UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM  i 20-F

 i ☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

 i ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended  i  i December 31,  i 2021 / 

OR

 i ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________

OR

 i ☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report __________

Commission File Number:  i 000-29442

 i FORMULA SYSTEMS (1985) LTD.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter
and translation of Registrant’s name into English)

 i Israel

(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

 i Yahadut Canada 1 Street,  i Or Yehuda  i 6037501,  i Israel

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

 i Asaf Berenstin;  i Yahadut Canada 1 Street,  i Or Yehuda  i 6037501,  i Israel

Tel:  i 972  i 3 5389389, Fax:  i 972 3 5389300

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

As of December 31, 2021, the registrant had  i 15,294,267 outstanding ordinary shares, NIS 1 par value, of which 140,969 were represented by American Depositary Shares.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

 i Yes ☒  No ☐

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ☐   i No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

 i Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

 i Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  i ☒ 

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

Item 17 ☐  Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐  No  i ☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 20-F contains various “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the safe harbor provisions of the U.S Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended, with respect to our business, financial condition and results of operations. Such forward-looking statements reflect our current view with respect to future events and financial results. Statements which use the terms “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate”, “may”, “will” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward looking statements. Such statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are subject to certain risks and uncertainties. There are important factors that could cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from the results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to:

While we believe our forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, should one or more of the underlying assumptions prove incorrect, or these risks or uncertainties materialize, our actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Please read the risks discussed in Item 3 – “Key Information” under the caption “Risk Factors” and cautionary statements appearing elsewhere in this annual report in order to review conditions that we believe could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or will occur. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this annual report, to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.

CERTAIN TERMS AND CONVENTIONS

Unless the context requires otherwise, all references in this annual report to:

Our operations are currently conducted through our subsidiaries—

and our affiliated company—

Our consolidated financial statements appearing in this annual report are prepared in U.S. dollars and in accordance with IFRS.

Statements made in this annual report concerning the contents of any contract, agreement or other document are summaries of such contracts, agreements or documents and are not complete descriptions of all of their terms. If we have filed any of these documents as an exhibit to this annual report or to any previous filling with the SEC, you may read the document itself for a complete recitation of its terms.

All trademarks appearing in this annual report are the property of their respective holders.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Investing in our ordinary shares, including ordinary shares represented by ADSs, involves a high degree of risk and uncertainty. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below before investing in our ordinary shares or ADSs. Our business prospects, operating results and financial condition could be seriously harmed due to any of the following risks. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are not aware of or that we currently believe are immaterial may also adversely affect our business prospects, financial condition, and results of operations. The trading prices of our ordinary shares and ADSs could decline as a result of the realization of any of these risks, in which case you may lose part or all of your investment.

Risk Factors Summary

The following is a summary of the principal risks that could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition, all of which are more fully described below. This summary should be read in conjunction with the other information discussed in this Item 3.D, and should not be relied upon as an exhaustive summary of the material risks facing our business. Please carefully consider all of the information discussed in this Item 3.D. “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report for a more thorough description of these and other risks.

Summary of Risks Related to Our Business, Our Industry and Our Financial Condition

Summary of Risks Related to Intellectual Property

Summary of Risks Related to Our Status as Israeli Company and Our Israeli Operations

Risks Related to Our Business, Our Industry and Our Financial Condition

The implementation of our M&A growth strategy, which requires the integration of our multiple acquired companies and their respective businesses, operations and employees with our own, and their respective businesses, operations and employees with our own, involves significant risks, and the failure to integrate successfully may adversely affect our future results.

In the past decade we have completed a significant number of important acquisitions. Most recently, we have acquired the following companies in the following fiscal periods: in 2021, we acquired the entire share capital of Zap Group Ltd., EnableIT LLC., and Menarva Software Solutions Ltd., 60% of the of the share capital of 9540 Y.G. Soft I.T Ltd., 60% of the of the share capital of SQ Service Quality Ltd., 75% of the share capital of A.A Engineering Ltd., 75% of the of the share capital of I.T.D. Group Ltd., and 60% of the of the share capital of AVB Technologies Ltd.; in the fourth quarter of 2020, we acquired Thor Denmark Holding ApS and RightStar Inc.; in the third quarter of 2020, we acquired Delphi Technology Inc, Stockell Information Systems, Inc, Gestetnertec Ltd. (51%) and Mobisoft Ltd (70%); in the second quarter of 2020, we acquired Tiful Gemel Ltd. (75%), Magic Hands B.V, Liram Financial Software Ltd. (70%) and Aptonet Inc, and in the first quarter of 2020, we acquired sum.como GmbH and Ofek Aerial Photography (80%).  These acquisitions are part of our integrated M&A growth strategy, which is centered on three key factors: growing our customer base, expanding our geographic footprint and adding complementary solutions to our portfolio— all while we seek to ensure our continued high quality of services and product delivery. Any failure to successfully integrate the business, operations and employees of our acquired companies, or to otherwise realize the anticipated benefits of these acquisitions, could harm our results of operations. Our ability to realize these benefits will depend on the timely integration and consolidation of organizations, operations, facilities, procedures, policies and technologies, and the harmonization of differences in the business cultures between these companies and their personnel. Integration of these businesses will be complex and time-consuming, will involve additional expense and could disrupt our business and divert management’s attention from ongoing business concerns. The challenges involved in integrating these acquired entities and other former acquisitions include:

The benefits we expect to realize from these acquisitions are, necessarily, based on projections and assumptions about the combined businesses of our Group, and assume, among other things, the successful integration of these acquired entities into our business and operations. Our projections and assumptions concerning our acquisitions may be inaccurate, however, and we may not successfully integrate the acquired companies and our operations in a timely manner, or at all. We may also be exposed to unexpected contingencies or liabilities of the acquired companies. If we do not realize the anticipated benefits of these transactions, our growth strategy and future profitability could be adversely affected.

If we do not successfully develop and deploy new technologies to address the updated needs of our customers, our business and results of operations could suffer.

Our success has been based in part on our ability to design software solutions that enable our customers to facilitate, improve and automate traditional processes to make them easier for end-customers, by utilizing advanced technologies, such as digital engagement, low-code/no-code, API layer, advanced analytics and cloud computing. We spend substantial amounts of time and money researching and developing new technologies and enhanced versions of existing features to meet our customers’ and potential customers’ rapidly evolving needs. There is no assurance that our enhancements to our solutions or our new solutions’ features, capabilities, or offerings, will be compelling to our customers or gain market acceptance. If our research and development investments do not accurately anticipate customer demand or if we fail to develop our solutions in a manner that satisfies customer preferences in a timely and cost-effective manner, we may fail to retain our existing customers or increase demand for our solutions.

Introduction of new products and services by competitors or the development of entirely new technologies to replace existing offerings could make our solutions obsolete or adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We may experience difficulties with software development, design, or marketing that delay or prevent our development, introduction, or implementation of new solutions, features, or capabilities. We have in the past experienced delays in our internally planned release dates of new features and capabilities, and there can be no assurance that new solutions, features, or capabilities will be released according to schedule. Any delays could result in adverse publicity, loss of revenue or market acceptance, or claims by customers brought against us, any of which could harm our business. Moreover, the design and development of new solutions or new features and capabilities to our existing solutions may require substantial investment, and we have no assurance that such investments will be successful. If customers do not widely adopt our new solutions, experiences, features, and capabilities, we may not be able to realize a return on our investment and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our new and existing solutions and changes to our existing solutions could fail to attain sufficient market acceptance for many reasons, including:

If we are not able to continue to identify challenges faced by our customers and develop, license, or acquire new features and capabilities for our solutions in a timely and cost-effective manner, or if such enhancements do not achieve market acceptance, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may suffer and our anticipated revenue growth may not be achieved.

Because we derive, and expect to continue to derive, a material portion of our revenue from implementation of our solutions, along with post-implementation services such as ongoing support and maintenance and professional services, market acceptance of these solutions, and any enhancements or changes thereto, is important to our success.

Our development cycles are often lengthy, and we may not have the resources available to complete development of new, enhanced or modified solutions. We may incur significant expenses before we generate revenues, if any, from our solutions.

Because certain of our solutions are complex and require rigorous testing, development cycles can be lengthy, taking us up to two years to develop and introduce new, enhanced or modified solutions. Moreover, development projects can be technically challenging and expensive. The nature of these development cycles may cause us to experience delays between the time we incur expenses associated with research and development and the time we generate revenues, if any, from such expenses. We may not have, in the future, sufficient funds or other resources to make the required investments in product development. Furthermore, we may invest substantial resources in the development of solutions that do not achieve market acceptance or commercial success. Even where we succeed in our sales efforts and obtain new orders from customers, the complexity involved in delivering our solutions to such customers makes it more difficult for us to consummate delivery in a timely manner and to recognize revenue and maximize profitability. Failure to deliver our solutions in a timely manner could result in order cancellations, damage our reputations and require us to indemnify our customers. Any of these risks relating to our lengthy and expensive development cycle could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and results of operations.

Our sales cycle is variable and often lengthy, depending upon many factors outside our control, which requires us to expend significant time and resources prior to generating associated revenues.

The typical sales cycle for certain of our solutions and services is lengthy and unpredictable, requires pre-purchase evaluation by a significant number of persons in our customers’ organizations, and often involves a significant operational decision by our customers. Our sales efforts sometimes involve educating our customers, industry analysts and consultants about the use and benefits of our solutions, including the technical capabilities of those solutions and the efficiencies achievable by organizations deploying our solutions. Customers typically undertake a significant evaluation process, which frequently involves not only our solutions, but also those of our competitors, and can result in a lengthy sales cycle. Our sales cycle for new customers is sometimes one to two years and can extend even longer in some cases. We often spend substantial time, effort and money in our sales efforts without any assurance that such efforts will produce any sales.

Investment in highly skilled research and development, product implementation, customer support and other personnel is a critical factor in our ability to develop and enhance our solutions and support our customers, but that personnel may nevertheless be hard to retain and an increase in that investment may furthermore reduce our profitability.

As a provider of proprietary software solutions that rely upon technological advancements, we rely heavily on our research and development activities to remain competitive. We consequently depend in large part on the ability to attract, train, motivate and retain highly skilled information technology professionals for our research and development team, as well as software programmers and communications engineers, and product implementation experts, particularly individuals with knowledge and experience in the insurance industry. Because our software solutions are highly complex and are generally used by our customers to perform critical business functions, we also depend heavily on other skilled technology professionals to provide ongoing support to our customers. Skilled technology professionals are often in high demand and short supply.

Our research and development, product delivery, and general and administrative, activities are conducted at locations where the competition for skilled technology professionals is particularly intense. While there has been strong competition for qualified human resources in the high-tech industry historically, the industry experienced record growth and activity in 2021, both at the earlier stages of venture capital and growth equity financings, and at the exit stage of initial public offerings and mergers and acquisitions. This flurry of growth and activity has caused a sharp increase in job openings in both high-tech companies and research and development centers, as well as the intensification of competition between employers to attract qualified employees in those jurisdictions. Employee attrition— for all fields and professions, and for all levels of management— has accompanied this strong competition, and High-Tech companies such as ours that are based in Israel and these other jurisdictions are currently facing a severe shortage of skilled human capital, including engineering, research and development, sales and customer support personnel. Many of the companies with which we compete for qualified personnel may have greater resources than we do, and we may not succeed in recruiting additional experienced or professional personnel, retaining personnel or effectively replacing current personnel who may depart with qualified or effective successors.

If we are unable to hire or retain qualified research and development personnel and other technology professionals to develop, implement and modify our solutions, we may be unable to meet the needs of our customers. Even if we succeed at retaining the necessary skilled personnel in our research and development and customer support efforts, our investments in our personnel and product development efforts increase our costs of operations and thereby reduce our profitability, unless accompanied by increased revenues. As a result of the intense competition for qualified human resources, the High-Tech market in which we operate has experienced and may continue to experience significant wage inflation. Accordingly, our efforts to attract, retain and develop personnel may also result in significant additional expenses, which could adversely affect our profitability. Given the highly competitive industry in which we operate, we may not succeed in increasing our revenues in line with our increasing investments in our personnel and research and development efforts.

Furthermore, as we seek to expand the marketing and offering of our products and services into new territories, it requires the retention of new, additional skilled personnel with knowledge of the particular market and applicable regulatory regime. Such skilled personnel may not be available at a reasonable cost relative to the additional revenues that we expect to generate in those territories, or may not be available at all. In particular, wage costs in lower-cost markets where we have recently added personnel, such as India, are increasing and we may need to increase the levels of our employee compensation more rapidly than in the past to remain competitive. The transition of projects to new locations may also lead to business disruptions due to differing levels of employee knowledge and organizational and leadership skills. Although we have never experienced an organized labor dispute, strike or work stoppage, any such occurrence, including with unionization efforts, could disrupt our business and operations and harm our financial condition. In addition, we may need to attract and train additional IT professionals at a rapid rate in order to serve several new customers or implement several new large-scale projects in a short period of time. If there is a subsequent downturn in economic conditions and we need to lay off some of those employees, that will result in our loss of the time and resources that we had invested in training them, and our loss of their accumulated know-how.

Failure to manage our growth— both organic and non-organic—could effectively harm our business.

In recent years, we experienced, and expect to continue to experience in the future, growth in our international operations that has placed, and will continue to place, a significant strain on our operational and financial resources and our personnel. To manage our anticipated future growth effectively, we must continue to maintain and may need to enhance our information technology infrastructure, financial and accounting systems and controls and manage expanded operations and employees in geographically distributed locations. We also must attract, train and retain a significant number of additional qualified sales and marketing personnel, professional services personnel, software engineers, technical personnel and management personnel. Our failure to manage our growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of new services or product enhancements. For example, since it may take as long as six months to hire and train a new member of our professional services staff, we make decisions regarding the size of our professional services staff based upon our expectations with respect to customer demand for our products and services. If these expectations are incorrect, and we increase the size of our professional services organization without experiencing an increase in sales of our products and services, we will experience reductions in our gross and operating margins and net income. If we are unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our revenues could decline or grow more slowly than expected and we may be unable to implement our business strategy. Our growth may also be accompanied by greater exposure to litigation, including suits by clients, vendors, employees or former employees, as the sizes of our workforce and our overall international operations increase. All such litigation carries with it related costs and could divert our management’s attention from ongoing business concerns. We also intend to continue to expand into additional international markets which, if not technologically or commercially successful, could harm our financial condition and prospects.

The market for software solutions and related services is highly competitive and dynamic, and we need to adapt quickly to trends in order to retain or grow our market share.

The market for software solutions and related services, including for business solutions for the insurance and financial services industry, in which we compete, is highly competitive and continuously evolving.

Our competitors include, with respect to Magic Software and Matrix IT:

With respect to Sapiens’ insurance software solutions, our competitors generally consist of:

Our failure to adapt to changing market conditions and to compete successfully with established or new competitors could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Many of our smaller competitors have been acquired by larger competitors, which provides those smaller competitors with greater resources and potentially a larger client base for which they can develop solutions. Our customers or potential customers may prefer suppliers that are larger than us, are better known in the market or that have a greater global reach. In lieu of being acquired by larger competitors, current and potential competitors have established, and may establish in the future, cooperative relationships among themselves, or with third parties to increase their abilities to address the needs of our existing, or prospective, customers. As a result, our competitors may be able to adapt more quickly than us to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements, and may be able to devote greater resources to the promotion and sale of their products. As a means of adapting to competition, we and some of our competitors have developed systems to allow customers to outsource their core systems to external providers (known as BPO). We are seeking to partner with BPO providers, but there can be no assurance that such BPO providers will adopt our solutions rather than those of our competitors. Determinations by current and potential customers to use BPO providers that do not use our solutions may result in the loss of such customers and limit our ability to gain new customers.

A number of our competitors also have operational advantages relative to us, as they are generally private companies that are not required to report results of operations on a regular basis, and can consequently benefit from the ability to take more risky actions in the hope of building up strong brand name recognition, such as payment of higher salaries as a recruitment tool, sale of products at cheaper prices, and very rapid growth of sales and marketing teams, even if those actions result in operating losses.

To compete in the rapidly changing environment, and win the competition for end-customers, we also need to offer a coherent digital and data propositions, allowing our insurance provider customers to better interact with their own customers in a digital and omni-channel manner. If we fail to adapt and accelerate the development of our digital and data offerings, that may adversely impact our ability to compete in some of our target markets. Consolidation in the insurance industry in which some of our clients operate also increases competitiveness for us by reducing the number of potential clients for whose business we and our competitors compete. The high level of continuity with which insurance and other financial services clients remain with their providers of software-related services also increases general competitiveness by tying clients to their service providers and thereby shrinking the market of potential clients.

Customers switching to cloud-based solutions may lead to a decrease in demand for our products.

Our competitiveness in the market is also tied to our ability to adapt quickly to the movement towards cloud-based solutions. Our ability to provide solutions that may be deployed in the cloud has required, and may continue to require, considerable investment in resources, including technical, financial, legal, sales, information technology and operational systems. Market acceptance of cloud offerings is affected by a variety of factors, including but not limited to: security, service availability, reliability, availability of tools to automate cloud migration, scalability, integration with public cloud platforms, customization, availability of qualified third-party service providers to assist customers in transitioning to cloud-based solutions, performance, current license terms, customer preference, customer concerns with entrusting a third party to store and manage their data, public concerns regarding privacy and the enactment of restrictive laws or regulations. We may not meet our financial and strategic objectives if the pace at which we transform our solutions to be cloud-compatible is slower than our customers’ adoption of cloud-based solutions. To address the challenges in transitioning our customers to the cloud, we continue to invest in innovation and feature development, simplified cloud migration, and performance and reliability, as well as other cloud customer success and sales initiatives. There can be no assurance, however, that these initiatives will improve our ability to capture or retain customers that prefer cloud-based solutions. If we are unable to win over those new customers or retain those existing customers, we may experience a negative impact on our overall financial performance.

This movement towards cloud-based solutions is occurring in the insurance and financial services sectors in which our subsidiary Sapiens operates, and also in other sectors in which our subsidiaries operate. The rising trend of Matrix’s and Magic Software’s customers to switch to cloud-based solutions, is, on the one hand, a business opportunity for us to expand our cloud-based offerings, yet, on the other hand, also carries with it the risk of those customers consuming less of the other services provided by us. For example, in the marketing and software support solutions sector, Matrix and Magic Software have many opportunities for marketing new software solutions products and related services, new solutions which are cloud-based. Yet, in many cases these will be an alternative to our traditional software solutions products, which are also being promoted by Matrix and Magic Software. As long as the decrease in demand for Matrix’s and Magic Software’s services, due to customers switching to cloud based solutions, is greater than the increase in demand for Matrix’s and Magic Software’s cloud based solutions, the business results of Matrix and Magic Software may be harmed.

Additionally, the gross profit derived by Matrix and by Magic Software from their cloud-based solutions may be lower than the gross profit that they derive from their traditional solutions, which were replaced by the cloud-based solutions.

