our Aviation business unit independently develops, underwrites and prices each general aviation coverage written. We target standard general aviation risks for both commercial (non-airline) and non-commercial uses. We do not accept aircraft that are used for hazardous purposes such as crop dusting or heli-skiing. Liability limits are controlled, with 95% of the aircraft written in 2022 bearing per-occurrence limits of $1,000,000 or less and 89% with per-passenger limits of $100,000 or less. Average hull values are also controlled with 99% of the aircraft written bearing hull values of $1,000,000 or less and 83% at $250,000 or less.

Personal Lines Segment

The Personal Lines Segment of our business consists solely of our Specialty Personal Lines business unit. Our Specialty Personal Lines business unit markets and services non-standard personal automobile policies and renters insurance in 10 and 12 states, respectively. Our non-standard personal automobile insurance generally provides for the minimum limits of liability coverage mandated by state laws to drivers who find it difficult to purchase automobile insurance from standard carriers as a result of various factors, including driving record, vehicle, age, claims history, or limited financial resources. Products offered by our Specialty Personal Lines business unit include the following:

Our Specialty Personal Lines business unit markets its products through 4,017 independent retail agent locations  in its target geographic markets. Non-standard automobile represented 96% of the premiums produced during 2022. Our Specialty Personal Lines business unit qualifies new agent appointments in order to establish an efficient network of independent agents to effectively penetrate its highly competitive markets. Our Specialty Personal Lines business unit periodically evaluates its independent agents and discontinues the appointment of agents whose production history does not satisfy certain standards. During 2022, the top ten independent agency locations produced 26%, and no individual agency location produced more than 6%, of the total premium volume of our Specialty Personal Lines business unit.

During 2022, personal automobile liability coverage accounted for 72% and personal automobile physical damage coverage accounted for the remaining 28% of the total non-standard automobile premiums produced by our Specialty Personal Lines business unit. Our most common policy term is a six month policy. We offer  one-month policies on a

limited basis. Our typical non-standard personal automobile customer is unable or unwilling to pay a full or half year premium in advance. Accordingly, we currently offer a direct bill program where the premiums are directly billed to the insured on a monthly basis. We charge installment fees for each payment under the direct bill program.

Discontinued Operations Classification

On October 7, 2022 the Company consummated the sale of substantially all of its excess and surplus lines operations to Core Specialty Insurance Holdings, Inc. (“Core Specialty”). The transaction was comprised of substantially all of nine business units within the Company’s former Specialty Commercial Segment, certain related assets and liabilities, and the immediate transition to Core Specialty of approximately 200 employees who produce and support these lines of businesses. This transaction met the criteria for discontinued operations accounting. As a result, the results of operations for the affected excess and surplus lines are included in discontinued operations in our Consolidated Statement of Operations for all periods shown.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe that we enjoy the following competitive strengths:

Our Strategy

We strive to become a “Best in Class” diversified property/casualty insurance company offering products in markets through the following strategies:

Distribution

We market our property/casualty insurance products predominately through independent general agents and retail agents. Therefore, our relationships with our agents is critical to our ability to identify, attract and retain profitable business. Each of our business units has developed its own tailored approach to establishing and maintaining its relationships with these independent distributors of our products. These strategies focus on providing excellent service to our agents and brokers, maintaining a consistent presence in our target markets through hard and soft market cycles and fairly compensating the agents and brokers who market our products. Our business units also regularly evaluate independent general and retail agents based on the underwriting profitability of the business they produce and their performance in relation to our objectives.

The distribution of property/casualty insurance products by our business units is geographically concentrated. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, five states accounted for approximately 56% of the gross premiums written by our insurance company subsidiaries. The following table reflects the geographic distribution of our insured risks, as

represented by direct and assumed premiums written by our business segments for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.

Underwriting

The underwriting process employed by our business units involves securing an adequate level of underwriting information, identifying and evaluating risk exposures and then pricing the risks we choose to accept. Each of our business units offering commercial,  professional or aviation insurance products employs its own underwriters with in-depth knowledge of the specific markets targeted by that business unit. We employ a disciplined underwriting approach that seeks to provide policies appropriately tailored to the specified risks and to adopt price structures that will be supported in the applicable market. Our experienced commercial and  aviation underwriters have developed underwriting principles and processes appropriate to the coverages offered by their respective business units.

We believe that managing the underwriting process through our business units capitalizes on the knowledge and expertise of their personnel in specific markets and results in better underwriting decisions. All of our underwriters have established limits of underwriting authority based on their level of experience. We also provide financial incentives to many of our underwriters based on underwriting profitability.

To better diversify our revenue sources and manage our risk, we seek to maintain an appropriate business mix among our business units. At the beginning of each year, we establish a target net loss ratio for each business unit. We continually monitor actual net loss ratios against targets. If any line of business fails to meet its target net loss ratio, we seek input from our underwriting, actuarial and claims management personnel to develop a corrective action plan. Depending on the particular circumstances, that plan may involve tightening underwriting guidelines, increasing rates, modifying product structure, re-evaluating independent agency relationships or discontinuing unprofitable coverages or classes of risk.

An insurance company’s underwriting performance is traditionally measured by its statutory loss and loss adjustment expense ratio, its statutory expense ratio and its statutory combined ratio. The statutory loss and loss adjustment expense ratio, which is calculated as the ratio of net losses and loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) incurred to net premiums earned, helps to assess the adequacy of the insurer’s rates, the propriety of its underwriting guidelines and the performance of its claims department. The statutory expense ratio, which is calculated as the ratio of underwriting and operating expenses to net premiums written, assists in measuring the insurer’s cost of processing and managing the business. The statutory combined ratio, which is the sum of the statutory loss and LAE ratio and the statutory expense ratio, is indicative of the overall profitability of an insurer’s underwriting activities, with a combined ratio of less than 100% indicating profitable underwriting results.

The following table shows, for the periods indicated, (i) our gross premiums written (in thousands); and (ii) our underwriting results as measured by the net statutory loss and LAE ratio, the net statutory expense ratio, and the net statutory combined ratio of our insurance company subsidiaries.

These statutory ratios do not reflect the deferral of policy acquisition costs, investment income, premium finance revenues, or the elimination of inter-company transactions required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

The premium-to-surplus percentage measures the relationship between net premiums written in a given period (premiums written, less returned premiums and reinsurance ceded to other carriers) to policyholders surplus (admitted assets less liabilities), determined on the basis of statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by insurance regulatory authorities. State insurance department regulators expect insurance companies to maintain a premium-to-surplus percentage of not more than 300%. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, our consolidated premium-to-surplus ratios were 114% and 139%, respectively.

Claims Management and Administration

We believe that effective claims management is critical to our success and that our claims management process is cost-effective, delivers the appropriate level of claims service and produces superior claims results. Our claims management philosophy emphasizes the delivery of courteous, prompt and effective claims handling and embraces responsiveness to policyholders and agents. Our claims strategy focuses on thorough investigation, timely evaluation and fair settlement of covered claims while consistently maintaining appropriate case reserves. We seek to compress the cycle time of claim resolution in order to control both loss and claim handling cost. We also strive to control legal expenses by negotiating competitive rates with defense counsel and vendors, establishing litigation budgets and monitoring invoices.

Each of our business units maintains its own dedicated staff of specialized claims personnel to manage and administer claims arising under policies produced through their respective operations. The claims process is managed centrally through a combination of experienced claims managers, seasoned claims supervisors, trained staff adjusters and independent adjustment or appraisal services, when appropriate. All adjusters are licensed in those jurisdictions for which they handle claims that require licensing. Limits on settlement authority are established for each claims supervisor and staff adjuster based on their level of experience. Certain independent adjusters have limited authority to settle claims. Claim exposures are periodically and systematically reviewed by claim supervisors and managers as a method of quality and loss control. Large loss exposures are reviewed at least quarterly with senior management of the business unit and monitored by Hallmark senior management.

Claims personnel receive in-house training and are required to attend various continuing education courses pertaining to topics such as best practices, fraud awareness, legal environment, legislative changes and litigation management. Depending on the criteria of each business unit, our claims adjusters are assigned a variety of claims to enhance their knowledge and ensure their continued development in efficiently handling claims. As of December 31, 2022, we had a total of 59 claims managers, supervisors and adjusters with an average experience of approximately 14 years.

Analysis of Losses and LAE

Our consolidated financial statements include an estimated reserve for unpaid losses and LAE. We estimate our reserve for unpaid losses and LAE by using case-basis evaluations and statistical projections, which include inferences from both losses paid and losses incurred. We also use recent historical cost data and periodic reviews of underwriting standards and

claims management practices to modify the statistical projections. We give consideration to the impact of inflation in determining our loss reserves, but do not discount reserve balances.

The amount of reserves represents our estimate of the ultimate cost of all unpaid losses and LAE incurred. These estimates are subject to the effect of trends in claim severity and frequency. We regularly review the estimates and adjust them as claims experience develops and new information becomes known. Such adjustments are included in current operations, including increases and decreases, net of reinsurance, in the estimate of ultimate liabilities for insured events of prior years.

