v3.8.0.1
Derivative instruments
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12 Months Ended |
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| Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] |
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| Derivative instruments |
Derivative instruments
We use derivatives to manage exposure to market risk, including interest rate risk, equity price risk and foreign currency risk, as well as credit risk. Our trading activities are focused on acting as a market-maker for our customers and facilitating customer trades in compliance with the Volcker Rule.
The notional amounts for derivative financial instruments express the dollar volume of the transactions; however, credit risk is much smaller. We perform credit reviews and enter into netting agreements and collateral arrangements to minimize the credit risk of derivative financial instruments. We enter into offsetting positions to reduce exposure to foreign currency, interest rate and equity price risk.
Use of derivative financial instruments involves reliance on counterparties. Failure of a counterparty to honor its obligation under a derivative contract is a risk we assume whenever we engage in a derivative contract. There were no counterparty default losses recorded in 2017 or 2016.
Hedging derivatives
We utilize interest rate swap agreements to manage our exposure to interest rate fluctuations. For hedges of available-for-sale investment securities, deposits and long-term debt, the hedge documentation specifies the terms of the hedged items and the interest rate swaps and indicates that the derivative is hedging a fixed rate item and is a fair value hedge, that the hedge exposure is to the changes in the fair value of the hedged item due to changes in benchmark interest rates, and that the strategy is to eliminate fair value variability by converting fixed rate interest payments to LIBOR.
The available-for-sale investment securities hedged consist of U.S. Treasury bonds, agency commercial MBS, sovereign debt and covered bonds that had original maturities of 30 years or less at initial purchase. At Dec. 31, 2017, $12.3 billion face amount of available-for-sale securities were hedged with interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges that had notional values of $12.3 billion.
The fixed rate long-term debt instruments hedged generally have original maturities of five to 30 years. We issue both callable and non-callable debt. The debt is hedged with “receive fixed rate, pay variable rate” swaps. At Dec. 31, 2017, $24.0 billion par value of debt was hedged with interest rate swaps that had notional values of $24.0 billion.
In addition, we enter into foreign exchange hedges. We use forward foreign exchange contracts with maturities of 15 months or less to hedge our Indian rupee, British pound, Hong Kong dollar, Singapore dollar, Canadian dollar and Polish zloty foreign exchange exposure with respect to foreign currency forecasted revenue and expense transactions in entities that have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. As of Dec. 31, 2017, the hedged forecasted foreign currency transactions and designated forward foreign exchange contract hedges were $415 million (notional), with a pre-tax gain of $12 million recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income. This gain will be reclassified to income or expense over the next 12 months.
Forward foreign exchange contracts are also used to hedge the value of our net investments in foreign subsidiaries. These forward foreign exchange contracts have maturities of less than one year. The derivatives employed are designated as hedges of changes in value of our foreign investments due to exchange rates. Changes in the value of the forward foreign exchange contracts offset the changes in value of the foreign investments due to changes in foreign exchange rates. The change in fair market value of these forward foreign exchange contracts is deferred and reported within foreign currency translation adjustments in shareholders’ equity, net of tax. At Dec. 31, 2017, forward foreign exchange contracts with notional amounts totaling $8.3 billion were designated as hedges.
In addition to forward foreign exchange contracts, we also designate non-derivative financial instruments as hedges of our net investments in foreign subsidiaries. Those non-derivative financial instruments designated as hedges of our net investments in foreign subsidiaries were all long-term liabilities of BNY Mellon in various currencies, and, at Dec. 31, 2017, had a combined U.S. dollar equivalent value of $184 million.
