Renren Inc.

Form 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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NOTE ABOUT FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events, financial or operating performance. Forward-looking statements often include words such as “may,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans, risks, or intentions. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements regarding:

We caution you that the foregoing list may not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Forward-looking statements may appear throughout this report and other documents we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including without limitation, the following sections: Part I, Item 1 “Business;” Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors;” and Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” These forward-looking

statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause our actual results to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and in particular, the risks discussed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this report and those discussed in other documents we file with the SEC. We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

As used herein, (i) “Renren,” “the company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and similar terms include Renren Inc. and its subsidiaries and, in the context of describing our consolidated financial information, also include the VIE and its subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise; (ii) “ADSs” refers to American depositary shares, each of which represents 45 of our Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per share; (iii) “Chime” refers to Chime Technologies, Inc., our majority-owned subsidiary incorporated in the State of Delaware; (iv) “PRC” and “China” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for purposes of this Annual Report only, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan; (v) “Qianxiang Shiji” refers to Qianxiang Shiji Technology Development (Beijing) Co., Ltd., our wholly owned subsidiary incorporated in China; (vi) “Qianxiang Tiancheng” and “VIE” refers to Beijing Qianxiang Tiancheng Technology Development Co., Ltd., a company incorporated in China; (vii) “Shares” and “ordinary shares” refer to our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per share; (viii) “Trucker Path” refers to Trucker Path, Inc., our majority-owned subsidiary incorporated in the State of Delaware; and (ix) all dollar amounts refer to United States (U.S.) dollars unless otherwise indicated.

Our financial statements are expressed in U.S. dollars, which is our reporting currency. Certain yuan (RMB or renminbi) figures in this Annual Report are translated into U.S. dollars solely for the reader’s convenience. Unless otherwise noted, all convenience translations from yuan to U.S. dollars in this Annual Report were made at a rate of RMB 6.8983 to $1.00, the exchange rate in effect as of December 31, 2022 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board. We make no representation that any yuan or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or yuan, as the case may be, at any particular rate, at the rate stated above, or at all.

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PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

We currently operate two U.S. software-as-a-service, or SaaS, businesses, Chime and Trucker Path. Our businesses help companies, small business owners, and sole proprietors streamline their operations, reach more customers, and close business transactions using our SaaS products and services.

We launched our SaaS businesses in the United States in August 2016 with Chime, an all-in-one real estate solution provider. In August 2022, we acquired Rentancy, LTD., a U.K based provider of bookkeeping and operations management solutions to property managers and landlords. In December 2017, we acquired Trucker Path, Inc., a transportation network company specializing in online and mobile services for the trucking industry in the United States.

We began our operations in China in 2002 and incorporated our current holding company Renren Inc., in February 2006 in the Cayman Islands under our prior name, Oak Pacific Interactive. Through a corporate restructuring in March 2006, Oak Pacific Interactive became the holding company. In December 2010, we changed our corporate name from Oak Pacific Interactive to Renren Inc. In May 2011, we completed our initial public offering and the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “RENN.” Since our initial public offering, we acquired and/or disposed of a number of businesses, including an online video sharing website, group-buying services business, consumer financing, online gaming, mobile live streaming and used automobile.

With the acquisition of our SaaS businesses and then the completion of the Kaixin deconsolidation in June 2021, we have completed a transition of our global business to the United States and North America. Effective January 1, 2023, we also transitioned from a foreign private issuer to a domestic issuer. Commencing fiscal year 2021, we officially moved our global headquarters from Beijing, China to Phoenix, Arizona, where most of our executive and senior management now resides. Our SaaS businesses, whose sales are almost exclusively to customers within the United States, generate the majority of our revenue. A significant portion of our research and development team resides in China, with engineers also employed in the Philippines, United States, Pakistan, and Eastern Europe. Our

sales and marketing and customer service operations, focused on acquiring and servicing North American customers, are located in the United States and the Philippines.

For a full discussion of the history and development of our business, please refer to Items 4A and 4B of our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the SEC on May 2, 2022.

Our Strengths

We believe that our success and growth strategy benefit from the following key strengths:

Our Strategy

Our goal is to identify, acquire, operate, and grow SaaS businesses, including outside the United States where opportunities exist, in market segments with high prospects for growth. We seek to invest in or acquire SaaS businesses in industries we expect to benefit from SaaS, including, but not limited to, business process automation, sales cycle time reduction, improved customer reach and engagement, and enabling network effects that connect industry participants so they may expand their networks and transact business more efficiently. Although we intend to operate and grow our SaaS businesses, we will divest of such businesses in part or in full when we believe it is in the best interest of the Company and its stakeholders. The key elements of our strategy:

Chime

We started our SaaS business with the launch of Chime, an all-in-one CRM and sales acceleration platform, in August 2016. Chime is a comprehensive SaaS platform designed to help real estate professionals close more deals faster. The platform combines IDX websites, lead generation, marketing automation, advanced lead management, and powerful AI to cost-effectively capture and convert leads into new business. Our subscribing real estate professionals use Chime to launch and oversee marketing campaigns, track leads, build customer relationships, manage websites, and seamlessly communicate with teams and associates across the entire real estate customer lifecycle using multiple devices. In August 2022, we acquired Rentancy, LTD. A UK based property management operations SaaS product and services company. The acquisition of Rentancy marks the extension of our platform and initial entry into serving the property management market with SaaS products and services.

Chime allows users to import lead and contact information of potential buyers and sellers from third-party platforms onto the Chime platform. Chime can automatically categorize potential real estate transactions based on type, zip code, budget, source, and other features. Chime allows individual real estate professionals, real estate teams, or brokerages to display and market properties and services, to source and engage with potential buyers and sellers, to distribute potential deals among team members, monitor deal progress, and monitor key performance indicators to evaluate the efficiency and performance of their real estate sales activities. Chime users may leverage artificial intelligence to auto-respond to inquiries from potential buyers and sellers with customized scripted responses. Chime enables real estate professionals to keep in touch with clients by text, phone calls, and emails. Chime provides IDX to real estate professionals to help them design customized websites. Chime also allows users to download property data from multiple property listing databases and displays those properties on their websites. Chime users also have the ability to publish comparative market analyses and similar reports for their clients. Utilizing Chime’s advertising services, real estate professionals can place advertisements on third-party websites and platforms to generate leads and demand for listings. Chime also offers mailed print advertising services to its clients.

Trucker Path

In December 2017, we acquired 100% of Trucker Path, Inc., a transportation network company specializing in online and mobile services for the trucking industry in North America. Its core product is the Trucker Path application, a trip planning companion for truck drivers, which enables a large community of truck drivers to assist each other in updating the real-time status of relevant points-of-interest along their route, plan trips, and use navigational assistance, including turn-by-turn assistance, to their destinations, including detailed directions within shipping and receiving docks. Trucker Path helps truck drivers find truck stops, parking, weigh stations, truck washes, restaurants, hotels, rest areas, and more. Real-time information, such as availability of parking or the cost of fuel, is provided for these points-of-interest. Over 370,000 businesses are listed as points-of-interest on Trucker Path, for which truck drivers can add their own ratings and reviews. Trucker Path’s companion app known as TruckLoads brings truck drivers, freight brokers, and shippers together onto a single digital freight exchange. Truck drivers can search for loads and customize their search criteria by geography, trailer type, pickup date and destination, among other things. They can also set up push notifications for loads in their area or loads that fit their most recent search criteria. Truck drivers can combine TruckLoads with Trucker Path to source loads, plan routes that maximize the amount of time they spend carrying loads, and reach their destination more safely and efficiently by avoiding obstacles such as clearance, hazmat, weight limit and no truck zone restrictions. Brokers and shippers can find carriers for their loads, complete contracts, and track their loads while in transit from pickup to delivery. Trucker Path serves SMB truck fleets with its enterprise Transportation Management System offering called Trucker Path COMMAND, which combines the core driver app with an operator portal to enable fleet managers to organize and dispatch drivers, communicate throughout the organization, track job progress and manage their business through a single unified portal. Trucker Path also offers its community an in-app Marketplace of discounted products and services drivers and small trucking companies need including fuel discounts, tax and accounting services, medical and life insurance, and more. We also sell in-app point-of-interest and banner advertising to businesses that market and sell their products and services to Trucker Path users. The Trucker Path platform has over 800,000 active users and 90,000 paid subscriptions.

Technology

Chime has an engineering team of 148 members, including front-end and back-end developers, mobile developers, product managers and Quality Assurance personnel. We are actively releasing product updates every month based on user feedback and our team’s analysis.

Trucker Path has an engineering team of 167 members, including mobile developers, front end/back end engineers, product managers and Quality Assurance personnel. We actively release product updates on all of our products, namely Trucker Path, TruckLoads, and Trucker Path Command.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property includes trademarks related to our brands and services, copyrights in software, patents and other intellectual property rights and licenses. We seek to protect our intellectual property assets and brand through a combination of monitoring and enforcement of trademark, patent, copyright and trade secret protection laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as through confidentiality agreements and procedures.

Sales and Marketing

We have built our brands through a multitude of avenues, including:

Like most SaaS companies, the majority of Chime’s sales are from leads derived from online digital marketing and closed by our internal sales teams. When sales inquiries come in from the marketing channels mentioned above, our sales team books a demo with a potential customer, completes the demo, and tries to close the deal. During 2021, we released the Enterprise version of its product and expanded our sales team to convert enterprise customers. Enterprise customers, due to the number of seats they require, the large fees, long contract durations, and unique requirements typically require more interaction between Chime sales professionals and the customer, multiple touches, and a longer sales cycle than Chime’s traditional SMB customer-base.

The main marketing channels for Trucker Path include online digital marketing, as well as publicity of our product milestones and industry research on various media outlets. We employ an inside sales team, located in the Philippines and the United States, to sell our Trucker Path Command products, onboard customers, provide customer support, and convert users of our products to paid subscribers. We offer our Command product as well as offerings that bundle our Driver, TruckLoads, and Command applications to Fleets that operate multiple trucks. These multi-truck and Enterprise accounts require more touches and a longer sales cycle than Trucker Path’s traditional owner operator customer-base.

Key Agreements

Not applicable.

Competition

For Chime, we compete with various Real Estate CRM vendors as well as a few integrated marketing-centric platforms. We also compete with other CRMs, Salesforce partners, and companies who offer digital marketing solutions for realtors, as well as direct mail service vendors. As we enter the Property Management market, we expect to increasingly compete with vendors that provide software and services to property managers and landlords.

Trucker Path mainly competes with other map service providers for professional truckers, small fleet navigation and trip optimization service providers, and other digital load boards. We also compete with other companies that sell advertising on behalf of businesses that serve the needs of truckers.

Government Regulation

We are subject to numerous United States (U.S.) federal, state, and foreign laws and regulations covering a wide variety of subject matters. Like other companies in the technology industry, we face scrutiny from both U.S. and foreign governments with respect to our compliance with laws and regulations. Many of these laws and regulations are evolving and their applicability and scope, as interpreted by the courts, remain uncertain.

Our compliance with these laws and regulations may be onerous and could, individually or in the aggregate, increase our cost of doing business, make our products and services less useful, limit our ability to pursue certain business models, cause us to change our business practices, affect our competitive position relative to our peers, and/or otherwise have an adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, and operating results.

For additional information about government regulation applicable to our business, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

Seasonality

The sales performance of Chime has a small correlation with seasonality, but it mostly fluctuates with the macro cycle of the real estate market. For Trucker Path, seasonality has a more obvious impact. Our sales are mainly driven by active users, primarily long-haul truck drivers. Usually during winter months, when the U.S. and Canada experience more extreme weather, and long holidays, such as Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year, transportation demands decrease, and typically increase again with the return of Spring.

Employees and human capital resources

As of December 31, 2022, we had 601 full-time employees. Of these full-time employees, 323 employees are engaged in research and development activities, 212 are engaged in sales and marketing, and 66 are engaged in management and administration. As of December 31, 2022, we had 124 employees in the United States, 292 employees in China, 146 employees in the Philippines, and 39 employees in other countries. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We believe we maintain a good working relationship with our employees, and we have not experienced any major labor disputes.

We operate in a highly competitive environment for human capital, particularly as we seek to attract and retain talent with solid experience in the SaaS sectors. We believe that we offer our employees competitive compensation packages and a dynamic work environment that encourages initiative and is based on merit. As a result, we have generally been able to attract and retain qualified personnel and maintain a stable core management team. Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and additional employees. To help promote alignment between our employees and our shareholders, all employees are currently eligible to participate in our equity incentive plans through the receipt of new hire and annual equity grants. We believe that in addition to incentivizing growth that leads to shareholder value, broad eligibility for our equity incentive plans helps promote employee retention.

Available Information

Our investor relations website is located at ir.renren-inc.com. Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and our Proxy Statements, and any amendments to these documents, are available through our investor relations website, free of charge, after we file them with the SEC. We also provide a link to the section of the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov that has all of the reports that we file or furnish with the SEC. Further, corporate governance information, including our board committee charters, and code of conduct, is also available on our investor relations website. The contents of our websites are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other report or document we file with the SEC, and any references to our websites are intended to be inactive textual references only.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Investing in the ADSs involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, in addition to the other information set forth in this annual report on Form 10-K, including the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K, before purchasing the ADSs. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be negatively impacted. In that case, the trading price

of the ADSs would likely decline and you might lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations.

Principal Risk Factors

Our business is subject to numerous risks that you should be aware of before making an investment decision. These risks are described more fully in this “Risk Factors” section and include, among others:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

Risks Related to the ADSs

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have a history of losses from operations and negative cash flows from operating activities, which may continue in the future.

We have incurred net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities in the past and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability or positive cash flow in the future. Our total revenues increased from $32.2 million in 2021 to $45.8 million in 2022, and loss from continuing operations were $103.4million and $76.4 million in 2021 and 2022, respectively. We had negative cash flows from continuing operating activities of $19.0 million and $3.8 million in 2021 and 2022, respectively.

We expect to continue as a going concern. As of December 31, 2022, we had net current assets (current assets less current liabilities) of $29.2 million, and an accumulated deficit of $692.6 million. Our ability to continue as a going concern depends on our ability to generate cash flows from operations and to conduct adequate financing activities. In January 2021, we received $68.0 million from a related party as payment of receivables due. We have sufficient cash reserve for our operating needs for at least the next twelve months from the date of this Annual Report. However, if negative cash flow from operating activities persists in the long run, cash resources may become insufficient to satisfy our on-going cash requirements.

Additional funding may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, we may not be able to access a portion of our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments due to market conditions. For example, on March 10, 2023, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), took control and was appointed receiver of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB). If other banks and financial institutions enter receivership or become insolvent in the future in response to financial conditions affecting the banking system and financial markets, our ability to access our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments may be threatened and could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Further, as a result of geopolitical and macroeconomic events, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing military conflict between Ukraine and Russia and related sanctions, the global credit and financial markets have experienced volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, and uncertainty about economic stability. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult, more costly or more dilutive.

Expansion into new businesses may present operating and marketing challenges different from those we currently encounter, and we cannot assure that new business initiatives will be successful enough to justify the time, effort, and resources that we devote to them or ultimately achieve profitability.

Any of the above events could significantly harm our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations and cause the price of the ADSs to decline.