Changes in loss development patterns and claim payments can significantly affect the ability of insurers to estimate reserves for unpaid losses and related expenses. We seek to continually improve our loss estimation process by refining our ability to analyze loss development patterns, claim payments and other information within a legal and regulatory environment that affects development of ultimate liabilities. Future changes in estimates of claim costs may adversely affect future period operating results. However, such effects cannot be reasonably estimated currently.

Additional information relating to our loss reserve development is included under Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and Note 6, “Reserves for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Reinsurance

We reinsure a portion of the risk we underwrite in order to control the exposure to losses and to protect capital resources. We cede to reinsurers a portion of these risks and pay premiums based upon the risk and exposure of the policies subject to such reinsurance. Ceded reinsurance involves credit risk and is generally subject to aggregate loss limits. Although the reinsurer is liable to us to the extent of the reinsurance ceded, we are ultimately liable as the direct insurer on all risks reinsured. Reinsurance recoverables are reported after allowances for uncollectible amounts. We monitor the financial condition of reinsurers on an ongoing basis and review our reinsurance arrangements periodically. Reinsurers are selected based on their financial condition, business practices and the price of their product offerings. In order to mitigate credit risk to reinsurance companies, most of our reinsurance recoverable balance as of December 31, 2022 was with reinsurers that had an A.M. Best rating of “A–” or better. We also mitigate our credit risk for the remaining reinsurance recoverable by obtaining letters of credit.

The following table presents our gross and net premiums written and earned and reinsurance recoveries for each of the last two years (in thousands).

Investment Portfolio

Our investment objective is to maximize after-tax total return while assuming prudent levels of risk and maintaining  sufficient liquidity for ongoing insurance operations. We strive for a balance between current income generation and after-tax total return that enhances long-term growth in book value. In general, we do not target allocations to investment asset classes or security types and do not seek to match insurance asset and liability durations. We maintain a diversified portfolio composed of fixed-income securities, equity securities and other investments. As of December 31, 2022, we had total invested assets of $454.8 million. If market rates were to increase by 1%, the fair value of our fixed income securities

as of December 31, 2022 would decrease by approximately $3.4 million. The following table shows the fair values of various categories of fixed-income securities, the percentage of the total fair value of our invested assets represented by each category and the tax equivalent book yield of each category of invested assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The weighted average credit rating for our fixed-income portfolio was A3 at December 31, 2022 as compared to Baa1at December 31, 2021. The change in the weighted average credit rating was driven by a 53% reduction in  our cash balances  and a 35% reduction in “Ba” rated securities into higher ratings tiers as we redeployed available cash into fixed-income investments during 2022. Our cash balances are primarily invested in U.S. Treasuries via overnight repurchase agreements (“Repo sweeps”) which are not included in determining the weighted average credit rating. The following table shows the distribution of our fixed-income portfolio by rating as a percentage of total fair value as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

The following table shows the composition of our fixed-income portfolio by remaining time to maturity as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Our investment strategy is a value-based approach focused on individual security analysis and selection, directed primarily toward publicly-traded fixed-income and equity securities. This strategy includes an opportunistic element which seeks to capture value resulting from market-related price dislocations, short-term orientation of market participants and other sources of gain. Our investment portfolio is managed internally by our Executive Chairman and other internal, experienced investment managers. As of December 31, 2022, 6.2% of our investment portfolio was invested in equity securities. We regularly review our portfolio for declines in value. For fixed maturity investments that are considered other-than-temporarily impaired and that we do not intend to sell and will not be required to sell, we separate the amount of the impairment into the amount that is credit related (credit loss component) and the amount due to all other factors. The credit loss component is recognized in earnings and is the difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and the present value of its expected future cash flows. The remaining difference between the investment’s fair value and the present value of future expected cash flows is recognized in other comprehensive income.

The following table details the net unrealized loss balance by invested asset category as of December 31, 2022.

As part of our overall investment strategy, we also maintain an integrated cash management system utilizing on-line banking services and daily overnight investment accounts to maximize investment earnings on all available cash.

Technology

The majority of our technology systems are based on products licensed from insurance-specific technology vendors that have been substantially customized to meet the unique needs of our various business units. Our technology systems primarily consist of integrated central processing computers, a series of server-based computer networks and  communications systems that allow our various operations to share systems solutions and communicate to the corporate office in a timely, secure and consistent manner. We maintain backup facilities and systems through a contract with a leading provider of computer disaster recovery services. Each business unit bears the information services expenses specific to its operations as well as a portion of the corporate services expenses. Increases to vendor license and service fees are capped per annum.

We believe the implementation of our various technology systems has increased our efficiency in the processing of our business, resulting in lower operating costs. Additionally, our systems enable us to provide a high level of service to our agents and policyholders by processing our business in a timely and efficient manner, communicating and sharing data with our agents and providing a variety of methods for the payment of premiums. We believe these systems have also improved the accumulation and analysis of information for our management.

Our business is highly dependent upon the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our information technology systems. Publicly reported cybersecurity intrusions have increased in recent years and the insurance sector as a whole is more exposed than in the past. Cybersecurity threats extend from individual attempts to gain unauthorized access to our information technology systems through coordinated, elaborate and targeted activity. We retain highly trained staff committed to the development and maintenance of our information technology systems. We maintain and regularly review recovery plans which are intended to enable us to restore critical systems with minimal disruption. We have established an information security committee to oversee and steer risk management plans to manage these exposures on an ongoing basis. We also employ comprehensive employee engagement and training programs to guard against the potential for

malicious attempts to extort sensitive information from our systems using social engineering techniques (also known as “phishing”) and maintain cyber liability insurance to seek to minimize our post-event financial impacts.

We recognize the potential for new risks arising alongside the benefits we derive from technological and digital development. We employ technological security measures to prevent, detect and mitigate such threats, including independent and in-house vulnerability assessments, access controls, data encryption, continuous monitoring of our information technology networks and systems and maintenance of backup and protective systems. Nonetheless, the infrastructure may be vulnerable to security incidents which could result in the disruption of business operations and the corruption, unavailability, misappropriation or destruction of critical data and confidential information (both our own and of third parties). The compromise of personal and confidential information could lead to legal liability or regulatory action under evolving cybersecurity, data protection and privacy laws and regulations enacted in the various jurisdictions in which we operate.

Ratings

Many insurance buyers, agents and brokers use the ratings assigned by A.M. Best and other rating agencies to assist them in assessing the financial strength and overall quality of the companies from which they are considering purchasing insurance. A.M. Best has pooled its ratings of our AHIC, HIC, HSIC and HNIC subsidiaries and assigned a financial strength rating of “A-” (Excellent) and an issuer credit rating of “a-” to each of the insurance company subsidiaries comprising the pool. A.M. Best has also assigned a financial strength rating of “A-” (Excellent) and an issuer credit rating of “a-” to HCM. A.M. Best does not assign a financial strength rating or an issuer credit rating to TBIC. An “A-” rating is the fourth highest of 15 rating categories used by A.M. Best. In evaluating an insurer’s financial and operating performance, A.M. Best reviews the company’s profitability, indebtedness and liquidity, as well as its book of business, the adequacy and soundness of its reinsurance, the quality and estimated fair value of its assets, the adequacy of its loss reserves, the adequacy of its surplus, its capital structure, the experience and competence of its management and its market presence. A.M. Best’s ratings reflect its opinion of an insurer’s financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet its obligations to policyholders and are not an evaluation directed at investors or recommendations to buy, sell or hold an insurer’s stock. (See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for a further discussion regarding our A.M. Best rating).

Competition

The property/casualty insurance market, our primary source of revenue, is highly competitive and, except for regulatory considerations, has very few barriers to entry. In many instances, we have less financial or other resources than our competition and their affiliates. Generally, we compete on price, customer service, coverages offered, claims handling, financial stability, agent commission and support, customer recognition and geographic coverage. We compete with companies who use independent agents, captive agent networks, direct marketing channels or a combination thereof.

Our Commercial  Accounts business unit competes with a variety of large national standard commercial lines carriers such as Liberty Mutual Group, Travelers Companies, Inc., Cincinnati Financial Corporation, CNA Financial Corporation, The Hanover Insurance Group and The Hartford Financial Services Group, as well as numerous smaller regional companies. The primary competitors for our general aviation insurance products produced by our Aviation business unit are Old Republic Aviation Managers, Starr Aviation, American International Group, Global Aerospace and Allianz Aviation Managers. Although our Specialty Personal Lines business unit competes with large national insurers such as Allstate Corporation, GEICO Corporation and Progressive Insurance Company, as a participant in the non-standard personal automobile marketplace its competition is most directly associated with numerous regional companies and managing general agencies.

Insurance Regulation

AHIC, HCM and TBIC are domiciled in Texas, HIC and HNIC are domiciled in Arizona and HSIC is domiciled in Oklahoma. Therefore, our insurance operations are regulated by the Texas Department of Insurance, the Arizona Department of Insurance and the Oklahoma Insurance Department, as well as the applicable insurance department of each state in which we issue policies. Our insurance company subsidiaries are required to file quarterly and annual statements of their financial condition prepared in accordance with statutory accounting practices with the insurance departments of

their respective states of domicile and the applicable insurance department of each state in which they write business. The financial conditions of our insurance company subsidiaries, including the adequacy of surplus, loss reserves and investments, are subject to review by the insurance department of their respective states of domicile.