We may be required to increase or decrease the scope of our operations in response to changes in the demand for our products and services, and if we fail to successfully plan and manage changes in the size of our operations, our business will suffer.

In the past, we have both grown and contracted our operations, in some cases rapidly, to profitably offer our products and services in a continuously changing market. If we are unable to manage these changes, or to plan and manage any future changes in the size and scope of our operations, our business may be negatively impacted.

Restructurings and cost reduction measures that we have implemented in the past have reduced the size of our subsidiaries’ operations and workforce. Reductions in personnel can result in significant severance, administrative and legal expenses, and may also adversely affect or delay various sales, marketing and product development programs and activities. These cost reduction measures have included, and may in the future include, employee separation costs and consolidating and/or relocating certain of our subsidiaries’ operations to different geographic locations.

Acquisitions, organic growth and absorption of significant numbers of customers’ employees in connection with managed services projects have, from time to time, increased our subsidiaries’ headcount. During periods of expansion, our subsidiaries may need to serve several new customers or implement several new large-scale projects in short periods of time. This may require our subsidiaries to attract and train additional IT professionals at a rapid rate, as well as quickly expand their facilities, which may be difficult to successfully implement.

If existing customers are not satisfied with our solutions and services and either do not make subsequent purchases from us or do not continue using such solutions and services, or if our relationships with our largest customers are impaired, our revenue could be negatively affected.

We depend to an extent on repeat product and service revenues from our base of existing customers. For example, five of Sapiens’ largest customers accounted for, in the aggregate, 15.3% and 14.9% of its revenues in the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Two of Magic Software’s largest clients accounted together for 19.0% and 21.2% of its revenues in the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively, and five of Magic Software’s largest clients accounted for 26.0% and 27.5% of its revenues in the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. If our existing customers are not satisfied with our solutions and services, they may not enter into new project contracts with us or continue using our technologies. A significant decline in our revenue stream from existing customers, including due to termination of agreement(s), would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are in part dependent on a limited number of core product families, and a decrease in revenues from these products would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition; our future success will be partially dependent on the acceptance of future releases of our core product offerings, and if we are unsuccessful with these efforts, our business, results of operations and financial condition will be adversely affected. 

We (through our Magic Software subsidiary) derive a portion of our revenues and profits from sales of application and integration platforms and vertical software solutions and from related professional services, software maintenance and technical support. Our future growth depends in substantial part on our ability to effectively develop and sell new products developed by us or acquired from third parties as well as add new features to existing products and new software service offerings. A decrease in revenues from our principal products and related services would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. 

Our future success depends in part on the continued acceptance of our application platforms and integration products and our vertical packaged software solutions. The continued acceptance of our platforms and software solutions will be dependent in part on the continued acceptance and growth of the cloud market, including rich internet applications, or RIAs, mobile and software as a service, or SaaS, for which certain of them are particularly useful and advantageous. We will need to continue to enhance our products to meet evolving requirements and if new versions of such products are not accepted, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Our business sometimes involves long-term, large, complex implementation projects across the globe, which involve uncertainties, mainly during the implementation period, such as changes to the estimated project costs and changes in project schedule. Such changes may cause disputes between us and our customers, whether or not due to failure on our part, and may in some cases result in cancellation of those projects. Such cancellation can adversely impact our revenues, profitability and/or, in some cases, our relationship with the relevant customer.

Our business is, in part, characterized by relatively large, complex implementation projects or engagements that can have a material impact on our total revenue and cost of revenue from quarter to quarter. A material percentage of our expenses, particularly employee compensation, are relatively fixed. Therefore, variations in the timing of the initiation, estimated scope of work, progress or completion of projects or engagements can cause significant variations in operating results from quarter to quarter.

This is particularly the case for fixed-price contracts, where our delivery requirements sometimes span more than one year. For a highly complex, fixed-price project that requires customization, we may not be able to accurately estimate our actual costs of completing the project. We are sometimes dependent on the assistance of third-parties (such as our customers’ vendors or IT employees, or our system integrator partners) in implementing such projects, which may not be provided in a timely manner. If our actual cost-to-completion of a project significantly exceeds the estimated costs, we could experience a loss on the related contract, which (when multiplied by multiple projects) could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position and cash flow.

Similarly, delays in implementation projects (whether fixed price or not) may affect our revenue and cause our operating results to vary. Some of our solutions are delivered over periods of time ranging from several months to a few years. Payment terms for those solutions are generally based on periodic payments or on the achievement of milestones. Any delays in payment or in the achievement of milestones may have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. Such delays in our achievement of milestones may potentially result from, among other factors, reduced workforce productivity as a result of our implementation of a work-from-home policy or illness among our personnel, or due to restrictions imposed by applicable governmental authorities, in each case as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

For non-fixed price contracts, we generally provide our customers with up-front estimates regarding the duration, budget and costs associated with the implementation of their project. Due to the complexities described above, however, we may not meet those upfront estimates and/or the expectations of our customers, which could lead to a dispute with a client. In the past, these disputes have sometimes arisen with significant customers of Sapiens that have accounted for a significant portion of its revenues, and the settlement of these disputes reduced its revenues and operating profit relative to its prior estimates. In 2020 and 2021, certain customers of Sapiens canceled projects with us at the stage of implementation, resulting in the loss of potential future revenues from those customers. We expect that we may have similar cancellations by our customers in the future, during the implementation phase. These cancellations, if coupled with disputes with significant customers in the future, whether or not due to failure on our part, could result in lost revenues, lower profit margins, legal claims against us and even the refund of the customers’ money and could harm our reputation, thereby adversely affecting our ability to attract new customers and to sell additional solutions and services to existing customers.

We may be liable to our clients for damages caused by a violation of intellectual property rights, the disclosure of other confidential information, including personally identifiable information, system failures, errors or unsatisfactory performance of services, and our insurance policies may not be sufficient to cover these damages.

We often have access to, and are required to collect and store, sensitive or confidential client information, including personally identifiable information. Some of our client agreements do not limit our potential liability for breaches of confidentiality, infringement indemnity and certain other matters. Furthermore, breaches of confidentiality may entitle the aggrieved party to equitable remedies, including injunctive relief. If any person, including any of our employees and subcontractors, penetrates our network security or misappropriates sensitive or confidential client information, including personally identifiable information, we could be subject to significant liability from our clients or from our clients’ customers for breaching contractual confidentiality provisions or privacy laws. Despite measures we take to protect the intellectual property and other confidential information or personally identifiable information of our clients, unauthorized parties, including our employees and subcontractors, may attempt to misappropriate certain intellectual property rights that are proprietary to our clients or otherwise breach our clients’ confidences. Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client information, including personally identifiable information, or a violation of intellectual property rights, whether through employee misconduct, breach of our computer systems, systems failure or otherwise, may subject us to liabilities, damage our reputation and cause us to lose clients.

Many of our contracts involve projects that are critical to the operations of our clients’ businesses and provide benefits to our clients that may be difficult to quantify. Any failure in a client’s system or any breach of security could result in a claim for substantial damages against us, regardless of our responsibility for such failure. Furthermore, any errors by our employees in the performance of services for a client, or poor execution of such services, could result in a client terminating our engagement and seeking damages from us.

In addition, while we have taken steps to protect the confidential information that we have access to, including confidential information we may obtain through usage of our cloud-based services, our security measures may be breached. If a cyber-attack or other security incident were to result in unauthorized access to or modification of our customers’ data or our own data or our IT systems or in disruption of the services we provide to our customers, or if our products or services are perceived as having security vulnerabilities, we could suffer significant damage to our business and reputation.

Although we attempt to limit our contractual liability for consequential damages in rendering our services, these limitations on liability may not apply in all circumstances, may be unenforceable in some cases, or may be insufficient to protect us from liability for damages. There may be instances when liabilities for damages are greater than the insurance coverage we hold and we will have to internalize those losses, damages and liabilities not covered by our insurance.

Changes in privacy regulations may impose additional costs and liabilities on us, limit our use of information, and adversely affect our business.

Personal privacy has become a significant issue in the United States, Europe, and many other countries where we operate. Many government agencies and industry regulators continue to impose new restrictions and modify existing requirements about the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information. Changes to laws or regulations affecting privacy and security may impose additional liability and costs on us and may limit our use of such information in providing our services to customers. If we were required to change our business activities, revise or eliminate services or products, or implement burdensome compliance measures, our business and results of operations may be harmed. Additionally, we may be subject to regulatory enforcement actions resulting in fines, penalties, and potential litigation if we fail to comply with applicable privacy laws and regulations.

In particular, our European activities are subject to the European Union General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, which has created additional compliance requirements for us. GDPR broadens the scope of personal privacy laws to protect the rights of European Union citizens and requires organizations to report on data breaches within 72 hours and be bound by more stringent rules for obtaining the consent of individuals on how their data can be used. GDPR became enforceable on May 25, 2018 and non-compliance may expose entities such as our company to significant fines or other regulatory claims. In the United States, our operations in various states, such as New York and California, are now subject to expanded privacy regulations. In California, we are subject to the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, a statute that went into effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA imposes enhanced disclosure requirements for us regarding our interactions with customers who are residents of California, such as comprehensive privacy notices for consumers when we, or our agents, collect their personal information. We may be further required to ensure third-party compliance, as under the CCPA we could be liable if third parties that collect, process or retain personal information on our behalf violate the CCPA’s privacy requirements. The sanctions for non-compliance could include fines and/or civil lawsuits.

While we have invested in, and intend to continue to invest in, reasonably necessary resources to comply with these standards, to the extent that we fail to adequately comply, that failure could have an adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows.

Significant disruptions of our information technology systems or breaches of our data security could adversely affect our business.

A significant invasion, interruption, destruction or breakdown of our information technology, or IT, systems and/or infrastructure by persons with authorized or unauthorized access could negatively impact our business and operations. We could also experience business interruption, information theft and/or reputational damage from cyber-attacks, which may compromise our systems and lead to data leakage internally. Both data that has been input into our main IT platform, which covers records of transactions, financial data and other data reflected in our results of operations, as well as data related to our proprietary rights (such as research and development, and other intellectual property- related data), are subject to material cyber security risks. From time to time, we experience cyber-attacks and other security incidents of varying degrees, though none which individually or in the aggregate has led to costs or consequences which have materially impacted our operations or business. Sapiens experienced attacks in or about April 2020, which resulted in a ransom payment and a brief interruption of service availability to customers, prior to restoration of secure computing operations. The amount paid in connection with, and the consequences of, the foregoing did not have a material adverse effect on Sapiens’ or our business or operations. In response, we have implemented further controls and planned for other preventative actions to further strengthen our systems against future attacks. However, we cannot assure you that such measures will provide absolute security, that we will be able to react in a timely manner, or that our remediation efforts following past or future attacks will be successful.

Outside parties have furthermore in the past, and may also in the future, attempt to fraudulently induce our subsidiaries’ employees to disclose sensitive, personal or confidential information via illegal electronic spamming, phishing or other tactics. This existing risk is compounded given the COVID-19 pandemic, as some of our subsidiaries shifted nearly all of their workforces to more frequent work-from-home arrangements. Some of our subsidiaries have implemented in their offices a hybrid model where a large portion of their workforce spends a portion of their time working in their offices and a portion of their time working from home. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to gain physical access to our subsidiaries’ facilities in order to infiltrate their or our information systems or attempt to gain logical access to our subsidiaries’ products, services, or information systems for the purpose of exfiltrating content and data. These actual and potential breaches of our and our subsidiaries’ security measures and the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure or unauthorized dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive, personal or confidential data about us, our subsidiaries, their employees or their customers, including the potential loss or disclosure of such information or data as a result of hacking, fraud, trickery or other forms of deception, could expose us, our subsidiaries, their employees or their customers to a risk of loss or misuse of this information. This may result in litigation and liability or fines, our or our subsidiaries’ compliance with costly and time-intensive notice requirements, governmental inquiry or oversight or a loss of customer confidence, any of which could harm our subsidiaries’ business or damage our or their brand and reputation, thereby requiring time and resources to mitigate these impacts.

Our subsidiaries have invested in advanced detection, prevention and proactive systems to reduce these risks. Based on independent audits, we believe that our subsidiaries’ level of protection is in keeping with the industry standards of peer technology companies. Our subsidiaries also maintain a disaster recovery solution, as a means of assuring that a breach or cyber-attack does not necessarily cause the loss of their information. They furthermore review their protections and remedial measures periodically in order to ensure that such measures are adequate. Our subsidiaries devote resources to address security vulnerabilities through enhancing security and reliability features in their systems, code hardening, conducting rigorous penetration tests, deploying updates to address security vulnerabilities, providing resources such as mandatory security training for their workforce and improving their incident response time, but security vulnerabilities cannot be totally eliminated. The cost of these steps could reduce our subsidiaries’ or our operating margins.

Despite these protective systems and remedial measures, techniques used to obtain unauthorized access are constantly changing, are becoming increasingly more sophisticated and often are not recognized until after an exploitation of information has occurred. We and our subsidiaries may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement sufficient preventative measures, and we therefore cannot assure you that our and our subsidiaries’ preventative measures will be successful in preventing compromise and/or disruption of our or their information technology systems and related data. We furthermore cannot be certain that our or our subsidiaries’ remedial measures will fully mitigate the adverse financial consequences of any cyber-attack or incident. If we or our subsidiaries do not make the appropriate level of investment in our or their technology systems or if such systems become out-of-date or obsolete and we or they are not able to deliver the quality of data security that meet our or their independent security control certification requirements, our consolidated business could be adversely affected.

Security vulnerabilities in our software solutions could lead to reduced revenue or to liability claims.

Maintaining the security of the software solutions and related services that we offer is a critical issue for us and our customers. Security researchers, criminal hackers and other third parties regularly develop new techniques to penetrate our customers’ end points, information systems and network security measures. Cyber threats are constantly evolving and becoming increasingly sophisticated and complex, making it increasingly difficult to detect and successfully defend against them. Unauthorized parties have, in the past, infiltrated Sapiens’ internal IT systems, gaining access to certain proprietary information. If they were to similarly breach the security related to, and misuse, software solutions that we offer, they might access the authentication, payment and personal information of our customers. In addition, cyber-attackers (which may include individuals or groups, as well as sophisticated groups such as nation-state and state-sponsored attackers, which can deploy significant resources to plan and carry out exploits) also develop and deploy viruses, worms, credential stuffing attack tools and other malicious software programs, some of which may be specifically designed to attack the solutions and services that we offer. Software and operating system applications that we develop have contained and may contain defects in design or manufacture, including bugs, vulnerabilities and other problems that could unexpectedly compromise the security of the software or impair a customer’s ability to operate or use our solutions. The costs to prevent, eliminate, mitigate, or alleviate cyber- or other security problems, bugs, viruses, worms, malicious software programs and security vulnerabilities are significant, and our efforts to address these problems, including notifying affected parties, may not be successful or may be delayed and could result in interruptions, delays, cessation of service and loss of existing or potential customers. It is impossible to predict the extent, frequency or impact these problems may have on us.

Actual and potential breaches of our security measures and the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure or unauthorized dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive, personal or confidential data about our customers, including the potential loss or disclosure of such information or data as a result of hacking, fraud, trickery or other forms of deception, could expose our customers to a risk of loss or misuse of this information. This may result in litigation and liability or fines, our compliance with costly and time-intensive notice requirements, governmental inquiry or oversight or a loss of customer confidence, any of which could harm our business or damage our brand and reputation, thereby requiring time and resources to mitigate these impacts.

From time to time we have identified, and in the future we may identify other, vulnerabilities in some of our solutions and services. We devote significant resources to address security vulnerabilities through engineering more secure solutions, enhancing security and reliability features in our solutions and services, code hardening, conducting rigorous penetration tests, deploying updates to address security vulnerabilities, regularly reviewing our solutions’ security controls, reviewing and auditing our solutions against independent security control frameworks (such as ISO 27001, SOC 2 and PCI), providing resources such as security training for our customers’ workforces and improving our incident response time, but security vulnerabilities cannot be totally eliminated. The cost of these steps could reduce our subsidiaries’ or our operating margins, and we may be unable to implement these measures quickly enough to prevent cyber-attackers from gaining unauthorized access into our solutions. Despite our preventative efforts, actual or perceived security vulnerabilities in our solutions may harm our subsidiaries’ or our reputation or lead to claims against our subsidiaries (and have in the past led to such claims) or us, and could lead some customers to stop using certain systems or services, to reduce or delay future purchases of solutions or services, or to use competing solutions or services. If we do not make the appropriate level of investment in our solutions or if our solutions become out-of-date or obsolete and we are not able to deliver the quality of data security our customers require, our business could be adversely affected. Customers may also adopt security measures designed to protect their existing computer systems from attack, which could delay their adoption of our new solutions. Moreover, delayed sales, lower margins or lost customers resulting from disruptions caused by cyber-attacks and implementation of preventative measures could adversely affect our financial results, share price and reputation.

Errors or defects in our software solutions could inevitably arise and harm our profitability and our reputation with customers, and could even give rise to claims against us.

The quality of our solutions, including new, modified or enhanced versions thereof, is critical to our success. Since our software solutions are complex, they may contain errors that cannot be detected at any point in their testing phase. While we continually test our solutions for errors or defects and work with customers to identify and correct them, errors in our technology may be found in the future. Quality assurance is complicated because it is difficult to simulate the breadth of operating systems, user applications and computing environments that our customers use, and our solutions themselves are increasingly complex. Errors or defects in our technology have resulted in terminated work orders and could result in delayed or lost revenue, diversion of development resources and increased services, termination of work orders, damage to our brand and warranty and insurance costs in the future. In addition, time-consuming implementations may also increase the number of services personnel we must allocate to each customer, thereby increasing our costs and adversely affecting our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, since our customers rely on our solutions to operate, monitor and improve the performance of their business processes, they are sensitive to potential disruptions that may be caused by the use of, or any defects in, our software. As a result, we may be subject to claims for damages related to software errors in the future. Liability claims could require us to spend significant time and money in litigation or to pay significant damages. Regardless of whether we prevail, diversion of our subsidiaries’ key employees’ time and attention from our business, the incurrence of substantial expenses and potential damage to our reputation might result. While the terms of our sales contracts typically limit our exposure to potential liability claims and we carry errors and omissions insurance against such claims, there can be no assurance that such insurance will continue to be available on acceptable terms, if at all, or that such insurance will provide us with adequate protection against any such claims. A significant liability claim against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position.

Incorrect or improper use of our products or our failure to properly train customers on how to implement or utilize our products could result in customer dissatisfaction and negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects.