Our business growth is dependent upon customer renewals, the addition of new customers, increased revenue from existing customers, and the continued growth of the market for our SaaS businesses. Our revenue and operating results may suffer if we fail to achieve these goals.

We derive, and expect to continue to derive, a substantial portion of our revenue from the sale of subscriptions to our SaaS services, Chime and Trucker Path. The market for our SaaS applications is rapidly evolving, and competitive dynamics may cause pricing levels to change as the market matures and as existing and new market participants introduce new types of applications and different approaches to enable businesses to address their respective needs. As a result, we may be forced to reduce the prices we charge for our products and may be unable to renew existing customer subscriptions or enter into new customer subscriptions at the same prices and on the same terms as we have historically. In addition, our growth strategy involves the offering of freemium versions of our products to provide customers an opportunity to use our product and expand their use of our SaaS services with paid offerings, cross-sell our products to existing marketing product customers and upsell new value-added services and features through touchless or low-touch in-product purchases. If our cross-selling efforts are unsuccessful or if our existing customers do not expand their use of our SaaS services or adopt additional offerings and features, our operating results may suffer.

Our subscription renewal rates may decrease, and any decrease could harm our future revenue and operating results.

Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions for our SaaS services after the expiration of their subscription periods, most of which are one year or less and often month-to-month. In addition, our customers may seek to renew at lower subscription tiers, for fewer seats, or for shorter contract lengths. Customers may choose not to renew their subscriptions for a variety of reasons. Our renewal rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including limited customer resources, pricing changes, the prices of services offered by our competitors, adoption and utilization of our SaaS services and add-on applications by our customers, adoption of our new products, customer satisfaction with our SaaS services, mergers and acquisitions affecting our customer base, reductions in our customers’ spending levels or declines in customer activity as a result of economic downturns or uncertainty in financial markets. If our customers do not renew their subscriptions for our SaaS services or decrease the amount they spend with us, our revenue will decline and our business will suffer.

In addition, a subscription model creates certain risks related to the timing of revenue recognition and potential reductions in cash flows. A portion of the subscription-based revenue we report each period results from the recognition of deferred revenue relating to subscription agreements entered into during past periods. A decline in new or renewed subscriptions in any period may not be immediately reflected in our reported financial results for that period, but it may result in a decline in our revenue in future periods. If we were to experience significant downturns in subscription sales and renewal rates, our reported financial results might not reflect such downturns until future periods.

We face significant competition from both established and new companies offering SaaS products and other related applications similar to those we offer, as well as internally developed software, which may harm our ability to add new customers, retain existing customers, and grow our business.

The SaaS software market is evolving, highly competitive and fragmented. With the introduction of new technologies and the potential entry of new competitors into the market, we expect competition to persist and intensify in the future, which could harm our ability to increase sales, maintain or increase renewals, and maintain our prices.

We face intense competition from other software companies that develop productivity software for real estate professionals and the long-haul trucking industry. Competition could significantly impede our ability to sell subscriptions to our SaaS products on terms favorable to us. Our current and potential competitors may develop and market new technologies that render our existing or future products less competitive, or obsolete. In addition, if these competitors develop products with similar or superior functionality to our SaaS services, we may need to decrease the prices or accept less favorable terms for our SaaS services subscriptions in order to remain competitive. If we are unable to maintain our pricing due to competitive pressures, our margins will be reduced and our operating results will be negatively affected.

In addition, instead of using our SaaS services, some prospective customers may elect to combine disparate point applications that provide functionality similar to our products. We expect that new competitors, such as enterprise software vendors or Transportation Management System providers that have traditionally focused on enterprise resource planning and enterprise software solutions, will develop and introduce applications offering customer-facing functions like our products and services. This development could have an

adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, competitors could acquire or develop applications that compete with our software offerings.

Our current and potential competitors may have significantly more financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we have, be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, sale and support of their products and services, may have more extensive customer bases and broader customer relationships than we have, and may have longer operating histories and greater name recognition than we have. As a result, these competitors may have the ability to respond faster to new technologies and undertake more extensive marketing campaigns for their products. In a few cases, these vendors may also be able to offer marketing, sales, customer service, and other services at little or no additional cost by bundling it with their existing suite of applications. To the extent any of our competitors has existing relationships with potential customers, those customers may be unwilling to purchase our SaaS services because of their existing relationships with our competitor. If we are unable to compete with such companies, the demand for our software and services could substantially decline.

In addition, if one or more of our competitors were to merge or partner with another of our competitors, our ability to compete effectively could be adversely affected. Our competitors may also establish or strengthen cooperative relationships with our current or future strategic distribution and technology partners or other parties with whom we have relationships, thereby limiting our ability to promote and deliver our SaaS services.

We have experienced rapid growth in headcount and organizational change in recent periods and expect continued future growth. If we fail to manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of service, or address competitive challenges adequately.

Our headcount and operations have grown substantially. For example, we had 601 full-time employees as of December 31, 2022, as compared with 409 as of December 31, 2021. During 2022, we have employed personnel in Pakistan, and with the acquisition of Rentancy, in the United Kingdom and multiple locations in Europe. Our growth has placed, and will continue to place, a significant strain on our management, administrative, operational, and financial infrastructure. We anticipate further growth will be required to address increases in our product offerings and continued expansion. Our success will depend, in part, upon our ability to recruit, hire, train, manage, and integrate a significant number of qualified managers, technical personnel, and employees in specialized roles within our company, including in technology, and sales and marketing. Furthermore, it may become more difficult to preserve our corporate culture as we grow. Any failure to preserve our culture could harm our future success, including our ability to retain and recruit personnel, innovate and operate effectively, and execute our business strategy. If we experience any of these effects in connection with future growth, our new employees perform poorly, or we are unsuccessful in recruiting, hiring, training, managing, integrating, and retaining these new employees or retaining our existing employees, it could materially impair our ability to attract new customers, retain existing customers, and expand their use of our SaaS services, all of which would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In addition, to manage the expected continued growth of our headcount, operations, and geographic expansion, we will need to continue to improve our information technology infrastructure, operational, financial, and management systems and procedures. Anticipated additional headcount and related investments will increase our daily operating costs, which will make it more difficult for us to address any future revenue shortfalls by reducing expenses quickly. If we fail to successfully manage our growth, we will be unable to successfully execute our business plan, which could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

Failure to effectively develop and expand our marketing, sales, customer service, and content management capabilities could harm our ability to increase our customer base and achieve broader market acceptance of our products and services.

To increase our customer base and achieve broader market acceptance of our SaaS services, we will need to expand our marketing, sales, customer service, and advertising operations, including our own sales force and third-party channel partners. We will continue to dedicate significant resources to inbound sales and marketing programs. The effectiveness of our inbound sales and marketing and third-party channel partners has varied over time, may vary in the future, and depends on our ability to maintain and improve our products, customer service, and reputation. All of these efforts will require us to invest significant financial and other resources. Our business will be seriously harmed if our efforts do not generate a correspondingly significant increase in revenue. We may not achieve anticipated revenue growth from expanding our sales force if we are unable to hire, develop and retain talented sales personnel, if our new sales personnel are unable to achieve desired productivity levels in a reasonable period of time or if our sales and marketing programs are not effective.

If we fail to further enhance our brand and maintain our existing strong brand awareness, our ability to expand our customer base will be impaired and our financial condition may suffer.

We believe that the development of our SaaS brands is critical to achieving widespread awareness of our existing and future SaaS services, and, as a result, is important to attracting new customers and retaining existing customers. Successful promotion and maintenance of our brands will depend largely on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts and on our ability to provide a reliable and useful customer experience at competitive prices. Brand promotion activities may not yield increased revenue, and even if they do, any increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur in building our brand. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand, our business could suffer.

If we fail to adapt and respond effectively to rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, and changing customer needs or requirements, our SaaS products may become less competitive.

Our future success depends on our ability to adapt and innovate our SaaS services. To attract new customers and increase revenue from existing customers, we need to continue to enhance and improve our offerings to meet customer needs at prices that our customers are willing to pay. Such efforts will require adding new functionality and responding to technological advancements, which will increase our research and development costs. If we are unable to develop new applications and features that address our customers’ needs, or to enhance and improve our SaaS services in a timely manner, we may not be able to maintain or increase market acceptance of our products. Our ability to grow is also subject to the risk of future disruptive technologies. Access to and use of our SaaS services is provided via the cloud, which, itself, was disruptive to the previous enterprise software model. If new technologies emerge that are able to solve problems more effectively or offer services similar to ours at lower prices, more efficiently, more conveniently or more securely, such technologies could adversely affect our ability to compete.

If we fail to offer high-quality customer support, our business and reputation may suffer.

High-quality education, training and customer support are important for the successful marketing, sale and use of our SaaS services and for the renewal of existing customers. Providing this education, training and support requires that our customer support personnel have specific domain knowledge and expertise in our products and services, making it more difficult for us to hire qualified personnel and to scale up our support operations. The importance of high-quality customer support will increase as we expand our business and pursue new customers including large multi-seat enterprise accounts. If we do not help our customers use our products, perceive value in their use, and provide effective ongoing support, our ability to sell additional functionality and services to, or to retain, existing customers may suffer and our reputation with existing or potential customers may be harmed.

Our ability to introduce new services and features is dependent on adequate research and development resources. If we do not adequately fund our research and development efforts, we may not be able to compete effectively and our business and operating results may be harmed.

To remain competitive, we must continue to develop new offerings, applications, features and enhancements to our SaaS services. Maintaining adequate research and development personnel and resources to meet the demands of the market is essential. If we are unable to develop our SaaS services internally due to certain constraints, such as high employee turnover, lack of management ability, or a lack of other research and development resources, we may miss market opportunities. Most of our research and development personnel and resources are based outside the United States, particularly in China. If we fail to maintain or expand research and development personnel and resources in a manner that satisfies customer preferences in a timely and cost-effective manner, we may fail to retain our existing customers or increase demand for our SaaS products. Further, many of our competitors expend a considerably greater amount of funds on their research and development programs, and those that do not may be acquired by larger companies that would allocate greater resources to our competitors’ research and development programs. Our failure to maintain adequate research and development resources or to compete effectively with the research and development programs of our competitors could materially adversely affect our business.

We rely on sophisticated information systems and third-party cloud infrastructure to run our business. The failure of these systems, any service disruptions or outages, or the inability to enhance our capabilities, could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales, and results of operations.

Our business and reputation depend upon the performance, reliability, availability, integrity and efficient operation of our information systems and third-party cloud infrastructure we contract with to host and make our SaaS products available to subscribers. There is no assurance that we or our service providers will be able to prevent damage or interruption to the infrastructure and computer

systems on which our SaaS products reside, from natural disasters, power or telecommunications failures, software errors, bugs or defects, configuration errors, computer viruses, denial-of-service attacks, security breaches, hacking attempts, sanctions, de-platforming boycotts or criminal acts at all times. In the event of a service disruption or outage in our computer systems, our computer systems may not be able to store, retrieve, process and manage data. For example, we may experience temporary service disruptions or data losses during data migrations between old and new systems or system upgrades. We may not be able to recover all data and services in the event of a service disruption or outage.

Any interruption or delays in our services, whether due to third-party error or our own error, natural disasters or security breaches, whether accidental or willful, could harm our relationships with our customers and users of our SaaS services, damage our reputation, subject us to liabilities, and cause customers and users of our SaaS services to abandon our SaaS services, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Cyber-attacks, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or other unauthorized access to our or our business partners’ computer systems could result in misuse of confidential information and misappropriation of funds of our customers, subject us to liabilities, cause reputational harm and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Our SaaS services collect, store and process certain personal information and other sensitive data from our customers. The massive data that we have processed and stored makes us and our server hosting service providers the targets of, and potentially vulnerable to, cyber-attacks, computer viruses, hackers, denial-of-service attacks, physical or electronic break-ins or other unauthorized access. While we have taken steps to protect such confidential information, our security measures may be breached. Because techniques used to sabotage or obtain unauthorized access into systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Any accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access to our or our server hosting service providers’ systems could cause confidential customer information to be stolen and used for criminal purposes. As personally identifiable and other confidential information is subject to legislation and regulations in numerous domestic and international jurisdictions, inability to protect confidential information of our customers could result in additional cost and liability for us, damage our reputation, inhibit the use of our SaaS services and harm our business.

We also face indirect technology and cybersecurity risks relating to our business partners, including our third-party payment service providers who manage the transfer of customer funds. As a result of increasing consolidation and interdependence of computer systems, a technology failure, cyber-attack or other information or security breach that significantly compromises the systems of one entity could have a material impact on our business partners. Although our agreements with third-party payment service providers provide that each party is responsible for the cybersecurity of its own systems, any cyber-attacks, computer viruses, hackers, denial-of-service attacks, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions of such third-party payment service providers could, among other things, adversely affect our ability to serve our customers, and could even result in misappropriation of funds of our customers. If that were to occur, we and our third-party payment service providers could be held liable to customers who suffer losses from the misappropriation.

Security concerns about online payment systems we use could damage our reputation and deter current and potential users from using our services.

We could be liable for any breach of security relating to our payment platforms or the third-party online payment platforms we use, and concerns about the security of internet transactions could damage our reputation, deter current and potential users from using our SaaS services and have other adverse consequences to our business.

Currently, we sell a substantial portion of our services and applications to our users through third-party online payment platforms using the internet or mobile networks. In all these online payment transactions, secured transmission of confidential information over public networks is essential to maintain consumer confidence. In addition, we expect that an increasing amount of our sales will be conducted over the internet as a result of the growing use of online payment systems. As a result, associated online fraud will likely increase as well. Our current security measures and those of the third parties with whom we transact business may not be adequate. We must be prepared to increase and enhance our security measures and efforts so that our users have confidence in the reliability of the online payment systems that we use, which will impose additional costs and expenses and may still not guarantee complete safety. In addition, we do not have control over the security measures of our third-party online payment vendors. Although we have not in the past experienced material security breaches of the online payments that we use, such security breaches could expose us to litigation and possible liability for failing to secure confidential customer information and could, among other things, damage our reputation and the perceived security of the online payment systems that we use.

Interruptions or delays in service from our third-party data center providers could impair our ability to deliver our SaaS services to our customers, resulting in customer dissatisfaction, damage to our reputation, loss of customers, limited growth, and reduction in revenue.

We currently serve the majority of our customers in reliance upon third-party data hosting facilities operated by Amazon Web Services. Our operations depend, in part, on our third-party facility providers’ abilities to protect these facilities against damage or interruption from government actions or natural disasters, such as earthquakes and hurricanes, power or telecommunications failures, and similar events. In the event that any of our third-party facilities arrangements is terminated, or if there is a lapse of service or damage to a facility, we could experience interruptions in our SaaS services as well as delays and additional expenses in arranging new facilities and services.

Any damage to, or failure of, the systems of our third-party providers could result in interruptions to our SaaS services. Despite precautions taken at our data centers, the occurrence of spikes in usage volume, a natural disaster, such as earthquakes or hurricane, an act of terrorism, vandalism or sabotage, a decision to close a facility without adequate notice, or other unanticipated problems at a facility could result in lengthy interruptions in the availability of our on-demand software. Even with current and planned disaster recovery arrangements, our business could be harmed. These factors in turn could further reduce our revenue, subject us to liability and cause us to issue credits or cause customers to fail to renew their subscriptions, any of which could materially adversely affect our business.