Periodic financial and market conduct examinations. The insurance departments of the states of domicile for our insurance company subsidiaries have broad authority to enforce insurance laws and regulations through examinations, administrative orders, civil and criminal enforcement proceedings, and suspension or revocation of an insurer’s certificate of authority or an agent’s license. The state insurance departments that have jurisdiction over our insurance company subsidiaries may conduct on-site visits and examinations of the insurance companies’ affairs, especially as to their financial condition, ability to fulfill their obligations to policyholders, market conduct, claims practices and compliance with other laws and applicable regulations. Typically, these examinations are conducted every three to five years. In addition, if circumstances dictate, regulators are authorized to conduct special or target examinations of insurance companies to address particular concerns or issues. The results of these examinations can give rise to injunctive relief, regulatory orders requiring remedial or other corrective action on the part of the company that is the subject of the examination, assessment of fines, or other penalties against that company. In extreme cases, including actual or pending insolvency, the insurance department may take over, or appoint a receiver to take over, the management or operations of an insurer or an agent’s business or assets.

Guaranty funds. All insurance companies are subject to assessments for state-administered funds that cover the claims and expenses of insolvent or impaired insurers. The size of the assessment is determined each year by the total claims on the fund that year. Each insurer is assessed a pro rata share based on its direct premiums written in that state. Payments to the fund may generally be recovered by the insurer through deductions from its premium taxes over a specified period of years.

Transactions between insurance companies and their affiliates. Hallmark is also regulated as an insurance holding company by the Texas Department of Insurance, the Arizona Department of Insurance and the Oklahoma Insurance Department. Financial transactions between Hallmark or any of its affiliates and our insurance company subsidiaries are subject to regulation. Transactions between our insurance company subsidiaries and their affiliates generally must be disclosed to state regulators, and prior regulatory approval generally is required before any material or extraordinary transaction may be consummated or any management agreement, services agreement, expense sharing arrangement or other contract providing for the rendering of services on a regular, systematic basis is implemented. State regulators may refuse to approve or may delay approval of such a transaction, which may impact our ability to innovate or operate efficiently.

Dividends. Dividends and distributions to Hallmark by our insurance company subsidiaries are restricted by the insurance regulations of the respective state in which each insurance company subsidiary is domiciled. As property/casualty insurance companies domiciled in the state of Texas, AHIC and TBIC may only pay dividends from unassigned surplus funds. In addition, AHIC and TBIC must obtain the approval of the Texas Department of Insurance before the payment of extraordinary dividends, which are defined as dividends or distributions of cash or other property the fair market value of which combined with the fair market value of each other dividend or distribution made in the preceding 12 months exceeds the greater of: (1) statutory net income as of the prior December 31 or (2) 10% of statutory policyholders’ surplus as of the prior December 31. HIC and HNIC, both domiciled in Arizona, may pay dividends out of that part of their available surplus funds that is derived from realized net profits on their business. Without prior written approval from the Arizona Department of Insurance, HIC and HNIC may not pay extraordinary dividends, which are defined as dividends or distributions of cash or other property the fair market value of which combined with the fair market value of each other dividend or distribution made in the preceding 12 months exceeds the lesser of: (1) 10% of statutory policyholders’ surplus as of the prior December 31 or (2) net  income as of the prior December 31. HSIC, domiciled in Oklahoma, may only pay dividends out of that part of its available surplus funds that is derived from realized net profits on its business. Without prior written approval from the Oklahoma Insurance Department, HSIC may not pay extraordinary dividends, which are defined as dividends or distributions of cash or other property the fair market value of which combined with the fair market value of each other dividend or distribution made in the preceding 12 months exceeds the greater of: (1) 10% of statutory policyholders’ surplus as of the prior December 31 or (2) statutory net income as of the prior December 31, not including realized capital gains. As a county mutual, dividends from HCM are payable to policyholders. Any dividends paid to Hallmark during 2023 will require prior approval from state regulators.

Risk-based capital requirements. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners requires property/casualty insurers to file a risk-based capital calculation according to a specified formula. The purpose of the formula is twofold: (1) to assess the adequacy of an insurer’s statutory capital and surplus based upon a variety of factors such as potential risks related to investment portfolio, ceded reinsurance and product mix; and (2) to assist state regulators under the RBC for Insurers Model Act by providing thresholds at which a state commissioner is authorized and expected to take regulatory action. As of December 31, 2022, the adjusted capital under the risk-based capital calculation of each of our insurance company subsidiaries exceeded the minimum requirements. (See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for a further discussion regarding risk based capital requirements.)

Required licensing. Our non-insurance company subsidiaries are subject to and in compliance with the licensing requirements of the department of insurance in each state in which they produce business. These licenses govern, among other things, the types of insurance coverages, agency and claims services and products that we may offer consumers in these states. Such licenses typically are issued only after we file an appropriate application and satisfy prescribed criteria. Generally, each state requires one officer to maintain an agent license. Claims adjusters employed by us are also subject to the licensing requirements of each state in which they conduct business. Each employed claim adjuster either holds or has applied for the required licenses.

Regulation of insurance rates and approval of policy forms. The insurance laws of most states in which our subsidiaries operate require insurance companies to file insurance rate schedules and insurance policy forms for review and approval. State insurance regulators have broad discretion in judging whether our rates are adequate, not excessive and not unfairly discriminatory and whether our policy forms comply with law. The speed at which we can change our rates depends, in part, on the method by which the applicable state’s rating laws are administered. Generally, state insurance regulators have the authority to disapprove our rates or request changes in our rates.

Restrictions on cancellation, non-renewal or withdrawal. Many states have laws and regulations that limit an insurance company’s ability to exit a market. For example, certain states limit an automobile insurance company’s ability to cancel or not renew policies. Some states prohibit an insurance company from withdrawing from one or more lines of business in the state, except pursuant to a plan approved by the state insurance department. In some states, this applies to significant reductions in the amount of insurance written, not just to a complete withdrawal. State insurance departments may disapprove a plan that may lead to market disruption.

Investment restrictions. We are subject to state laws and regulations that require diversification of our investment portfolios and that limit the amount of investments in certain categories. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations would cause non-conforming investments to be treated as non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring statutory surplus and, in some instances, would require divestiture.

Trade practices. The manner in which we conduct the business of insurance is regulated by state statutes in an effort to prohibit practices that constitute unfair methods of competition or unfair or deceptive acts or practices. Prohibited practices include disseminating false information or advertising; defamation; boycotting, coercion and intimidation; false statements or entries; unfair discrimination; rebating; improper tie-ins with lenders and the extension of credit; failure to maintain proper records; failure to maintain proper complaint handling procedures; and making false statements in connection with insurance applications for the purpose of obtaining a fee, commission or other benefit.

Unfair claims practices. Generally, insurance companies, adjusting companies and individual claims adjusters are prohibited by state statutes from engaging in unfair claims practices on a flagrant basis or with such frequency to indicate a general business practice. Examples of unfair claims practices include:

Employees

As of December 31, 2022, we employed 257 people on a full-time basis. None of our employees are represented by labor unions. We consider our employee relations to be good.

Available Information

The Company’s executive offices are located at Two Lincoln Centre, 5420 Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway, Suite 1100 Dallas, Texas 75240. The Company’s mailing address is the same as its executive office address. Its telephone number is (817) 348-1600. The Company’s website address is www.hallmarkgrp.com. The Company files annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information and documents with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), which are available at www.sec.gov. The Company makes available free of charge on its website its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed with or furnished to the SEC pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) as soon as reasonably practical after it electronically files them with or furnishes them to the SEC.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Insurance Operational Risks

Our success depends on our ability to price accurately the risks we underwrite.

Our results of operations and financial condition depend on our ability to underwrite and set premium rates accurately for a wide variety of risks. Establishing adequate premium rates is necessary to generate sufficient revenues, together with investment income, to pay losses, loss settlement expenses and underwriting expenses and to earn a profit. To price our products accurately, we must collect and properly analyze a substantial amount of data; develop, test and apply appropriate pricing techniques; closely monitor and timely recognize changes in trends; and project both severity and frequency of

losses with reasonable accuracy. Our ability to undertake these efforts successfully, and as a result price our products accurately, is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, some of which are outside our control, including:

If we do not accurately assess the risks we underwrite, we may not charge adequate premiums to cover our losses and expenses, which would adversely affect our results of operations.  Alternatively, if we set our premiums too high, it could reduce our sales volume and competitiveness.  In either case, our profitability could be materially and adversely affected.