Ineffectiveness related to derivatives and hedging relationships was recorded in income as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | Ineffectiveness | Year ended Dec. 31, | (in millions) | 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| Fair value hedges of securities | $ | (14.8 | ) | $ | (0.5 | ) | $ | 4.1 |
| Fair value hedges of long-term debt | (6.7 | ) | (3.1 | ) | (6.3 | ) | Cash flow hedges | 6.0 |
| — |
| — |
| Other (a) | — |
| — |
| — |
| Total | $ | (15.5 | ) | $ | (3.6 | ) | $ | (2.2 | ) |
| | (a) | Includes ineffectiveness recorded on net investment foreign exchange hedges. |
The following table summarizes the notional amount and credit exposure of our total derivative portfolio at Dec. 31, 2017 and Dec. 31, 2016.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Impact of derivative instruments on the balance sheet | Notional value | | Asset derivatives fair value | | Liability derivatives fair value | (in millions) | |
| |
| | |
| |
| | |
| |
| Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: (a) | | | | | | | | | | $ | 36,315 |
| $ | 29,683 |
| | $ | 278 |
| $ | 415 |
| | $ | 534 |
| $ | 545 |
| | 8,923 |
| 7,796 |
| | 45 |
| 369 |
| | 266 |
| 52 |
| Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments | | | | $ | 323 |
| $ | 784 |
| | $ | 800 |
| $ | 597 |
| Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: (b) | | | | | | | | | | $ | 267,485 |
| $ | 325,412 |
| | $ | 6,439 |
| $ | 7,587 |
| | $ | 6,353 |
| $ | 7,633 |
| | 767,999 |
| 530,729 |
| | 5,104 |
| 6,104 |
| | 5,067 |
| 6,103 |
| | 1,698 |
| 1,167 |
| | 70 |
| 46 |
| | 149 |
| 112 |
| | 180 |
| 160 |
| | — |
| — |
| | 4 |
| 3 |
| Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | | | | $ | 11,613 |
| $ | 13,737 |
| | $ | 11,573 |
| $ | 13,851 |
| Total derivatives fair value (c) | | | | $ | 11,936 |
| $ | 14,521 |
| | $ | 12,373 |
| $ | 14,448 |
| Effect of master netting agreements (d) | | | | (8,845 | ) | (10,257 | ) | | (8,797 | ) | (10,047 | ) | Fair value after effect of master netting agreements | | | | $ | 3,091 |
| $ | 4,264 |
| | $ | 3,576 |
| $ | 4,401 |
|
| | (a) | The fair value of asset derivatives and liability derivatives designated as hedging instruments is recorded as other assets and other liabilities, respectively, on the balance sheet. |
| | (b) | The fair value of asset derivatives and liability derivatives not designated as hedging instruments is recorded as trading assets and trading liabilities, respectively, on the balance sheet. |
| | (c) | Fair values are on a gross basis, before consideration of master netting agreements, as required by ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. |
| | (d) | Effect of master netting agreements includes cash collateral received and paid of $925 million and $877 million, respectively, at Dec. 31, 2017, and $1,119 million and $909 million, respectively, at Dec. 31, 2016. |
The following tables present the impact of derivative instruments used in fair value, cash flow and net investment hedging relationships in the income statement.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Impact of derivative instruments in the income statement (in millions) | | | | Derivatives in fair value hedging relationships | Location of gain or (loss) recognized in income on derivatives | | Gain or (loss) recognized in income on derivatives Year ended Dec. 31, | | Location of gain or (loss) recognized in income on hedged item | | Gain or (loss) recognized in hedged item | 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| | 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| | Net interest revenue | | $ | (115 | ) | $ | (274 | ) | $ | (85 | ) | | Net interest revenue | | $ | 93 |
| $ | 270 |
| $ | 83 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships | Gain or (loss) recognized in accumulated OCI on derivatives (effective portion) Year ended Dec. 31, | | Location of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income (effective portion) | | Gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income (effective portion) Year ended Dec. 31, | | Location of gain or (loss) recognized in income on derivatives (ineffective portion and amount excluded from effectiveness testing) | | Gain or (loss) recognized in income on derivatives (ineffectiveness portion and amount excluded from effectiveness testing) | 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| | | 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| | | 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| | $ | — |
| $ | (18 | ) | $ | (1 | ) | | Net interest revenue | | $ | — |
| $ | (18 | ) | $ | (1 | ) | | Net interest revenue | | $ | — |
| $ | — |
| $ | — |
| | 2 |
| — |
| — |
| | Other revenue | | 2 |
| — |
| — |
| | Other revenue | | 6 |
| — |
| — |
| | 1 |
| (16 | ) | 9 |
| | Trading revenue | | 2 |
| (16 | ) | 9 |
| | Trading revenue | | — |
| — |
| — |
| | 30 |
| (18 | ) | (8 | ) | | Salary expense | | 10 |
| (11 | ) | (19 | ) | | Salary expense | | — |
| — |
| — |
| Total | $ | 33 |
| $ | (52 | ) | $ | — |
| | | | $ | 14 |
| $ | (45 | ) | $ | (11 | ) | | | | $ | 6 |
| $ | — |
| $ | — |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Derivatives in net investment hedging relationships | Gain or (loss) recognized in accumulated OCI on derivatives (effective portion) Year ended Dec. 31, | | Location of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income (effective portion) | | Gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income (effective portion) Year ended Dec. 31, | | Location of gain or (loss) recognized in income on derivatives (ineffective portion and amount excluded from effectiveness testing) | | Gain or (loss) recognized in income on derivatives (ineffectiveness portion and amount excluded from effectiveness testing) | 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| | | 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| | | 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| | $ | (625 | ) | $ | 652 |
| $ | 474 |
| | Net interest revenue | | $ | — |
| $ | — |
| $ | 1 |
| | Other revenue | | $ | — |
| $ | — |
| $ | — |
|
Trading activities (including trading derivatives)
We manage trading risk through a system of position limits, a VaR methodology based on historical simulation and other market sensitivity measures. Risk is monitored and reported to senior management by a separate unit, independent from trading, on a daily basis. Based on certain assumptions, the VaR methodology is designed to capture the potential overnight pre-tax dollar loss from adverse changes in fair values of all trading positions. The calculation assumes a one-day holding period, utilizes a 99% confidence level and incorporates non-linear product characteristics. The VaR model is one of several statistical models used to develop economic capital results, which are allocated to lines of business for computing risk-adjusted performance.