We are dependent on the continued availability of third-party online marketing and data hosting and transmission services, and an increase in costs for such services may significantly harm our operating results.

A significant portion of our inbound lead generation and data center operating costs come from third-party marketing service providers, such as Google ads, and third-party data hosting and transmission service providers. If the costs for such services increase due to vendor consolidation, regulation, contract renegotiation, or otherwise, we may not be able to increase the fees for our CRM Platform or services to cover the changes. As a result, our operating results may be significantly worse than forecast.

If we do not or cannot maintain the compatibility of our SaaS services with third-party applications that our customers use in their businesses, our revenue will decline.

A significant percentage of our customers choose to integrate our SaaS services with certain capabilities provided by third-party application providers using application programming interfaces, or APIs, published by these providers. We also depend on integrations, for our Trucker Path business to load boards and the Transportation Management Systems of brokers and shippers that interface with the drivers that subscribe to our SaaS services. The functionality, popularity, and continued growth of our product ecosystem depends, in part, on our ability to integrate our SaaS services with third-party applications and platforms, including Amazon Web Services, Here Maps, and Google Cloud, that our customers use and from which they obtain data. Third-party providers of applications and APIs may change the features of their applications and platforms, restrict our access to their applications and platforms, or alter the terms governing use of their applications and APIs and access to those applications and platforms in a manner adverse to us. Such changes could functionally limit or terminate our ability to use these third-party applications and platforms in conjunction with our SaaS services, which could negatively impact our offerings and harm our business. If we fail to integrate our SaaS services with new third-party applications and platforms that our customers depend upon to use our SaaS services or fail to renew existing relationships pursuant to which we currently provide such integration, we may not be able to offer the functionality that our customers need, which would negatively impact our ability to generate new revenue or maintain existing revenue and adversely impact our business.

We rely on data provided by third parties, the loss of which could limit the functionality of our SaaS services and disrupt our business.

Select functionality of our SaaS services depends on our ability to deliver data required to use our SaaS services. Examples of such data include inbound leads from third party service providers, MLS data, load board information, and GPS coordinates. In the future, any of these third parties could change its data sharing policies, including making them more restrictive, or alter its algorithms that determine the placement, display, and accessibility of search results and social media updates, any of which could result in the loss of, or significant impairment to, our ability to collect and provide useful data to our customers. These third parties could also interpret our or our service providers’ data collection policies or practices as being inconsistent with their policies, which could result in the loss of our ability to collect this data for our customers. Any such changes could impair our ability to deliver data to our customers and could adversely impact select functionality of our SaaS services, impairing benefits that our customers could derive from using our solution and adversely affecting our business and our ability to generate revenue.

Privacy and data security concerns and the lack of end users’ acceptance of internet behavior tracking may limit the applicability, use, and adoption of our SaaS services.

Privacy and data security concerns may cause end users to resist providing certain personal data, and thus prevent us from compiling usage data necessary to allow our customers to use our SaaS services effectively. We have implemented various features intended to enable our customers to better protect end user privacy and to ensure data security, but these measures may not alleviate all potential privacy and data security concerns and threats. The continued perception of privacy and data security risks, whether valid or not, may inhibit market adoption of our SaaS services, especially in industries that rely on sensitive personal information or collect data perceived as being sensitive. Privacy and data security laws and regulations continue to evolve, which may also limit the use and adoption of our SaaS services, reduce overall demand for the products and services, increase compliance costs, or lead to significant fines, penalties or liabilities for any noncompliance or loss of any such action.

Our research and development operations depend on the availability, performance, and affordability of the internet infrastructure and fixed telecommunications networks in China as well as other locations outside the US, the disruption of which may harm our business.

Almost all access to the internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT. Moreover, we primarily rely on a limited number of telecommunication service providers to provide us with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines and internet data centers. We have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures, or other problems with China’s internet infrastructure or the fixed telecommunications networks provided by telecommunication service providers. We depend on government policies and regulations in the U.S and China that allow for the efficient transfer of information between the two countries using internet infrastructure and fixed telecommunications networks. We cannot assure you that the internet infrastructure and the fixed telecommunications networks in China will be reliably available and adequately perform to support communication and the transfer of information between our operations in China and the rest of the world, particularly the U.S..

In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunication service providers. If the prices we pay for telecommunications and internet services rise significantly, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, if internet access fees or other charges to internet users increase, our user traffic may decline and our business may be harmed.

The value of our investment in Kaixin may continue to be materially and adversely affected by Kaixin’s financial and operating performance.

As of the date of this Annual Report, we hold 32,865,687 ordinary shares and 6,000 convertible preferred shares of Kaixin Auto Holdings, or Kaixin, a Cayman Islands company whose shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (NASDAQ: KXIN). The fair value of our investment in Kaixin can be negatively impacted by fluctuations in Kaixin’s share price. Subsequent to deconsolidation, we recorded $63.4 million and $22.4 million in losses from our equity in Kaixin during 2021 and 2022, respectively. Further, there are a multitude of risks and uncertainties relating to the performance and valuation of Kaixin, including risks relating to Kaixin’s ability to operate and compete in the highly competitive automobile sales industry in China. As such, the value or liquidity of our investments in Kaixin could decline and result in a material impairment, which could result in a material write-down of our investment in Kaixin. In addition, we issued a standby letter of credit to the benefit of East West Bank that guarantees Kaixin and its subsidiary, Zhejiang Jieying Automobile Sales Co., Ltd (“Kaixin Subsidiary”), payment of approximately $9.3 million to East West Bank. We believe the guarantee will not be released in the foreseeable future. We have, therefore, recorded a provision for the value of the guarantee. As of the date of this annual report, approximately $5.8 million had been claimed under our standby letter of credit in connection with the Kaixin Subsidiary default of certain guaranteed loan. The Company believes the other Kaixin loan guaranteed by the standby letter of credit will go default in the foreseeable future, and as a result, East West Bank may seize our cash deposits pledged as security under the standby letter of credit, which amounted to US$9.2 million as of December 31, 2022, and/or demand reimbursement from us.

Unfavorable U.S. and global economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the U.S. and global economies, the U.S. and global financial markets and adverse geopolitical and macroeconomic developments. U.S. and global market and economic conditions have been, and continue to be, disrupted and volatile due to many factors, including component shortages and related supply chain challenges,

geopolitical developments such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the conflict between Ukraine and Russia and related sanctions, bank failures, and increasing inflation rates and the responses by central banking authorities to control such inflation, among others. General business and economic conditions that could affect our business, financial condition or results of operations include fluctuations in economic growth, debt and equity capital markets, liquidity of the global financial markets, access to our liquidity within the U.S. banking system, the availability and cost of credit, investor and consumer confidence, and the strength of the economies in which we, our manufacturers and our suppliers operate.

A severe or prolonged global economic downturn could result in a variety of risks to our business. For example, inflation rates, particularly in the United States, have increased recently to levels not seen in years, and increased inflation may result in increases in our operating costs (including our labor costs), reduced liquidity and limits on our ability to access credit or otherwise raise capital on acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, the U.S. Federal Reserve has raised, and may again raise, interest rates in response to concerns about inflation, which, coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets may have the effect of further increasing economic uncertainty and heightening these risks. Risks of a prolonged global economic downturn are particularly true in Europe, which is undergoing a continued severe economic crisis. A weak or declining economy could also strain our suppliers and manufacturers, possibly resulting in supply disruption. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the current economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

On March 10, 2023, we had a banking relationship with SVB.  As of the closure of SVB on March 10, 2023, we held approximately $9.4 million in cash and cash equivalents at SVB, which represented approximately 19% of our total cash, cash equivalents and investments as of that date. SVB also managed approximately $33 million short-term investments which were held in custody for us at U.S. Bank. SVB was closed on March 10, 2023 by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the FDIC as receiver. On March 12, 2023, the U.S. Treasury, Federal Reserve, and FDIC announced that SVB depositors will have access to all of their money starting March 13, 2023. On March 13, 2023, we were able to access all $9.4 million in cash and cash equivalents held at SVB. Except for customary liquidity restrictions inherent to short-term investments, our access to investment accounts held in custody by U.S. Bank was never restricted. While we have not experienced any losses in such accounts, the recent failure of SVB exposed a portion of our cash and cash equivalents to significant credit risk prior to the completion by the FDIC of the resolution that fully protected all SVB depositors. We are in the process of transferring our accounts to one or more alternate depository institutions, the financial position of which management believes does not expose our company to significant credit risk or jeopardizes our liquidity. Where possible, we will also continue to hold our excess cash in short-term investments and money market accounts to further limit exposure. However, our access to funding sources and other credit arrangements in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our current and projected future business operations could be significantly impaired should the financial institutions with which we have arrangements directly, the financial services industry, or economy in general deteriorate and result in restricted access to our cash, cash equivalents, and investments or result in material economic disruptions in our regions of operation. These factors could include, among others, events such as liquidity constraints or failures, the ability to perform obligations under various types of financial, credit or liquidity agreements or arrangements, disruptions or instability in the financial services industry or financial markets, or concerns or negative expectations about the prospects for companies in the financial services industry. These factors could involve financial institutions or financial services industry companies with which we have financial or business relationships, but could also include factors involving financial markets or the financial services industry generally.

Additionally, financial markets around the world experienced volatility following the recent invasion of Ukraine by Russia. In response to the invasion, the United States, United Kingdom and EU, along with others, imposed significant new sanctions and export controls against Russia, Russian banks and certain Russian individuals and may implement additional sanctions or take further punitive actions in the future. The full economic and social impact of the sanctions imposed on Russia (as well as possible future punitive measures that may be implemented), as well as the counter measures imposed by Russia, in addition to the ongoing military conflict between Ukraine and Russia and related sanctions, which could conceivably expand into the surrounding region, remains uncertain; however, both the conflict and related sanctions have resulted and could continue to result in disruptions to trade, commerce, pricing stability, credit availability, supply chain continuity and reduced access to liquidity in both Europe and globally, and has introduced significant uncertainty into global markets. In particular, the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict and related sanctions has contributed to rapidly rising costs of living (driven largely by higher energy prices) in Europe and other advanced economies. Further, a weak or declining economy could strain our suppliers and manufacturers. As a result, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected by the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia and related sanctions, particularly to the extent it escalates to involve additional countries, further economic sanctions or wider military conflict.

The passage of regulations or controls by the U.S. or China that restrict trade or the hiring of personnel may affect our ability to operate in China could adversely affect our business operations.

We employ the majority of our Research and Development personnel in China. Should the U.S. or China impose restrictions on our ability to operate in China and hire qualified personnel, it could adversely affect our ability to continue to innovate and evolve our products.

We have granted, and may continue to grant, share options, restricted share units, and other share-based awards under our equity incentive plans, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

We have adopted seven equity incentive plans for Renren Inc. in 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2016, 2018 and 2021, respectively. As of March 24, 2023, options and restricted share units to acquire 125,549,378 Class A ordinary shares of Renren Inc. were outstanding. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, we recorded $15.3 million, $8.5 million and $4.0 million, respectively, in share-based compensation expenses. As of December 31, 2022, we had nil unrecognized share-based compensation expenses relating to share options and $4.9 million of unrecognized share-based compensation expenses relating to non-vested restricted share units, which are expected to be recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 1.1 years.

On March 24, 2020, our compensation committee approved a reduction in the exercise price for all outstanding options previously granted by our company with an exercise price higher than $0.0113 per ordinary share to $0.0113 per share, representing the closing price of the ADSs on the NYSE on March 18, 2020.

On November 4, 2021, our board of directors approved a 2021 Equity Incentive Plan for each of Renren, Inc., Chime Technologies, Inc., and Trucker Path, Inc. As of December 31, 2022, 37,564 options have been granted under these plans. Awards granted under these plans are expected to result in increased share-based compensation expenses in 2023 as shares are issued pursuant to these awards.

We believe the granting of share options, restricted share units and other share-based awards is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees, and we will continue to grant share options and restricted share units to key personnel and employees in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our ownership interest, and correspondingly that of our shareholders, including holders of the ADSs, in our SaaS operating businesses Chime and Trucker Path may be diluted if the respective companies issue new shares to third parties to raise capital or pursuant to their equity incentive plans.

We have adopted two equity incentive plans in 2020 and 2021 for each of our subsidiaries Chime Technologies, Inc. and Trucker Path, Inc. As of March 24, 2023, options and restricted stock units to acquire 48,010 shares of common stock of Chime Technologies, Inc. were outstanding. As of March 24, 2023, options and restricted stock units to acquire 51,232 shares of common stock of Trucker Path, Inc. were outstanding. If Chime Technologies, Inc. and Trucker Path, Inc. issue new shares upon vesting and/or exercise of these share-based awards, such new issuances would dilute our ownership and economic interests in such companies, and correspondingly those of our shareholders, including holders of the ADSs. In addition, each of Chime Technologies, Inc. and Trucker Path, Inc. may in the future issue additional shares to raise capital to fund their respective business growth. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our current proportion of ownership interest in either company after the completion of such capital-raising activities.

We may from time to time be subject to claims, controversies, lawsuits and legal proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and reputation.

We may from time to time become subject to or involved in various claims, controversies, lawsuits, and legal proceedings. Lawsuits and litigation may cause us to incur defense costs, utilize a significant portion of our resources and divert management’s attention from our day-to-day operations, any of which could harm our business. Any settlements or judgments against us could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, negative publicity regarding claims or judgments made against us may damage our reputation and may result in material adverse impact on us.

We may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We rely on a combination of monitoring and enforcement of trademark, patent, copyright and trade secret protection laws in the United States, China and other jurisdictions, as well as through confidentiality agreements and procedures, to protect our intellectual property rights. Despite our precautions, third parties may obtain and make unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which includes trademarks related to our brands, products and services, patent applications, registered domain names, copyrights in software and creative content, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights and licenses. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken will be sufficient to prevent any misappropriation of our intellectual properties. In addition, because of the rapid pace of technological change in our industry, parts of our business rely on technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties on reasonable terms, or at all.

Preventing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property may be difficult and costly and the steps we take may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation of our intellectual property. In the event that we resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, such litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our managerial and financial resources. We can provide no assurance that we will prevail in any such litigation. In addition, our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to our competitors, or our competitors may independently discover them. To the extent that our employees or consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related know-how and inventions. Any failure in protecting or enforcing our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have been and may continue to be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations by third parties for services we provide or for information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our websites or distributed to our users, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and prospects.

Internet, technology and media companies are frequently involved in litigation based on allegations of infringement of intellectual property rights, unfair competition, invasion of privacy, defamation and other violations of other parties’ rights. The validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property rights in internet-related industries are uncertain and evolving. As we face increasing competition, we face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims. Intellectual property claims and litigation are expensive and time-consuming to investigate and defend. Such claims may divert resources and management attention from the operation of our business. Even if such claims do not result in liability, it may harm our reputation. Any resulting liability or expenses, or changes required to our websites and related SaaS services to reduce the risk of future liability, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and prospects.

During the course of the audits of our consolidated financial statements, we and our independent registered public accounting firms identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to re-establish and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results or prevent fraud may be adversely affected, and investor confidence and the market price of the ADSs may be adversely impacted.