Estimating reserves is inherently uncertain. If our loss reserves are not adequate, it will have an unfavorable impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

We maintain loss reserves to cover our estimated ultimate liability for unpaid losses and LAE for reported and unreported claims incurred as of the end of each accounting period. Reserves represent management’s estimates of what the ultimate settlement and administration of claims will cost. These estimates, which generally involve actuarial projections, are based on management’s assessment of facts and circumstances then known, as well as estimates of future trends in claim severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability, and other factors. These variables are affected by both internal and external events, such as changes in claims handling procedures, inflation, judicial trends and legislative changes. Many of these factors are not quantifiable. Additionally, there may be a significant lag between the occurrence of an event and the time it is reported to us. The inherent uncertainties of estimating reserves are greater for certain types of liabilities, particularly those in which the various considerations affecting the type of claim are subject to change and in which long periods of time may elapse before a definitive determination of liability is made. Reserve estimates are continually refined in a regular and ongoing process as experience develops and further claims are reported and settled. Adjustments to reserves are reflected in the results of the periods in which such estimates are changed. For example, a 1% change in December 31, 2022 unpaid losses and LAE would have produced a $8.8 million change to pretax earnings. Our gross loss and LAE reserves totaled $880.9 million at December 31, 2022. Our loss and LAE reserves, net of reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and LAE, were $460.2 million at that date. Because setting reserves is inherently uncertain, there can be no assurance that the current reserves will prove adequate.

Catastrophic losses are unpredictable and may adversely affect our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.

Property/casualty insurance companies are subject to claims arising out of catastrophes that may have a significant effect on their results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including hurricanes, windstorms, earthquakes, hail storms, explosions, severe winter weather and fires, and may include man-made events, such as terrorist attacks. The incidence, frequency, and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable. The extent of losses from a catastrophe is a function of both the total amount of insured exposure in the area affected by the event and the severity of the event.

Claims from catastrophic events could reduce our net income, cause substantial volatility in our financial results for any fiscal quarter or year or otherwise adversely affect our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations. Catastrophes may also negatively affect our ability to write new business. Increases in the value and geographic concentration of insured property and the effects of inflation could increase the severity of claims from catastrophic events in the future.

Our geographic concentration ties our performance to the business, economic and regulatory conditions of certain states.

The following states accounted for approximately 56% of our gross written premiums for 2022: Texas (20%), Arizona (16%), Oregon (9%) New Mexico (6%) and Idaho (5%). Our revenues and profitability are subject to the prevailing regulatory, legal, economic, political, demographic, competitive, weather and other conditions in the principal states in which we do business. Changes in any of these conditions could make it less attractive for us to do business in such states and would have a more pronounced effect on us compared to companies that are more geographically diversified. In addition, our exposure to severe losses from localized natural perils, such as windstorms or hailstorms, is increased in those areas where we have written significant numbers of property/casualty insurance policies.

Our failure to maintain favorable financial strength ratings could negatively impact our ability to compete successfully.

Third-party rating agencies assess and rate the claims-paying ability of insurers based upon criteria established by the agencies. AHIC, HIC, HSIC and HNIC have entered into a pooling arrangement, pursuant to which AHIC retains 28% of the net premiums written by any of them, HIC retains 38% of the net premiums written by any of them, HSIC retains 21% of the net premiums written by any of them and HNIC retains 13% of the net premiums written by any of them. A.M. Best has pooled its ratings of these four insurance company subsidiaries and assigned a financial strength rating of “A-” (Excellent) and an issuer credit rating of “a-” to the individual insurance company subsidiaries comprising the pool. Also, A.M. Best has assigned HCM a financial strength rating of “A-” (Excellent) and an issuer credit rating of “a-”. A.M. Best has indicated a negative outlook for each of the ratings assigned to our insurance company subsidiaries. A.M. Best does not assign a financial strength rating or an issuer credit rating to TBIC.

These financial strength ratings are used by policyholders, insurers, reinsurers and insurance and reinsurance intermediaries as an important means of assessing the financial strength and quality of insurers. These ratings are not evaluations directed to potential purchasers of our common stock and are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold our common stock. Our ratings are subject to change at any time and could be revised downward or revoked at the sole discretion of the rating agencies. We believe that the ratings assigned by A.M. Best are an important factor in marketing our products. Our ability to retain our existing business and to attract new business in our insurance operations depends largely on these ratings. Our failure to maintain our ratings, or any other adverse development with respect to our ratings, could cause our current and future independent agents and insureds to choose to transact their business with more highly rated competitors. If A.M. Best downgrades our ratings or publicly indicates that our ratings are under review, it is likely that we would not be able to compete as effectively with our competitors, and our ability to sell insurance policies could decline. If that happened, our sales and earnings would decrease. For example, many of our agencies and insureds have guidelines that require us to have an A.M. Best financial strength rating of “A-” (Excellent) or higher. A reduction of our A.M. Best rating below “A-” would prevent us from issuing policies to insureds or potential insureds with such ratings requirements.

Following the announcement of the transaction with Core Specialty, A.M. Best placed under review with negative implications the financial strength ratings of A- (Excellent) and the issuer credit ratings of a- (Excellent) of each of AHIC, HIC, HSIC, HNIC and HCM, as well as the pool comprised of AHIC, HIC, HSIC and HNIC.  While acknowledging the mitigating impact of the transaction with Core Specialty, A.M. Best expressed concern over the uncertainty of the arbitration proceedings with the Reinsurers under the LPT Contract, potential additional unfavorable prior year loss development in excess of the aggregate limit under the LPT Contract, and the Company’s ability to restore profitability to its continuing operations.  (See Note 7, “Reinsurance – Loss Portfolio Transfer” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and Item 3. “Legal Proceedings”.)  A.M. Best indicated that these ratings will remain under review until they can fully assess the impacts of the Core Specialty transaction, in addition to the effects of initiatives to improve operating performance and stem further material adverse reserve development. In the event of a ratings downgrade by A.M. Best, we would explore options including placing our business on companies with an A.M. Best rating of “A-“ or better.

Lenders and reinsurers also use our A.M. Best ratings as a factor in deciding whether to transact business with us. The failure of our insurance company subsidiaries to maintain their current ratings could dissuade a lender or reinsurance company from conducting business with us or might increase our interest or reinsurance costs. In addition, a ratings

downgrade by A.M. Best below “A-” would require us to post collateral in support of our obligations under certain of our reinsurance agreements pursuant to which we assume business.

We rely on independent agents to market our products and their failure to do so would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We market and distribute our insurance products exclusively through independent insurance agents. As a result, our business depends in large part on the marketing efforts of these agents and on our ability to offer insurance products and services that meet the requirements of the agents, and their customers. However, these agents are not obligated to sell or promote our products and many sell or promote competitors’ insurance products in addition to our products. Some of our competitors have higher financial strength ratings, offer a larger variety of products, set lower prices for insurance coverage and/or offer higher commissions than we do. Therefore, we may not be able to continue to attract and retain independent agents to sell our insurance products. The failure or inability of independent agents to market our insurance products successfully could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our reliance on independent agents exposes us to credit risk that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial position.

Certain premiums produced by independent agents are collected from policyholders by the agents and forwarded to our insurance company subsidiaries.  When the insured pays its policy premium to its agent, the premium may be considered to have been paid to us under applicable insurance laws and regulations.  Accordingly, the insured would no longer be liable to us for those amounts, whether or not we actually received the premium from the agent or broker.  Consequently, we assume a degree of credit risk associated with the agents with whom we work.  Where necessary, we review the financial condition of potential new agents before we agree to transact business with them.  Although the failure by any of our agents to remit premiums to us has not been material to date, there may be instances where our agents collect premiums but do not remit them to us and we may be required under applicable law to provide the coverage set forth in the policy despite the absence of related premiums being paid to us.

Because the possibility of these events occurring depends in large part upon the financial condition and internal operations of our agents, we monitor agent behavior and review financial information on an as-needed basis.  If we are unable to collect premiums from our agents in the future, our underwriting profits may decline and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our results may be unfavorably impacted if we are unable to obtain adequate reinsurance.

As part of our overall risk and capacity management strategy, we purchase reinsurance for significant amounts of risk, especially catastrophe risks that we and our insurance company subsidiaries underwrite. Our catastrophe and non-catastrophe reinsurance facilities are generally subject to annual renewal. We may be unable to maintain our current reinsurance facilities or to obtain other reinsurance facilities in adequate amounts and at favorable rates. The amount, availability and cost of reinsurance are subject to prevailing market conditions beyond our control, and may affect our ability to write additional premiums as well as our profitability. If we are unable to obtain adequate reinsurance protection for the risks we have underwritten, we will either be exposed to greater losses from these risks or be required to reduce the level of business that we underwrite, which will reduce our revenue.

If the companies that provide our reinsurance do not pay our claims in a timely manner, we could incur severe losses.

We purchase reinsurance by transferring, or ceding, part of the risk we have assumed to a reinsurance company in exchange for part of the premium we receive in connection with the risk. Although reinsurance makes the reinsurer liable to us to the extent the risk is transferred or ceded to the reinsurer, it does not relieve us of our liability to our policyholders. Accordingly, we bear credit risk with respect to our reinsurers. It is not guaranteed that our reinsurers will pay all of our reinsurance claims, or that they will pay our claims on a timely basis. At December 31, 2022, we had a total of $815.8 million due us from reinsurers, including $578.4 million of recoverables from losses and $237.1 million in ceded unearned premiums. The largest amount due us from a single reinsurer as of December 31, 2022 was $202.0 million reinsurance

and premium recoverable from Swiss Reinsurance America Corporation. If any of our reinsurers are unable or unwilling to pay amounts they owe us in a timely fashion, we could suffer a significant loss or a shortage of liquidity, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our failure to accurately and timely pay claims could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We must accurately and timely evaluate and pay claims that are made under our policies.  Many factors affect our ability to pay claims accurately and timely, including the training and experience of our claims representatives, our claims organization’s culture, our ability to develop or select and implement appropriate procedures and systems to support our claims functions and other factors.  Our failure to pay claims accurately and timely could lead to regulatory and administrative actions or material litigation, undermine our reputation in the marketplace and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Adverse securities market conditions can have a significant and negative impact on our investment portfolio.