Some of our products are more complex than others and are deployed in a wide variety of network environments. The proper use of our solutions requires training of the customer. If our solutions are not used correctly or as intended, inadequate performance may result. Additionally, our customers or third-party partners may incorrectly implement or use our solutions. Our solutions may also be intentionally misused or abused by customers or their employees or third parties who are able to access or use our solutions. Similarly, our solutions are sometimes installed or maintained by customers or third parties with smaller or less qualified IT departments, potentially resulting in sub-optimal installation and, consequently, performance that is less than the level anticipated by the customer. Because our customers rely on our software, services and maintenance support to manage a wide range of operations, the incorrect or improper use of our solutions, our failure to properly train customers on how to efficiently and effectively use our solutions, or our failure to properly provide implementation or maintenance services to our customers, has resulted in terminated work orders and may result in termination of work orders, negative publicity or legal claims against us in the future. Also, as we continue to expand our customer base, any failure by us to properly provide these services will likely result in lost opportunities for follow-on sales of our software and services.

In addition, if there is substantial turnover of customer personnel responsible for implementation and use of our products, or if customer personnel are not well trained in the use of our products, customers may defer the deployment of our products, may deploy them in a more limited manner than originally anticipated or may not deploy them at all. Further, if there is substantial turnover of the customer personnel responsible for implementation and use of our products, our ability to make additional sales may be substantially limited.

Catastrophes may adversely impact the insurance industry, preventing us from expanding or maintaining our existing customer base and increasing our revenues.

Sapiens’ customers include insurance carriers that have experienced, and will likely experience in the future, catastrophic losses that adversely impact their businesses. Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including, amongst others, hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, windstorms, earthquakes, hail, tornados, explosions, severe weather and fires, or the spread of pandemics of disease, such as the coronavirus. Moreover, acts of terrorism or war could cause disruptions in Sapiens’ or our customers’ businesses or the economy as a whole. The risks associated with natural disasters and catastrophes are inherently unpredictable, and it is difficult to predict the timing of such events or estimate the amount of loss they will generate. In the event a future catastrophe adversely impacts Sapiens’ or our current or potential customers, they or we may be prevented from maintaining and expanding their or our customer base and from increasing their or our revenues because such events may cause customers to postpone purchases of new products and professional service engagements or discontinue projects.

The increasing amount of identifiable intangible assets and goodwill recorded on our balance sheet may lead to significant impairment charges in the future.

The amount of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets on our consolidated balance sheet has increased significantly over the last five years from approximately $623.8 million as of December 31, 2016 to $1.1748 billion as of December 31, 2021 because of our acquisitions, and may increase further following future acquisitions. We regularly review our long-lived assets, including identifiable intangible assets and goodwill, for impairment. Goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets are subject to impairment review at least annually. Other long-lived assets are reviewed when there is an indication that impairment may have occurred. Impairment testing, subject to downturns in our operating results and financial condition, may lead to impairment charges in the future. Any significant impairment charges could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Decreases in the capital markets may adversely impact the industries in which we operate, thereby preventing us from expanding or maintaining our existing customer base and increasing our revenues.

Our customers include life insurance carriers and other financial industry participants that have invested some of their funds in the capital markets. Those carriers may experience in the future major losses in those capital market investments that may cause disruptions to their businesses or to the economy as a whole. Any such major disruption, may cause those existing or potential new customers to postpone purchases of new products or professional service engagements, or discontinue existing projects, which, in turn, may prevent us from increasing our revenues, or from maintaining or expanding or our customer base.

There may be consolidation in the insurance or other markets in which we operate, which could reduce the use of our products and services and adversely affect our revenues.

Mergers or consolidations among our customers could reduce the number of our customers and potential customers. This could adversely affect our revenues even if these events do not reduce the aggregate number of customers or the activities of the consolidated entities. If our customers merge with or are acquired by other entities that are not our customers, or that use fewer of our products and services, they may discontinue or reduce their use of our products and services. Any of these developments could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.

Our and our investees’ credit facility agreements with banks and other financial institutions, and our and our investees’ debentures, are subject to a number of restrictive covenants which, if breached, could result in acceleration of our obligation to repay our debt.

In the context of our and our subsidiaries’ and affiliate’s engagements with banks and other financial institutions for receiving various credit facilities and under the terms governing our Series A Secured Debentures and Series C Secured Debentures, and Sapiens’ non-convertible unsecured Series B Debentures, we have undertaken to comply with a number of conditions and limitations on the manner in which we can operate our business. These include limitations on our ability to undergo a change of control, distribute dividends, incur debt or a floating charge on our assets, or undergo an asset sale or other change that results in a fundamental change in our operations. These credit facilities, agreements and deed of trusts that we have entered into with the trustees for the holders of each of our debentures also require us to comply with certain financial covenants. Those covenants include maintenance of certain financial ratios related to shareholders’ equity, total rate of debt and liabilities, minimum outstanding balance of total cash and short-term investments, and operating results that are customary for companies of comparable size, and maintenance of a minimum rating level for the debentures. These limitations and covenants may force us to pursue less than optimal business strategies or forego business arrangements which could have been financially advantageous to us and, by extension, to our shareholders. The deeds of trust of each of our debentures furthermore provides for an upwards adjustment in the interest rate payable under the debentures in the event that our debentures’ rating is downgraded below a certain level. A breach of the financial covenants for more than two successive quarters or a substantial downgrade in the rating of any of our debentures (below BBB-) would constitute an event of default that could result in the acceleration of our obligation to repay the debentures, which accelerated repayment may be difficult for us to effect. In addition, the Formula Series A Secured Debentures and Series C Secured Debentures are secured by certain of the shares of Formula’s publicly held subsidiaries— Matrix, Sapiens and Magic Software. A breach of the restrictive covenants could result in the acceleration of our obligations to repay Formula’s or its subsidiaries’ debt.

The global COVID-19 pandemic may directly or indirectly-- through macro-economic trends triggered by it, such as inflation and supply chain problems— adversely affect, our business, results of operations and financial condition, due primarily to impacts on the industries in which we and our customers operate.

The COVID-19 global pandemic has had numerous adverse effects on the global economy. Governmental shutdowns and “shelter-in-place” orders suggested or mandated by governmental authorities or otherwise elected by companies as a preventative measure, adversely affected workforces, customers, consumer sentiment, economies and certain financial markets, and, along with decreased consumer spending, led to an economic downturn in many of the markets into which we sell our products and services.

Despite the overall recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic in many regions, certain global macro-economic conditions that were triggered, in large part, by the pandemic now threaten a downturn in economic conditions that could ruin the improved economic outlook achieved by the recovery from the pandemic. Supply chain delays and rising shipping costs, along with inflationary pressures due to the infusion of money into circulation as part of a “loose” monetary policy and low interest rates designed to ease economic conditions during the pandemic, now threaten economic prosperity globally, including in our target markets. We cannot predict what impact these new economic trends may have on our target markets and our expected results of operations.

We furthermore face uncertainty as to the degree and duration of the impact of these trends going forward, and as to the degree of successful macro-economic resistance to them. We do not know the impact of governmental measures (such as higher interest rates) targeted at maintaining economic prosperity in the aftermath of the trends triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, or the degree of overall potentially permanent changes in consumer behavior that may have been caused by the pandemic. The inflationary trend, and higher interest rates in response to inflation, may contribute towards global economic weakness that is more than temporary.

Prolonged economic uncertainties or downturns in certain regions or industries could adversely affect our business materially. Our business depends on our current and prospective customers’ ability and willingness to invest money in our solutions and core systems, which in turn is dependent upon their overall economic health. Negative economic conditions in the global economy or certain regions such as Israel, the U.S. or Europe, including conditions resulting from financial and credit market fluctuations, could cause a decrease in corporate spending on products and services that we sell. In 2021, approximately 24% of our revenues generated from the United States, approximately 63% of our revenues generated from Israel, approximately 11% of our revenues generated from Europe, and approximately 2% from other regions (mostly Asia Pacific). In addition, a significant portion of our revenue is generated from customers in the financial services industry, including banking and insurance. Negative economic conditions may cause customers in general, and in that industry in particular, to reduce their IT spending. Customers may delay or cancel projects, choose to focus on in-house development efforts or seek to lower their costs by renegotiating maintenance and support agreements. Additionally, customers may be more likely to make late payments in worsening economic conditions, which could require us to increase our collection efforts and incur additional associated costs to collect expected revenues. To the extent that the purchase of licenses for our software is perceived by customers and potential customers to be discretionary, our revenues may be disproportionately affected by delays or reductions in general IT spending. If economic conditions generally, or in the industries in which we operate specifically, worsen from present levels, the results of our operations could be adversely affected.

Most importantly, our customers, especially in the insurance market, may reduce the amount of work for which they retain our services if they experience a slowdown in their businesses or may be less likely to make significant changes to their core systems if they face a wave of claims related to the virus (in the case of insurance industry customers of Sapiens).

To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic hits hard once again, in any wave or via any variant of the virus, in Israel or in India where a significant percentage of our worldwide employees are located, that may also adversely impact our operating results, as the resulting closures, restrictions and health problems for our workers may compromise our ability to service our customers in various regions of the world.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

Assertions by third parties of infringement or other violation by us of their intellectual property rights could result in significant costs and substantially harm our business and results of operations.

The software industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. In particular, leading companies in the software industry own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets, which they may use to assert claims against us. From time to time, third parties, including certain of these leading companies, may assert patent, copyright, trademark or other intellectual property claims against us, our customers and partners, and those from whom we license technology and intellectual property.

Although we believe that our products and services do not infringe upon the intellectual property rights of third parties, we cannot assure you that third parties will not assert infringement or misappropriation claims against us with respect to current or future products or services, or that any such assertions will not require us to enter into royalty arrangements or result in costly litigation, or result in us being unable to use certain intellectual property. We cannot assure you that we are not infringing or otherwise violating any third party intellectual property rights. Infringement assertions from third parties may involve patent holding companies or other patent owners who have no relevant product revenues, and therefore our own issued and pending patents may provide little or no deterrence to these patent owners in bringing intellectual property rights claims against us.

Any intellectual property infringement or misappropriation claim or assertion against us, our customers or partners, and those from whom we license technology and intellectual property could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, reputation and competitive position regardless of the validity or outcome. If we are forced to defend against any infringement or misappropriation claims, whether they are with or without merit, are settled out of court, or are determined in our favor, we may be required to expend significant time and financial resources on the defense of such claims. Furthermore, an adverse outcome of a dispute may require us to pay damages, potentially including treble damages and attorneys’ fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed on a party’s intellectual property; cease making, licensing or using our products or services that are alleged to infringe or misappropriate the intellectual property of others; expend additional development resources to redesign our products or services; enter into potentially unfavorable royalty or license agreements in order to obtain the right to use necessary technologies or works; and to indemnify our partners, customers, and other third parties. Royalty or licensing agreements, if required or desirable, may be unavailable on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and may require significant royalty payments and other expenditures. Any of these events could seriously harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, any lawsuits regarding intellectual property rights, regardless of their success, could be costly to resolve and divert the time and attention of our management and technical personnel.

Although we apply measures to protect our intellectual property rights and our source code, there can be no assurance that the measures that we employ to do so will be successful.

In accordance with industry practice, we rely on a combination of contractual provisions and intellectual property law to protect our proprietary technology. We believe that due to the dynamic nature of the computer and software industries, copyright protection is less significant than factors such as the knowledge and experience of our management and personnel, the frequency of product enhancements and the timeliness and quality of our support services. We seek to protect the source code of our products as trade secret information and as unpublished copyright works. We also rely on security and copy protection features in our proprietary software. We distribute our products under software license agreements that grant customers a personal, non-transferable license to use our products and contain terms and conditions prohibiting the unauthorized reproduction or transfer of our products. In addition, while we attempt to protect trade secrets and other proprietary information through non-disclosure agreements with employees, consultants and distributors, not all of our employees have signed invention assignment agreements. Although we intend to protect our rights vigorously, there can be no assurance that these measures will be successful. Our failure to protect our rights, or the improper use of our products by others without licensing them from us could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We and our customers rely on technology and intellectual property of third parties, the loss of which could limit the functionality of our products and disrupt our business.

We use technology and intellectual property licensed from unaffiliated third parties in certain of our products, and we may license additional third-party technology and intellectual property in the future. Any errors or defects in this third-party technology and intellectual property could result in errors that could harm our brand and business. In addition, licensed technology and intellectual property may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. The loss of the right to license and distribute this third party technology could limit the functionality of our products and might require us to redesign our products.

Further, although we believe that there are currently adequate replacements for the third-party technology and intellectual property we presently use and distribute, the loss of our right to use any of this technology and intellectual property could result in delays in producing or delivering affected products until equivalent technology or intellectual property is identified, licensed or otherwise procured, and integrated. Our business would be disrupted if any technology and intellectual property we license from others or functional equivalents of this software were either no longer available to us or no longer offered to us on commercially reasonable terms. In either case, we would be required either to attempt to redesign our products to function with technology and intellectual property available from other parties or to develop these components ourselves, which would result in increased costs and could result in delays in product sales and the release of new product offerings. Alternatively, we might be forced to limit the features available in affected products. Any of these results could harm our business and impact our results of operations.

We could be required to provide the source code of our products to our customers.

Some of our customers have the right to require the source code of our products to be deposited into a source code escrow. Under certain circumstances, our source code could be released to our customers. The conditions triggering the release of our source code vary by customer. A release of our source code would give our customers access to our trade secrets and other proprietary and confidential information which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. A few of our customers have the right to use the source code of some of our products based on the license agreements signed with such clients (mostly with respect to older versions of our solutions), although such use is limited for specific matters and cases, these clients are exposed to some of our trade secrets and other proprietary and confidential information which could harm us.

Some of our services and technologies may use “open source” software, which may restrict how we use or distribute our services or require that we release the source code of certain products subject to those licenses.

Some of our services and technologies may incorporate software licensed under so-called “open source” licenses, including, but not limited to, the GNU General Public License and the GNU Lesser General Public License. In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on origin of the software. Additionally, open source licenses typically require that source code subject to the license be made available to the public and that any modifications or derivative works to open source software continue to be licensed under open source licenses. These open source licenses typically mandate that proprietary software, when combined in specific ways with open source software, become subject to the open source license. If we combine our proprietary software with open source software, we could be required to release the source code of our proprietary software.

We take steps to ensure that our proprietary software is not combined with, and does not incorporate, open source software in ways that would require our proprietary software to be subject to an open source license. However, few courts have interpreted open source licenses, and the manner in which these licenses may be interpreted and enforced is therefore subject to some uncertainty. Additionally, we rely on multiple software programmers to design our proprietary technologies, and although we take steps to prevent our programmers from including open source software in the technologies and software code that they design, write and modify, we do not exercise complete control over the development efforts of our programmers and we cannot be certain that our programmers have not incorporated open source software into our proprietary products and technologies or that they will not do so in the future. In the event that portions of our proprietary technology are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, re-engineer all or a portion of our technologies, or otherwise be limited in the licensing of our technologies, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our services and technologies and materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Relating to Our International Operations

Our international sales and operations subject us to additional risks that can adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are continuing to expand our international operations as part of our growth strategy. In fiscal years 2020 and 2021, 38% and 37%, respectively, of our revenues were derived from outside of Israel. Our current international operations and our plans to further expand our international operations subject us to a variety of risks, including:

As we continue to expand our business globally, our success will depend, in large part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other risks associated with our international operations. Any of these risks could harm our international operations and reduce our international sales, adversely affecting our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects.

International operations in the insurance industry, in which a significant portion of our business is concentrated, are accompanied by additional costs related to adaptation to regulations in specific territories.

As we seek to expand the marketing and offering of our products into new territories, because insurance regulations vary by legal jurisdiction, the investment required to adapt our solutions to the legal and language requirements of such territories may prevent or delay us from effectively expanding into such territories. Such adaptation process requires the retention of new, additional skilled personnel with knowledge of the particular market and applicable regulatory regime. Such skilled personnel may not be available at a reasonable cost relative to the additional revenues that we expect to recognize in those territories or may not be available at all. However, since insurance carriers are regularly required to adopt their systems and software to comply with the changing regulations, this provides an additional revenue source for Sapiens by providing related services for compliance.

Our international operations expose us to risks associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates that could adversely affect our business.

Due to our extensive operations and sales in Israel, most of our revenues and expenses from our IT services are denominated in NIS. For financial reporting purposes, we translate all non-U.S. dollar denominated transactions into dollars in accordance with IFRS. Therefore, we are exposed to the risk that a devaluation of the NIS relative to the dollar will reduce our revenue growth rate in dollar terms. On the other hand, a significant portion of our revenues from proprietary software products and related services is currently denominated in other currencies, particularly the Euro, Japanese Yen, British Pound, India Rupee, or INR, and Polish Zloty, or PLN, while a substantial portion of our expenses relating to the proprietary software products and related services, principally salaries and related personnel expenses, is denominated in NIS. As a result, the depreciation of the Euro, Japanese Yen, British Pound, INR and PLN relative to the U.S. dollar reduces our dollar recorded revenues from sales of our proprietary software products and related services that are denominated in those currencies and thereby harms our results of operations. In addition, the appreciation of the NIS relative to the dollar increases the dollar-recorded value of expenses that we incur in NIS in respect of such proprietary software products sales, and, therefore, could adversely affect our results of operations and harm our competitive position in the markets. In 2020 and 2021, the NIS appreciated by 7.0% and 6.0%, respectively, relative to the dollar (in each case, based on the change in the average annual representative exchange rate reported by the Bank of Israel for that year compared to the year that preceded it). Inflation in Israel further increases the dollar cost of our NIS-based operating expenses and adversely impacts the profits that we realize from our proprietary software products sales. While inflation in Israel was not a factor during the year ended December 31, 2020 (there was deflation of 0.59%), in the year ended December 31, 2021 and in early 2022, the rate of Israeli inflation has risen, in keeping with the international trend, and was measured at 1.5% and 3.5% for the year ended December 31, 2021 and for the three months period ended March 31, 2022, respectively.

In certain locations, we have engaged and may continue in the future to engage in currency-hedging transactions intended to reduce the effect of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on our financial position and results of operations. However, there can be no assurance that any such hedging transactions will materially reduce the effect of fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates on such results. In addition, if for any reason exchange or price controls or other restrictions on the conversion of foreign currencies were imposed, our financial position and results of operations could be adversely affected. For additional information relating to the exchange rates between different relevant currencies, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects— Overview— Our Functional and Reporting Currency.”

Our business may be materially affected by changes to fiscal and tax policies. Potentially negative or unexpected tax consequences of these policies, or the uncertainty surrounding their potential effects, could adversely affect our results of operations and share price.

As a multinational corporation, we are subject to income taxes, withholding taxes and indirect taxes in numerous jurisdictions worldwide. Significant judgment and management attention and resources are required in evaluating our tax positions and our worldwide provision for taxes. In the ordinary course of business, there are many activities and transactions for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. In addition, our tax obligations and effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in the relevant tax, accounting, and other laws, regulations, principles and interpretations. This may include recognizing tax losses or lower than anticipated earnings in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated earnings in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, or changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities.