We are subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, adopted rules pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requiring every public company to include a management report on such company’s internal control over financial reporting in its Annual Report, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

We and our independent registered public accounting firm, in connection with our preparation and external audit of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, identified two material weaknesses related to (i) lack of an integrated and systematic risk assessment process to identify and assess the financial reporting risks; and (ii) lack of evaluations to ascertain whether the components of internal control are present and functioning.

During the course of 2022, we completed the implementation of our global ERP system which allows for the centralized monitoring of internal controls over a uniform financial reporting structure. The system also allows for the standardization of financial reporting hierarchies and automation of routine processes which reduces risks within the control environment. Consistent with our transition to a domestic United States company, we have appointed two new independent members to the Board of Directors and have made changes to the corporate governance processes and appointments to compliment the momentum of the Company. We have identified and evaluated entity-level and business process controls and assessed the effectiveness of controls in those areas. For areas with potential

gaps, we have evaluated compensating controls that address the respective areas or have put plans in place to address the gaps. We have established controls and procedures over both routine and non-routine processes and are centralizing policies over the global organization. We have identified key information technology applications that have a material impact on our internal control environment and have begun evaluating IT general controls over the applications. We have hired or are in the process of hiring personnel in the finance, information technology, and human resource areas whose expertise and experience will further enhance our existing suite of internal controls over financial reporting.

As of December 31, 2022, we conclude the material weaknesses remain unremediated. See “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures—Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.” Measures that we implement to address these material weaknesses and other control deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting might not fully address them, and we might not be able to conclude that they have been fully remedied.

Failure to correct these material weaknesses and other control deficiencies or failure to discover and address any other control deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our consolidated financial statements and could also impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and make related regulatory filings on a timely basis. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of the ADSs, may be materially and adversely affected. Due to the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as described above, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2022. This could adversely affect the market price of the ADSs due to a loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our reporting processes.

The continuing and collaborative efforts of our senior management, key employees and highly skilled personnel are crucial to our success, and our business may be harmed if we were to lose their services.

Our success depends on the continuous effort and services of our experienced senior management team, in particular Mr. Joseph Chen, our chief executive officer, Mr. James Jian Liu, our executive director and chief operating officer, Mr. Henry He Li, our Vice President of Technology, and Chris Palmer, our Chief Financial Officer. If one or more of our executive officers or other key personnel are unable or unwilling to continue to provide us with their services, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all. Our business may be severely disrupted and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Competition for management and key personnel is intense and the pool of qualified candidates is limited. We may not be able to retain the services of our executive officers or key personnel, or attract and retain experienced executive officers or key personnel in the future. If any of our executive officers or key employees join a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose know-how as well as key professionals and staff members.

Our performance and future success also depend on our ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate, and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization. Competition in the SaaS industry for qualified employees, including technical personnel capable of designing innovative services and products, is intense, and if competition in SaaS and the industries our products serve further intensifies, it may be more difficult for us to hire, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel. If we do not succeed in attracting additional highly skilled personnel or retaining or motivating our existing personnel or if we must incur significantly greater expenses to recruit, train and retain personnel, we may be unable to grow effectively or at all.

Certain management responsibilities at other entities may divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business.

Our chief executive officer Joseph Chen and our chief operating officer James Jian Liu each hold the same management position in Oak Pacific Investment (“OPI”). Mr. Chen is also the largest shareholder in OPI. OPI was a wholly owned subsidiary of ours prior to June 2018, and it holds a large portfolio of shares in a variety of early-stage and late-stage pre-IPO companies that our management had previously selected and managed for our company. Although OPI no longer has any business relationship with our company, the disposition of OPI has not necessarily reduced the workload of our management. However, the time and effort spent by our management on OPI does not benefit shareholders of our company anymore. Mr. Chen’s and Mr. Liu’s involvement in OPI may divert their attention from the operation of our business, which may affect our company’s financial performance and future prospects.

Increases in labor costs and the enforcement or revision of labor laws, regulations, and employment policies in our countries of operation may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The global economy has experienced increases in inflation and labor costs in recent years and 2022 in particular. As a result, average wages and benefits we pay to employees and service providers in the United States, China, the Philippines, and other countries in which we operate are expected to continue to increase.

We continue to employ large numbers of personnel in the PRC. PRC Labor Contract Law, as amended, and its implementation rules, set forth various requirements about the terms of labor contracts, including, minimum wages, remuneration, the term of probation periods, and termination conditions. In the event that we decide to terminate or change the employment relationship with some employees, PRC Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may limit our ability to complete the terminations or changes in a desirable, timely, or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

In all of our operating locations, we and our employees are required to make contributions for social security, unemployment, and other benefits as required by the governments of the countries in which we operate. Employers that fail to make adequate government required social welfare related contributions may be subject to fines and legal sanctions. If authorities in any of our countries of operation determine that we have failed to make contributions as required by law, the authorities may require that we make supplemental contributions, pay fines, rectify the issue, or impose other sanctions, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Companies operating in China are also required to withhold individual income tax on employees’ wages based on the actual payment of wages to the employees according to the PRC Individual Income Tax Law, as amended in 2018. Due to the evolution of PRC tax laws and regulations, our compliance cost has increased as well. If we fail to withhold individual income tax for our employees timely, we may be subject to administrative penalty.

Furthermore, the interpretation and implementation of labor-related laws, employment mandates, and regulations evolve. We cannot assure you that our employment practices do not and will not violate any labor laws and regulations, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations.

If we are unable to control our labor costs or pass these increased labor costs to others, or if we are deemed to have violated labor laws and regulations, our financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We face risks related to natural disasters, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

We are vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes and other adverse weather and climate conditions. Although we have servers that are hosted by third party service providers in an offsite location and we back-up our systems frequently, our backup system does not capture data on a real-time basis and we may be unable to recover certain data in the event of a server failure. We cannot assure that any backup systems will be adequate to protect us from the effects of fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events. Any of the foregoing events may give rise to interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to provide our SaaS services.

Negative media coverage could adversely affect our business.

Negative publicity about us or our business, shareholders, affiliates, directors, officers or other employees, as well as the industry in which we operate, can harm our operations. Such negative publicity could be related to a variety of matters, including:

In addition to traditional media, social media platforms including instant messaging applications, social media websites, and other forms of internet-based communications provide individuals with access to a broad audience of users and other interested persons. The ability of users to distribute their viewpoints and make information available through instant messaging applications and social media platforms is virtually immediate and potentially viral, often without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction. Social media users are able to disseminate information, including inaccurate information, inexpensively and seemingly without limit. Information concerning our company, shareholders, directors, officers, and employees may be posted on and distributed through such platforms at any time. The risks associated with any such negative publicity or incorrect information cannot be completely eliminated or mitigated and may materially harm our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have limited business insurance coverage.

Although we carry general liability insurance, cyber and network security liability insurance, and other forms of insurance to offset the impact of unforeseen business risks and disruptions, our coverage may be insufficient and result in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Any unforeseen event not covered by our insurance or disruption of a lengthy duration could disrupt our product development, result in delayed product releases, negatively impact our customer support and sales operations, and cause delays in the resolution of bugs and defects in our SaaS services. Such disruptions could adversely affect revenue, subscriber growth, subscriber satisfaction, operating and non-recurring expenses, and the company’s reputation.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

Our dual-class voting structure allows our two largest shareholders to significantly influence our actions over important corporate matters, will limit your ability to influence corporate matters, and could discourage others from pursuing any change-of-control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

We have a dual-class voting structure which consists of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Subject to certain exceptions, in respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to ten votes per share. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any transfer of Class B ordinary shares by a holder thereof to any person or entity which is not an affiliate of such holder, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the equal number of Class A ordinary shares.

We issued Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs in our initial public offering in May 2011. Mr. Joseph Chen, who is our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, and SoftBank Group Capital Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of SoftBank Group Corp., are our only shareholders who hold Class B ordinary shares. As of March 24, 2023, Mr. Joseph Chen, our founder, chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer, beneficially owned approximately 17.8% of our outstanding Class A ordinary shares and approximately 55.8% of our outstanding Class B ordinary shares, representing in aggregate 47.4% of our total voting power, and SoftBank Group Capital Limited owned approximately 31.4% of our outstanding Class A ordinary shares and approximately 44.2% of our outstanding Class B ordinary shares, representing in aggregate 41.4% of our total voting power.

Due in large part to the disparate voting powers attached to the two classes of ordinary shares, Mr. Chen and SoftBank Group Capital Limited have controlling power over matters requiring shareholder approval, subject to certain exceptions. As between Mr. Chen and SoftBank Group Capital Limited, the approvals of SoftBank Group Capital Limited are required for certain important matters relating to our company. This concentration of ownership and voting power in the hands of Mr. Chen and SoftBank Group Capital Limited may also discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the dual effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and reducing the price of the ADSs.

These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other shareholders, including those who purchase ADSs. In addition, these persons could divert business opportunities away from us to themselves or others.

If the PRC government finds that the contractual arrangements that establish the corporate structure for our operations in China do not comply with PRC governmental restrictions on foreign investment, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.

Renren Inc., or Renren, is not an operating company in China but a Cayman Islands holding company conducting a significant portion of its operations through subsidiaries, primarily in the United States. Our US businesses, Trucker Path and Chime purchase R&D services from China. Prior to disposal of our historic social networking services and related live streaming business in December 2018, we were subject to regulations that restrict foreign ownership of companies that provide value-added telecommunications services in China. In addition, there are other regulatory restrictions on foreign investments into a variety of industries in China into which we had invested through the holding of minority ownership of certain domestic companies. We no longer engage in social networking or other value-added telecommunications related services subject to foreign ownership restrictions. Accordingly, we have commenced the steps necessary to terminate the contractual arrangements described below and conduct our future operations, largely comprised of R&D services for Trucker Path and Chime, in China through our subsidiaries.

Historically, to comply with these foreign ownership restrictions, our wholly owned subsidiary Qianxiang Shiji Technology Development (Beijing) Co., Ltd., or Qianxiang Shiji, entered into series of contractual arrangements with Beijing Qianxiang Tiancheng Technology Development Co., Ltd., or Qianxiang Tiancheng, and its shareholders. These contracts provide us with the power to direct the activities of Qianxiang Tiancheng and its subsidiaries and enable us to receive substantially all the economic benefits from them. For a detailed description of these contractual arrangements, please refer to “Item 4.C—Contractual Arrangements with Qianxiang Tiancheng” of our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the SEC on May 2, 2022.

As a result of the contractual agreements with Qianxiang Tiancheng and its shareholders, Renren Inc. becomes the primary beneficiary of Qianxiang Tiancheng for accounting purposes and treats it as a consolidated entity under U.S. GAAP. In the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, Qianxiang Tiancheng or its subsidiaries contributed an immaterial portion of our consolidated revenues, representing 1.1% and 0.2%, respectively. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Financial Information relating to the VIE” for condensed consolidating schedules showing the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the VIE and its subsidiaries.

Based on the advice of Yuanhe & Twelve Tables Partners, our PRC legal counsel, the corporate structure of Qianxiang Tiancheng and its subsidiaries, as well as our subsidiaries in China comply with all existing PRC laws and regulations. However, the contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over Qianxiang Tiancheng and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. In addition, our contractual arrangements with Qianxiang Tiancheng and its shareholders have not been tested in a court of law in the PRC and foreign investors may never be allowed to hold equity interests in Qianxiang Tiancheng and its subsidiaries under PRC laws and regulations. Chinese regulatory authorities could in the future disallow these agreements, which would likely affect our operations in China conducted through Qianxiang Tiancheng and its subsidiaries.

There are also substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations, and rules regarding the status of the rights of our Cayman Islands holding company with respect to its contractual arrangements with Qianxiang Tiancheng and its shareholders. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If we or any of Qianxiang Tiancheng and its subsidiaries is found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures.

We have contractual arrangements with Qianxiang Tiancheng for some of our China operations, which may not be as effective in providing operational control as direct ownership. Any failure by Qianxiang Tiancheng or its shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct business and negatively affect our financial condition.

We have relied and expect to continue to rely on contractual arrangements with Qianxiang Tiancheng and its shareholders for some of our operations in China. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 1. Business—Contractual Arrangements with Qianxiang Tiancheng.” These contractual arrangements may not be as effective in providing us with control over Qianxiang Tiancheng and its subsidiaries, which we refer to collectively as the VIE and its subsidiaries in this Annual Report, as direct ownership. If we had

direct ownership of the VIE and its subsidiaries, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of each of these entities, which in turn could effect changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, we rely on the performance by Qianxiang Tiancheng and its shareholders of their obligations under the contractual arrangements to exercise control over the VIE and its subsidiaries. Therefore, our contractual arrangements with Qianxiang Tiancheng and its shareholders may not be as effective in ensuring our control over our China operations as direct ownership would be.

If Qianxiang Tiancheng or its shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements of which they are a party, we may have to incur substantial costs and resources to enforce our rights under the contracts, and rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief and claiming damages, which may not be effective. For example, if the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng were to refuse to transfer their equity interests in Qianxiang Tiancheng to us or our designee when we exercise the call option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal action to compel them to perform their respective contractual obligations.

All of these contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in the PRC. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC law and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal system in the PRC is not as developed as in other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. Under PRC law, rulings by arbitrators are final, parties cannot appeal the arbitration results in courts, and the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would incur additional expenses and delay. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over the VIE and its subsidiaries, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected.

The approval, filing or other requirements of the CSRC, the CAC or other PRC government authorities may be required under PRC law in connection with our issuance of securities overseas.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, purport to require offshore special purpose vehicles that are controlled by PRC companies or individuals and that have been formed for the purpose of seeking a public listing on an overseas stock exchange through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies or assets to obtain approval from the CSRC prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear. If CSRC’s approval under the M&A Rules is required, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to obtain the approval, and any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining CSRC approval for our future issuance of securities overseas would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other PRC regulatory agencies.

Furthermore, the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities, which was released on July 6, 2021, emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over “illegal securities activities” and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies, and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies, although such opinions did not specify the definition of “illegal securities activities.” On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, which will come into effect on March 31, 2023. This measure stipulates that PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets directly or indirectly shall complete the filing procedures with and report relevant information to the CSRC. Pursuant to this measure, the determination as to whether a PRC domestic company is indirectly offering and listing in an overseas market shall be made on a substance over form basis, if the issuer meets the following conditions, its offering and listing will be deemed as an “indirect overseas offering and listing by a PRC domestic company” and is therefore subject to the filing requirement: (i) the revenues, profits, total assets or net assets of the Chinese operating entities in the most recent financial year accounts for more than 50% of the corresponding data in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statements for the same period; (ii) the majority of senior management in charge of business operation are Chinese citizens or have domicile in PRC, and its principal place of business is located in PRC or main business activities are conducted in PRC. In addition, this measure prescribes that the domestic enterprises should submit filing documents to the CSRC within three business days after the submission of the application for overseas initial public offering and offering in other overseas markets after the overseas initial public offering, and after completing the filing procedures for an overseas offering in the same market after the initial public offering and listing, for the purposes of implementing and strengthening the CSRC’s supervision, the issuer will need to comply with continuous filing and reporting requirements after such offering and listing, among others, including the following: (i) filing for transactions in which the issuer issues securities for acquiring assets, and (ii) reporting material events after the initial offering and listing. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Notice on Administrative Arrangements for the Filing of Overseas Securities Offerings and Listings by Domestic

Companies. Pursuant to this notice, the domestic companies which have completed the overseas initial public offering are not required to file right now, but shall file with the future overseas offerings.