Our results of operations depend in part on the performance of our invested assets. As of December 31, 2022, 94% of our investment portfolio was invested in fixed-income securities. Certain risks are inherent in connection with fixed-income securities, including loss upon default and price volatility in reaction to changes in interest rates and general market factors. In general, the fair value of a portfolio of fixed-income securities increases or decreases inversely with changes in the market interest rates, while net investment income realized from future investments in fixed-income securities increases or decreases along with interest rates. In addition, 55% of our fixed-income securities have call or prepayment options. This subjects us to reinvestment risk should interest rates fall and issuers call their securities. Furthermore, actual net investment income and/or cash flows from investments that carry prepayment risk, such as mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, may differ from those anticipated at the time of investment as a result of interest rate fluctuations. An investment has prepayment risk when there is a risk that cash flows from the repayment of principal might occur earlier than anticipated because of declining interest rates or later than anticipated because of rising interest rates. The fair value of our fixed-income securities as of December 31, 2022 was $426.6 million. If market interest rates were to increase 1%, the fair value of our fixed-income securities would decrease by approximately $3.4 million as of December 31, 2022. The calculated change in fair value was determined using duration modeling assuming no prepayments.

In addition to the general risks described above, although 83% of our fixed-income portfolio is investment-grade, our fixed-income securities are nonetheless subject to credit risk. If any of the issuers of our fixed-income securities suffer financial setbacks, the ratings on the fixed-income securities could fall (with a concurrent fall in market value) and, in a worst case scenario, the issuer could default on its obligations. As of December 31, 2022, Hallmark had $1.4 million total exposure in mortgage-backed securities.

Future changes in the fair value of our available-for-sale fixed income securities will be reflected in other comprehensive income. Similar treatment is not available for liabilities. Therefore, interest rate fluctuations could adversely affect our stockholders’ equity, total comprehensive income and/or cash flows.

State statutes limit the aggregate amount of dividends and management fees that our subsidiaries may pay Hallmark, thereby limiting its funds to pay expenses and dividends.

Hallmark is a holding company and a legal entity separate and distinct from its subsidiaries. As a holding company without significant operations of its own, Hallmark’s principal sources of funds are dividends, management fees and other sources of funds from its subsidiaries. State insurance laws limit the ability of Hallmark’s insurance company subsidiaries to pay dividends and require our insurance company subsidiaries to maintain specified minimum levels of statutory capital and surplus. The aggregate maximum amount of dividends permitted by law to be paid by an insurance company does not necessarily define an insurance company’s actual ability to pay dividends. The actual ability to pay dividends may be further constrained by business and regulatory considerations, such as the impact of dividends on surplus, by our competitive position and by the amount of premiums that we can write. Any dividends paid to Hallmark during 2023 will require prior approval from state regulators. State insurance regulators have broad discretion to limit the payment of dividends by insurance companies and Hallmark’s right to participate in any distribution of assets of any one of our

insurance company subsidiaries is subject to prior claims of policyholders and creditors except to the extent that its rights, if any, as a creditor are recognized. Consequently, Hallmark’s ability to pay debts, expenses and cash dividends to our stockholders may be limited. Any dividends paid to Hallmark during 2023 will require prior approval from state regulators.

Our insurance company subsidiaries are subject to minimum capital and surplus requirements. Failure to meet these requirements could subject us to regulatory action.

Our insurance company subsidiaries are subject to minimum capital and surplus requirements imposed under the laws of their respective states of domicile and each state in which they issue policies. Any failure by one of our insurance company subsidiaries to meet minimum capital and surplus requirements imposed by applicable state law will subject it to corrective action, which may include requiring adoption of a comprehensive financial plan, revocation of its license to sell insurance products or placing the subsidiary under state regulatory control. Any new minimum capital and surplus requirements adopted in the future may require us to increase the capital and surplus of our insurance company subsidiaries, which we may not be able to do.

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Insurance Industry Risks

Our industry is very competitive, which may unfavorably impact our results of operations.

Our competitors include entities that have access to greater financial and other resources than us. Our competitors may attempt to increase market share by lowering rates. In that case, we could experience reductions in our underwriting margins, or sales of our insurance policies could decline as customers purchase lower-priced products from our competitors. Losing business to competitors offering similar products at lower prices, or having other competitive advantages, could adversely affect our results of operations.

In recent years, the insurance industry has undergone increasing consolidation, which may further increase competition.  In addition, an increase in capital-raising by companies in our lines of business could result in new entrants to our markets and an excess of capital in the industry.  Federal, rather than state, regulatory oversight of the insurance industry has been proposed from time to time which, if adopted, could ease the entry of new competitors into our markets.  If we have difficulty competing as industry conditions change, our results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our results may fluctuate as a result of cyclical changes in the property/casualty insurance industry.

Our revenue is primarily attributable to property/casualty insurance, which as an industry is cyclical in nature and has historically been characterized by soft markets followed by hard markets. A soft market is a period of relatively high levels of price competition, less restrictive underwriting standards and generally low premium rates. A hard market is a period of capital shortages resulting in lack of insurance availability, relatively low levels of competition, more selective underwriting of risks and relatively high premium rates. If we find it necessary to reduce premiums or limit premium increases due to competitive pressures on pricing in a softening market, we may experience a reduction in our premiums written and in our profit margins and revenues, which could adversely affect our financial results.

We are subject to comprehensive regulation, and our results may be unfavorably impacted by these regulations.

We are subject to comprehensive governmental regulation and supervision. Most insurance regulations are designed to protect the interests of policyholders rather than of the stockholders and other investors of the insurance companies. These regulations, generally administered by the department of insurance in each state in which we do business, relate to, among other things:

State insurance departments also conduct periodic examinations of the affairs of insurance companies and require filing of annual and other reports relating to the financial condition of insurance companies, holding company issues and other matters. Our business depends on compliance with applicable laws and regulations and our ability to maintain valid licenses and approvals for our operations. Regulatory authorities may deny or revoke licenses for various reasons, including violations of regulations. Changes in the level of regulation of the insurance industry or changes in laws or regulations themselves or interpretations by regulatory authorities could have a material adverse effect on our operations. In addition, we could face individual, group and class-action lawsuits by our policyholders and others for alleged violations of certain state laws and regulations. Each of these regulatory risks could have an adverse effect on our profitability.

The exclusions and limitations in our policies may not be enforceable.

Many of the policies we issue include exclusions or other conditions that define and limit coverage, which exclusions and conditions are designed to manage our exposure to certain types of risks and expanding theories of legal liability. In addition, many of our policies limit the period during which a policyholder may bring a claim under the policy, which period in many cases is shorter than the statutory period under which these claims can be brought by our policyholders. While these exclusions and limitations help us assess and control our loss exposure, it is possible that a court or regulatory authority could nullify or void an exclusion or limitation, or legislation could be enacted modifying or barring the use of these exclusions and limitations. This could result in higher than anticipated losses and LAE by extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or increasing the number or size of claims, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until sometime after we have issued the insurance policies that are affected by the changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under our insurance contracts may not be known for many years after a policy is issued.

Catastrophe models may not accurately predict future losses.

Along with other insurers in the industry, we use models developed by third-party vendors in assessing our exposure to catastrophe losses that assume various conditions and probability scenarios. However, these models do not necessarily accurately predict future losses or accurately measure losses currently incurred. Catastrophe models, which have been evolving since the early 1990s, use historical information about various catastrophes and detailed information about our in-force business. While we use this information in connection with our pricing and risk management activities, there are limitations with respect to their usefulness in predicting losses in any reporting period. Examples of these limitations are significant variations in estimates between models and modelers and material increases and decreases in model results due to changes and refinements of the underlying data elements and assumptions. Such limitations lead to questionable

predictive capability and post-event measurements that have not been well understood or proven to be sufficiently reliable. In addition, the models are not necessarily reflective of company or state-specific policy language, demand surge for labor and materials or loss settlement expenses, all of which are subject to wide variation by catastrophe. Because the occurrence and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable and may vary significantly from year to year, historical results of operations may not be indicative of future results of operations.

If actual claims exceed our claims and claim adjustment expense reserves, or if changes in the estimated level of claims and claim adjustment expense reserves are necessary, including as a result of, among other things, changes in the legal, regulatory and economic environments in which the Company operates, our financial results could be materially and adversely affected. 