We may be audited in various jurisdictions, and such jurisdictions may assess additional taxes against us. If we experience unfavorable results from one or more such tax audits, there could be an adverse effect on our tax rate and therefore on our net income. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of any tax audits or litigation could be materially different from our historical tax provisions and accruals, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which a determination is made. Additionally, we are subject to transfer pricing rules and regulations, including those relating to the flow of funds between us and our affiliates, which are designed to ensure that appropriate levels of income are reported in each jurisdiction in which we operate.

As we continue to expand our business in emerging markets, such as India, we face increasing challenges that could adversely impact our results of operations, reputation and business.

Approximately 40% of Sapiens’ employees are currently located in India (accounting for 8% of our overall employee headcount). Our significant presence in India, in particular Sapiens’ Research & Development personnel and Sapiens’ personnel for the delivery of its professional services, poses a number of challenges. These challenges are related to more volatile economic conditions, poor protection of intellectual property, inadequate protection against crime (including counterfeiting, corruption and fraud), lack of due process, and inadvertent breaches of local laws or regulations. In addition, local business practices may be inconsistent with international regulatory requirements, such as anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws and regulations (including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act) to which we are subject. It is possible that some of our employees, subcontractors, agents or partners may violate such legal and regulatory requirements, which may expose us to criminal or civil enforcement actions, including penalties and suspension or disqualification from U.S. federal procurement contracting. If we fail to comply with such legal and regulatory requirements, our business and reputation may be harmed.

Conducting business in India involves unique challenges, including potential political instability; threats of terrorism; the transparency, consistency and effectiveness of business regulation; corruption; the protection of intellectual property; and the availability of sufficient qualified local personnel. Any of these or other challenges associated with operating in India may adversely affect our business or operations. Terrorist activity in India and Pakistan has contributed to tensions between those countries and our operations in India may be adversely affected by future political and other events in the region.

Risks Related to our Traded Securities and Consolidated Holdings

There is limited trading volume for our ADSs and ordinary shares, which reduces liquidity for our shareholders, and may furthermore cause the stock price to be volatile, all of which may lead to losses by investors.

There has historically been limited trading volume for our ADSs and ordinary shares, respectively, both on the Nasdaq Global Select Market and the TASE, as well as for our publicly traded investees Matrix (whose shares are traded on the TASE) and Sapiens and Magic Software (whose shares are both traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market and the TASE), such that trading has still not reached the level that enables shareholders to freely sell their shares in substantial quantities on an ongoing basis and thereby readily achieve liquidity for their investment. As a further result of the limited volume, our or our publicly traded investees ordinary or common shares have experienced significant market price volatility in the past and may experience significant market price and volume fluctuations in the future, in response to factors such as announcements of developments related to our investees businesses, announcements by competitors of our investees, quarterly fluctuations in our financial results and general conditions in the industry in which we through our investees compete.

The market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be volatile and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the price you paid, or at all.

The stock market in general has experienced during recent years extreme price and volume fluctuations. The market prices of securities of technology companies have been extremely volatile and have experienced fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market fluctuations have affected and are expected to continue to affect the market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

The high and low closing market price of our ordinary shares traded on the TASE, under the symbol “FORTY,” and the high and low closing market price of our ADSs traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “FORTY,” during each of the last five years, are summarized in the table below:

The market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs may fluctuate substantially due to a variety of factors, including:

In addition, global and local economic, political, market and industry conditions and military conflicts and in particular, those specifically related to the State of Israel, may affect the market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

Significant fluctuations in our annual and quarterly results, which make it difficult for investors to make reliable period-to-period comparisons, may also contribute to volatility in the market price of our ordinary shares and American Depositary Shares.

Our quarterly and annual revenues, gross profit, net income and results of operations have fluctuated significantly in the past, and we expect them to continue to fluctuate significantly in the future. The following events may cause fluctuations:

A substantial portion of our expenses, including most product development and selling and marketing expenses must be incurred in advance of when revenue is generated. If our projected revenue does not meet our expectations, we are likely to experience an even larger shortfall in our operating profit relative to our expectations. The gross margins of our individual subsidiaries vary both among themselves and over time. As a result, changes in the revenue mix from these subsidiaries may affect our quarterly operating results. In addition, we may derive a significant portion of our net income from the sale of our investments or the sale of our proprietary software technology. These events do not occur on a regular basis and their timing is difficult to predict. As a result, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our historical results of operations are not necessarily meaningful and that you should not rely on them as an indication for future performance. Also, it is possible that our quarterly and annual results of operations may be below the expectations of public market analysts and investors. If this happens, the prices of our ordinary shares and ADSs will likely decrease.

The market prices of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be adversely affected if the market prices of our publicly traded investees decrease.

A significant portion of our assets is comprised of equity securities of directly held publicly traded companies. Our publicly traded investees are currently Matrix, Sapiens and Magic Software. The share prices of these publicly traded companies have been extremely volatile and have been subject to fluctuations due to market conditions and other factors which are often unrelated to operating results and which are beyond our control. Fluctuations in the market price and valuations of our holdings in these companies may affect the market’s valuation of the price of our ordinary shares and ADSs and may also thereby impact our results of operations. If the value of our assets decreases significantly as a result of a decrease in the value of our interest in our publicly traded investees, our business, operating results and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected and the market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs may also fall as a result.

Our securities are traded on more than one market and this may result in price variations.

Formula’s ordinary shares are traded on the TASE and its ADSs are traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Trading in those ordinary shares and ADSs on those markets takes place in different currencies (dollars on the Nasdaq Global Select Market and NIS on the TASE), and at different times (resulting from different time zones, different weekly trading days and different public holidays in the United States and Israel). The trading prices of our ordinary shares and ADSs on these two markets may differ due to these and other factors (see the risk factor titled “The market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be volatile and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the price you paid, or at all” above for data related to the differences in trading prices on Nasdaq as compared to on the TASE). On the other hand, any decrease in the trading price of our ordinary shares or ADSs, as applicable, on one of these markets could likely affect— and cause a decrease in— the trading price on the other market.

Our largest shareholder, Asseco Poland S.A., can significantly influence the outcome of matters that require shareholder approval.

Asseco Poland S.A., or Asseco, our largest shareholder, currently owns approximately 25.6% of our outstanding share capital and is furthermore party to a shareholders’ agreement with our Chief Executive Officer, under which agreement Asseco has been granted an irrecoverable proxy to vote 1,797,973 of our ordinary shares owned by our Chief Executive Officer. As a result, Asseco has effective voting power over an aggregate of 37.3% of our outstanding ordinary shares (which excludes shares that we have repurchased that lack voting rights and shares subject to restrictions that are voted in proportion to the votes of our other shares). Therefore, Asseco can significantly influence the outcome of those matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. This voting power may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control which may otherwise be favorable to our minority shareholders. In addition, potential conflicts of interest may arise in the event that we or any of our investees enters into any agreements or transactions with affiliates of Asseco. Although Israeli law imposes certain procedures (including the requirement to obtain shareholder approval, which in certain cases includes a “majority of the minority”) for approval of certain related party transactions, we cannot assure you that these procedures will eliminate the possible detrimental effects of these conflicts of interest. If certain transactions are not approved in accordance with required procedures under applicable Israeli law, these transactions may be void or voidable.

If we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Sections 302 and 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the reliability of our financial statements may be questioned and our share price may suffer.

We are subject to a range of requirements relating to internal controls over financial reporting. Despite our internal control measures, we may still be subject to financial reporting errors or even fraud, which may not be detected. A control system, which is increasingly based on computerized processes, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives are met. In addition, the benefit of each control must be considered relative to its cost, and the design of a control system must reflect such reasonable resource constraints. Implementation of changes or updates to our control systems, including implementation of our investees enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems at additional sites, may encounter unexpected difficulties. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Further, controls can be circumvented by individual acts, by collusion of two or more persons or by management override of the controls. Over time, a control may be inadequate because of changes in conditions or the degree of compliance with applicable policies or procedures may deteriorate. Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in investigation or sanctions by regulatory authorities, and could adversely affect our operating results, investor confidence in our reported financial information and the market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

The enactment of legislation implementing changes in taxation of international business activities, the adoption of other corporate tax reform policies, or changes in tax legislation or policies could impact our future financial position and results of operations.

There can be no assurance that our effective tax rate of 23% for the year ended December 31, 2021 will not change over time as a result of changes in corporate income tax rates or other changes in the tax laws the jurisdictions in which we operate. Any changes in tax laws could have an adverse impact on our financial results. Corporate tax reform, base-erosion efforts and tax transparency continue to be high priorities in many tax jurisdictions where we have business operations. As a result, policies regarding corporate income and other taxes in numerous jurisdictions are under heightened scrutiny and tax reform legislation is being proposed or enacted in a number of jurisdictions.

For example, there is growing pressure in many jurisdictions and from multinational organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the EU to amend existing international taxation rules in order to align the tax regimes with current global business practices. Specifically, in October 2015, the OECD published its final package of measures for reform of the international tax rules as a product of its Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative, which was endorsed by the G20 finance ministers. Many of the initiatives in the BEPS package required and resulted in specific amendments to the domestic tax legislation of various jurisdictions and to existing tax treaties. We continuously monitor these developments. Although many of the BEPS measures have already been implemented or are currently being implemented globally (including, in certain cases, through adoption of the OECD’s “multilateral convention” (to which Israel is also a party) to effect changes to tax treaties which entered into force on July 1, 2018 and through the European Union’s “Anti Tax Avoidance” Directives), it is still difficult in some cases to assess to what extent these changes our tax liabilities in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our business or to what extent they may impact the way in which we conduct our business or our effective tax rate due to the unpredictability and interdependency of these potential changes. In January 2019, the OECD announced further work in continuation of the BEPS project, focusing on two “pillars.” On October 8, 2021, 136 countries approved a statement known as the OECD BEPS Inclusive Framework, which builds upon the OECD’s continuation of the BEPS project. The first pillar is focused on the allocation of taxing rights between countries for in-scope large multinational enterprises (with revenue in excess of Euro 20 Billion and profitability of at least 10%) that sell goods and services into countries with little or no local physical presence. We do not expect to be within the scope of the first Pillar. The second pillar is focused on developing a global minimum tax rate of at least 15 percent applicable to in-scope multinational enterprises (with revenue in excess of Euro 750 million). Israel is one of the 136 jurisdictions that has agreed in principle to the adoption of the global minimum tax rate. Given these developments, it is generally expected that tax authorities in various jurisdictions in which we operate may increase their audit activity and may seek to challenge some of the tax positions we have adopted. It is difficult to assess if and to what extent such challenges, if raised, might impact our effective tax rate.

Further, there are proposals in the United States to introduce further amendments to the federal tax regime applicable to corporations. As of the date of filing, it remains unclear what legislation, if any, would be enacted. If the draft legislation currently being discussed is enacted, it could create the potential for added volatility in our provision for income taxes and might have an adverse impact on our future income tax provision and tax rate. 

Risks Related to Operations in Israel and Other Specific Geographic Locations

Political, economic, and military conditions in Israel could negatively impact our business.

We are incorporated under the laws of, and our headquarters and principal research and development facilities are located in, the State of Israel, and approximately_62% and_63% of our consolidated revenues in 2020 and 2021, respectively, were generated from the Israeli market. As a result, political, economic and military conditions in Israel and the Middle East directly affect our operations. Since the establishment of the State of Israel, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Although the recent Abraham Accords have enhanced Israel’s relations with certain countries in the Middle East, an ongoing state of hostility, varying in degree and intensity, has caused security and economic problems for Israel. In addition, several countries still restrict business with Israel and with companies doing business in Israel. These political, economic and military conditions in Israel—if adverse— as well as the foregoing business restrictions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth.

Conflicts in North Africa and the Middle East, including in Syria, which borders Israel, have resulted in continued political uncertainty and violence in the region. Efforts to improve Israel’s relationship with the Palestinian Authority have failed to result in a permanent solution, and there have been numerous periods of hostility in recent years during which Hamas, a terrorist group that controls the Gaza Strip, has attacked Israel with rockets. In addition, Iran continues to take a hostile stance towards Israel, having proceeded with development of a nuclear program and having promised the destruction of Israel periodically. Such instability may affect the economy, could negatively affect business conditions and, therefore, could adversely affect our operations. To date, these matters have not had any material effect on our business and results of operations; however, the regional security situation and worldwide perceptions of it are outside our control and there can be no assurance that these matters will not negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations in the future.

Many of our employees (including executive officers) in Israel are obligated to perform military reserve duty, currently consisting of approximately 30 days of service annually (or more for reserves officers or non-officers with certain expertise). Additionally, these employees are subject to being called to active duty at any time upon the outbreak of hostilities. While we have operated effectively under these requirements, no assessment can be made as to the full impact of these requirements on our business or work force and no prediction can be made as to the effect on us of any expansion of these obligations.

As some of our revenues are derived from the Israeli government sector, a reduction of government spending in Israel on IT services may reduce our revenues and profitability; and any delay in the annual budget approval process may negatively impact our cash flows.

Our Matrix and Magic Software subsidiaries perform work for a wide range of Israeli governmental agencies and related subcontractors. Any reduction or elimination for political or economic reasons (such as in the case of COVID-19) of total Israeli government spending may reduce our revenues and profitability. In addition, the Government of Israel has experienced significant delays in the approval of its annual budget in recent years. Such delays in the future could negatively affect our cash flows by delaying the receipt of payments from the government of Israel for services performed.

Political relations could limit our ability to sell or buy internationally

We could be adversely affected by the interruption or reduction of trade between Israel and its trading partners. Some countries, companies and organizations continue to participate in a boycott of Israeli firms, other firms doing business with Israel as well as Israeli-owned companies operating in other countries. There can be no assurance that restrictive laws, policies or practices directed towards Israel or Israeli businesses will not have an adverse impact on our business.

Israel’s economy may become unstable.

From time to time Israel’s economy may experience inflation or deflation, low foreign exchange reserves, fluctuations in world commodity prices, military conflicts, civil and political unrest and budgetary constraints. For these and other reasons, in the past the government of Israel has intervened in the economy employing fiscal and monetary policies, import duties, foreign currency restrictions, controls of wages, prices and foreign currency exchange rates and regulations regarding the lending limits of Israeli banks to companies considered to be in an affiliated group. The Israeli government has periodically changed its policies in these areas. Reoccurrence of previous destabilizing factors could make it more difficult for us to operate our business as we have in the past and could adversely affect our business.

Our business may be materially affected by changes to fiscal and tax policies. Potentially negative or unexpected tax consequences of these policies, or the uncertainty surrounding their potential effects, could adversely affect our results of operations and share price.

As a multinational Group, we are subject to income taxes, withholding taxes and indirect taxes in numerous jurisdictions worldwide. Significant judgment and management attention and resources are required in evaluating our tax positions and our worldwide provision for taxes. In the ordinary course of business, there are many activities and transactions for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. In addition, our tax obligations and effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in the relevant tax, accounting, and other laws, regulations, principles and interpretations. This may include recognizing tax losses or lower than anticipated earnings in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated earnings in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, or changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities.

We may be audited in various jurisdictions, and such jurisdictions may assess additional taxes against us. If we experience unfavorable results from one or more such tax audits, there could be an adverse effect on our tax rate and therefore on our net income. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of any tax audits or litigation could be materially different from our historical tax provisions and accruals, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which a determination is made. Additionally, we and our subsidiaries are subject to transfer pricing rules and regulations, including those relating to the flow of funds between each of us and our respective affiliates, which are designed to ensure that appropriate levels of income are reported in each jurisdiction in which we operate.

The tax benefits that will be available to certain of our Israeli subsidiaries and our Israeli affiliate will require us to continue to meet various conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which could increase our costs and taxes.

Some of our Israeli subsidiaries derive and expect to continue to derive significant benefits from various programs, including Israeli tax benefits relating to our “Preferred Technological Enterprise”, or PTE, and our “Special Preferred Technological Enterprise,” or SPTE, programs. To be eligible for tax benefits as a PTE or SPTE, these Israeli subsidiaries must continue to meet certain conditions including, with respect to Sapiens, consolidated group revenue at the level of Asseco (its and our controlling shareholder) of at least NIS 10 billion. If they do not meet the conditions stipulated in the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959, or the Investment Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder, as amended, for the PTE, any of the associated tax benefits may be cancelled and they would be required to repay the amount of such benefits, in whole or in part, including interest and consumer price index, or CPI, linkage (or other monetary penalties). Further, in the future these tax benefits may be reduced or discontinued. While we believe that certain of our Israeli subsidiaries have met and continue to meet the conditions that entitle then to previously-obtained Israeli tax benefits, there can be no assurance that the Israeli Tax Authority will agree (for example, with respect to Sapiens, in case the overall revenue at the Asseco group level is lower than NIS 10 billion, or if Asseco no longer controls Sapiens).

The Israeli government grants that Sapiens, one of our subsidiaries, has received require it to meet several conditions and restrict its ability to manufacture products and transfer know-how developed using such grants outside of Israel and require it to satisfy specified conditions.

One of our Israeli subsidiaries (an Israeli subsidiary of Sapiens) received grants in the past from the government of Israel through the Israeli National Authority for Technological Innovation, or the Innovation Authority (formerly operating as Office of the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Economy of the State of Israel, or the OCS), for the financing of a portion of its research and development expenditures in Israel with respect to Sapiens legacy technology. In consideration for receiving grants from the Innovation Authority, that subsidiary is obligated to pay the Innovation Authority royalties from the revenues generated from the sale of products (and related services) developed (in whole or in part) using the Innovation Authority funds, in an amount that is up to 100% to 150% of the aggregate amount of the total grants that it received from the Innovation Authority, plus annual interest for grants received after January 1, 1999. The subsidiary must fully and originally own any intellectual property developed using the Innovation Authority grants and any right derived therefrom unless transfer thereof is approved in accordance with the provisions of the Israeli Encouragement of Research, Development and Technological Innovation Law, 5744-1984, or the Innovation Law (formerly known as the Encouragement of Industrial Research and Development Law, 5744-1984, or the Research Law), and related regulations.

When a company develops know-how, technology or products using grants provided by the Innovation Authority, the terms of these grants and the Innovation Law restrict the transfer of such know-how, and the transfer of manufacturing or manufacturing rights of such products, technologies or know-how outside of Israel. Even after the repayment of such grants in full, our subsidiary will remain subject to the restrictions set forth under the Innovation Law, including:

Therefore, if aspects of our subsidiary’s technologies are deemed to have been developed with Innovation Authority funding, the discretionary approval of an Innovation Authority committee would be required for any transfer to third parties outside of Israel of know-how or manufacturing or manufacturing rights related to those aspects of such technologies. Our subsidiary may not receive those approvals. Furthermore, the Innovation Authority may impose certain conditions on any arrangement under which it permits our subsidiary to transfer technology or development out of Israel.