In addition, on December 28, 2021, the CAC, and several other regulatory authorities in China jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which came into effect on February 15, 2022. Pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, (i) an operator of critical information infrastructure that purchases network products and services, or an internet platform operator that conducts data process activities which affects or may affect national security shall be subject to the cybersecurity review, (ii) an application for cybersecurity review shall be made by an issuer who is an internet platform operator holding personal information of more than one million users before such issuer applies to list overseas, and (iii) relevant governmental authorities in the PRC may initiate cybersecurity review if they determine an operator’s network products or services or data processing activities affect or may affect national security. There remain uncertainties as to how it would be interpreted and enforced, and to what extent it may affect us.

On December 27, 2021, the NDRC and the MOFCOM, jointly issued the Special Administrative Measures for Entry of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2021 Version), or the Negative List, which became effective on January 1, 2022 and replaced the previous version. Pursuant to Article 6 of the Negative List, if a PRC company, which engages in any business where foreign investment is prohibited under the Negative List, or prohibited businesses, seeks an overseas offering or listing, it must obtain the approval from competent governmental authorities. Additionally, foreign investors in such PRC company must not take part in the company’s operation or management, and their shareholding ratio should be subject to regulations relating to the management of PRC securities investments by foreign investors. The Negative List has made it clear that the application scope of Article 6 is limited to domestic enterprises engaged in “prohibited businesses” from directly overseas or listing. According to a set of Q&A published on the NDRC’s official website, a NDRC official indicated that after a PRC company submits its application for overseas listing to the CSRC and where matters relating to prohibited businesses under the Negative List are implicated, the CSRC will consult the regulatory authorities having jurisdiction over the relevant industries and fields.

If the CSRC, the CAC or other relevant PRC regulatory agencies subsequently determine that prior approval is required for any of our future offerings of securities overseas or to maintain the listing status of the ADSs, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to obtain such approval in a timely manner, or at all. The CSRC, the CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, not to proceed with such offering or maintain the listing status of the ADSs. If we proceed with any of such offering or maintain the listing status of the ADSs without obtaining these regulatory agencies’ approval to the extent it is required, or if we are unable to comply with any new approval requirements which might be adopted for offerings that we have completed prior to the publication of the above-referenced opinions, we may face regulatory actions or other sanctions from these regulatory agencies. These regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from offering of securities overseas into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of the ADSs.

Furthermore, if there are any other approvals, filings and/or other administration procedures to be obtained from or completed with the CSRC, the CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies as required by any new laws and regulations for any of our future proposed offering of securities overseas or the listing of the ADSs, we cannot assure that we can obtain the required approval or complete the required filings or other regulatory procedures in a timely manner, or at all. Any failure to obtain the relevant approvals or complete the filings and other relevant regulatory procedures may subject us to regulatory actions or other sanctions from the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The contractual arrangements with Qianxiang Tiancheng and its shareholders may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities, and a finding that we or the VIE and its subsidiaries owe additional taxes could substantially reduce our consolidated net income and the value of your investment.

Under PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions between related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities within ten years after the taxable year when the transactions are conducted. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements between Qianxiang Shiji and Qianxiang Tiancheng do not represent arm’s-length prices and consequently adjust their respective income in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction of expense deductions recorded by Qianxiang Tiancheng for PRC tax purposes, which could in turn increase their respective tax liabilities. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on Qianxiang Tiancheng for any unpaid taxes. Our consolidated net income may be materially and adversely affected if Qianxiang Tiancheng’s tax liabilities increase or if it is subject to late payment fees or other penalties.

The shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business.

Each of Ms. Jing Yang and Mr. James Jian Liu is a shareholder of Qianxiang Tiancheng. Ms. Jing Yang is the wife of Mr. Joseph Chen, our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, and Mr. James Jian Liu is our executive director and chief operating officer. Conflicts of interest may arise between the dual role of Mr. James Jian Liu as a director and officer of our company and as shareholder of Qianxiang Tiancheng. Conflicts of interest may also arise between the interests of Ms. Jing Yang as shareholder of Qianxiang Tiancheng and as the wife of our founder and chief executive officer. Furthermore, if Ms. Jing Yang experiences domestic conflict with Mr. Joseph Chen, she may have little or no incentive to act in the interest of our company, and she may not perform her obligations under the contractual arrangements she has entered into with Qianxiang Tiancheng.

Officers of our company owe a duty of loyalty and care to our company and to our shareholders as a whole under Cayman Islands law. We cannot assure that when conflicts arise, the shareholders of Qianxiang Tiancheng will act in the best interests of our company or that conflicts will be resolved in our favor. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and these shareholders, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which may be expensive, time-consuming and disruptive to our operations. There is also substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

The National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law on March 15, 2019 and the State Council approved the Regulation on Implementing the Foreign Investment Law, or the Implementation Regulations, on December 12, 2019, effective from January 1, 2020, which replaced existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Supreme People’s Court of China issued a judicial interpretation on the Foreign Investment Law on December 27, 2019, effective from January 1, 2020, to ensure fair and efficient implementation of the Foreign Investment Law. According to the judicial interpretation, courts in China shall not, among other things, support contracted parties to claim foreign investment contracts in sectors not on the Special Administrative Measures for Entry of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2021 Version) as void because the contracts have not been approved or registered by administrative authorities. The Foreign Investment Law and Implementation Regulations embody an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments.

However, since these rules are relatively new, uncertainties still exist in relation to their interpretation. For instance, under the Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investment” refers to the investment activities directly or indirectly conducted by foreign individuals, enterprises or other entities in China. Though it does not explicitly classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, there is no assurance that foreign investment via contractual arrangement would not be interpreted as a type of indirect foreign investment activities under the definition in the future. In addition, the definition contains a catch-all provision which includes investments made by foreign investors through means stipulated in laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council. Therefore, it still leaves leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions promulgated by the Stale Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. In any of these cases, it will be uncertain whether our contractual arrangements will be deemed to be in violation of the market access requirements for foreign investment under the PRC laws and regulations, or whether they may be invalid in whole or in part. Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

The PRC government’s significant oversight over our business operation in China could result in a material adverse change in our operations.

We conduct a limited portion of our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries and the VIE and its subsidiaries. In the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, the VIE and its subsidiaries contributed in the aggregate 1.1% and 0.2%, respectively, of our consolidated revenues. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. While our operation in China is limited, the PRC government’s significant oversight over our business operation in China could result in a material adverse change in

our operations. The Chinese government may intervene or influence our business operation in China at any time, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations.

There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, the laws and regulations governing our business operation in China, or the enforcement and performance of our contractual arrangements with Qianxiang Tiancheng. These laws and regulations may be subject to change, the enforcement of laws and regulations in China could be uncertain and the of rules and policies in China may change quickly with little advance notice, which could result in a material adverse change in our operations. New laws and regulations that affect existing and proposed future businesses may also be applied retroactively. Due to the uncertainty and complexity of the regulatory environment, we cannot assure you that our business operation in China would always be in full compliance with applicable laws and regulations, the violation of which may have adverse effect on our business operation in China and our reputation.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

Most of our revenues are denominated in U.S. dollar, while a substantial portion of our expenses is denominated in Renminbi, as a majority of our employees are located in China. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. We cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Any significant appreciation or depreciation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our cost, expenses and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, the ADSs in U.S. dollars. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive into Renminbi to pay our operating expenses, appreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion.

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

Failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee share ownership plans or share option plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

In 2006, the People’s Bank of China promulgated the Administrative Measures of Foreign Exchange Matters for Individuals, which set forth the respective requirements for foreign exchange transactions by individuals (both PRC or non-PRC citizens) under either the current account or the capital account. In 2007, SAFE issued implementing rules for the Administrative Measures of Foreign Exchange Matters for Individuals, which, among other things, specified approval requirements for certain capital account transactions such as a PRC citizen’s participation in the employee share ownership plans or share option plans of an overseas publicly listed company. In 2007, also SAFE promulgated the Application Procedures of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Ownership Plan or Stock Option Plan of Overseas-Listed Company, or the Stock Option Rules.

In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notice on the Administration of Foreign Exchange Matters for Domestic Individuals Participating in the Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Notice. This Stock Option Notice replaced the previous Stock Option Rules. The Stock Option Notice simplifies the requirements and procedures for the registration of stock incentive plan participants, especially in respect of the required application documents and the absence of strict requirements on offshore and onshore custodian banks, as were stipulated in the earlier Stock Option Rules. Under these rules, for PRC resident individuals who participate in stock incentive plans of overseas publicly listed companies, which includes employee stock ownership plans, stock option plans and other incentive plans permitted by relevant laws and regulations, a PRC domestic qualified agent or the PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company must, among other things, file, on behalf of such resident, an application with SAFE or its local counterpart to obtain approval for an annual allowance with respect to the purchase of foreign exchange in connection with the stock holding or share option exercises as PRC residents may not directly use oversea funds to purchase shares or exercise share options. In addition,

within three months after any substantial changes to any such stock incentive plan, including for example any changes due to merger or acquisition or changes to the domestic or overseas custodian agent, the domestic agent must update the registration with SAFE.

As our company became listed on the NYSE in May 2011, we and our PRC citizen employees who participate in an employee share ownership plan or a share option plan are subject to these regulations. If we or our PRC option holders fail to comply with these regulations, we or our PRC option holders may be subject to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

We face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

The State Administration of Taxation has issued several rules and notices to tighten the scrutiny over acquisition transactions in recent years, including the Notice on Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters Related to Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises issued in February 2015 and amended twice in 2017, or the SAT Circular 7. Pursuant to these rules and notices, except for a few circumstances falling into the scope of the safe harbor provided by the SAT Circular 7, such as open market trading of stocks in public companies listed overseas, if a non-PRC resident enterprise indirectly transfers PRC taxable properties (i.e. properties of an establishment or a place in the PRC, real estate properties in the PRC or equity investments in a PRC tax resident enterprise) by disposing of equity interest or other similar rights in an overseas holding company, without a reasonable commercial purpose and resulting in the avoidance of PRC enterprise income tax, such indirect transfer should be deemed as a direct transfer of PRC taxable properties and gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to the PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%. The SAT Circular 7 sets out several factors to be taken into consideration by tax authorities in determining whether an indirect transfer has a reasonable commercial purpose, such as whether the main value of equity interest in an overseas holding company is derived directly or indirectly from PRC taxable properties. An indirect transfer satisfying all the following criteria will be deemed to lack reasonable commercial purpose and be taxable under PRC law without considering other factors set out by the SAT Circular 7: (i) 75% or more of the equity value of the intermediary enterprise being transferred is derived directly or indirectly from the PRC taxable properties; (ii) at any time during the one-year period before the indirect transfer, 90% or more of the asset value of the intermediary enterprise (excluding cash) is comprised directly or indirectly of investments in the PRC, or 90% or more of its income is derived directly or indirectly from the PRC; (iii) the functions performed and risks assumed by the intermediary enterprise and any of its subsidiaries that directly or indirectly hold the PRC taxable properties are limited and are insufficient to prove their economic substance; and (iv) the foreign tax payable on the gain derived from the indirect transfer of the PRC taxable properties is lower than the potential PRC income tax on the direct transfer of such assets. The SAT Circular 7 also introduces an interest regime by providing that where a transferor fails to file and pay tax on time, and where a withholding agent fails to withhold the tax, interest will be charged on a daily basis. If the transferor has provided the required documents and information or has filed and paid the tax within 30 days from the date that the share transfer contract or agreement is signed, then interest shall be calculated based on the benchmark interest rate; otherwise, the benchmark interest rate plus 5% will apply. Both the foreign transferor and the transferee, and the PRC tax resident enterprise whose equity interests are being transferred may voluntarily report the transfer by submitting the documents required in the SAT Circular 7.

Although the SAT Circular 7 provides clarity in many important areas, such as reasonable commercial purpose, there are still uncertainties on the tax reporting and payment obligations with respect to future private equity financing transactions, share exchange or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in non-PRC resident companies. The PRC tax authorities have discretions under the SAT Circular 7 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the equity interests transferred and the cost of investments. We may pursue acquisitions in the future that may involve complex corporate structures. If we are considered a nonresident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and if the PRC tax authorities make adjustments to the taxable income of these transactions under the SAT Circular 7, our income tax expenses associated with such potential acquisitions will increase, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our use of some leased properties could be challenged by lessors, third parties or government authorities, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

We lease offices from third parties for our operations in China, the United States and Philippines. Any disputes with our lessors in respect of these leases or the leased area, or any defects in lessors’ title to the leased properties may disrupt our use of our offices, or warehouses, or increase our costs, which may in turn adversely affect our business operations. For example, certain buildings and the underlying land are not allowed to be used for industrial or commercial purposes without the authorities’ approval, and the lease of such buildings to companies like us may subject the lessor to pay premium fees to the PRC government. We cannot assure you that the lessor has obtained all or any of the approvals from the relevant governmental authorities. In addition, some of our lessors have not provided us with documentation evidencing their title to the relevant leased properties. We cannot assure you that title to these properties we

currently lease will not be challenged. In addition, we have not registered any of our lease agreements with the PRC governmental authorities as required by PRC law, and although failure to do so does not in itself invalidate the leases, we may not be able to defend these leases against bona fide third parties. If third parties who purport to be property owners or beneficiaries of the mortgaged properties challenge our right to use the leased properties, we may not be able to protect our leasehold interest and may be ordered to vacate the affected premises, which could in turn materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

Risks Related to the ADSs

If the PCAOB is unable to inspect our auditors as required under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, the SEC will prohibit the trading of the ADSs. A trading prohibition for the ADSs, or the threat of a trading prohibition, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Additionally, the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditors deprives our investors of the benefits of such inspections.

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, was enacted into law on December 18, 2020. Pursuant to the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States.

The PCAOB issued a Determination Report on December 16, 2021 (the “Determination Report”) which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the People’s Republic of China because of a position taken by one or more authorities in mainland China; and (2) Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region and dependency of the PRC, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in Hong Kong. Furthermore, the Determination Report identified the specific registered public accounting firms which are subject to these determinations (“PCAOB Identified Firms”).

The Company’s current auditor, Marcum Asia CPAs LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the U.S. pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Marcum Asia, whose audit report is included in this annual report, is headquartered in New York and, as of the date of this annual report, was not included in the list of PCAOB Identified Firms in the Determination Report.

On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it had signed a Statement of Protocol (the “Protocol”) with the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”) and the Ministry of Finance (“MOF”) of the People’s Republic of China, governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong. Pursuant to the Protocol, the PCAOB conducted inspections on select registered public accounting firms subject to the Determination Report in Hong Kong between September and November 2022.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB board announced that it has completed the inspections, determined that it had complete access to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, and voted to vacate the Determination Report.