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Unpaid loss and LAE reserves represent management estimates of what the ultimate settlement and administration of claims will cost, generally utilizing actuarial expertise and projection techniques, at a given accounting date. The process of estimating loss reserves involves a high degree of judgment and is subject to a number of variables. These variables can be affected by both internal and external events, such as: changes in claims handling procedures, including automation; adverse changes in loss cost trends, including inflationary pressures, technology or other changes that may impact medical, auto and home repair costs (e.g., more costly technology in vehicles resulting in increased severity of claims); economic conditions, including general and wage inflation; legal trends, including adverse changes in the tort environment that have continued to persist for a number of years (e.g., increased and more aggressive attorney involvement in insurance claims, increased litigation, expanded theories of liability, higher jury awards, lawsuit abuse and third-party litigation finance, among others); and legislative changes, among others. The impact of many of these items on ultimate costs for loss reserves could be material and is difficult to estimate, particularly in light of ongoing disruptions to the  supply chain and labor market. Loss reserve estimation difficulties also differ significantly by product line due to differences in claim complexity, the volume of claims, the potential severity of individual claims, the determination of occurrence date for a claim and lags in reporting of events to insurers, among other factors.

The increase in inflation in recent periods has increased our loss costs in our auto and property businesses. It is possible that, among other things, past or future steps taken by the federal government and the Federal Reserve to stimulate or support the U.S. economy, including actions taken in response to COVID-19, supply chain issues and labor shortages, could lead to higher and/or prolonged inflation, which could in turn lead to further increases in our loss costs. The impact of inflation on loss costs could be more pronounced for those lines of business that are considered “long tail,” such as general liability, as they require a relatively long period of time to finalize and settle claims for a given accident year or require payouts over a long period of time. The estimation of loss reserves may also be more difficult during extreme events, such as a pandemic, or during volatile or uncertain economic conditions, due to unexpected changes in behavior of claimants and policyholders, including an increase in fraudulent reporting of exposures and/or losses, reduced maintenance of insured properties, increased frequency of small claims or delays in the reporting or adjudication of claims.

We refine our loss reserve estimates as part of a regular, ongoing process as historical loss experience develops, additional claims are reported and settled, and the legal, regulatory and economic environment evolves. Business judgment is applied throughout the process, including the application of various individual experiences and expertise to multiple sets of data and analyses. Different experts may apply different assumptions when faced with material uncertainty, based on their individual backgrounds, professional experiences and areas of focus. As a result, these experts may at times produce estimates materially different from each other. This risk may be exacerbated in the context of an extreme event or an acquisition. Experts providing input to the various estimates and underlying assumptions include actuaries, underwriters, claim personnel and lawyers, as well as other members of management. Therefore, management often considers varying individual viewpoints as part of its estimation of loss reserves.

Due to the inherent uncertainty underlying loss reserve estimates, the final resolution of the estimated liability for claims and claim adjustment expenses will likely be higher or lower than the related loss reserves at the reporting date. In addition, our estimate of claims and claim adjustment expenses may change. These additional liabilities or increases in estimates, could vary significantly from period to period and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and/or our financial position. (See “Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates—Reserves for unpaid losses and LAE.”)

The effects of litigation on our business are uncertain and could have an adverse effect on our business.

As is typical in our industry, we continually face risks associated with litigation of various types, including disputes relating to insurance claims under our policies as well as other general commercial and corporate litigation.  Although we are not currently involved in any material litigation with our customers, other members of the insurance industry are the target of class action lawsuits and other types of litigation, some of which involve claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts, and the outcomes of which are unpredictable.  This litigation is based on a variety of issues, including insurance coverage and claim settlement practices.  We cannot predict with any certainty whether we will be involved in similar litigation in the future or what impact such litigation would have on our business.

We are subject to assessments and other surcharges from state guaranty funds, mandatory reinsurance arrangements and state insurance facilities, which may reduce our profitability.

Virtually all states require insurers licensed to do business therein to bear a portion of the unfunded obligations of impaired or insolvent insurance companies. These obligations are funded by assessments, which are levied by guaranty associations within the state, up to prescribed limits, on all member insurers in the state on the basis of the proportionate share of the premiums written by member insurers in the lines of business in which the impaired, insolvent or failed insurer was engaged. Accordingly, the assessments levied on us by the states in which we are licensed to write insurance may increase as we increase our premiums written. In addition, as a condition to the ability to conduct business in certain states, insurance companies are required to participate in mandatory reinsurance funds. The effect of these assessments and mandatory reinsurance arrangements, or changes in them, could reduce our profitability in any given period or limit our ability to grow our business.

We monitor developments with respect to various state facilities, such as the Texas FAIR Plan and the Texas Windstorm Insurance Association. The impact of any catastrophe experience on these facilities could result in the facilities recognizing a financial deficit or a financial deficit greater than the level currently estimated. They may, in turn, have the ability to assess participating insurers when financial deficits occur, adversely affecting our results of operations. While these facilities are generally designed so that the ultimate cost is borne by policyholders, the exposure to assessments and the availability of recoupments or premium rate increases from these facilities may not offset each other in our financial statements. Moreover, even if they do offset each other, they may not offset each other in financial statements for the same fiscal period due to the ultimate timing of the assessments and recoupments or premium rate increases, as well as the possibility of policies not being renewed in subsequent years.

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General Business Risks

The loss of key executives or the inability to attract and retain qualified personnel could disrupt our business.

Our success will depend in part upon the continued service of certain key executives. Our success will also depend on our ability to attract and retain additional executives and personnel. The pool of talent from which we actively recruit is limited and may fluctuate based on market dynamics specific to our industry and independent of overall economic conditions.  As such, higher demand for employees having the desired skills and expertise could lead to increased compensation expectations for existing and prospective personnel, making it difficult for us to retain and recruit key personnel and maintain labor costs at desired levels. The loss of key personnel, or our inability to recruit and retain additional qualified personnel, could cause disruption in our business and could prevent us from fully implementing our business strategies, which could materially and adversely affect our business, growth and profitability.

Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

As of December 31, 2022, we had outstanding $56.7 million of trust preferred securities bearing interest at a weighted average rate of 7.86% per annum.  (See, “Item 7.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Subordinated Debt Securities.”)  Our trust preferred securities bear interest at a variable rate which is adjusted quarterly.  A 1% increase in the applicable interest rates would result in a $0.6 million increase in interest expense attributable to the currently outstanding balance of the trust preferred securities, which could adversely affect our operating results, cash flow and financial position.

In addition, the interest rates under our trust preferred securities are adjusted quarterly using LIBOR. On July 27, 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced that it intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021, and it will formally cease publication in June 2023. If LIBOR is unavailable on an interest calculation date, the trustee is authorized to calculate the interest rate on the basis of quotations from certain major banks in London or New York.  If the trustee is unable to determine an interest rate in this manner, the immediately preceding interest rate remains in effect. It is not possible to predict the effect of these changes. Uncertainty in the determination of the interest rate applicable to our trust preferred securities could adversely affect our financial planning.

U.S. and global economic and financial industry events and their consequences could harm our business, our liquidity and financial condition, and our stock price.

The consequences of adverse global or regional market and economic conditions may affect (among other aspects of our business) the demand for and claims made under our products, the ability of customers, counterparties, and others to establish or maintain their relationships with us, our ability to access and efficiently use internal and external capital resources, the availability of reinsurance protection, the risks we assume under reinsurance programs covering variable annuity guarantees, and our investment performance. Volatility in the U.S. and other securities markets may adversely affect our stock price.

An increased inflation rate or a period of sustained inflation may adversely impact our results of operations.

Inflation may negatively impact both interest rates and the amount we pay to settle claims. We take into account the effects of inflation when we set our prices; however, if we do not change our pricing to adequately account for inflation, our results of operations may be negatively impacted.  We also consider inflation when we estimate reserves for unpaid losses and LAE, because of the increase on our claims costs that is caused by inflation. While we plan for the inflation we expect, the actual effects of inflation on results of operations are not known until claims are ultimately settled. In addition to general price inflation, we are exposed to the upward trend in the judicial awards for damages. We attempt to mitigate the effects of inflation in the pricing of policies and establishing reserves for losses and LAE.

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We may experience difficulty in integrating acquisitions into our operations.

The successful integration of any newly acquired business into our operations will require, among other things, the retention and assimilation of their key management, sales and other personnel; the coordination of their lines of insurance products and services; the adaptation of their technology, information systems and other processes; and the retention and transition of their customers. Unexpected difficulties in integrating any acquisition could result in increased expenses and the diversion of management time and resources. If we do not successfully integrate any acquired business into our operations, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. Further, any potential acquisition may require significant capital outlay and, if we issue equity or convertible debt securities to pay for an acquisition, the issuance may be dilutive to our existing stockholders.

Our internal controls over financial reporting are not fail-safe.

We continually enhance our operating procedures and internal controls over financial reporting (“ICFR”) to effectively support our business and comply with our regulatory and financial reporting requirements. As a result of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no system of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control objectives have been or will be met, and that every instance of error or fraud has been or will be detected. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by individual acts or by collusion of two or more persons. The design of any system of controls is based in part upon assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. ICFR may also become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Further, the design of a control system must reflect resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. As a result of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatement due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. Accordingly, our ICFR and procedures are designed to provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control objectives are met.

We rely on our information technology and telecommunications systems and the failure or disruption of these systems could disrupt our operations and adversely affect our results of operations.

Our business is highly dependent upon the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our information technology and telecommunications systems. We rely on these systems to perform accounting, policy administration, actuarial and other modeling functions necessary for underwriting business, as well as to process and make claims and other payments. Our systems could fail of their own accord or might be disrupted by factors such as natural disasters, power disruptions or surges, cybersecurity intrusions or terrorist attacks. Failure or disruption of these systems for any reason could interrupt our business and adversely affect our results of operations.