As the VaR methodology does not evaluate risk attributable to extraordinary financial, economic or other occurrences, the risk assessment process includes a number of stress scenarios based upon the risk factors in the portfolio and management’s assessment of market conditions. Additional stress scenarios based upon historical market events are also performed. Stress tests may incorporate the impact of reduced market liquidity and the breakdown of historically observed correlations and extreme scenarios. VaR and other statistical measures, stress testing and sensitivity analysis are incorporated in other risk management materials.
The following table presents our foreign exchange and other trading revenue.
| | | | | | | | | | | Foreign exchange and other trading revenue | Year ended Dec. 31, | (in millions) | 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| Foreign exchange | $ | 638 |
| $ | 687 |
| $ | 743 |
| Other trading revenue | 30 |
| 14 |
| 25 |
| Total foreign exchange and other trading revenue | $ | 668 |
| $ | 701 |
| $ | 768 |
|
Foreign exchange revenue includes income from purchasing and selling foreign currencies and currency forwards, futures and options. Other trading revenue reflects results from trading in cash instruments including fixed income and equity securities and non-foreign exchange derivatives.
Counterparty credit risk and collateral
We assess credit risk of our counterparties through regular examination of their financial statements, confidential communication with the management of those counterparties and regular monitoring of publicly available credit rating information. This and other information is used to develop proprietary credit rating metrics used to assess credit quality.
Collateral requirements are determined after a comprehensive review of the credit quality of each counterparty. Collateral is generally held or pledged in the form of cash or highly liquid government securities. Collateral requirements are monitored and adjusted daily.
Additional disclosures concerning derivative financial instruments are provided in Note 18 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Disclosure of contingent features in OTC derivative instruments
Certain OTC derivative contracts and/or collateral agreements of The Bank of New York Mellon, our largest banking subsidiary and the subsidiary through which BNY Mellon enters into the substantial majority of its OTC derivative contracts and/or collateral agreements, contain provisions that may require us to take certain actions if The Bank of New York Mellon’s public debt rating fell to a certain level. Early termination provisions, or “close-out” agreements, in those contracts could trigger immediate payment of outstanding contracts that are in net liability positions. Certain collateral agreements would require The Bank of New York Mellon to immediately post additional collateral to cover some or all of The Bank of New York Mellon’s liabilities to a counterparty.
The following table shows the fair value of contracts falling under early termination provisions that were in net liability positions as of Dec. 31, 2017 for three key ratings triggers.
| | | | | | If The Bank of New York Mellon’s rating was changed to (Moody’s/S&P) | Potential close-out exposures (fair value) (a) | | A3/A- | | $ | 92 | million | Baa2/BBB | | $ | 748 | million | Ba1/BB+ | | $ | 2,007 | million |
| | (a) | The amounts represent potential total close-out values if The Bank of New York Mellon’s rating were to immediately drop to the indicated levels. |
The aggregated fair value of contracts impacting potential trade close-out amounts and collateral obligations can fluctuate from quarter to quarter due to changes in market conditions, changes in the composition of counterparty trades, new business or changes to the agreement definitions establishing close-out or collateral obligations.
If The Bank of New York Mellon’s debt rating had fallen below investment grade on Dec. 31, 2017, existing collateral arrangements would have required us to post an additional $102 million of collateral.