The Company moved its headquarters and corporate operations, including financial accounting leadership, to the U.S. in 2021 and retains R&D activities in China. With the move of our headquarters and financial accounting leadership to the U.S., the majority of the audit work and corresponding workpapers will move to the U.S. Accordingly, we believe that we will be able to retain an auditor that would allow us to avoid a trading prohibition for our securities under the HFCA Act. However, whether the PCAOB will be able to conduct inspections of our auditor, including but not limited to inspection of the audit working papers related to us, in the future is subject to substantial uncertainty and depends on a number of factors out of our, and our auditor’s, control. Our ability to retain an auditor subject to PCAOB inspection and investigation, including but not limited to inspection of the audit working papers related to us, may depend on the relevant positions of U.S. and Chinese regulators. Marcum Asia’s audit working papers related to us are located in China. With respect to audits of companies with operations in China, such as us, there are uncertainties about the ability of our auditor to fully cooperate with a request by the PCAOB for audit working papers in China without the approval of Chinese authorities. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely the Company’s auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction, or the PCAOB re-evaluates its determination as a result of any obstruction with the implementation of the Statement of Protocol, then such lack of inspection or re-evaluation could cause trading in the Company’s securities to be prohibited under the HFCA Act, and ultimately result in a determination by a securities exchange to delist the Company’s securities. Accordingly, the HFCA Act

calls for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB.

On December 29, 2022, the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the AHFCA Act, was signed into law, which reduced the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCA Act from three years to two. As a result, the risks mentioned above have been heightened.

Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China, among other jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 10-K for the relevant fiscal year. In accordance with the HFCAA, our securities would be prohibited from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States if we are identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for two consecutive years in the future. If our shares and ADSs are prohibited from trading in the United States, there is no certainty that we will be able to list on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the United States. A prohibition of being able to trade in the United States would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our ADSs. Also, such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects.

If the market price for the ADSs falls below $1.00 for an extended period of time, or to an abnormally low selling price under NYSE rules at any time, the ADSs may be delisted from the NYSE.

The NYSE notified us in the past that we were below compliance standards due to the trading price of the ADSs. Pursuant to NYSE Rule 802.01C, a company will be considered to be below compliance standards if the average closing price of a security as reported on the consolidated tape is less than $1.00 over a consecutive 30 trading-day period. Once notified, the company must bring its share price and average share price back above $1.00 by six months following receipt of the notification. The company can regain compliance at any time during the six-month cure period if on the last trading day of any calendar month during the cure period the company has a closing share price of at least $1.00 and an average closing share price of at least $1.00 over the 30 trading-day period ending on the last trading day of that month. In the event that at the expiration of the six-month cure period, both a $1.00 closing share price on the last trading day of the cure period and a $1.00 average closing share price over the 30 trading-day period ending on the last trading day of the cure period are not attained, the NYSE will commence suspension and delisting procedures. In addition, we understand that the NYSE has a policy to suspend trading immediately and commence delisting procedures if the market price of securities falls to an abnormally low selling price under NYSE rules.

In response to the letter from the NYSE dated July 30, 2019, we changed the ratio of ADSs to our Class A ordinary shares from the previous ADS ratio of 1 ADS to 15 Class A ordinary shares to a new ADS ratio of one ADS to 45 Class A ordinary shares, effective January 9, 2020. We received another letter from the NYSE dated April 9, 2020 that we were below compliance standards due to the trading price of the ADSs. We regained compliance with the NYSE standards because subsequent to receipt of the letter, the ADSs traded above $1.00 over a consecutive 30 trading-day period. However, we cannot assure you that the ADSs will remain in compliance with the NYSE listing rules going forward. If the ADSs are delisted from the NYSE, the liquidity and value of an investment in the ADSs will be materially and adversely affected.

The market price for the ADSs has fluctuated and may continue to be volatile.

The market price for the ADSs has fluctuated significantly since we first listed the ADSs. Since the ADSs became listed on the NYSE on May 4, 2011, the closing prices of the ADSs have ranged from $0.45 to $360.00 per ADS, including retrospective adjustments for the change in the number of ordinary shares represented by each ADS that occurred on February 6, 2017 and January 9, 2020.

The market price for the ADSs may be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors including the following:

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market prices for internet-related companies and companies with operations in China in particular, have experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of such companies. The securities of some China-based companies that have listed their securities in the United States have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in the trading prices of their securities due to worsening sentiment about the Chinese economy, governmental policy and China-U.S. relations. The trading performances of these Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward companies listed in the United States that have operations in China like us, which consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs.

You may not have the same voting rights as the holders of our ordinary shares and may not receive voting materials in time to be able to exercise your right to vote.

Except as described in this annual report and in the deposit agreement, dated as of May 4, 2011, amendment no. 1 to the deposit agreement, dated as of February 6, 2017, and amendment no. 2 to the deposit agreement, dated as of January 9, 2020, by and among our company, Citibank, N.A., as depositary, and the holders and beneficial owners of American depositary shares, holders of the ADSs will not be able to exercise voting rights attaching to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs on an individual basis. Holders of the ADSs will appoint the depositary or its nominee as their representative to exercise the voting rights attaching to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will vote on the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with these instructions.

Pursuant to our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, we may convene a shareholders’ meeting upon seven calendar days’ notice. If we give timely notice to the depositary under the terms of the deposit agreement, which is 30 days’ notice, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented

by your ADSs, and it is possible that you, or persons who hold their ADSs through brokers, dealers or other third parties, will not have the opportunity to exercise a right to vote. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carrying out voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and there may be nothing you can do if the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are not voted as you requested. In addition, although you may directly exercise your right to vote by withdrawing the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of an upcoming shareholders’ meeting to withdraw the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs to allow you to vote with respect to any specific matter.

Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings, and you may not receive cash dividends if it is impractical to make them available to you.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to you in the United States unless we register both the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to you unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective and we may not be able to establish a necessary exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings.

The depositary of the ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property to you.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. For example, the depositary is expected to close its transfer books temporarily in connection with the cash dividend that we announced on April 30, 2018. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through the U.S. federal courts may be limited because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law, and some of our directors reside outside the United States.

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Some of our directors reside outside the United States and a substantial portion of the assets of such directors are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon us or these persons, or to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the Cayman Islands or in China in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors that are located outside the United States. There is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States (and the Cayman Islands are not a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement or recognition of such judgments), a judgment obtained in such jurisdiction will be recognized and enforced in the courts of the Cayman Islands at common law, without any re-examination of the merits of the underlying dispute, by an action commenced on the foreign judgment debt in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, provided such judgment (a) is given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction, (b) imposes on the judgment debtor a liability to pay a liquidated sum for which the judgment has been given, (c) is final and conclusive, (d) is not in respect of taxes, a fine or a penalty, and (e) was not obtained in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from the U.S. courts under civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments

that are penal or punitive in nature. Because such a determination has not yet been made by a court of the Cayman Islands, it is uncertain whether such civil liability judgments from U.S. courts would be enforceable in the Cayman Islands.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, and by the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and common law of the Cayman Islands. The right of shareholders to take legal action against us and our directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from English common law, which provides persuasive, but not binding, authority. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States and provides significantly less protection to investors. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in U.S. federal courts.

As a result, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against us, our management, our directors or our major shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could adversely affect the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain certain provisions that could limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company, including a provision that grants authority to our board directors to establish from time to time one or more series of preferred shares without action by our shareholders and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred shares, the terms and rights of that series. The provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of the opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over the prevailing market price by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transactions.

We may be a passive foreign investment company, or a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequence to U.S. Holders of the ADSs or ordinary shares.

Depending upon the value of our ordinary shares and ADSs and the nature of our assets and income over time, we could be a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes. A non-United States corporation will generally be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income, or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income is generally any income that would be foreign personal holding company income under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, including dividends, interest, royalties, rents, annuities, net gains from the sale or exchange of property producing such income, net gains from commodity transactions, net foreign currency gains and income from notional principal contracts.

Based on our analysis of the value of our ordinary shares and ADSs and our estimated income, assets and activities, we believe we may have been a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2022. We have been classified as a PFIC in prior years and may be classified as a PFIC in the future due to the complexity of regulations and uncertainty surrounding the facts and circumstances that determine PFIC status. If we were or are a PFIC, adverse United States federal income tax consequences could result to U.S. Holders (as defined in “Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities—Taxation—Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—General”). For any taxable year in which we are a PFIC and a U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares or ADSs, such U.S. Holder will continue to be treated as owning stock of a PFIC even if we cease to satisfy either of the above tests for determining PFIC status in a subsequent taxable year. U.S. Holders treated as owning stock in a PFIC generally will become subject to increased U.S. federal income tax liabilities and special U.S. federal income tax reporting requirements, unless they make a timely “mark-to-market” election or, potentially, a “Qualified Electing Fund” election to mitigate some of the applicable consequences. For more information on the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder that would result from our classification as a PFIC, see “Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities—Taxation—Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.” Our U.S. counsel expresses no opinion with respect to our PFIC status for any taxable year.

If we or any of our subsidiaries is a controlled foreign corporation, there could be materially adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to certain U.S. Holders of our ordinary shares.

If a United States person is treated as owning (directly, indirectly, or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power of our shares (including through ADSs), such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each “controlled foreign corporation” in our group. Because our group includes one or more U.S. subsidiaries, we expect that certain of our future non-U.S. subsidiaries will be treated as controlled foreign corporations (regardless of whether or not we are treated as a controlled foreign corporation). A United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation may be required to report annually and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income,” and investments in U.S. property by controlled foreign corporations, regardless of whether the controlled foreign corporations make any distributions. An individual that is a United States shareholder with respect to a controlled foreign corporation generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a United States shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations may subject a United States shareholder to significant monetary penalties and may prevent the statute of limitations from starting with respect to such shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due. We cannot provide any assurances that we will assist investors in determining whether we or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is treated as a controlled foreign corporation or whether any investor is treated as a United States shareholder with respect to any such controlled foreign corporation, or that we will furnish to any United States shareholders information that may be necessary to comply with the aforementioned reporting and tax paying obligations. A United States investor should consult its advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to an investment in our ADSs.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our principal executive offices are located at 45 West Buchanan Street, Phoenix, Arizona, 85004 USA, where we own approximately 1,650 square meters of office space. We relocated in January 2023 from 2828 N. Central Avenue Fl 7, Phoenix, Arizona, 85004 USA, where we leased approximately 1,415 square meters of office space. We also lease approximately 804 square meters in Beijing and approximately 911 square meters of office space in Wuhan in central China. We also lease approximately 765 square meters of office space in the Philippines for our SaaS business team.

We lease our premises from unrelated third parties under non-cancelable operating lease agreements. Some of the lessors of our leased premises in China do not have valid title to such premises or proper authorization from the title owner to sublease such premises. For further details, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our use of some leased properties could be challenged by lessors, third parties or government authorities, which could materially and adversely affect our business.”

Our servers are primarily hosted at internet data centers owned by major domestic internet data center providers. The hosting services agreements typically have terms of one year. We believe our existing facilities, both owned and leased, are in good condition and suitable for the conduct of our business. We believe that we will be able to obtain adequate facilities, principally through leasing, to accommodate our future expansion plans.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

On July 19, 2018, two shareholders instituted derivative suit on behalf of Renren Inc., naming our company only as a nominal defendant, against Joseph Chen, our chief executive officer and chairman of our board of directors and David Chao, a former director. On December 5, 2018, another derivative suit was filed in the name of our company, as nominal defendant, against Joseph Chen, David Chao; DCM III, L.P., DCM III-A, L.P., DCM Affiliates Fund III, L.P., and DCM Investment Management III, LLC (collectively, the “DCM Defendants”); Oak Pacific Investment (“OPI”); and Duff & Phelps, LLC (“Duff & Phelps”), financial advisor to the special committee of our board of directors. On March 7, 2019, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint in the consolidated case In re Renren, Inc. Derivative Litigation, Index No. 653594/2018 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cty.) (the “Action”). In the Consolidated Amended Complaint, the plaintiffs alleges that OPI, as part of a spin-off transaction involving certain of our company’s assets, paid less than fair market value for certain assets of our company and that the director defendants used the spin-off transaction to enrich themselves at the expense of other shareholders. The complaint further alleges that Duff & Phelps and the DCM Defendants aided in the alleged acts relating to the spin-off transaction and that OPI knowingly received the alleged improperly transferred assets. The plaintiffs subsequently

moved to amend the Consolidated Amended Complaint to add SoftBank Group Corp., SB Pan Pacific Corporation, Renren SF Holdings, Inc., Renren Lianhe Holdings and Social Finance, Inc. as defendants in the litigation. As the claims are brought nominally in the name of our company, the plaintiffs purport to assert claims on the company’s behalf and do not seek to impose any liability on our company.

On October 7, 2021, the various parties involved in the Action, including our company as a nominal defendant, entered into a Stipulation of Settlement (as amended by an Amendment to Stipulation of Settlement dated May 27, 2022, the “Amended Stipulation”) for the purpose of settling the Action. On June 9, 2022, the New York State Supreme Court, Commercial Division entered a Final Order and Judgment to approve the Amended Stipulation, which became effective on October 20, 2022 following a withdrawal of appeal by certain parties.

On November 3, 2022, our board of directors declared a special cash distribution in accordance with the Amended Stipulation. The final amount of special cash distribution is $0.7026 per Class A ordinary share, or $31.6170 per ADS, payable to all holders of our Class A ordinary shares (including those underlying the ADS) of record as of 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on November 21, 2022, other than the defendants and D&O releasees as specifically identified in the Amended Stipulation. The special cash distribution was paid on December 21, 2022 and the settlement contemplated by the Amended Stipulation has been completed. Joseph Chen and James Liu did not participate in the cash distribution as required by the terms of the settlement.

From time to time, we may become party to litigation or other legal proceedings that we consider to be part of the ordinary course of business. We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings, and we are not aware of any pending or threatened legal proceedings against us that could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

​

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

The ADSs, each currently representing 45 of our Class A ordinary shares, have been listed on The New York Stock Exchange since May 4, 2011 under the symbol “RENN.” Prior to May 4, 2011, there was no public market for our stock. Our Class B ordinary shares are neither listed nor traded.

Holders of Record

As of March 24, 2023, there were approximately 44 holders of record of our Class A ordinary shares (including Citibank, N.A., the depositary of the ADS program, as record holder of the Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs), and 2 holders of record of our Class B ordinary shares. Because many ADSs are held in “street” name by brokers and other institutions on behalf of their beneficial owners, we are unable to estimate the actual number of beneficial owners of our Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs and thus such number is not known or included in the foregoing number.

Dividend Policy

On April 30, 2018, we announced a special cash dividend payable to all holders of our ordinary shares (including Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs). At the same time, we also announced that Oak Pacific Investment (“OPI”), then a wholly owned subsidiary of us, would be conducting a private placement in which it would offer its ordinary shares solely to our shareholders, for which the waiver of the cash dividend would be the sole form of payment that would be accepted. We refer to the cash dividend, the private placement, and the ancillary agreements and actions as the “OPI Transaction”. The OPI Transaction was undertaken to reduce the number and aggregate size of our long-term investments in order to mitigate the risk of us being deemed to be an investment company within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940. The OPI Transaction was completed in June 2018, and we paid a cash dividend of $0.6125 per ordinary share, or $9.1875 per ADS, to all of our shareholders as of 5:00 p.m. Eastern time on June 14, 2018, other than those shareholders who had waived the cash dividend as payment for shares of OPI. The aggregate amount of the cash dividend was $133.7 million.