The transfer of Innovation Authority-supported technology or know-how outside of Israel may involve the payment of significant amounts, depending upon the value of the transferred technology or know-how, the amount of Innovation Authority support, the time of completion of the Innovation Authority-supported research project and other factors. Furthermore, the consideration available to shareholders in a transaction involving the transfer outside of Israel of technology or know-how developed with the Innovation Authority’s funding (such as a merger or similar transaction) may be reduced by any amounts that are required to be paid to the Innovation Authority.

Our Israeli subsidiary received grants from the Innovation Authority prior to an extensive amendment to the Research Law that came into effect as of January 1, 2016, or the Amendment, which may also affect the terms of existing grants. The Amendment provides for an interim transition period (which has not yet expired), after which time our subsidiary’s grants will be subject to terms of the Amendment. Under the Research Law, as amended by the Amendment, the Innovation Authority is provided with a power to modify the terms of existing grants. Such changes, if introduced by the Innovation Authority in the future, may impact the terms governing our subsidiary’s grants.

As we continue to expand our business in emerging markets, such as India, we face increasing challenges that could adversely impact our results of operations, reputation and business.

Approximately forty percent (40%) of Sapiens’ employees are currently located in India. Our significant presence in India, in particular Sapiens’ Research & Development personnel and its personnel for the delivery of its professional services, poses a number of challenges. Those challenges are related to more volatile economic conditions, poor protection of intellectual property, inadequate protection against crime (including counterfeiting, corruption and fraud), lack of due process, and inadvertent breaches of local laws or regulations. In addition, local business practices may be inconsistent with international regulatory requirements, such as anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws and regulations (including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act) to which we are subject. It is possible that some of Sapiens’ employees, subcontractors, agents or partners may violate such legal and regulatory requirements, which may expose it to criminal or civil enforcement actions, including penalties and suspension or disqualification from U.S. federal procurement contracting. If Sapiens fails to comply with such legal and regulatory requirements, our business and reputation may be harmed.

Conducting business in India involves unique challenges, including potential political instability; threats of terrorism; the transparency, consistency and effectiveness of business regulation; corruption; the protection of intellectual property; and the availability of sufficient qualified local personnel. Any of these or other challenges associated with operating in India may adversely affect our business or operations. Terrorist activity in India and Pakistan has contributed to tensions between those countries and our operations in India may be adversely affected by future political and other events in the region.

It may be difficult to serve process and enforce judgments against our directors and officers in the United States or in Israel.

We are organized under the laws of the State of Israel. All of our executive officers and directors are nonresidents of the United States, and a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of these persons are located outside of the United States. Therefore, it may be difficult to:

Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws reasoning that Israel is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proven as a fact by expert witnesses, which can be a time consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel that addresses the matters described above. As a result of the difficulty associated with enforcing a judgment against us in Israel, an investor may not be able to collect any damages awarded by either a U.S. or foreign court.

Provisions of Israeli law may delay, prevent or make difficult an acquisition of us, which could prevent a change of control and therefore depress the price of our shares.

The Companies Law regulates mergers and requires that tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds be approved via special shareholder approvals. The Companies Law furthermore requires shareholder approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions. Furthermore, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions unappealing to us or to some of our shareholders. These provisions of Israeli corporate and tax law may have the effect of delaying, preventing or complicating a merger with, or other acquisition of, us. This could cause our ordinary shares to trade at prices below the price for which third parties might be willing to pay to gain control of us. Third parties who are otherwise willing to pay a premium over prevailing market prices to gain control of us may be unable or unwilling to do so because of these provisions of Israeli law. Asseco’s control of a significant percentage of our outstanding ordinary shares may also discourage potential acquirers from paying a premium to our shareholders pursuant to a change of control transaction. Please see the risk factor above titled “Our largest shareholder, Asseco Poland S.A., can significantly influence the outcome of matters that require shareholder approval.”

Your rights and responsibilities as a shareholder are governed by Israeli law and differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders under U.S. law.

We are incorporated under Israeli law. The rights and responsibilities of holders of our ordinary shares are governed by our memorandum of association, amended and restated articles of association, which we sometimes refer to as our articles, and Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has a duty to act in good faith in exercising the rights thereof and fulfilling the obligations thereof toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing the power thereof in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on certain matters. Israeli law provides that these duties are applicable in shareholder votes at the general meeting with respect to, among other things, amendments to a company’s articles of association, increases in a company’s authorized share capital, mergers and acquisitions and transactions involving interests of officers, directors or other interested parties which require the shareholders’ approval. In addition, a controlling shareholder of an Israeli company or a shareholder who knows that he or she possesses the power to determine the outcome of a vote at a meeting of our shareholders, or who has, by virtue of the company’s articles of association, the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder in the company, or any other power with respect to the company, has a duty of fairness toward the company. The Companies Law does not establish criteria for determining whether or not a shareholder has acted in good faith.

As a foreign private issuer whose ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, we may follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain Nasdaq requirements.

As a foreign private issuer whose ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain requirements of the Listing Rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market. A foreign private issuer that elects to follow a home country practice instead of such requirements must submit to Nasdaq in advance a written statement from independent counsel in such issuer’s home country certifying that the issuer’s practices are not prohibited by the home country’s laws. In addition, a foreign private issuer must disclose in its annual reports filed with the SEC or on its website, each such requirement that it does not follow and describe the home country practice followed by the issuer in lieu of any such requirement. In keeping with these leniencies, we have elected to follow home country practice with regard to, among other things, composition of our board of directors, director nomination procedure, compensation of officers, quorum at shareholders’ meetings and timing of our annual shareholders’ meetings. We have furthermore elected to follow our home country law, in lieu of those rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market that require that we obtain shareholder approval for certain dilutive events, such as for the establishment or amendment of certain equity based compensation plans, an issuance that will result in a change of control of the company, certain transactions other than a public offering involving issuances of a 20% or more interest in the company and certain acquisitions of the stock or assets of another company. Accordingly, our shareholders and ADS holders may not be afforded the same protection as provided under Nasdaq’s corporate governance rules.

Our U.S. shareholders may suffer adverse tax consequences if we are classified as a passive foreign investment company or as a “controlled foreign corporation”.

Generally, if for any taxable year 75% or more of our gross income is passive income, or at least 50% of the average quarterly value of our assets (which may be measured in part by the market value of our ordinary shares, which is subject to change) are held for the production of, or produce, passive income, we would be characterized as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the Code. Based on our gross income and gross assets, and the nature of our business, we believe that we were not classified as a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2021. Because PFIC status is determined annually based on our income, assets and activities for the entire taxable year, it is not possible to determine whether we will be characterized as a PFIC for the taxable year ending December 31, 2022, or for any subsequent year, until we finalize our financial statements for that year. Furthermore, because the value of our gross assets is likely to be determined in large part by reference to our market capitalization, a decline in the value of our ordinary shares may result in our becoming a PFIC. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year. Our characterization as a PFIC could result in material adverse tax consequences for you if you are a U.S. investor, including having gains realized on the sale of our ordinary shares treated as ordinary income, rather than a capital gain, the loss of the preferential rate applicable to dividends received on our ordinary shares by individuals who are U.S. holders, and having interest charges apply to distributions by us and the proceeds of share sales. Certain elections exist that may alleviate some of the adverse consequences of PFIC status and would result in an alternative treatment (such as mark-to-market treatment) of our ordinary shares. Prospective U.S. investors should consult their own tax advisers regarding the potential application of the PFIC rules to them. Prospective U.S. investors should refer to “Item 10.E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” for discussion of additional U.S. income tax considerations applicable to them based on our treatment as a PFIC.

Certain U.S. holders of our ordinary shares may suffer adverse tax consequences if we or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are characterized as a “controlled foreign corporation”, or a CFC, under Section 957(a) of the Code. A non-U.S. corporation is considered a CFC if more than fifty percent of the voting power or the total value of the shares is owned, or is considered to be owned, by U.S. shareholders who each own shares representing ten percent or more of the voting or total value of the shares of such non-U.S. corporation, who refer to as 10% U.S. Shareholders. Generally, 10% U.S. Shareholders of a CFC are currently required to include in their gross income their pro-rata share of the CFC’s “Subpart F income”, a portion of the CFC’s earnings, to the extent the CFC holds certain U.S. property, and certain other new items under H.R. 1, originally known as the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the TCJA. Such 10% U.S. Shareholders are subject to current U.S. federal income tax with respect to such items, even if the CFC has not made an actual distribution to such shareholders. “Subpart F income” includes, among other things, certain passive income (such as income from dividends, interests, royalties, rents and annuities or gain from the sale of property that produces such types of income) and certain sales and services income arising in connection with transactions between the CFC and a person related to the CFC. Certain changes to the CFC constructive ownership rules introduced by the TCJA may cause one or more of our non-U.S. subsidiaries to be treated as CFCs and may also impact our CFC status. This may result in negative U.S. federal income tax consequences for 10% U.S. Shareholders of our ordinary shares. The CFC rules are complex and therefore no assurances can be given that we are not or will not become a CFC. Certain changes to the CFC constructive ownership rules introduced by recent U.S. tax legislation could, under certain circumstances, cause us to be classified as a CFC. Current or prospective 10% U.S. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. tax consequences of acquiring, owning, or disposing our ordinary shares and the impact of the TCJA, especially the changes to the rules relating to CFCs.

We may have difficulty protecting our interests as a shareholder of Sapiens, which is a Cayman Islands company.

Following the completion of the migration of its legal jurisdiction to the Cayman Islands in August 2018, Sapiens’ corporate affairs are governed by its memorandum of association, or the Memorandum, its articles of association, or the Articles, the Companies Act (as revised) of the Cayman Islands, or the Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of Sapiens’ shareholders— such as Formula— and the fiduciary responsibilities of Sapiens’ directors under the laws of the Cayman Islands are, in some respects, not as clearly established under statutes or judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as in jurisdictions in the United States. Therefore, we may have more difficulty in protecting our interests than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States, due to the comparatively less developed nature of Cayman Islands law in this area.

The Companies Act permits mergers and consolidations between Cayman Islands companies and between Cayman Islands companies and non-Cayman Islands companies. Dissenting shareholders have the right to be paid the fair value of their shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, will be determined by the Cayman Islands court) if they follow the required procedures, subject to certain exceptions. Court approval is not required for a merger or consolidation which is effected in compliance with these statutory procedures.

In addition, there are statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies, provided that the arrangement is approved by a majority in number of each class of shareholders and creditors with whom the arrangement is to be made, and who must in addition represent three-fourths in value of each such class of shareholders or creditors, as the case may be, that are present and voting either in person or by proxy at a meeting convened for that purpose. The convening of the meeting and subsequently the arrangement must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. A dissenting shareholder has the right to express to the court the view that the transaction ought not to be approved.

When a takeover offer is made and accepted by holders of 90.0% of the affected shares within four months, the offeror may, within a two-month period, notify the holders of the remaining shares that it requires them to transfer such shares on the terms of the offer. An objection can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands within one month of the notice, but this is unlikely to succeed unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion.  

If the arrangement and reconstruction is thus approved, the dissenting shareholder would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, which would otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States, providing rights to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares. This may make it more difficult for you to assess the value of any consideration you may receive in a merger or consolidation or to require that the offeror give you additional consideration if you believe the consideration offered is insufficient.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records and accounts or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders. Sapiens’ directors have discretion under the Company’s Memorandum and Articles to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, its corporate records may be inspected by its shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to its shareholders (other than annual accounts, which are available for inspection prior to annual general meetings, and each shareholder’s right to view the share register in respect of shares registered in its name). This may make it more difficult for a shareholder to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Subject to limited exceptions, under Cayman Islands law, a minority shareholder may not bring a derivative action against the board of directors.

Copies of Sapiens’ Memorandum and Articles, which serve as exhibits to its 2021 annual report, were annexed as Appendix A to the proxy statement for Sapiens’ 2017 annual general meeting of shareholders, which was appended as Exhibit 99.1 to Sapiens’ Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 6-K furnished to the SEC on October 26, 2017. A table comparing certain Curacao law provisions to Cayman Islands law provisions was annexed as Appendix B to that same proxy statement.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

Both our legal name and our commercial name are Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel on April 2, 1985 and are subject to the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999. We maintain our principal executive offices at 1 Yahadut Canada Street, Or Yehuda 6037501, Israel and our telephone number is +972-3-5389389. Our agent in the United States is Corporation Service Company and its address is 2711 Centerville Road, Suite 400, Wilmington, DE 19808. Our Internet address is www.formulasystems.com. The information contained on that site is not a part of this annual report and is not incorporated by reference herein. The SEC maintains an Internet site, http://www.sec.gov, which contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The information on that website is not part of this annual report and is not incorporated by reference herein. Except as described elsewhere in this annual report, we have not had any important events in the development of our business since January 1, 2021.

Capital Expenditures and Divestitures

Since our inception, we have acquired effective controlling interests, and have invested, in companies that are engaged in the IT solutions and services business. We, together with our investees, are known as the Formula Systems Group.

We have adopted a strategy of seeking to create positive economic impact and long-term value for our shareholders and the companies we invest in. We believe that this strategy provides us with capital to support the growth of our interest in our remaining subsidiaries, as well as provide us the opportunity to pursue new acquisitions of, and investments in, other businesses, particularly businesses offering products, technologies and services that are complementary to ours and are suitable for integration into our business, thereby increasing value for our shareholders (and ADS holders). We expect to continue to develop and enhance the products, services and solutions of our investees, and to continue to pursue additional acquisitions of, or investments in, companies that provide IT services and proprietary software solutions.

Our principal investment and divestiture activities since the start of our 2019 fiscal year are described below. For additional information concerning our related financing activities since the start of our 2019 fiscal year, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects— B. Liquidity and Capital Resources— Sources of Financing.”

Investments by Formula in Existing Subsidiaries:

Changes in our percentage ownership of Sapiens. As of January 1, 2019, our percentage interest in Sapiens was 48.1%. During the last three years, mainly due to exercises of options by employees of Sapiens, but also due to Sapiens’ follow-on public offering completed in October 2020, our direct interest in Sapiens’ outstanding common shares was diluted to 47.9%, and 44.0% as of December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively, and 43.6% as of December 31, 2021. Our interest in Sapiens’ common shares as of March 31, 2022 increased to 43.9% pursuant to our acquisition of 185,672 of Sapiens common shares on February 2022 and on March 2022 for a total consideration of $4.7 million (there were no such purchases in 2019, 2020 or 2021). The source of funds for our purchase of Sapiens common shares in 2022 was our working capital.

Changes in our percentage ownership of Magic Software. As of January 1, 2019, our percentage interest in Magic Software was 45.2%. Pursuant to our acquisition of Magic Software ordinary shares, we invested an aggregate of $0.9 million in 2019, $1.2 million in 2020 and $1.1 million in 2021. Our interest in Magic Software’s ordinary shares as of March 31, 2022 stands at 45.6%. The source of funds for those acquisitions has been our working capital.

Changes in our percentage ownership of Matrix. As of January 1, 2019, our percentage interest in Matrix was 49.2%. During the last three years, mainly due to exercises of options by employees of Matrix, our direct interest in Matrix’s outstanding share capital was diluted to 48.9%, 49.3% and 48.9% as of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Our interest in Matrix’s ordinary shares as of March 31, 2022 stands at 48.7%. We invested an aggregate of $5.0 million in 2020 pursuant to our acquisitions of Matrix shares. There were no such purchases in 2019 or in 2021. The source of such funds has been our working capital.

Acquisition by Formula:

Acquisition of Zap Group. In April 2021, Formula acquired all of the issued and outstanding share capital of Zap Group from Apax Partners for consideration of approximately NIS 244.2 million in cash, with up to an additional NIS 60 million of consideration (for a total maximum purchase price of approximately NIS 304.2 million) contingent upon Zap Group meeting certain EBITDA targets during the first two years following the acquisition. Zap Group is Israel’s largest group of consumer websites which manages more than 20 leading consumer websites from diverse content worlds with a total of more than 17 million visits per month, including Zap Price Comparison website, Zap Yellow Pages (the largest business index in Israel) and Zap Rest (Israel’s restaurants index). The websites managed and offered by Zap Group provide small and medium-sized businesses in Israel with a broad and rich advertising platform and offer consumers a user-friendly search experience with a variety of advanced tools, which enable them to make rational purchase decisions in the best and most effective way. For further information, please see Note 3(i)(a) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

 Acquisition of Ofek Aerial Photography. On March 13, 2020, Formula completed the acquisition of an 80% share interest in Ofek Aerial Photography, or Ofek, and also received an option to acquire the remaining 20% of the equity in the future, for total consideration of approximately NIS 27.7 million (or NIS 14.3 million, net of acquired cash). Ofek is one of the leading companies in Israel in the fields of aerial and satellite mapping, geographic data collection and processing, and provides services in numerous geographic applications. Ofek employs approximately 100 employees, all situated at Ofek’s headquarter in Netanya, Israel. We and the minority shareholder of Ofek hold mutual call and put options, respectively, for the remaining 20% interest in Ofek, exercisable for 36 months following the third year anniversary of the transaction (April 30, 2020 is considered the date of the transaction for purposes of that provision). For further information, please see Note 3(i)(b) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisitions by Sapiens:

In 2021, Sapiens did not effect any material acquisitions of businesses or technologies.

Acquisition of Tia Technology. On November 30, 2020, Sapiens acquired Tia Technology, a vendor of digital software solutions, from the global investment organization EQT Mid Market, for total consideration of $75.3 million in cash (or $73.0 net of acquired cash). During 2021, Sapiens and the sellers of Tia Technology agreed on final working capital adjustments related to the purchase price for this acquisition, which resulted in the payment of $0.8 million from those sellers to Sapiens. Tia Technology is headquartered in Denmark and has nearly 70 customers globally, primarily in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, South Africa and the Baltics. It offers comprehensive software solutions, primarily for Property & Casualty insurers as well as Life and Pension, Health, and several innovative extension modules. For further information, please see Note 3(ii)(a) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of Sapiens Japan Co. In the fourth quarter of 2020, Sapiens acquired the remaining 10% of Sapiens Japan Co, for a total consideration of approximately 15 million Japanese Yen (approximately $0.2 million). Following that acquisition, Sapiens owns all of the share capital of Sapiens Japan Co.

Acquisition of Digital License. In the fourth quarter of 2020, Sapiens purchased from Cognitive Ltd. a source code license which provides it the ability to pursue the acceleration of its digital offering. The total consideration was $2.8 million.