Cybersecurity risks in particular are evolving and include malicious software, unauthorized access to data and other electronic security breaches. We have not experienced successful cybersecurity attacks in the past and believe that we have adopted appropriate measures to mitigate potential risks to our information technology systems. However, the timing, nature and scope of cybersecurity attacks are difficult to predict and prevent. Therefore, we could be subject to operational delays, compromised confidential or proprietary information, destruction or corruption of data, manipulation or improper use of our systems and networks, financial losses from remedial actions and/or damage to our reputation from cybersecurity attacks. A cybersecurity attack on our information technology systems could disrupt our business and adversely affect our results of operations and financial position.

Global climate change may have an adverse effect on our financial statements.

Although uncertainty remains as to the nature and effect of greenhouse gas emissions, we could suffer losses if global climate change results in an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters. As with traditional natural disasters, claims arising from these incidents could increase our exposure to losses and have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and/or financial condition.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

Not applicable.

Item 2. Properties.

Our corporate headquarters, our Commercial Accounts business unit, our Aviation business unit and our Personal Lines business unit are currently located at Two Lincoln Centre located at 5420 LBJ Freeway, Dallas, Texas. The initial term of the lease commenced June 1, 2019 and on June 30, 2021, the office lease was amended which expands the original lease to cover an additional 16,588 square feet of office space and extends the term of the original lease for an additional two years to December 31, 2033. The average base rent for the 16,588 square feet of expansion office space is $35,652 per month for the extended term of the lease. The average base rent for 47,172 square feet of initially leased office space is $135,620 per month for the extended term of the lease and the average base rent for 3,000 square feet of initially leased storage space is $4,813 per month for the extended term of the lease. We subleased 14,789 square feet of this leased office space to Core Specialty effective November 17, 2022 through the end of the lease term for $39,437 per month.

We also maintained office spaces in Atlanta, Georgia and Jersey City, New Jersey. Our Atlanta, Georgia offices were assigned to Core Specialty effective January 17, 2023. We sublease our New Jersey facilities to Core Specialty and have begun the process to assign the lease to Core Specialty.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

AHIC, HIC, HSIC, HCM and HNIC (collectively, the “Hallmark Insurers”) are parties to a Loss Portfolio Transfer Reinsurance Contract (the “LPT Contract”) and related agreements with DARAG Bermuda Ltd. (“DARAG Bermuda”) and DARAG Insurance (Guernsey) Limited (“DARAG Guernsey” and, collectively, the “Reinsurers”).  (See Note 7, “Reinsurance – Loss Portfolio Transfer” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.)  

The Reinsurers and the Hallmark Insurers have agreed to submit to binding arbitration a dispute that has arisen regarding the rights and obligations of the parties under the LPT Contract.  Pending resolution of the dispute, the Hallmark Insurers have agreed to fund the payment of claims under the LPT Contract without prejudice to their right to seek reimbursement and other relief in the arbitration proceedings.  The arbitration panel has been constituted and a final hearing on the merits is anticipated in the first quarter of 2023.  In the arbitration, the Reinsurers seek rescission of the LPT Contract or, in the alternative, damages on the basis of alleged breach and fraudulent inducement by the Hallmark Insurers.  The Company believes any such claims are without factual basis or legal merit and intends to vigorously contest the matter.  The Company is seeking an arbitration award enforcing the terms of the LPT Contract and requiring the Reinsurers to reimburse the Hallmark Insurers for all claim amounts funded by them during the pendency of the arbitration, as well as all other damages sustained by the Hallmark Insurers.  The arbitration panel has ordered that the Reinsurers  post security for any final award in the amount of the Minimum Funding Requirement (as defined in the LPT Contract).  A favorable outcome could be as much as the recovery of the entire receivable of $58.9M plus accrued interest. An unfavorable outcome could be as much as writing off the $58.9M receivable and reimbursing DARAG for its transaction costs plus accrued interest.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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Issuer Repurchases

Our stock buyback program initially announced on April 18, 2008, authorized the repurchase of up to 1,000,000 shares of our common stock in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions (the “Stock Repurchase Plan”). On January 24, 2011, we announced an increased authorization to repurchase up to an additional 3,000,000 shares. The Stock Repurchase Plan does not have an expiration date.  We did not repurchase any shares of our common stock during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.

Item 6.  Reserved

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. This discussion contains forward-looking statements. Please see “Risks Associated with Forward-Looking Statements in this Form 10-K” for a discussion of some of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements.

Overview

Hallmark is an insurance holding company which, through its subsidiaries, engages in the sale of property/casualty insurance products to businesses and individuals. Our business involves marketing, distributing, underwriting and servicing our insurance products, as well as providing other insurance related services. We pursue our business activities primarily through subsidiaries whose operations are organized into business units and are supported by our insurance carrier subsidiaries.

Our insurance activities are organized by business units into the following reportable segments:

TIn addition to these reportable segments, our discontinued operations consist of our Commercial Auto business unit (excluding the exited contract binding line) which offered primary and excess commercial vehicle insurance products and services; our E&S Casualty business unit which offered primary and excess liability, excess public entity liability, E&S package and garage liability insurance products and services; our E&S Property business unit which offered primary and excess commercial property insurance for both catastrophe and non-catastrophe exposures; and our Professional Liability business unit (excluding the exited senior care facilities line) which offered healthcare and financial lines professional liability insurance products and services primarily for businesses, medical professionals and medical facilities.  Our discontinued operations business units, which were sold in October 2022, and our Runoff Segment were together previously reported as our former Specialty Commercial Segment.

The retained premium produced by these reportable segments is supported by our American Hallmark Insurance Company of Texas, Hallmark Specialty Insurance Company, Hallmark Insurance Company, Hallmark National Insurance Company and Texas Builders Insurance Company insurance subsidiaries. In addition, control and management of Hallmark County Mutual is maintained through our wholly owned subsidiary, CYR Insurance Management Company (“CYR”). CYR has as its primary asset a management agreement with HCM which provides for CYR to have management and control of HCM. HCM is used to front certain lines of business in our Personal Lines Segments in Texas. HCM does not retain any business.

AHIC, HIC, HSIC and HNIC have entered into a pooling arrangement pursuant to which AHIC retains 28% of the net premiums written by any of them, HIC retains 38% of the net premiums written by any of them, HSIC retains 21% of the

net premiums written by any of them and HNIC retains 13% of the net premiums written by any of them. Neither HCM nor TBIC is a party to the intercompany pooling arrangement.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments

Certain significant accounting policies requiring our estimates and judgments are discussed below. Such estimates and judgments are based on historical experience, changes in laws and regulations, observation of industry trends and information received from third parties. While the estimates and judgments associated with the application of these accounting policies may be affected by different assumptions or conditions, we believe the estimates and judgments associated with the reported consolidated financial statement amounts are appropriate in the circumstances. For additional discussion of our accounting policies, see Note 1 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in this report.

Reserves for unpaid losses and LAE. Reserves for unpaid losses and LAE are established for claims that have already been incurred by the policyholder but which we have not yet paid. Unpaid losses and LAE represent the estimated ultimate net cost of all reported and unreported losses incurred through each balance sheet date. The reserves for unpaid losses and LAE are estimated using individual case-basis valuations and statistical analyses. These reserves are revised periodically and are subject to the effects of trends in loss severity and frequency. (See “Item 1. Business – Analysis of Losses and LAE” and Note 6 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in this report.)

Although considerable variability is inherent in such estimates, we believe that our reserves for unpaid losses and LAE are adequate. Due to the inherent uncertainty in estimating unpaid losses and LAE, the actual ultimate amounts may differ from the recorded amounts. A small percentage change could result in a material effect on reported earnings. For example, a 1% change in December 31, 2022 reserves for unpaid losses and LAE would have produced a $8.8 million change to pretax earnings. The estimates are reviewed as part of a regular, ongoing process, and adjusted as experience develops or new information becomes known. Such adjustments are included in current operations.

Our actuaries estimate claim liabilities by considering a variety of reserving methods, each of which reflects a level of uncertainty.  The estimated range derived from the various methods is used to assess the reasonableness of management’s estimates. There is no exclusive method for determining this range, and judgment enters into the process. The primary actuarial technique utilized is a loss development analysis in which ultimate losses are projected based upon historical development patterns. The primary assumption underlying this loss development analysis is that the historical development patterns will be a reasonable predictor of the future development of losses for accident years which are less mature. An alternate actuarial technique, known as the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method, combines an analysis of loss development patterns with an initial estimate of expected losses or loss ratios. This approach is most useful for recent accident years. In addition to assuming the stability of loss development patterns, this technique is heavily dependent on the accuracy of the initial estimate of expected losses or loss ratios. Consequently, the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method is primarily used to confirm the results derived from the loss development analysis.