On November 3, 2022, our board of directors declared a special cash distribution in connection with the settlement of the consolidated shareholder derivative lawsuits captioned In re Renren, Inc. Derivative Litigation, Index No. 653594/2018 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cty.). On December 21, 2022, Epiq Class Action & Claims Solutions, Inc., as administrator for the settlement funds, paid $0.7026 per Class A ordinary share, or $31.6170 per ADS, to all holders of our Class A ordinary shares (including those underlying the ADS) of record as of 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on November 21, 2022, other than persons who were specifically excluded. The special cash distribution was paid from a settlement account funded by the defendants in its entirety without any contribution from our company and thus has no impact on our financial position, liquidity, or profitability.

Other than the aforementioned special cash dividends, we have not paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the past. The payment of cash dividends in June 2018 and December 2022 represents an exception to our dividend policy rather than a change to it. We currently intend to retain any future earnings for use in the operation of our business and do not intend to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any further determination to pay dividends on our capital stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors considers relevant.

As a Cayman Islands holding company, our ability to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders depends partly upon dividends and other distributions paid to us by our PRC subsidiaries. The amount of dividends paid to us depends partly on the service and license fees paid to Qianxiang Shiji, our wholly owned PRC subsidiary, by Qianxiang Tiancheng pursuant to their contractual arrangements.

In China, the payment of dividends is subject to limitations. PRC laws and regulations currently permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under current PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their respective after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a

statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of their registered capital. Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase the registered capital and eliminate future losses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation. Our PRC subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their respective retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Further, if our PRC subsidiary incurs debt in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us.

Pursuant to the contractual arrangements among Qianxiang Shiji, Qianxiang Tiancheng and its shareholders, Qianxiang Tiancheng will pay service and license fees to Qianxiang Shiji with its available earnings and cash (including dividends received from its subsidiaries). After paying the withholding taxes applicable to Qianxiang Shiji’s revenues and earnings, funding its statutory reserve requirements and retaining any profits from accumulated profits, the remaining net profits of Qianxiang Shiji would be available for distribution to us by the offshore holding companies through which we own Qianxiang Shiji, although we have not, and do not have, any present plan to make such distributions. As of December 31, 2022, the negative net assets of Qianxiang Shiji, Qianxiang Tiancheng and its subsidiaries, which were restricted due to statutory reserve requirements and other applicable laws and regulations and thus not available for distribution, amounted to $251.3 million in the aggregate. We do not believe that these restrictions on the distribution of our net assets will have a significant impact on our ability to meet our financial obligations in the future.

Furthermore, cash transfers from our PRC subsidiaries to our subsidiaries outside of China are subject to PRC government control of currency conversion. Restrictions on the availability of foreign currency may affect the ability of our PRC subsidiaries, Qianxiang Tiancheng and its subsidiaries to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to us, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency denominated obligations.

Subject to our memorandum and articles of association and certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law, our board of directors has complete discretion on whether to distribute dividends. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare dividends, but no such dividend shall exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. If we pay any dividends, they will be paid in accordance with Cayman Islands law, which provides, in summary, that dividends may be paid out of profits and/or our share premium account provided always that no such distribution or dividend paid to our shareholders will cause us to be unable to pay our debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of our business. In addition, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands prevents us from offering our shares or securities to individuals within the Cayman Islands, which may limit our ability to distribute a dividend comprised of our shares or other securities. We will pay the ADS holders to the same extent as holders of our ordinary shares, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See “Description of American Depositary Shares” in our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-173548), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2011. Cash dividends on our ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The information required by this Item regarding equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer or Affiliated Purchasers

None.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Not applicable.

Taxation

The following is a discussion of the material Cayman Islands, People’s Republic of China and United States federal income tax consequences that may be relevant to an investment decision in our Class A ordinary shares or the ADSs, and is based upon laws, regulations and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, all of which are subject to change. This discussion is not a comprehensive description of all the possible tax consequences relating to an investment in our Class A

ordinary shares or the ADSs, such as the tax consequences under U.S. state, local and other tax laws. To the extent that the discussion relates to matters of Cayman Islands tax law, it is the opinion of Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, our Cayman Islands legal counsel, and to the extent it relates to PRC tax law, it is the opinion of Yuanhe & Twelve Tables Partners, our PRC legal counsel.

Material Cayman Islands Taxation

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us or our shareholders or ADS holders levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by the Company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

Material People’s Republic of China Taxation

Renren Inc. is a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law (the “EIT Law”) and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of mainland China with a “de facto management body” within mainland China is considered a “resident enterprise,” and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a Chinese-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located within mainland China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by Chinese enterprises or Chinese enterprise groups, not those controlled by Chinese individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, all offshore enterprises controlled by a Chinese enterprise, or a Chinese enterprise group will be regarded as a Chinese tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in mainland China only if all of the following conditions are met:

We believe that neither Renren Inc. nor any of its subsidiaries incorporated outside of mainland China is a Chinese resident enterprise for Chinese tax purposes. Renren Inc. is not controlled by a Chinese enterprise or Chinese enterprise group, and we do not believe that Renren Inc. meets all of the conditions above. Renren Inc. is a company incorporated outside mainland China. As a holding company, some of its key assets are located, and its records (including the resolutions of its board of directors and the resolutions of its shareholders) are maintained, outside mainland China. For the same reasons, we believe our other subsidiaries outside of mainland China are also non-Chinese resident enterprises for Chinese tax purpose. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the Chinese tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.”

If Chinese tax authorities determine that Renren Inc. is a Chinese resident enterprise for EIT purposes, we may be required to withhold tax at a rate of 10% on dividends we pay to our shareholders, including holders of the ADSs that are non-resident enterprises. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders (including the ADS holders) may be subject to a 10% Chinese withholding tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of the ADS or Class A ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within mainland China. Furthermore, gains derived by our non-Chinese individual shareholders from the sale of our ordinary shares and the ADSs may be subject to a 20% Chinese withholding tax. It is unclear whether our non-Chinese individual shareholders (including the ADS holders) would be subject to any Chinese tax (including withholding tax) on dividends received by such non-Chinese individual shareholders in the event we are determined to be a Chinese resident enterprise. If any Chinese tax were to apply to dividends realized by non-Chinese

individuals, it will generally apply at a rate of 20%. The Chinese tax liability may be reduced under applicable tax treaties. However, it is unclear whether non-Chinese shareholders of Renren Inc. would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaty between their country of tax residence and mainland China in the event that Renren Inc. is treated as a Chinese resident enterprise.

See “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.”

Pursuant to the EIT Law and its implementation rules, if a non-resident enterprise has not set up an organization or establishment in mainland China or has set up an organization or establishment but the income derived has no actual connection with such organization or establishment, it will be subject to a withholding tax on its Chinese-sourced income at a rate of 10%.

If Renren Inc. is not deemed to be a Chinese resident enterprise, holders of the ADSs and our Class A ordinary shares who are not Chinese residents will not be subject to Chinese income tax on dividends distributed by us. With respect to gains realized from the sale or other disposition of our Class A ordinary shares or the ADSs, there is a possibility that a Chinese tax authority may impose an income tax under the indirect transfer rules set out under the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Property Transfer by Non-Resident Enterprises, except that such transaction could fall under the safe harbor thereunder. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.”

Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following discussion is a summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to the ownership and disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares by a U.S. Holder (as defined below) that holds the ADSs or ordinary shares as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment) under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. This discussion is based upon existing U.S. federal income tax law, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and which is subject to differing interpretations or change, possibly with retroactive effect. No ruling has been sought from the Internal Revenue Service, the IRS, with respect to any U.S. federal income tax consequences described below, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contrary position. This discussion, moreover, does not address the U.S. federal estate, gift, Medicare, and alternative minimum tax considerations, any election to apply Section 1400Z-2 of the Code to gains recognized with respect to sales or other dispositions of the ADSs or ordinary shares, special accounting rules under Section 451(b) of the Code, or any state, local or non-U.S. tax considerations, relating to the ownership or disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares. The following summary also does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of their individual circumstances or to persons in special tax situations such as:

If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of ADSs or ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding the ADSs or ordinary shares and their partners are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding an investment in the ADSs or ordinary shares.

General

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of the ADSs or ordinary shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, it is generally expected that a U.S. Holder of ADSs will be treated as the beneficial owner of the underlying shares represented by the ADSs. The remainder of this discussion assumes that a U.S. Holder of the ADSs will be treated in this manner. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of ordinary shares for ADSs will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.

Each U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal, state and local and non-U.S. tax considerations of owning and disposing of the ADSs or ordinary shares in its particular circumstances.

Dividends

Subject to the discussion below under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” distributions paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, will generally be includible in the gross income of a U.S. Holder as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by the U.S. Holder, in the case of ordinary shares, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basis of U.S. federal income tax principles, any distribution we pay will generally be treated as a “dividend” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Dividends received on the ADSs or ordinary shares will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations in respect of dividends received from U.S. corporations. The amount of any dividend income paid in a foreign currency will be the U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the spot rate in effect on the date of actual or constructive receipt,

regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars on such date. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder generally should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the amount received. A U.S. Holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt. Subject to applicable limitations, dividends paid to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders may be taxable at reduced rates. Non-corporate U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the availability of these reduced tax rates in their particular circumstances.

Dividends will generally be treated as income from foreign sources for United States foreign tax credit purposes and will generally constitute passive category income. In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, a U.S. Holder may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares (see “Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities—Taxation—Material People’s Republic of China Taxation”). For U.S. federal income tax purposes, the amount of any dividend income will include amounts withheld in respect of PRC withholding tax, if any.

Depending on a U.S. Holder’s individual facts and circumstances, the U.S. Holder may be eligible, subject to a number of complex limitations, to claim a foreign tax credit not in excess of any applicable treaty rate in respect of any foreign withholding taxes imposed on dividends received on the ADSs or ordinary shares. A U.S. Holder who does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign tax withheld may instead claim a deduction, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in respect of such withholding, but only for a year in which such U.S. Holder elects to do so for all creditable foreign income taxes. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex and their outcome depends in large part on the U.S. Holder’s individual facts and circumstances. Accordingly, U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.

Sale or Other Disposition of ADSs or Ordinary Shares

Subject to the discussion below under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” (PFIC) a U.S. Holder will generally recognize gain or loss upon the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the disposition and such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ADSs or ordinary shares. The gain or loss will generally be capital gain or loss. Any capital gain or loss will be long-term if the ADSs or ordinary shares have been held for more than one year. The deductibility of a capital loss may be subject to limitations.

Any such gain or loss that the U.S. Holder recognizes will generally be treated as U.S.-source income or loss for foreign tax credit limitation purposes, which will generally limit the availability of foreign tax credits. However, in the event we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, we may be eligible for the benefits of the United States-PRC income tax treaty. In such event, if PRC tax were to be imposed on any gain from the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares, a U.S. Holder that is eligible for the benefits of the United States-PRC income tax treaty may elect to treat such gain as PRC source income. If a U.S. Holder is not eligible for the benefits of the United States-PRC income tax treaty or fails to make the election to treat any gain as foreign source, then such U.S. Holder may not be able to use the foreign tax credit arising from any PRC tax imposed on the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against U.S. federal income tax due on other income derived from foreign sources in the same income category (generally, the passive category). Each U.S. Holder is advised to consult its tax advisors regarding the tax consequences if foreign tax is imposed on a disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares, including the availability of any foreign tax credit under its particular circumstances.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

A non-U.S. corporation, such as us, will be classified as a PFIC if, in the case of any particular taxable year, either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, cash and assets readily convertible into cash are generally categorized as passive assets and the company’s goodwill and other unbooked intangibles associated with active business activities may generally be classified as active assets. Passive income generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. For purposes of these rules, we will generally be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, more than 25% (by value) of the stock.

Based upon the nature of our business, the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets, including goodwill (which is based on the market price of the ADSs), we believe we may have been a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2022, and may be a PFIC for the current taxable year or in the future. Whether we were or are a PFIC

is a fact-intensive determination made on an annual basis and the applicable law is subject to varying interpretation. Such determination is uncertain because, among other things, (i) the total value of our assets may be determined, in part, by reference to our market capitalization from time to time, which may fluctuate considerably and (ii) the characterization of our income and assets as active or passive may depend, in part, on our current and intended future business plans, including how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets, which are subject to change. Even if we determine that we are not a PFIC for a taxable year, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not successfully challenge our position. Accordingly, our U.S. counsel expresses no opinion with respect to our PFIC status for any taxable year.

For any taxable year during which we are a PFIC and a U.S. Holder holds the ADSs or ordinary shares, unless the U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election (as described below), the U.S. Holder will generally be subject to special tax rules that have a penalizing effect, regardless of whether we remain a PFIC, on (i) any excess distribution that we make to the U.S. Holder (which generally means any distribution paid during a taxable year to a U.S. Holder that is greater than 125 percent of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares. Under the PFIC rules:

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds the ADSs or ordinary shares and any of our subsidiaries, Qianxiang Tiancheng or any of its subsidiaries is also a PFIC, such U.S. Holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries, Qianxiang Tiancheng or any of its subsidiaries.

As an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” (as defined below) in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election with respect to such stock. If we are a PFIC and a U.S. Holder makes this election with respect to the ADSs, the U.S. Holder will generally (i) include as ordinary income for each taxable year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the ADSs held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such ADSs and (ii) deduct as an ordinary loss in each such taxable year the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of the ADSs over the fair market value of such ADSs held at the end of the taxable year, but such deduction will only be allowed to the extent of the amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election in respect of the ADSs and we cease to be classified as a PFIC, the U.S. Holder will not be required to take into account the gain or loss described above during any period that we are not classified as a PFIC. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election, any gain such U.S. Holder recognizes upon the sale or other disposition of the ADSs in a year when we are a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but such loss will only be treated as ordinary loss to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election.

The mark-to-market election is available only for “marketable stock,” which is stock that is regularly traded on a qualified exchange or other market as defined in applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations. The ADSs will be treated as “regularly traded” for any calendar year in which more than a de minimis quantity of the ADSs are traded on a qualified exchange for at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. The New York Stock Exchange, where the ADSs are listed, is a qualified exchange for this purpose (but no assurance can be given in this regard).

Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, a U.S. Holder may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to such U.S. Holder’s indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. Holders to make qualified electing fund elections which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from (and generally less adverse than) the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.

If a U.S. Holder owns the ADSs or ordinary shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, the U.S. Holder must generally file an annual IRS Form 8621 or such other form as is required by the U.S. Treasury Department. Each U.S. Holder is advised to consult its tax advisor regarding the potential tax consequences to such U.S. Holder relating to our PFIC status, including the possibility of making a mark-to-market election.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries may be subject to information reporting and backup withholding, unless (i) the U.S. Holder is a corporation or other “exempt recipient” and (ii) in the case of backup withholding, the U.S. Holder provides a correct taxpayer identification number and certifies that it is not subject to backup withholding.

The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. Holder will be allowed as a credit against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle it to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS. Certain U.S. Holders who are individuals (or certain specified entities) may be required to report information relating to their ownership of the ADSs or ordinary shares, unless the ADSs or ordinary shares are held in accounts at financial institutions (in which case the accounts may be reportable if maintained by non-U.S. financial institutions)). U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding their reporting obligations with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares.