The following tables present derivative instruments and financial instruments that are either subject to an enforceable netting agreement or offset by collateral arrangements. There were no derivative instruments or financial instruments subject to a legally enforceable netting agreement for which we are not currently netting.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Offsetting of derivative assets and financial assets at Dec. 31, 2017 | | | | | | Gross assets recognized |
| Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet |
| | Net assets recognized on the balance sheet |
| Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet | | (in millions) | (a) | Financial instruments |
| Cash collateral received |
| Net amount |
| Derivatives subject to netting arrangements: | | | | | | | | | $ | 5,915 |
| $ | 5,075 |
| | $ | 840 |
| $ | 178 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 662 |
| | 4,666 |
| 3,720 |
| | 946 |
| 116 |
| — |
| 830 |
| | 67 |
| 50 |
| | 17 |
| — |
| — |
| 17 |
| Total derivatives subject to netting arrangements | 10,648 |
| 8,845 |
| | 1,803 |
| 294 |
| — |
| 1,509 |
| Total derivatives not subject to netting arrangements | 1,288 |
| — |
| | 1,288 |
| — |
| — |
| 1,288 |
| Total derivatives | 11,936 |
| 8,845 |
| | 3,091 |
| 294 |
| — |
| 2,797 |
| Reverse repurchase agreements | 42,784 |
| 25,848 |
| (b) | 16,936 |
| 16,923 |
| — |
| 13 |
| Securities borrowing | 11,199 |
| — |
| | 11,199 |
| 10,858 |
| — |
| 341 |
| Total | $ | 65,919 |
| $ | 34,693 |
| | $ | 31,226 |
| $ | 28,075 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 3,151 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Offsetting of derivative assets and financial assets at Dec. 31, 2016 | | | | | | Gross assets recognized |
| Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet |
| | Net assets recognized on the balance sheet |
| Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet | | (in millions) | (a) | Financial instruments |
| Cash collateral received |
| Net amount |
| Derivatives subject to netting arrangements: | | | | | | | | | $ | 7,205 |
| $ | 6,047 |
| | $ | 1,158 |
| $ | 321 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 837 |
| | 5,265 |
| 4,172 |
| | 1,093 |
| 202 |
| — |
| 891 |
| | 44 |
| 38 |
| | 6 |
| — |
| — |
| 6 |
| Total derivatives subject to netting arrangements | 12,514 |
| 10,257 |
| | 2,257 |
| 523 |
| — |
| 1,734 |
| Total derivatives not subject to netting arrangements | 2,007 |
| — |
| | 2,007 |
| — |
| — |
| 2,007 |
| Total derivatives | 14,521 |
| 10,257 |
| | 4,264 |
| 523 |
| — |
| 3,741 |
| Reverse repurchase agreements | 17,588 |
| 481 |
| (b) | 17,107 |
| 17,104 |
| — |
| 3 |
| Securities borrowing | 8,694 |
| — |
| | 8,694 |
| 8,425 |
| — |
| 269 |
| Total | $ | 40,803 |
| $ | 10,738 |
| | $ | 30,065 |
| $ | 26,052 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 4,013 |
|
| | (a) | Includes the effect of netting agreements and net cash collateral received. The offset related to the OTC derivatives was allocated to the various types of derivatives based on the net positions. |
| | (b) | Offsetting of reverse repurchase agreements relates to our involvement in the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation, where we settle government securities transactions on a net basis for payment and delivery through the Fedwire system. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Offsetting of derivative liabilities and financial liabilities at Dec. 31, 2017 | Net liabilities recognized on the balance sheet |
| | | | | Gross liabilities recognized |
| Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet |
| | Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet | | (in millions) | (a) | Financial instruments |
| Cash collateral pledged |
| Net amount |
| Derivatives subject to netting arrangements: | | | | | | | | | $ | 6,810 |
| $ | 5,495 |
| | $ | 1,315 |
| $ | 1,222 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 93 |
| | 4,765 |
| 3,221 |
| | 1,544 |
| 177 |
| — |
| 1,367 |
| | 143 |
| 81 |
| | 62 |
| 58 |
| — |
| 4 |
| Total derivatives subject to netting arrangements | 11,718 |
| 8,797 |
| | 2,921 |
| 1,457 |
| — |
| 1,464 |
| Total derivatives not subject to netting arrangements | 655 |
| — |
| | 655 |
| — |
| — |
| 655 |
| Total derivatives | 12,373 |
| 8,797 |
| | 3,576 |
| 1,457 |
| — |
| 2,119 |
| Repurchase agreements | 33,908 |
| 25,848 |
| (b) | 8,060 |
| 8,059 |
| — |
| 1 |
| Securities lending | 2,186 |
| — |
| | 2,186 |
| 2,091 |
| — |
| 95 |
| Total | $ | 48,467 |
| $ | 34,645 |
| | $ | 13,822 |