Acquisition of Delphi. On July 27, 2020, Sapiens acquired Delphi, a leading vendor of software solutions for P&C carriers, with a focus on the medical professional liability (MPL)/healthcare professional liability (HCPL) markets (sometimes referred to as “medical malpractice”). Delphi is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, and offers core products for MPL, including policy administration, claims management, and financial and risk management. The consideration in the transaction was approximately $19.6 million in cash (or $13.3 million net of acquired cash). Acquisition-related costs amounted to $0.3 million. For further information, please see Note 3(ii)(c) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of Tiful Gemel. On June 1, 2020, Sapiens acquired 75% of the outstanding shares of Tiful Gemel Ltd., an Israeli company which provides software solutions and managed services related to pension and provident funds in the Israeli market, for total cash consideration of $1.3 million. In addition, under the share purchase agreement for this acquisition, Sapiens is committed to acquire the remainder of Tiful Gemel’s outstanding shares on June 1, 2023 for $0.45 million. On July 8, 2021, Sapiens completed the acquisition of an additional 20% of the outstanding shares of Tiful Gemel for a total amount of $0.4 million. For further information, please see Note 3(ii)(d) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of sum.cumo. On February 6, 2020, Sapiens acquired sum.cumo, a German-based technology provider that offers digital, consumer-centric solutions mainly to the insurance sector, for a purchase price of $22.5 million in cash. An additional $1.8 million was paid to sum.cumo’s senior executives as part of an existing agreement between sum.cumo and its former shareholders. In addition, Sapiens issued 173,005 restricted shares units worth approximately $4.4 million to sum.cumo’s senior management, for which vesting is subject to performance criteria. Sum.cumo’s senior executives may be entitled to future payments of up to $2.8 million that are subject to both earn out-based and retention-specific criteria over the next four years. For further information, please see Note 3(ii)(b) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of Cálculo. In September 2019, Sapiens acquired Cálculo, a leading vendor of insurance consulting and managed services, and a core solution to the Spanish market. Cálculo’s team of insurance system experts (one of the largest in Spain) and solid customer base are expected to help us to continue Sapiens’ global expansion by entering the large Iberian market. Sapiens paid approximately $5.8 million in the acquisition (of which $5.6 million was paid in September 2019, and $0.2 million in the first quarter of 2020), and about $1.7 million was subject to earn out-based specific criteria and continued employment of founders. The results of Cálculo’s operations have been included in our consolidated financial statements since September 2019. For further information, please see Note 3(ii)(e) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.  

Acquisitions by Matrix:

Acquisition of AVB Technologies Ltd. On October 5, 2021, Matrix, through Matrix Integration and Infrastructure Ltd., Matrix’s wholly owned subsidiary, acquired 60% of the share capital of AVB Technologies Ltd. for NIS 4.6 million (approximately $1.4 million). As part of the purchase agreement, additional consideration will be paid, subject to the achievement of certain operating profit targets, to be based on Matrix’s calculation. According to our calculation, the value of the additional consideration for the business acquisition is estimated at NIS 2.1 million (approximately $0.7 million). AVB Technologies Ltd. provides services in the field of multimedia systems. AVB Technologies Ltd.’s services vary and include constructing multimedia systems for meeting rooms and video conference rooms, state of the art digital display solutions, video walls, command and control management rooms, advanced audio solutions and advanced display solutions. For further information, please see Note 3(iv)(a) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of I.T.D. Group Ltd. On April 29, 2021, Matrix acquired 75% of the share capital of the I.T.D. Group Ltd., or I.T.D. Group, for NIS 5.75 million (approximately $1.8 million). As part of the purchase agreement, additional consideration was agreed to, subject to I.T.D. Group achieving certain operating profit targets. According to our calculation, the value of the additional consideration for the business acquisition is NIS 0.7 million (approximately $0.2 million). Matrix also holds a future call option to purchase the additional 25% of I.T.D. Group’s share capital. I. T.D. Group is a leading provider of software development, regulation and cybersecurity services for the healthcare industry in Israel, assisting companies to design and develop innovative solutions, services, and desktop, mobile, and cloud-based apps; ensure rock-solid cybersecurity and privacy in compliance with HIPAA/GDPR standards; and manage FDA/CE submissions. For further information, please see Note 3(iv)(b) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of SQ Service Quality Ltd. On April 5, 2021, Babcom Centers Ltd., a subsidiary of Matrix, acquired 60% of the share capital of S.Q. Service Quality Ltd. for NIS 4 million (approximately $1.2 million). As part of the purchase agreement, additional consideration was agreed to, subject to the achievement of operating profit targets, to be based upon Matrix’s estimate. The value of the additional consideration was calculated as of the day of the business combination, totaling NIS 0.3 million (approximately $0.1 million). We and the minority shareholder of SQ Service Quality Ltd. hold mutual call and put options for the remaining 40% interest in SQ Service Quality Ltd.. SQ Service Quality Ltd. has been active for more than a decade; it accompanies organizations and companies in service quality improvement processes. For further information, please see Note 3(iv)(c) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of A. A. Engineering Ltd. On April 5, 2021, Dana Engineering Ltd. (a subsidiary of Matrix) acquired 75% of the share capital of A.A Engineering Ltd., or A.A. Engineering, for NIS 10.5 million (approximately $3.2 million). As part of the purchase agreement, the sellers may be entitled to future additional consideration, contingent upon A.A Engineering achieving certain future operating profit targets. As of the acquisition date, Matrix estimated the future value of the contingent consideration at NIS 0.5 million (approximately $0.1 million). Matrix holds a call option for the remaining 25% share interest in A.A Engineering. Since 1973, A.A Engineering specializes in planning, management, coordination and supervision work in civil engineering projects serving a wide range of customers, both from institutions and public bodies and from leading companies in the Israeli economy. For further information, please see Note 3(iv)(d) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of RightStar Inc. On November 16, 2020, Matrix acquired all of the share capital of RightStar Inc., or RightStar, a U.S.-based company and a seller and an integrator of BMC and Atlassian Jira solutions, for total consideration of approximately NIS 12.2 million (approximately $3.6 million), of which $3.0 million was paid in cash and $0.5 million was paid on January 15, 2021. The sellers may also be entitled to contingent consideration, estimated as of the acquisition date at $1.0 million, upon RightStar meeting various operating profit targets. Based on RightStar’s operating results, Matrix estimated the contingent consideration as of December 31, 2021 at approximately $2.3 million. For further information, please see Note 3(iv)(f) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of Gestetnertec Ltd. On July 9, 2020, Matrix I.T. Integration and Infrastructure, Matrix’s wholly owned subsidiary company, acquired 51% of the share capital of Gestetnertec Ltd., or Gestetnertec, for NIS 49.8 million in cash (approximately $14.5 million). Gecstetnertec provides various solutions in the printing and documents generation field, and provides different solutions, including 3D printing solutions. We and the minority shareholder hold mutual call and put options, respectively, for the remaining 49% interest in Gestetnertec. For further information, please see Note 3(iv)(e) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of the Remainder of Network Infrastructure Technologies (NIT). In January 2020, Matrix acquired the remaining 40% of the share capital of Network Infrastructure Technologies (NIT), increasing its share capital interest in NIT from 60% to 100%, for total cash consideration of $4.5 million (approximately NIS 15.3 million), which was paid upon closing.

Acquisition of Techtop Ltd. On May 7, 2019, Matrix purchased the net assets of Techtop Ltd., or Techtop, for cash consideration of NIS 17.1 million (approximately $4.8 million). Techtop is a leasing Israeli supplier of professional sound and systems. For further information, please see Note 3(iv)(h) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of MedaTech Technologies Ltd. On February 20, 2019, Matrix acquired all of the share capital of MedaTech Technologies Ltd, or MedTech Technologies, an Israeli company, for cash consideration of approximately NIS 85 million (approximately $23.5 million). MedTech Technologies is Israel’s leading system integrator and business partner of Priority ERP, with over 1,000 customers in a variety of verticals. In April 2019, Matrix acquired 25% of the issued and outstanding share capital of MedaTech Systems Inc., or MedaTech Systems, a subsidiary of MedaTech Technologies, for NIS 5.2 million (approximately $1.4 million). As a result of the acquisition, MedaTech Technologies’ interest in the issued and outstanding share capital of MedaTech Systems increased to 75%. For further information, please see Note 3(iv)(i) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of Dana Engineering Ltd. On February 6, 2019, Matrix acquired 80% of the share capital of Dana Engineering Ltd., or Dana Engineering, an Israeli company, for cash consideration of approximately NIS 52.0 million (approximately $14.4 million). We and the minority shareholder of Dana Engineering hold mutual call and put options, respectively, for the remaining 20% interest in Dana Engineering, which may be exercised following the second-year anniversary of the acquisition. Dana Engineering provides project management services in the field of national infrastructure. For further information, please see Note 3(iv)(j) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisitions by Magic Software:

Acquisition of Y.G. Soft IT Ltd. On January 1, 2021, Magic Software, through one of its Israeli subsidiaries, acquired 60% of the shares of 9540 Y.G. Soft IT Ltd., or Soft IT, an Israel-based services company which specializes in outsourcing of software development services for a total consideration of up to $1.1 million. $0.4 million was paid upon closing, $0.3 million was paid on July 4, 2021, and the remaining amount constitutes a contingent payment that is contingent upon the future operating results of IT Soft. The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration amounted to $0.5 million as of the acquisition date. We and Soft IT’s minority shareholder hold mutual call and put options for the remaining 40% interest. For further information, please see Note 3(iii)(c) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of EnableIT. On April 1, 2021, Magic Software acquired the entire share capital of EnableIT, LLC, or EnableIT, a U.S.-based services company that specializes in IT staffing and recruiting, for total consideration of $6.0 million, of which $4.0 million was paid upon closing and the remaining $2.0 million was to be paid in two equal installments— on April 1, 2022 and 2023. On April 1, 2022, Magic Software paid the first $1.0 million payment. For further information, please see Note 3(iii)(a) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of Menarva. On April 1, 2021, Magic Software acquired the entire share capital of Menarva Ltd., or Menarva, an Israeli-based services company which specializes in software solutions for non-profit organizations for a total estimated consideration of up to $5.6 million, of which, $3.0 million was paid upon closing, and the remaining $2.6 million was to be due in two equal installments, on April 1, 2022 and 2023, depending on the operational results of Menarva. On April 1, 2022, Magic Software paid an additional amount of $1.055 million in respect of the purchase price. For further information, please see Note 3(iii)(b) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of Stockell Inc. On September 2, 2020, Magic Software acquired all of the share capital of Stockell, a U.S.-based services company, specializing in IT staffing and recruiting, for total consideration of $7.7 million, of which $6.3 million was paid upon closing and the remaining $1.5 million was due 12 months following the closing date. In December 2021 and following a few discrepancies in the sellers’ disclosures, we paid as final consideration and amount of $0.76 million to settle the remainder of the purchase price. For further information, please see Note 3(iii)(e) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of Aptonet Inc. On May 7, 2020, Magic Software acquired all of the share capital of Aptonet, a U.S.-based services company that specializes in IT staffing and recruiting, for a total consideration of $4.7 million, of which $3.7 million was paid upon closing and the remaining $ 1.0 million will be paid in two installments, six and twelve months following the closing date. During 2020 and 2021, we paid the remainder of the consideration in two equal installments of $0.5 million each. For further information, please see Note 3(iii)(d) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of Mobisoft Ltd and Magic Hands B.V. On July 1, 2020 and in June 2020 Magic Software acquired 70% of the outstanding share capital of Mobisoft and all of the outstanding share capital of Magic Hands, respectively. The acquisition of each of Mobisoft and Magic Hands individually, and both of them in the aggregate, was not material. These entities have been consolidated in our financial results since their respective acquisition dates. The aggregate consideration paid for the acquisition of both Mobisoft and Magic Hands was $11.3 million. Magic Software and the seller of Mobisoft both hold mutual options to purchase and sell (respectively) the remaining 30% interest in Mobisoft, which may be exercised during the three-year period beginning following the third-year anniversary of the acquisition. Mobisoft’s and Magic Hands’ results of operations have been included in our consolidated financial statements since their respective acquisition dates. For further information, please see Note 3(iii)(f) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

 Acquisition of Additional Stake in Comblack. On April 15, 2020, Magic Software acquired an additional stake of 10.17% in its subsidiary Comblack IT Ltd., or Comblack, an Israeli-based company that specializes in software professional and outsource management services for mainframes and complex large-scale environments, for total cash consideration of approximately $3.6 million, of which $3 million was paid upon closing and the remaining is being paid over a period of up to 18 months. In addition to the cash consideration, we have in place a contingent consideration mechanism according to which an additional amount may be paid in the event Comblack meets certain income thresholds. In April 2022, based on Comblack’s operating results in 2020 and 2021, we paid an additional $1.7 million as final consideration with respect to the contingent consideration. Magic Software currently holds an 80.2% stake in Comblack. Comblack holds a put option in respect of its remaining 19.8% holding.

Acquisition of NetEffects Inc. On July 1, 2019, Magic Software acquired all of the share capital of NetEffects Inc, a U.S.-based services company engaged in IT staffing and recruiting services, for total consideration of $12.5 million, of which $9.4 million was paid upon closing and the remaining $3.1 million was to be paid in two installments following the first and second anniversaries of the acquisition. During 2020 and 2021, Magic Software paid the two installments, in amounts of $1.55 million and the remainder of the consideration, respectively. For further information, please see Note 3(iii)(g) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of PowWow Inc. On April 1, 2019, Magic Software acquired all of the share capital of PowWow Inc., or PowWow, a U.S.-based company and the creator of SmartUX™, a leading Low-Code development platform for mobilizing and modernizing enterprise applications, for total consideration of $8.4 million. Total consideration included an estimated deferred consideration of $2.0 million contingent upon PowWow’s meeting various revenue targets over three years (2020-2022). During 2020, Magic Software reversed the entire contingent amount as it estimated that PowWow will not meet its revenue targets. For further information, please see Note 3(iii)(h) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of Infinigy Solutions LLC, In October 2019, Magic Software acquired 30% of the share capital of Infinigy Solutions LLC, or Infinigy, increasing its interest in Infinigy’s share capital from 70% to 100%, for total cash consideration of $4.4 million, which was paid upon closing. Infinigy is a U.S.-based services company focused on expanding the development and implementation of technical solutions which deliver design-driven turnkey solutions, combining architecture and engineering, or A&E, design, project management and general contracting competencies, across the wireless communications industry. For further information, please see Note 3(iii)(j) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of OnTarget Group Inc. On February 28, 2019, Magic Software acquired all of the share capital of OnTarget Group Inc, or OnTarget, a U.S.-based services company specializing in outsourcing of software development services. Total consideration consisted of $7.0 million that was paid upon closing, of which $0.5 million was deferred and paid on the six-month anniversary of the closing and additional $0.5 million was deferred and paid on the 15-month anniversary of the closing, as well as an additional amount constituting a contingent payment depending on the future operating results to be achieved by OnTarget between 2019 and 2022. Based on OnTarget’s operating results between 2019 and 2021 Magic Software estimates the total purchase price is expected to amount to approximately $19.6 million. Beyond the $6.5 million paid in 2019, Magic Software paid $1.0 million in 2020, $1.0 million in 2021 and $2.0 million in 2022. For further information, please see Note 3(iii)(i) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisitions by Michpal Micro Computers (1983) Ltd:

Acquisition of Formally Smart Form System Ltd., or Formally. On February 16, 2022, Michpal acquired 70% of the share capital of Formally, creator of Formally Smart Form platform – a central server platform for managing knowledge and work processes, and for producing digital forms combined with a legally-binding eSignature technology allowing customers to create impressive documents in minutes and get them signed in a snap. Formally offers a variety of proprietary computerized and advanced tools for managing business processes trusted by Israel’s largest financial, banking and insurance enterprises. This acquisition of Formally is an additional strategic step, supporting the expansion of Michpal’s product offering in the fields of payroll, human resources and financial management and compliance. Total cash consideration amounted to NIS 44.8 million (approximately $13.9 million). In addition, Michpal and the minority shareholder of Formally hold mutual call and put options, respectively, for the remaining 30% interest in Formally.

Acquisition of Liram Financial Software Ltd. On May 17, 2020, Michpal acquired 70% of the share capital of Liram Financial Software Ltd., or Liram, an Israeli provider of proprietary integrated specialized management systems in the field of financial accounting, taxation and compliance, for accounting professionals (accountants and tax consultants), bookkeepers, controllers, and CFOs. Liram’s solutions include specialized financial software solutions for preparation and reporting of financial statements, tax declarations, single-entry and double-entry bookkeeping, fixed asset management and depreciation calculations (under the brand name Ram-Nihul) etc. Total cash consideration amounted to NIS 15.3 million (approximately $4.3 million). In addition, Michpal and the minority shareholder of Liram hold mutual call and put options, respectively, for the remaining 30% interest in Liram. Acquisition related costs were immaterial. For further information, please see Note 3(v)(a) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition of Unique Software Industries Ltd. In November 2019, Michpal completed the acquisition of Unique Software Industries Ltd., or Unique, for up-front consideration of approximately NIS 49 million (approximately $14.0 million), as well as up to an additional NIS 12 million (approximately $3.5 million) that is subject to defined performance goals. Unique is a software development and services company that has provided integrated solutions in the field of payroll for more than 30 years, including pay-stubs, pension services management, education funds management, and software solutions for managing employee attendance. For further information, please see Note 3(v)(b) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

Acquisition by Zap Group:

In February 2022, Zap Group completed the acquisition of 49.9% of the entire minority rights in its controlled partnership, Winhelp Ofran, a provider of digital advertising solutions for domestic travel businesses in Israel, for consideration of NIS 11.0 million (or approximately $3.4 million).

General

We are a global information technology company that is principally engaged through our directly held investees in providing software consulting services and computer-based business solutions, and in developing proprietary software products. We deliver our solutions in numerous countries worldwide to customers with complex IT services needs, including a number of “Fortune 1000” companies.

We provide our investees with our management, technical expertise and marketing experience to help them create a consecutive positive economic impact and long-term value, and direct their overall strategy through our active involvement. We carry out those activities at the level of our investees rather than at our parent company level. Following our transition to IFRS during 2016, we consolidate the results of all of the entities in which Formula holds an equity interest, other than our equity investee TSG.

We operate through our subsidiaries— Matrix, Sapiens, Magic Software, Michpal, Zap Group, InSync and Ofek Aerial Photography— and through our equity investee TSG. We describe below the areas of our business activity:

IT Services

We design and implement IT solutions and software systems which improve the productivity of our customers’ existing IT assets, enable them to effectively manage their operations and reduce their business risks in the face of changing business environments. In delivering our IT services, we at times use proprietary software developed by members of the Formula Group. We provide our IT services across the full system development life cycle, including definition of business requirements, developing customized software, implementing software and modifying it based on the customer’s needs, system analysis, technical specifications, coding, testing, training, implementation and maintenance. We perform our projects on-site or at our own facilities.

Proprietary Software Solutions

We design, develop and market proprietary software solutions for sale in selected niche markets worldwide. We regularly seek opportunities to invest in or acquire companies with attractive proprietary software solutions under development which we believe to have market potential. All of our investments and acquisitions in this area have been in companies with products beyond the prototype stage. In addition, from time to time, we selectively invest in companies with proven technology where we believe we can leverage our experience to enhance product positioning and increase market penetration. We provide our management and technical and financial expertise, marketing experience and financial resources to help bring these products to market. We also assist the members of our group to form teaming agreements with strategic partners to develop a presence in international markets and to raise debt and capital.