THE ABOVE DISCUSSION DOES NOT COVER ALL TAX MATTERS THAT MAY BE OF IMPORTANCE TO A PARTICULAR INVESTOR. PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS ARE STRONGLY URGED TO CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS ABOUT THE TAX CONSEQUENCES OF AN INVESTMENT IN OUR CLASS A ORDINARY SHARES OR THE ADSS.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Operating Results

Overview

Our business model has been evolving continuously since our initial public offering in May 2011. At the time of our initial public offering, we were primarily a social networking service platform, and we had a number of ancillary businesses that were intended to monetize that platform. We gradually disposed of most of those ancillary businesses in the years that followed our initial public offering.

Currently, we operate two SaaS businesses, Chime and Trucker Path. Chime offers an all-in-one real estate sales acceleration and client lifecycle management platform that allows real estate professionals to obtain leads, close transactions, and retain their clients. Trucker Path is a driver-centric online transportation management platform whose mission is to make freight transportation fast, reliable, and efficient. Trucker Path provides trip planning, navigation, freight sourcing, a market place that offers goods and services truckers use to operate their businesses and helps connect qualified brokers and carriers to expand their reach and initiate and complete transactions easily and efficiently. The majority of our revenues are generated by our SaaS businesses. Our SaaS businesses currently generate 100% of their revenue from the U.S. market.

As of December 31, 2022, we have two reportable segments, Chime and Trucker Path. Our total revenues from the SaaS business increased from US$31.8 million in 2021 to US$45.3 million in 2022, and loss from continuing operations in 2021 and 2022 were US$103.4 million and US$76.4 million, respectively.

Financial Overview

Revenue

We derive substantially all of our revenues from SaaS subscription services, advertising services, and other related services. We recognize our revenues over the life of the SaaS subscriptions and net of business taxes or value added tax, as applicable. Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. Deferred revenue mainly consists of payments received from customers related to unsatisfied performance obligations for SaaS subscription services and advertising services. Our total deferred revenue was US$2.6 million and US$4.3 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively, most of which is expected to be recognized as revenue within one year.

The following table sets forth the principal components of our revenues.

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SaaS Revenue

Our subscription revenues are derived primarily from platform services provided by Chime and Trucker Path. Our revenues from advertising services are derived primarily of lead generation, point-of-interest, and banner advertising services provided by Chime and Trucker Path.

Other Services

Our revenues from other services consist primarily of dispatching revenue from the Trucker Path segment and revenues from non-recurring equipment sales.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues consists primarily of cloud hosting services, merchant fees, and print services. The cost of revenues in 2021 and 2022 was US$6.8 million and US$10.4 million, respectively.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist primarily of selling and marketing expenses, research and development expenses, and general and administrative expenses. The following table sets forth our operating expenses for continuing operations, both as dollar amounts and as percentages of our total revenues, for the periods indicated.

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Our selling and marketing expenses, research and development expenses, and general and administrative expenses include share-based compensation expenses.

Selling and marketing expenses

Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries, benefits and commissions for our sales and marketing personnel, online advertising, and other advertising and promotion expenses. Our selling and marketing expenses may increase in the near term if we increase our headcount or promotion expenses for our SaaS businesses.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits for research and development personnel. Our research and development expenses may increase in the near term on an absolute basis as we intend to hire additional research and development personnel to develop new features for our various SaaS services, invest in new SaaS products and services, improve the customer experience, and further improve our technology infrastructure.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits for our general and administrative personnel, fees and expenses for third-party professional services. Our general and administrative expenses may increase in the future on an absolute basis as our SaaS businesses grow.

Discontinued Operations

On June 25, 2021, we completed the deconsolidation of Kaixin Auto Holdings (“Kaixin”) through Kaixin’s reverse acquisition of Haitaoche Limited (“Haitaoche”), in which Kaixin issued an aggregate of 74,035,502 ordinary shares to acquire 100% of the share capital of Haitaoche. We refer to this transaction as the Haitaoche Acquisition throughout this annual report. Following the Haitaoche Acquisition, we owned less than 50% of Kaixin’s total outstanding ordinary shares and lost control of Kaixin. Following the Haitaoche Acquisition, the management of Haitaoche became the management of Kaixin and obtained the right to elect a majority of Kaixin’s board of directors. Haitaoche was not a related party of our company before the Haitaoche Acquisition.

Under GAAP, loss of control of a subsidiary is deemed to have occurred when, among other things, a parent company owns less than a majority of the outstanding common stock of the subsidiary, and is unable to unilaterally control the subsidiary through other means such as having the ability or being able to obtain the ability to elect a majority of the subsidiary’s board of directors. We determined that all of those loss of control factors were present with respect to Kaixin on June 25, 2021. Accordingly, we deconsolidated Kaixin’s financial statements and results of operations from ours, effective June 25, 2021, in accordance with ASC 810-10-40-4(c), Consolidation.

For periods on and after June 25, 2021, we are accounting for our retained noncontrolling investment in Kaixin as an equity investment. We held approximately 32.8 million ordinary shares of Kaixin, or approximately 19.2% of Kaixin outstanding ordinary shares as of December 31, 2021 and thus became a related party of Kaixin.

In connection with the deconsolidation of Kaixin and in accordance with ASC 810, we recorded a gain on deconsolidation of US$123.7 million related to the remeasurement of our retained noncontrolling interest in 33.3% of Kaixin ordinary shares from cost to fair value based on the share price as of June 25, 2021. The gain is included in the income from discontinued operation, net of tax, in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Kaixin’s results of operations for the period from January 1, 2021 through June 24, 2021, the date immediately preceding the deconsolidation of Kaixin, are included in the consolidated results of operations as net gain/loss from the discontinued operations, net of nil taxes, for those respective periods, after intercompany eliminations, as applicable.

The deconsolidation of Kaixin has allowed us to concentrate our operations and management attention on our SaaS businesses which have higher gross margins and require much less investment in physical infrastructure to achieve growth.

Change in Accounting Method for Kaixin Investment

As of June 30, 2022, the Company determined that the investment in Kaixin Auto Holdings (NASDAQ: KXIN) (“Kaixin”) should be accounted for as equity investment with readily determinable fair value, a change in accounting from the equity method. This determination is substantiated by the decrease in ownership to 16.6% compared to 19.2% as of December 31, 2021 and the resignation of Renren’s representative from Kaixin’s Board of Directors which, combined, result in a lack of significant influence in Kaixin. As a result of the change in accounting methodology and because the fair value of Kaixin shares is readily determinable since the shares are listed and quoted on the Nasdaq Capital Market (NASDAQ: KXIN), the Company recognized a $10.4 million unrealized loss as a fair value adjustment to the investment in Kaixin. The Company recognized its share of loss of $12.0 million from Kaixin under the equity method prior to the change in accounting method.

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Results of Operations

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Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the years indicated.

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Our business has evolved rapidly in recent years. We believe that historical period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations may not be indicative of future performance.

Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2021

Except where specified otherwise, the following commentary compares results for the year ended December 31, 2022 to results for the corresponding period in 2021, excluding those of Kaixin. Effective June 25, 2021, Kaixin was deconsolidated, and from June 25, 2021 to June 30, 2022, we accounted for our retained noncontrolling investment in Kaixin as an equity method investment as we were deemed to have the ability to exercise significant influence over Kaixin’s operating and financial policies through our voting interest, and right to designate a board member. On June 30, 2022, our equity interest in Kaixin decreased to 16.6% and our representative resigned from Kaixin’s Board of Directors, which combined resulted in a lack of significant influence in Kaixin and thus, our investment in Kaixin was accounted for as equity investments with readily determinable fair value, a change in accounting the equity method.

Revenues

Our revenues increased by 42.2% from US$32.2 million in 2021 to US$45.8 million in 2022. This increase was primarily due to the increase in revenue from our SaaS businesses.

Cost of revenues

Our cost of revenues increased by 52.2% from US$6.8 million in 2021 to US$10.4 million in 2022. This increase was primarily due to the increase of software expenses directly related to the generation of revenue and cloud hosting services to provide a better user experience and grow the SaaS businesses.

Operating expenses

Our operating expenses increased by 15.0% from US$44.8 million in 2021 to US$51.6 million in 2022, primarily due to business expansion.

Other income

We had other income of US$3.2 million in 2022, compared with other income of US$0.8 million in 2021. The fluctuation was mainly due to the accrued expenses written off due to the disposal of subsidiaries and Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loan proceeds received by Chime and Trucker Path.

Interest income

Our interest income was US$0.6 million in 2022, compared with US$0.2 million in 2021. Our interest income in 2022 was primarily interest from the short-term investments managed by Silicon Valley Bank with a variable return, while interest income in 2021 was primarily interest from note issued to us by Oak Pacific Investment in the OPI Transaction.

Interest expenses

Our interest expense was US$0.03 million in 2022, compared with US$0.05 million in 2021. The interest expense in 2021 and 2022 was primarily due to interest on loans that we borrowed from commercial banks. The fluctuation was mainly due to the decrease in the loan balance.

Loss from fair value change of a long-term investment

Our loss from fair value change of a long-term investment was US$10.4 million in 2022, compared with nil in 2021. The loss from fair value change of a long-term investment represents the unrealized loss from reduction in ordinary share price of Kaixin from June 30, 2022 to December 31, 2022. On June 30, 2022, our equity interest in Kaixin decreased to 16.6% and we our representative resigned from Kaixin’s Board of Directors, which resulted in a lack of significant influence in Kaixin. Thus, from June 30, 2022, the investment in Kaixin’s ordinary shares were accounted for as an equity investment with readily determinable fair value, a change in accounting from the equity method. We evaluate the change of fair value of Kaixin’s ordinary shares at each period end.

Impairment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values

Our impairment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values was US$44.5 million in 2022, compared with US$1.5 million in 2021. The impairment loss in 2022 was due to the impairment of Infinities of US$40.0 million and impairment of preferred shares of Kaixin of US$4.5 million. The net balance of equity investments without readily determinable fair values after the impairments is US$0.7 million as of December 31, 2022.

Segment Operations

The Company is engaged in providing B2B SaaS platforms and services to customers primarily located in the United States. The Company’s operations are conducted in two reportable segments: Chime and Trucker Path. The Company defines its segments as those operations whose results the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) regularly reviews to analyze performance and allocate resources.

The Chime segment includes the Company’s all-in-one real estate sales acceleration and client lifecycle management platform. The Trucker Path segment includes the Company’s driver-centric online transportation management platform.

The Company measures the results of its segments using, among other measures, each segment’s revenue and cost of sales. Revenue from Chime and Trucker Path for the year ended December 31, 2022 was US$24.7 million and US$20.9 million, respectively. Cost of revenues for Chime and Trucker Path for the year ended December 31, 2022 was US$3.6 million and US$6.7 million, respectively.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flows and Working Capital

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the settlement of liabilities in the normal course of business. As of December 31, 2022, we had net current assets (current assets less current liabilities) of US$29.2 million, and an accumulated deficit of US$695.6 million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we incurred loss from continuing operations amounting to US$76.4 million and negative cash flows from continuing operating activities of US$3.8 million.

Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on our ability to generate cash flows from operations, and to make adequate financing arrangements. We had cash and cash equivalents of US$28.0 million, excluding restricted cash, and short-term investments of $24.0 million as of December 31, 2022. The cash reserve is expected to meet our operating needs for at least the next twelve months from the date of this annual report. However, if negative cash flow from operating activities persists in the long run, our cash resources may become insufficient to satisfy on-going cash requirements. Cash and short-term investments are held at multiple financial institutions. We have diversified our holding banks to reduce the impact of bank failures, such as Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”), on our uninsured deposits and to facilitate international operations.

On March 10, 2023, we had a banking relationship with SVB.  As of the closure of SVB on March 10, 2023, we held approximately $9.4 million in cash and cash equivalents at SVB, which represented approximately 19% of our total cash, cash equivalents and

investments as of that date. SVB also managed approximately $33 million short-term investments which were held in custody for us at U.S. Bank.  SVB was closed on March 10, 2023 by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the FDIC as receiver. On March 12, 2023, the U.S. Treasury, Federal Reserve, and FDIC announced that SVB depositors will have access to all of their money starting March 13, 2023. On March 13, 2023, we were able to access all $9.4 million in cash and cash equivalents held at SVB. Except for customary liquidity restrictions inherent to short-term investments, our access to investment accounts held in custody by U.S. Bank was never restricted.  While we have not experienced any losses in such accounts, the recent failure of SVB exposed a portion of our cash and cash equivalents to significant credit risk prior to the completion by the FDIC of the resolution that fully protected all SVB depositors. We are in the process of transferring our accounts to one or more alternate depository institutions, the financial position of which management believes does not expose our company to significant credit risk or jeopardizes our liquidity.  Where possible, we will also continue to hold our excess cash in short-term investments and money market accounts to further limit exposure.

Our material cash uses included investments in short-term government and agency securities, investment in adding product features and growing our enterprise presence in Chime, Chime’s entry into property management SaaS services, and in research and development to add features to Trucker Path to allow us to extend the services offered to drivers and to serve the needs of other industry participants including brokers, fleets, and dispatchers. We issued a standby letter of credit to the benefit of East West Bank that guarantees Kaixin and its Subsidiary’s payment of approximately US$9.3 million to East West Bank, which is an uncollateralized guarantee carried over from our deconsolidation of Kaixin and fully reserved. As of the date of this annual report, approximately $5.8 million had been claimed under our standby letter of credit in connection with the Kaixin Subsidiary default of certain guaranteed loan. The Company believes the other Kaixin loan guaranteed by the standby letter of credit will go default in the foreseeable future, and as a result, East West Bank may seize our cash deposits pledged as security under the standby letter of credit, which amounted to US$9.2 million as of December 31, 2022, and/or demand reimbursement from us. The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

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Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations amounted to US$3.8 million in 2022, compared to net loss from continuing operations of US$76.4 million. The principal change in operating assets and liabilities accounting for the difference between our net loss and our net cash used in operating activities in 2022 was a decrease in income tax payable of US$3.4 million, and partially offset by a decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets of US$2.9 million, an increase in deferred revenue of US$1.7 million. The principal adjustments to reconcile our net loss to our net cash used in operating activities was impairment on and earnings (loss) in equity method investments of US$11.4 million, share-based compensation expenses of US$4.0 million, impairment on long-term investment without readily determinable fair values of US$44.5 million, and fair value change on long-term investment of US$10.4 million.

Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations amounted to US$19.0 million in 2021, compared to net loss from continuing operations of US$103.4 million. The principal change in operating assets and liabilities accounting for the difference between our net loss and our net cash used in operating activities in 2021 was an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of US$4.1 million, an increase in accounts receivable of US$1.1 million, an increase in amount due from subsidiary held for sale of US$1.6 million,

completion of construction, expected to be the first quarter of 2023. Capital expenditures in 2021 were primarily used to purchase servers and other equipment for our business.

Our Holding Company Structure and Contractual Arrangements with Qianxiang Tiancheng

Please refer to “Item 1. Business—Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Qianxiang Tiancheng.”

Financial Information relating to the VIE

Set forth below are the condensed consolidating schedule showing the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the Parent, Non-VIE Subsidiaries and the VIE and its subsidiaries, eliminating adjustments and consolidated totals (in thousands of US$) as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022. In the tables below, the column headings correspond to the following entities:

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Selected Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations Data

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Selected Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets Data

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