The range of unpaid losses and LAE estimated by our actuary as of December 31, 2022 was $781.4 million to $1,036 million. Our best estimate of unpaid losses and LAE as of December 31, 2022 is $880.9 million. Our carried reserve for unpaid losses and LAE as of December 31, 2022 is comprised of $436.5 million in case reserves and $444.4 million in incurred but not reported reserves. In setting this estimate of unpaid losses and LAE, we have assumed, among other things, that current trends in loss frequency and severity will continue and that the actuarial analysis was empirically valid. We have established a best estimate of unpaid losses and LAE which is $27.8 million below the midpoint, or 85.0% of the high end, of the actuarial range at December 31, 2022 as compared to $35.1 million below the midpoint, or 85.4% of the high end, of the actuarial range at December 31, 2021. We expect our best estimate to move within the actuarial range from year to year due to changes in our operations and changes within the marketplace. Due to the inherent uncertainty in reserve estimates, there can be no assurance that the actual losses ultimately experienced will fall within the actuarial range. However, because of the breadth of the actuarial range, we believe that it is reasonably likely that actual losses will fall within such range.

Our reserve requirements are also interrelated with product pricing and profitability. We must price our products at a level sufficient to fund our policyholder benefits and still remain profitable. Because claim expenses represent the single largest

category of our expenses, inaccuracies in the assumptions used to estimate the amount of such benefits can result in our failing to price our products appropriately and to generate sufficient premiums to fund our operations.

Our recorded reserves represent management’s best estimate of the provision for unpaid losses and LAE as of the balance sheet date, and establishing them involves a process that includes collaboration with various relevant parties in the Company. While we believe that our reserves for unpaid losses and LAE at December 31, 2022 are adequate, new information or emerging trends that differ from our assumptions may lead to future development of losses and loss expenses that is significantly greater or less than the recorded reserve, which could have a material effect on future operating results. Our best estimate of required loss reserves for most of our lines of business is selected for each accident year using management’s judgment, after considering the results from a number of reserving methods and is not a purely mechanical process. Therefore, it is difficult to convey, in a simple and quantitative manner, the impact that a change to a single assumption will have on our best estimate.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities. We file a consolidated federal income tax return. Deferred federal income taxes reflect the future tax consequences of differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each year end. Deferred taxes are recognized using the liability method, whereby tax rates are applied to cumulative temporary differences based on when and how they are expected to affect the tax return. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for tax rate changes. The realization of deferred tax assets depends upon the existence of sufficient taxable income within the carryback or carryforward periods under the tax law in the applicable tax jurisdiction. At each balance sheet date, management assesses the need to establish a valuation allowance that reduces deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The determination of the need for a valuation allowance is based on all available information including projections of future taxable income, principally derived from business plans and where appropriate available tax planning strategies. Projections of future taxable income incorporate assumptions of future business and operations that are apt to differ from actual experience. If our assumptions and estimates that resulted in our forecast of future taxable income prove to be incorrect, an additional valuation allowance could become necessary, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity. As of December 31, 2022, the Company maintained  a full valuation allowance of $31.2 million against its deferred tax assets because we determined that it is more likely than not that these assets will not be recoverable. If, in the future, we determine we can support the recoverability of all or a portion of the deferred tax assets under the guidance, the tax benefits relating to any reversal of the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets will be accounted for as a reduction of income tax expense and result in an increase in equity.  Changes in tax laws and rates may affect recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities and our effective tax rate in the future.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. There were no unknown tax positions at December 31, 2022.

Impairment of investments. We complete a detailed analysis each quarter to assess whether any decline in the fair value of any debt investment below cost is deemed other-than-temporary. All debt securities with an unrealized loss are reviewed. We recognize an impairment loss when a debt investment’s value declines below cost, adjusted for accretion, amortization and previous other-than-temporary impairments, and it is determined that the decline is other-than-temporary.

Debt Investments: We assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, a fixed maturity investment before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current period credit losses. For fixed maturity investments that are considered other-than-temporarily impaired and that we do not intend to sell and will not be required to sell, we separate the amount of the impairment into the amount that is credit related (credit loss component) and the amount due to all other factors. The credit loss component is recognized in earnings and is the difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and the present value of its expected future cash flows. The remaining difference between the investment’s fair value and the present value of future expected cash flows is recognized in other comprehensive income. The fair value at the time of impairment is the new cost basis for the impaired security.

The fair value of our fixed income securities as of December 31, 2022 was $426.6 million. If market interest rates were to increase 1%, the fair value of our fixed-income securities would decrease by approximately $3.4 million as of December 31, 2022. The calculated change in fair value was determined using the duration modeling assuming no prepayments.

Equity Investments: ASU 2016-01, “Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities”  requires equity investments that are not consolidated or accounted for under the equity method of accounting to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income each reporting period.  As a result of this standard, equity securities with readily determinable fair values are not required to be evaluated for other-than-temporary-impairment.

Fair values of financial instruments. Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820 defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure requirements about fair value measurements. ASC 820, among other things, requires us to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. In addition, ASC 820 precludes the use of block discounts when measuring the fair value of instruments traded in an active market, which were previously applied to large holdings of publicly traded equity securities.

We determine the fair value of our financial instruments based on the fair value hierarchy established in ASC 820. In accordance with ASC 820, we utilize the following fair value hierarchy:

This hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available.

Under ASC 820, we determine fair value based on the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. It is our policy to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when developing fair value measurements, in accordance with the fair value hierarchy described above. Fair value measurements for assets and liabilities where there exists limited or no observable market data are calculated based upon our pricing policy, the economic and competitive environment, the characteristics of the asset or liability and other factors as appropriate. These estimated fair values may not be realized upon actual sale or immediate settlement of the asset or liability.

Where quoted prices are available on active exchanges for identical instruments, investment securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 investment securities include common stock and preferred stock.

Level 2 investment securities include corporate bonds, corporate bank loans, municipal bonds, U.S. Treasury securities, other obligations of the U.S. Government and mortgage-backed securities for which quoted prices are not available on active exchanges for identical instruments. We use a third party pricing service to determine fair values for each Level 2 investment security in all asset classes. Since quoted prices in active markets for identical assets are not available, these prices are determined using observable market information such as quotes from less active markets and/or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, among other things. We have reviewed the processes used by the pricing service and have determined that they result in fair values consistent with the requirements of ASC 820 for Level 2 investment securities. We have not adjusted any prices received from third-party pricing sources.

In cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation, investment securities are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 3 investments are valued based on the best available data in order to approximate fair value. This data may be internally developed and consider risk premiums that a market participant would require. Investment securities classified within Level 3 include other less liquid investment securities.

Deferred policy acquisition costs. Policy acquisition costs (mainly commission, premium taxes, underwriting and marketing expenses and ceding commissions) that vary with and are primarily related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance contracts are deferred and charged to operations over periods in which the related premiums are earned. Ceding commissions from reinsurers, which include expense allowances, are deferred and recognized over the period premiums are earned for the underlying policies reinsured.

The method followed in computing deferred policy acquisition costs limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value. A premium deficiency exists if the sum of expected claim costs and claim adjustment expenses, unamortized acquisition costs, and maintenance costs exceeds related unearned premiums and expected investment income on those unearned premiums, as computed on a product line basis. We routinely evaluate the realizability of deferred policy acquisition costs. At December 31, 2022 and 2021 there was no premium deficiency related to deferred policy acquisition costs.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021

Management overview. During fiscal 2022, our total revenues from continuing operations were $159.9 million, which was $66.6 million less than the $226.5 million in total revenues from continuing operations for fiscal 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we reported a net loss before tax from continuing operations of $127.1 million as compared to a net loss before tax from continuing operations of $12.5 million during the same period of 2021.

The decrease in revenue from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to a decrease in net premiums earned of $54.2 million, net investment losses of $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to net investment gains of $10.2 million for the prior year and a decrease in finance charge revenue of $0.6 million partially offset by increased net investment income of $3.7 million.  

Contributing to the increased pre-tax loss from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 was an increase in losses and LAE of $56.0 million, due primarily to increased unfavorable prior year loss reserve development, partially offset by decreased net catastrophe losses of $1.5 million.  We reported $91.5 million of unfavorable net prior year loss reserve development from continuing operations during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $1.6 million of unfavorable net prior year loss reserve development from continuing operations during the same period of 2021.  Higher interest expense of $0.9 million also contributed to the increased pre-tax loss from continuing operations partially offset by lower operating expenses of $8.9 million driven by lower production related expenses.  

We reported net loss from continuing operations of $134.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to a net loss from continuing operations of $9.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. On a diluted per share basis, net loss from continuing operations was $74.22 per share for fiscal 2022 as compared to a net loss from continuing operations of $5.38 per share for fiscal 2021.

We reported net loss of $108.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to net income of $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The net loss/income for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was the result of the net loss from continuing operations partially or wholly offset by net income from discontinued operations of $26.8 million and $18.8 million, respectively. The net income from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes a $33.5 million gain on the sale of substantially all of our excess and surplus lines operations to Core Specialty Insurance Holdings, Inc. (“Core Specialty”) on October 7, 2022. On a diluted per share basis, net loss was $59.47 per share for fiscal 2022 as compared to net income of $4.96 per share for fiscal 2021.

Our effective tax rate was -11.2% for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 21.7% for the same period in 2021. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 we recorded a full valuation allowance of $31.2 million against our net deferred tax assets primarily due to recent net losses, including the current period net loss. The effective rate for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 varied from the statutory tax rates primarily due to tax exempt interest income.