The Formula Group

Formula is the parent company of investees, which, as noted above, we refer to collectively (together with Formula) as the Formula Group. As of December 31, 2021, we held 90.1% of the shares of InSync, an 80% interest in Ofek Aerial Photography, a 48.9% interest in Matrix, a 43.6% interest in Sapiens, a 45.59% interest in Magic Software, a 50% interest in TSG through our equity holdings, and the entire share capital of Michpal and Zap Group. We have effective control of each of the companies in the Formula Group other than TSG for purposes of consolidation under IFRS 10. We provide to all of our investees our management, technical and financial expertise, and our marketing experience, thereby asserting a positive economic impact upon, and creating long-term value for, our investees.

We direct the overall strategy of our investees. While our investees each have independent management, we monitor their growth through our active involvement in the following matters:

We promote the synergy and cooperation among our investees by encouraging the following:

We, through our investees, offer a wide range of integrated software solutions and IT professional services, such as implementation and integration projects of computing and software, outsourcing, software project management, software development, IT managed services, operating a network of high-tech training and instruction centers, providing software testing and QA, depending on specific needs of the customer and depending on the subject expertise necessary on a case by case basis, and design, develop and market proprietary software solutions for sale in selected niche markets, both in Israel and worldwide. Formula’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer serve as the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, respectively, of Magic Software as well, and Formula’s Chief Executive Officer also serves as Chairman of the Board of each of Sapiens and Matrix.

Our Subsidiaries

Matrix

Matrix IT Ltd. is Israel’s leading IT services company as demonstrated in recent research reports of the Israeli IT market, published by the research companies IDC and STKI. Matrix employs approximately 10,820 software, hardware, integration, engineering and training personnel, which provide advanced IT services to hundreds of customers in the Israeli and the U.S markets. Matrix executes some of the largest IT projects in Israel. It develops and implements leading technologies, software solutions and products. Matrix provides infrastructure and consulting services, outsourcing, offshore, near-shore, training and assimilation services. Matrix represents and markets leading software vendors. Among its customers are most of the leading Israeli organizations and companies in the industry, retail, banking and finances, education and academe, Hi-tech and ISVs, telecom, defense, health and the government/public sectors. Matrix is traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange.

The solutions, services and products supplied by Matrix are designed to improve Matrix’s customers’ competitive capabilities, by providing a response to their unique IT needs in all levels of their operations.

Areas of Operation

Matrix operates through its directly and indirectly held subsidiaries in the following principal areas:

Information Technologies (IT) Software solutions and services, Consulting & Management in Israel

The software solutions and services in Israel provided by Matrix consist mainly of providing tailored software solutions and upgrading and expanding mainly existing large-scale software systems. These services include, among others, developing customized software, adapting software to the customer’s specific needs, implementing software and modifying it based on the customer’s needs, outsourcing, software project management, software testing and QA and integrating all or part of the above elements. Furthermore, the activity in this segment includes project management consulting services and multi-disciplinary operational and engineering consulting services, including supervision of complex engineering projects, all according to client specific needs as the scope of work invested in each element varies from one customer to the other. In 2021 under this line of business Matrix recorded revenues of approximately NIS 2.361 billion (approximately $731.4 million), compared to NIS 2,309 million (approximately $671.9 million) in 2020, an increase of approximately 2.3% when measured in NIS. Operating income in 2021 was approximately NIS186.7 million (approximately $57.9 million), compared to NIS 153.2 million (approximately $44.6 million), an increase of approximately 22% when measured in NIS. In 2021, activity in software solutions and value-added services in Israel accounted for approximately 54% of Matrix’s revenues and approximately 57% of its operating income. The minor increase in revenues and the significant growth in operating income alongside the improvement in operating margin compared to 2020 were primarily attributable to costs savings initiatives and increased work productivity resulting from the transition to a hybrid working model, which reduced operational costs and increased focus on services carrying higher gross margins, offset, in part, by an increase in the rate of payroll expenses, in line with industry trends.

Information Technologies (IT) Software solutions and services in the United States

Matrix provides solutions and expert services mainly in the area of governance risk and compliance, or GRC, including activities in the following areas: risk management, fraud management and prevention of fraud, anti-money laundering, trade surveillance and regulatory compliance security in these areas all through its subsidiary Matrix-IFS. Matrix also provides solutions and technological services in the areas of portals, BI (Business Intelligence), DBA (Database Administration), CRM (Customer Relations Management) and EIM (Enterprise Information Management). This sector also includes dedicated solutions for the GovCon Government contracting market, IT help desk services for healthcare and software distribution services, in particular for IBM, BMC, Atlassian and Microsoft. The activity in this segment is performed mostly through Matrix IFS, Xtivia Technologies Inc. Matrix global services, wholly owned subsidiaries of Matrix and their respective subsidiaries. During 2020, Matrix initiated a new line of business under this segment for 3D printing specifically for the healthcare sector. In 2021, under this line of business, Matrix recorded revenues of approximately NIS 355.9 million (approximately $110.3 million), compared to approximately NIS 358.3 million (approximately $104.3 million) in 2020. Operating income in 2021 was approximately NIS 37.7 million (approximately $11.7 million), compared to approximately NIS 52.2 million (approximately $15.2 million) in 2020, a decrease of approximately 23% when measured in U.S dollars. In 2021, activity in the U.S accounted for approximately 8% of Matrix’s revenues and for approximately 11% of its operating income. The decrease in operating income and in operating margin despite the small increase in revenues (when measured in U.S dollars), was primarily attributable to lengthening of our sales cycles, which reflected the impact of COVID-19 on the North America financial services sector, coupled with our maintaining our headcount (impairing current productivity) due to our strategy to preserve our talent during times of slowdown in order to remain equipped to handle expected future demand for our services.

Computer and cloud infrastructure and integration solutions

Matrix activities in the area of computer and cloud infrastructure and integration consist of: (i) providing computer and telecommunication infrastructure solutions; (ii) selling and marketing computer equipment, licenses and peripherals to enterprises together with services; and (iii) selling and marketing cloud based solutions (under the “CloudZone” division) and services relating to databases and “big data” (under the “DataZone” division). Matrix infrastructure and integration solutions include solutions of IBM, Oracle Red Hat, Dell-Boomi and others. In 2021, under this line of business, Matrix recorded revenues of approximately NIS 1,210 million (approximately $374.9 million), compared to NIS 854.3 million (approximately $248.6 million) in 2020, an increase of approximately 42% when measured in NIS. Operating income in 2021 was approximately NIS 61.7 million (approximately $19.1 million), compared to NIS 43.9 million (approximately $12.8 million) in 2020, an increase of approximately 41% when measured in NIS and in line with the increase in revenues. In 2021, activity in computer and cloud infrastructure and integration solutions accounted for approximately 28% of Matrix’s revenues and for approximately 19% of its operating income. The increase in both revenues and operating income is mainly attributable to the increase in demand for cloud and cloud related services.

Software product marketing and support

Matrix activities in this area include marketing and support for various software products (mainly originated outside of Israel) the principal of which are CRM, computer systems management infrastructures, web world content management, database and data warehouse mining, application integration, database and systems, data management and software development tools, and providing professional support for these products to customers, including marketing and upgrade maintenance of software products. In 2021, under this line of business, Matrix recorded revenues of approximately NIS 258 million (approximately $79.9 million), compared to 190.6 million (approximately $55.5 million) in 2020, an increase of approximately 35% when measured in NIS. Operating income in 2021 was approximately NIS 25.3 million (approximately $7.8 million), compared to approximately NIS 25.4 million (approximately $7.4 million) in 2020. In 2021, activity in software product marketing and support accounted for approximately 6% of Matrix’s revenues and approximately 8% of its operating income. The increase in revenues alongside the stability of our operating income in absolute numbers and the decline in operating margin were primarily attributable to the transition to subscription-based software licensing transactions compared to perpetual-based software licensing transactions. Over the long run, that transition will enable Matrix to achieve more significant and recurring revenues.

Training and integration

Matrix’s activities in this area consist of operating a network of training centers which provide advances courses for high-tech professionals, courses for developers and professional training, and soft skills and management training, and providing training and instructions with respect to computer systems. In recent years Matrix has also started outsourcing IT services based on graduates from its courses. In 2021, under this line of business, Matrix recorded revenues of approximately NIS 174.9 million (approximately $54.2 million), compared to approximately NIS 142.0 million (approximately $41.3 million), an increase of 23% year over year when measured in NIS. Operating income in 2021 was approximately NIS 17.9 million (approximately $5.5 million), compared to approximately NIS 14.4 million (approximately $4.2 million) in 2020, an increase of 25% year over year, in line with the increase in revenues. In 2021, activity in training and integration accounted for approximately 4% of Matrix’s revenues and for approximately 5% of its operating income.

Matrix provides solutions, services and products primarily to the following market sectors (or verticals): banking and finance, high-tech and startups, industry and retail, government and the public sector, defense, transportation, healthcare, and education and academia.

Matrix offers to each market sector a broad range of solutions and services, customized for the specific needs of that sector. Matrix operates dedicated departments, each of which specializes in a particular sector. Each such department supplies customers in that sector with a products and services offering providing a response to most of its IT requirements, based on an in-depth business understanding of the challenges which are typical to that sector. Matrix established a separate division for each particular market sector, which manages the operations relating to that sector.

Specialization in the various sectors is reflected in the applications, professional and marketing aspects of each sector. Accordingly, the professional and marketing infrastructure required to support each market sector is developed to address such sector’s specific needs.

In addition to the five sector-based areas of operations, Matrix operates three horizontal divisions providing specialist services for all of the different sectors of operations as follows:

In the context of its offshore/“nearshore” activities, Matrix conducts IT-related activities, including content development, quality assurance, maintenance, customer call center services indexing and related activities that are performed in a specific region or country where such activities can be conducted most inexpensively. Matrix offers its enterprise customers these types of solutions, whether via its “nearshore” Talpiot project, via its offshore solutions that are based on its development centers in Bulgaria and Macedonia or via back-office and call center services through Babcom Centers Ltd. (a company located in the Galilee, housing thousands of educated and skillful men and women interested in developing a career near their homes). Periods of economic cautiousness (such as the present time) provide an added incentive for these types of inexpensive economic solutions. This trend is likely to expand Matrix’s operations in these areas in the context of its “Matrix Global” activities.

Matrix’s customers include large and medium size enterprises in Israel, including commercial banks, loan and mortgage banks, telecommunications services providers, cellular operators, credit card companies, leasing companies, insurance companies, security agencies, hi-tech companies and startups, the Israeli Defense Forces and government ministries and public agencies and media and publishing entities. The majority of Matrix’s customers in the software solutions and value-added services business segment in Israel have a business relationship with it for more than ten years. The COVID-19 pandemic, its extended duration and its economic impact, have adversely affected the Israeli and global economy and consequently also negatively impacted the demand for IT services. However, recovery from the pandemic (due primarily to the proliferation of vaccines in the last year) led, in 2021, to a restored and even increased level of demand compared to pre-pandemic levels in most of our operations. In addition, while based on statistics cited by Gartner, worldwide IT spending was expected to grow by 5%-6% in 2021, it actually grew by over 9%, and is expected to continue and grow by 5.1% in 2022 (see https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2022-01-18-gartner-forecasts-worldwide-it-spending-to-grow-five- point-1-percent-in-2022).

Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, 2021 was again a year of growth, with Matrix’s overall revenues growing during 2021 by approximately 13% when measured in NIS. The direct impact of COVID-19 on Matrix’s results of operations and on its business activities was more noticeable over its U.S. operations rather than Israeli operations, however, both are assessed to be immaterial. Based on information provided by Gartner, despite the potential impact of the Omicron variant, economic recovery from COVID-19 will continue to boost technology investments, with high expectations for digital market prosperity.

Matrix has little exposure to customers in industries that were directly and materially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the aviation industry, the fashion industry, the tourism industry and the hotel industry. However, it is estimated that the COVID-19 crisis may ultimately have a negative impact over other industries (with varying degrees of severity from industry to industry) and as a result may also lead to an impact on the demand for IT services.

With the exception of the Information Technologies (IT) Software solutions and services in the United States, all other operating segments of Matrix showed significant improvement in 2021 compared to 2020 and were not materially affected by the pandemic, with some activities even benefiting as a result of customers’ need to move their employees to work from home in a short period of time. This also included activities such as cloud services, information security, as well as projects in the fields of health, digital, cyber and command and control.

 The training and implementation sector, which was directly and materially affected by COVID-19 government restrictions in 2020, benefited from the transition to a hybrid training model in 2021, which allowed it to improve its productivity and offer flexibility via videotaped courses.

Currently, almost all of Matrix employees work in a usual manner, in an hybrid work model which combine work from home with work at the office) while at the same time Matrix is working to reduce real estate occupancy and save on operating costs.

The market activity, the economic atmosphere both in Israel and worldwide, the unemployment level, government actions and the concern related to global and/or local recession may all still adverse impact the Matrix results pf operations to the extent that they materialize, in whole or in part

Matrix management regularly and closely continue to monitor the economic developments in Matrix business levels and act accordingly. Matrix management estimate that these processes may have a mixed impact over Matrix operations, the exact scope of which cannot be estimated at this date.

Sapiens

Overview

Sapiens is a leading global provider of software solutions for the insurance industry. Sapiens’ extensive expertise is reflected in its innovative software, solutions and professional services for property & casualty (P&C); reinsurance; life, pension & annuity (L&A); workers’ compensation (WC); medical professional liability (MPL); financial& compliance (F&C); and decision modelling for both insurance and financial markets. Sapiens offers and end to end solutions for insurers core, data & analytics and digital operations, as well as stand-alone solutions which help them optimize and maximize their current investment. Importantly Sapiens’ wide array of professional services ensures that it not only makes a sale but accompany and guide its customers on their path to digital transformation.

Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, 2021 was again a year of double-digit growth for Sapiens, as it began to build upon the three main acquisitions that it had carried out in 2020. Sapiens also invested in foundations for further expansion in 2022 and beyond.  

Sapiens supplies decision management solutions tailored to a variety of financial services providers, so that business users across verticals can quickly deploy business logic and comply with policies and regulations throughout their organizations.

Sapiens’ platforms possess modern, modular architecture and are digital-driven. They empower customers to respond to the rapidly changing insurance market and frequent regulatory changes, while improving the efficiency of their core operations. These process enhancements increase revenue and reduce costs.

Overview of Sapiens Software Solutions

Sapiens’ software portfolio is comprised of:

Sapiens’ Marketplace and its Needs

Sapiens’ Target Markets

Sapiens operates in a large market undergoing significant transformation.

According to the Gartner report, “Forecast: Enterprise IT Spending for the Insurance Market, Worldwide, 2019-2025, 2Q21Update” (a market statistics research report by Gartner, a research and consulting firm, written by Rajesh Narayan, James Ingham, Inna Agamirzian, Rika Narisawa and Gregor Petri that was published on July 2021 , and includes internal services, IT services, software, telecom services, devices, and data centers systems, which we refer to herein as the “Gartner report”), Gartner forecasted global insurance market IT spending to grow by 7.3% in 2022 and to reach nearly $250 billion in U.S. dollars. This industry is predicted to reach $311 billion by 2025, growing at a 7.5% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2020 through 2025. This growth will be driven by an increase in IT services spending and software spending at CAGRs of 9.2% and 12.3%, respectively, according to the Gartner Report.Gartner forecasts total insurance IT spending on software in 2022 will be $63.8 billion (software includes application software (analytics and business intelligence; back office/ERP and supply chain; front office/CRM; collaboration), infrastructure software (application development and middleware; information management; storage management software; and system and network management), and vertical industry-specific applications.

Sapiens estimates that our current total addressable market for core insurance software solutions and the accompanied point solutions and the corresponding part of IT services is approximately $40 billion, which we expect will grow as a result of insurance carriers’ and financial institutions’ need to better address customers needs, via moderning software solutions from external providers, to overcome operational challenges presented by the inefficiency of their legacy core.

The insurance market is a large, complex and highly regulated environment. Insurance carriers operate in a super-competitive and quickly evolving ecosystem, which necessitates differentiating their value propositions. Additionally, providers operate under a rigid regulatory regime that demands fast compliance. The insurance market is going through a rapid evolution process, driven by needs and demands of their customers, complex and evolving ecosystems, digital distribution channels and new business models, all enabled by new technologies.

To efficiently manage their operations, insurance carriers require IT platforms that enable rapid introduction of changes via configurable, user-driven activities, integration with internal and external systems, control and auditing of employees’ work, support for omni-channel distribution and clear visibility into the carrier’s business operations, through streamlining and intelligent usage of data.

To compete in the rapidly changing environment, and win the competition for end customers, insurance carriers require a coherent digital proposition, allowing them to better interact with their customers in a digital and omni-channel manner. They are increasingly using robotics, predictive analytics, AI and machine learning to automate processes and obtain stronger business insights. The cloud can also be utilized for improved operations and scale.

Insurance carriers are experiencing substantial operational challenges due to the inefficiency of their legacy policy administration systems and their lack of digitalization. These legacy systems, which include both technical and functional limitations, acutely impact carriers’ ability to cope with growing challenges, such as the need for innovation, the shift of power to the consumer, and the dynamic and constantly changing regulatory environment.

Property & Casualty Market

Property & casualty insurance protects policyholders against a range of losses on items of value. P&C insurance includes the personal segment, which is insurance coverage for individuals, with products such as motor, home, personal property and travel; the commercial segment, covering aspects of commercial activity, such as commercial property, car fleets, cyber and professional liability; and specialty lines, covering unique domains, such as marine, art and credit insurance. This market also includes workers’ compensation for market carriers, administrators and state funds, and Medical Professional Liability for health care professionals.

During the past few years, the P&C market has been characterized by a fast rate of digital adoption. New business and technology models are adopted rapidly, to launch innovative business offerings. This requires advanced software solutions, both on the core layer, which needs to be flexible and open, and with the variety of digital tools addressing customer experience needs. 

Life, Pension & Annuity Markets

Life, pension & annuity providers offer their customers a wide range of products for long-term savings, protection, pension and insurance. They assist policyholders with financial planning through life insurance, medical and investment products. Their products can be classified into several areas, primarily investment and savings, risk and protection, pension and health-related products. These products can be targeted to individuals, as well as group- and employee-benefit types of products.

The products in this field are long-term in nature. When insurance providers consider purchasing new platforms from Sapiens, the decision is typically slower and involves multiple decision-makers throughout the organization.

Reinsurance Market

Reinsurance is insurance that is purchased by an insurance company (ceded reinsurance) from another insurance company (assumed reinsurance) as a means of risk management. The reinsurer and the insurer enter into a reinsurance agreement, which details the conditions upon which the reinsurer would pay the insurer’s losses. The reinsurer is paid a reinsurance premium by the insurer and the insurer issues insurance policies to its own policyholders. The insurer must maintain an accurate system of records to track its reinsurance contracts and treaties, to avoid claims leakage.