| $ | 11,607 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 2,215 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Offsetting of derivative liabilities and financial liabilities at Dec. 31, 2016 | Net liabilities recognized on the balance sheet |
| | | | | Gross liabilities recognized |
| Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet |
| | Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet | | (in millions) | (a) | Financial instruments |
| Cash collateral pledged |
| Net amount |
| Derivatives subject to netting arrangements: | | | | | | | | | $ | 8,116 |
| $ | 6,634 |
| | $ | 1,482 |
| $ | 1,266 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 216 |
| | 4,957 |
| 3,363 |
| | 1,594 |
| 355 |
| — |
| 1,239 |
| | 104 |
| 50 |
| | 54 |
| 54 |
| — |
| — |
| Total derivatives subject to netting arrangements | 13,177 |
| 10,047 |
| | 3,130 |
| 1,675 |
| — |
| 1,455 |
| Total derivatives not subject to netting arrangements | 1,271 |
| — |
| | 1,271 |
| — |
| — |
| 1,271 |
| Total derivatives | 14,448 |
| 10,047 |
| | 4,401 |
| 1,675 |
| — |
| 2,726 |
| Repurchase agreements | 8,703 |
| 481 |
| (b) | 8,222 |
| 8,222 |
| — |
| — |
| Securities lending | 1,615 |
| — |
| | 1,615 |
| 1,522 |
| — |
| 93 |
| Total | $ | 24,766 |
| $ | 10,528 |
| | $ | 14,238 |
| $ | 11,419 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 2,819 |
|
| | (a) | Includes the effect of netting agreements and net cash collateral paid. The offset related to the OTC derivatives was allocated to the various types of derivatives based on the net positions. |
| | (b) | Offsetting of repurchase agreements relates to our involvement in the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation, where we settle government securities transactions on a net basis for payment and delivery through the Fedwire system. |
Secured borrowings
The following table presents the contract value of repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions accounted for as secured borrowings by the type of collateral provided to counterparties.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions accounted for as secured borrowings | | | | | | Remaining contractual maturity | Total |
| | Remaining contractual maturity | Total |
| (in millions) | Overnight and continuous |
| Up to 30 days |
| 30 days or more |
| | Overnight and continuous |
| Up to 30 days |
| 30 days or more |
| Repurchase agreements: | | | | | | | | | | U.S. Treasury | $ | 26,883 |
| $ | 11 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 26,894 |
| | $ | 2,488 |
| $ | 4 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 2,492 |
| U.S. government agencies | 570 |
| 180 |
| — |
| 750 |
| | 396 |
| 10 |
| — |
| 406 |
| Agency RMBS | 2,574 |
| 109 |
| — |
| 2,683 |
| | 3,294 |
| 386 |
| — |
| 3,680 |
| Corporate bonds | 373 |
| — |
| 1,052 |
| 1,425 |
| | 304 |
| — |
| 694 |
| 998 |
| Other debt securities | 253 |
| — |
| 731 |
| 984 |
| | 146 |
| — |
| 563 |
| 709 |
| Equity securities | 655 |
| — |
| 517 |
| 1,172 |
| | 375 |
| — |
| 43 |
| 418 |
| Total | $ | 31,308 |
| $ | 300 |
| $ | 2,300 |
| $ | 33,908 |
| | $ | 7,003 |
| $ | 400 |
| $ | 1,300 |
| $ | 8,703 |
| Securities lending: | | | | | | | | | | U.S. government agencies | $ | 72 |
| $ | — |
| $ | — |
| $ | 72 |
| | $ | 39 |
| $ | — |
| $ | — |
| $ | 39 |
| Other debt securities | 316 |
| — |
| — |
| 316 |
| | 477 |
| — |
| — |
| 477 |
| Equity securities | 1,798 |
| — |
| — |
| 1,798 |
| | 1,099 |
| — |
| — |
| 1,099 |
| Total | $ | 2,186 |
| $ | — |
| $ | — |
| $ | 2,186 |
| | $ | 1,615 |
| $ | — |
| $ | — |
| $ | 1,615 |
| Total borrowings | $ | 33,494 |
| $ | 300 |
| $ | 2,300 |
| $ | 36,094 |
| | $ | 8,618 |
| $ | 400 |
| $ | 1,300 |
| $ | 10,318 |
|
BNY Mellon’s repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions primarily encounter risk associated with liquidity. We are required to pledge collateral based on predetermined terms within the agreements. If we were to experience a decline in the fair value of the collateral pledged for these transactions, we could be required to provide additional collateral to the counterparty, therefore decreasing the amount of assets available for other liquidity needs that may arise. BNY Mellon also offers tri-party collateral agency services in the tri-party repo market where we are exposed to credit risk. In order to mitigate this risk, we require dealers to fully secure intraday credit. |
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- DefinitionThe entire disclosure for derivative instruments and hedging activities including, but not limited to, risk management strategies, non-hedging derivative instruments, assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and methodologies and assumptions used in determining the amounts.
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