Workers’ Compensation

Workers’ compensation is one of the largest lines of business in the P&C industry in North America. But future profitability is getting harder to maintain, with medical and indemnity costs per lost time claim increasing at rates greater than inflation. Insurance organizations require technology solutions that can adapt quickly to business and market conditions, offering high levels of accuracy and efficiency.

Financial & Compliance Market

Financial professionals face overwhelming challenges as they struggle to satisfy ever-changing regulatory requirements, while meeting the demands of managerial reporting. The move towards globalization has introduced new currencies, and CEOs need more performance data for strategic decision-making. Organizations require one partner to optimize efficiencies with solutions that can be implemented quickly.

Decision Management Market

Increasing competition, regulatory burden, customer experience expectations and the proliferation of digital and product innovation requirements have necessitated a shift in thinking and approach among organizations across verticals. By replacing conventional policy and process management with the discipline known as “decision management,” financial institutions are bridging the gap between business and IT, by enabling business users to rapidly frame requirements in formal business models that can be easily understood by all stakeholders.

The decision management processes affect overall corporate performance, including its impact on customers and competitors. Decision management systems are a key performance component of every financial services organization, as they help the organization define, avoid and hedge financial risk.

Sapiens’ Market Drivers

Large insurance and financial organizations must constantly invest in their IT systems to respond to key market drivers. They require the ability to:

Sapiens’ Market Trends

As a result of the above, we believe the following are key considerations for insurance carriers that are considering upgrading their legacy systems:

Business Decision Management Market Needs

Many large organizations, particularly in the financial services market, must comply with complex regulations. They operate in highly competitive markets that require quick responses. Business logic drives most of the financial services transactions and is the backbone of an organization’s policies and strategies, and its ability to successfully operate. 

To achieve efficiency, business owners must assume ownership of the business logic and possess the ability to define, modify, standardize and reuse it across the organization. Business logic is defined today by business owners and compliance officers, but IT departments translate the requirements into code. This process raises several key challenges: 1) the result does not always accurately reflect the business requirements; 2) the new requirements might conflict with, or override, previous requirements; 3) the changes can take a long time and, 4) the entire process is not fully audited. These gaps often create an inefficient and risk-exposed organization.

Sapiens’ Software Offerings

Sapiens’ offerings not only enable our customers to effectively manage their core business functions – including policy administration, claims and billing – they support insurers on their path to digital transformation. Sapiens’ portfolio also provides a variety of complimentary solutions for critical requirements such as reinsurance management, underwriting management, illustration software, electronic applications and financial compliance tools. The latest versions of Sapiens’ platforms possess modern, modular cloud-first architecture and are digital-driven. They empower customers to respond to the rapidly changing insurance market and frequent regulatory changes, while improving the efficiency of their core operations. These enhancements increase revenue and reduce costs.

Sapiens provides a comprehensive digital & analytics suite, which is pre-integrated in Sapiens core solutions, across P&C, L&A and WC business, but also available stand-alone to insurers whether they utilize our core solutions or not. Sapiens DigitalSuite provides a strong customer engagement and experience capabilities through a wide range of connectivity tools such as portals, chatbots, live-chats and low-code/no-code digital business processes builders, are allowing insurance companies to rapidly go to mart with new propositions, and to manage a data-driven operation.

Sapiens offers its insurance customers a range of packaged software solutions that are:

Sapiens’ packaged software solutions enable:

Sapiens Property & Casualty Solutions

Sapiens Platform for Property & Casualty

The Sapiens Platform for Property & Casualty is an end-to-end, cloud-based platform with advanced digital capabilities. It can be implemented as a pre-integrated platform, or as standalone modules. The platform addresses all P&C carrier needs across all lines of business and distribution channels, offering a wealth of digital features. It is comprised of core (policy, billing and claims), data (advanced analytics) and digital (a full suite) solutions.

The cloud-based Sapiens DigitalSuite offers an end-to-end, holistic and seamless digital experience for P&C customers, agents, brokers, customer groups and third-party service providers. The suite is pre-integrated with Sapiens’ P&C core and is comprised of digital engagement and digital enablement components.

Sapiens Suites for Property and Casualty are tailored by region: North America versus EMEA & Rest of World.

North America

Sapiens CoreSuite for Property & Casualty (North America)

Sapiens CoreSuite for Property & Casualty is comprised of three fully integrated, core components that can also be deployed stand-alone: Sapiens PolicyPro, Sapiens BillingPro and Sapiens ClaimsPro. CoreSuite is pre-integrated with additional components that can be selected, including business intelligence, reinsurance and digital solutions, as well as various interfaces. This modular, automated, highly customizable suite offers a single platform for personal, commercial and specialty lines of business (LoBs). This increases organizational efficiency by reducing manual effort, generates competitive advantages and saves costs.

Sapiens PolicyPro

The Sapiens’ PolicyPro solutions for property & casualty come pre-integrated with the core system. They are easily integrated with existing and external systems and applications. The solutions manage the end-to-end policy administration lifecycle of an insurance contract, from initial quote, through rating and policy issuance. They also feature a complete range of policy issuance and amendment capabilities. Agents, underwriters and customers use the solutions to quote, issue and administer policies. The offerings provide comprehensive policy lifecycle support for all P&C lines of business.

Sapiens BillingPro

The Sapiens’ billingPro solution for P&C enables carriers, MGAs and brokers to manage the full lifecycle of premium services, taxes and fees, along with commission billing, collection and disbursements. P&C carriers can integrate with third-party systems and data repositories, enjoy best-in-class usability and automate processes throughout the billing lifecycle.

Sapiens ClaimsPro

Sapiens’ claims solutions for property & casualty provide simplified management and automated control of claims management handling and the settlement process. They offer intelligent, rules-driven workflow with effective claim assignment, ensuring faster cycle times, as well as rules-driven automatic claims payment.

EMEA and Rest of World 

Sapiens IDITSuite for Non-life/General/Short Term Insurance

The Sapiens IDITSuite for Property & Casualty is a cloud-based, component-based, standalone software solution suite that offers policy, billing and claims and forms the core of the Sapiens Platform for Property & Casualty. IDITSuite supports all end-to-end core operations and processes for the non-life P&C market from inception, to renewal and claims. This pre-integrated, fully digital suite offers customer and agent portals, business intelligence and more. IDITSuite enables insurers to expand their offerings by testing new lines of business, products and services using our flexible product factory.

The suite is modular and can integrate with your ecosystem’s components. Sapiens IDITSuite for Property & Casualty includes multiple lines of business in one policy for multiple insured objects and assets. It can support corporate agreements and master policy structures. IDITSuite is designed with growth and change in mind, with extensive multi-company, multi-branding, multi-country, multi-currency and multi-lingual capabilities. The IDITSuite management system is built on open technology and can be used across devices.

Sapiens IDIT Go for Non-life/General/Short Term Insurance

IDIT Go is a new, pre-configured version of the Sapiens IDITSuite core insurance solution and provides access to a diverse array of product configurations for personal and commercial lines. IDIT Go can be deployed within just a few months, with complete core PAS capabilities. Sapiens’ fully digital IDIT Go, is a cloud-first platform that delivers benefits only the cloud can provide, including streamlined upgrades, 24/7 accessibility from anywhere, increased operational efficiencies and security. By also providing full managed services in the cloud, Sapiens enables insurers to focus on their core business objectives without worrying about IT.

Also available in different parts of the world:

e-Tica Solution for Property & Casualty (Spain)

The e-Tica solution for Property & Casualty tailored for the Iberian market, empowers insurance companies with a product engine, as well as policy, billing, claims and reinsurance capabilities. A fourth-generation solution, e-Tica supports all core operations and processes for the P&C market, and supports bank assurance, brokers and direct insurance. The suite is modular, flexible and customizable through module workshops. e-Tica ecosystem is being enhanced through new features in micro services technology, like group policy management and injury agreements.

Fully digital SCIP Core (DACH)

SCIP CORE is a flexible, high-performance, cloud-capable and easily extensible inventory management platform. It offers all essential processes for efficient contract and claims processing and can be flexibly configured and extended in a few weeks. SCIP CORE digitally enables end customers, agents, claim handlers by using extensive self-services in different interfaces and portals.

Tia Enterprise (Nordics)

Tia Enterprise is a component-based, software solution suite that offers policy, billing and claims. Tia Enterprise can be hosted on-prem or in the cloud and can be extended through an API layer to incorporate ecosystem solutions as well as a digital communications and enablement layer and advanced analytics/BI. Tia Enterprise supports all end-to-end core operations and processes for the non-life market from inception, to renewal and claims.

OASIS for MPL

OASIS is a fully integrated collection of components designed to embed core functionalities required in the MPL sector, including: underwriting, policy management, claims management, financial management, BI and predictive analytics. The component-based platform delivers maximum out of the box functionality and stationing which ensures OASIS can easily integrate within a legacy environment.

Sapiens Life, Pension & Annuity Solutions

Sapiens Platform for Life, Pension & Annuities

The Sapiens Platform for Life, Pension & Annuities is a modern, digital insurance platform that includes core, data and digital solutions. With the ability to deploy its offerings as a complete platform, or as standalone modules, Sapiens can address life providers’ needs across all their lines of business and distribution channels. Our mature platform is cloud and API-based, and features a strong core and advanced analytics, as well as data enablement and full digital engagement capabilities.

Sapiens CoreSuite for Life, Pension & Annuities

Sapiens CoreSuite for Life, Pension & Annuities is designed to provide excellence in the administration of insurance business, facilitate digital transformation and fast time-to-value for digital strategies, and create greater efficiency via legacy consolidation. It offers insurers:

Sapiens CoreSuite for Life, Pension & Annuities suite supports the end-to-end administration of group and individual life, annuities, pension and investment business ‒ in a single system. The suite offers a 360-degree view of the customer from their policy administration system, across all distribution channels and communication streams.

Many insurers still use systems developed decades ago that cannot support today’s regulatory changes, digital marketplace and demanding customers. Too many manual processes can lead to errors that impact customer experience. Our unique conversion approach reduces the risks involved in migrating from existing legacy systems.

Complimentary modules are available in North America:

Sapiens UnderwritingPro for Life & Annuities

Sapiens UnderwritingPro for Life, Pension & Annuities is a web-based solution for automated underwriting and new business case management that is part of Sapiens’ solution set for life insurers. It speeds new business processes for insurance carriers and their channels, offering an intuitive user interface with critical updates and task assignments provided on a real-time dashboard. Sapiens UnderwritingPro enables underwriters and case managers to work on multiple cases simultaneously.

Sapiens ApplicationPro for Life & Annuities

Sapiens ApplicationPro for Life & Annuities is a digital insurance application software that helps carriers address critical business drivers, such as decreasing time-to-issue and reducing policy acquisition costs, all in an extremely intuitive and easy-to-use package. Carriers have a choice of a standalone eApplication system, or a more comprehensive solution that seamlessly integrates with Sapiens IllustrationPro for Life & Annuities and Sapiens UnderwritingPro for Life & Annuities.

Sapiens IllustrationPro for Life & Annuities

Sapiens IllustrationPro for Life & Annuities is a point-of-sale solution, offering responsive product illustrations from any device. ACORD^®-compliant, it offers straight-through processing, from point-of-sale to application e-submission, supported by a needs analysis suite. IllustrationPro explains complex products in a compelling way. Its powerful calculation engines handle the most complex product illustrations, including the appropriate historical and hypothetical references.

Sapiens ConsolidationMaster for Life & Pension

Sapiens ConsolidationMaster is a purpose-built, end-to-end, legacy, portfolio-focused system with a unique migration methodology that deals with “dirty” data. The solution has over 500 product templates capable of supporting the compliant administration of legacy products in any language and regulatory jurisdiction. ConsolidationMaster is designed to significantly cut the costs that are commonly associated with legacy platforms.

Sapiens Digital Offerings

Sapiens DigitalSuite offers an end-to-end, holistic and seamless digital experience for customers, agents, brokers, risk managers, customer groups and third-party service providers. The suite is pre-integrated with Sapiens’ core solutions. The DigitalSuite is also available stand-alone, and can be easily integrated with 3^rd party core and ecosystem solutions through an advanced API layer. This facilitates digital transformation and fast time-to-value for digital strategies. It enables life carriers to become engaged, agile organizations with increased sales opportunities.

Sapiens DigitalSuite was designed to enable our carrier customers to deliver on the future of user and customer expectations. DigitalSuite is an offering that can react to market changes, support flexible interaction with dynamic APIs and offer a modern user experience. Our DigitalSuite features component-based architecture, built on modern technologies and customer-centric design.

Sapiens DigitalSuite is comprised of innovative digital modules, which can be used together or stand-alone, and content libraries to facilitate diverse customer journeys, omnichannel communications and include rich portal content: Sapiens AgentConnect, EmployerConnect and CustomerConnect.

All digital offerings are entirely supported in the cloud.

Sapiens Digital API Layer

This highly scalable layer facilitates an open-communication, API-based platform that enables carriers to interact with insurtech companies, ecosystem technology providers and business partners. By enabling seamless interaction with any service under any technology, Sapiens’ open architecture ensures that providers will easily choose the building blocks they need. They’ll be able to easily define new APIs on the fly and seamlessly integrate all elements within their insurance ecosystem, to succeed today and prepare for the future.

Sapiens Customer Journey and Form Builder

Features journey and form builders, journey analytics and deployment management capabilities – enables business users to easily create and maintain digital journeys, using a low-code/no-code approach. This component empowers insurers with agility and fast time to market, based on its “one click to deploy” functionality. Also available are full versioning capabilities and an extendable UI components library.

Sapiens AgentConnect, CustomerConnect and EmployerConnect

Sapiens dynamic portals built to deliver the optimal experiences expected by customers, brokers, agents, employers, alike, providing a high level of personalization to meet the diversified, individual needs of customers.

Sapiens BotConnect and LiveConnect

Sapiens brings conversational messaging to the next level, making it highly efficient in engaging customers. Sapiens BotConnect (AI-based chatbot) and LiveConnect (Omni-channel live chat) are designed to cultivate and enhance conversational messaging by ensuring perfect handoffs between different channels and personas, which translates into one unified customer-centric and smooth experience for both customers and the reps that cater to their needs. Together, this duo of components greatly improves the operational efficiency, providing a better service level to end-customers, based on their channel of choice.

Sapiens PartnerHub and Partner Ecosystem

Sapiens is a global organization with over three decades of extensive experience in insurance innovation and technology. Sapiens seek out and identify the most relevant, advanced and innovative technology solutions for the insurance market. Sapiens connect third-party technology and insurtech solutions to our Sapiens PartnerHub, from where we make their offerings available to insurers for their own use, and for the use of their customers.

Sapiens Analytics and Data Platform

Sapiens offers its analytics solutions, across both Life and P&C businesses, which include: insightful dashboards, reporting and apps; and predictive analytics which utilize AI and machine learning, generates actionable insights based on different models across the insurance value chain. By integrating with our advanced analytics solution and data warehouse, we can quickly generate actionable insights, self-service business intelligence and data discovery capabilities.

Sapiens Reinsurance Solutions

Sapiens reinsurance solutions are comprehensive business and accounting systems, providing a superior management for all types of reinsurance contracts – treaty and facultative, and proportional and non-proportional. It enables insurers of all sizes to manage their entire range of reinsurance contracts and activities for all lines of business, including rich accounting functionality and reporting capabilities.

Sapiens’ reinsurance solution enables full and flexible control of reinsurance processes, with built-in automation of contracts, calculations and processes. By incorporating fully automated functions adapted conveniently for your business procedures, Sapiens Reinsurance provides flexible and total financial control of your reinsurance processes, including complete support for all auditing requirements and statutory compliance.

The solutions are available in three flavors:

ReinsuranceMaster (in EMEA, APAC and for global insurers), ReinsurancePro (in N. America) which also produces schedule F automatically, and Reinsurance GO (N. America) which is designed to meet the ceded reinsurance processing needs of property & casualty providers, from calculating premium and claim cessions, to producing the data required for Schedule F.

Sapiens Workers’ Compensation Offerings

Sapiens Platform for Workers’ Compensation

Sapiens Platform for Workers’ Compensation includes the Sapiens CoreSuite for Workers’ Compensation, and comes pre-integrated with Sapiens DigitalSuite, including: Sapiens EmployerConnect a digital portal for employers and Sapiens Analytics and Data platform.’’ 

Sapiens CoreSuite for Workers’ Compensation

Sapiens CoreSuite for Workers’ Compensation offers larger carriers, administrators and state funds the technology solutions that enable them to adapt quickly to business and market conditions, offering high levels of accuracy and efficiency. The suite provides broad functionality throughout the entire insurance lifecycle for workers’ compensation, via a core suite, as well as policy, claims and intelligence modules that can be deployed individually, or as an integrated solution. This suite can be purchased as an integrated offering, or standalone components: Sapiens PolicyPro and Sapiens ClaimsPro. ‘‘ 

Sapiens GO for Workers’ Compensation

Sapiens GO for Workers’ Compensation was developed specifically for carriers, managing general agents (MGAs), self-insurance funds and third-party administrators. Sapiens GO can deliver a turnkey solution in just 120 days. With its streamlined user interface and advanced business features, the suite addresses critical objectives. This suite can be purchased as an integrated offering, or standalone components: Sapiens PolicyGO and Sapiens ClaimsGO for Workers’ Compensation.

Sapiens Financial & Compliance Solutions

Sapiens’ set of financial & compliance solutions comprised of both annual statement and insurance accounting software includes:

Sapiens Business Decision Management Solutions

Sapiens Decision is a complete decision management platform that places software development in the hands of the business domain, creating “citizen developers,” and enforces business logic across all enterprise applications. Decision effectively addresses the complexity of determining and then translating business logic – data, business rules and machine learning used to make business decisions – into operational code. The business side of the organization can model, validate, test and simulate the business logic required for all new processes using Sapiens Decision. The process takes days or weeks, instead of months or years. A rigorous, structured approach ensures accuracy, efficiency and consistency during modeling. The models may then be automatically generated and deployed as code into automated DevOps environments, ensuring that the software is fully aligned with the organization’s business needs.

Sapiens is currently focusing on the development and marketing of Sapiens Decision in the financial services market in North America and Western Europe, and we are building best practices where the scale and complexity of operations requires enterprise-grade technology that can easily be adapted as policies and business strategies rapidly evolve. Sapiens developed and market Sapiens Decision for several verticals, including the insurance industry, and leverage our industry knowledge and close relationships with our existing customers and partners. Decision targets multiple markets:

Sapiens Decision for Financial Institutions (including Consumer & Commercial Banking, Investment Banking, & Mortgage Banking)

Tailored to meet the needs of Consumer & Commercial Banking, Investment Banking and Mortgage Banking institutions addresses the cost of change. It enables banks to efficiently adapt their operations to the demands of digital transformation, changing regulations, customer demands and increasing competition, using model-driven development (MDD). The MDD approach, enables businesspeople to define business logic in easily understood models. The process takes days or weeks, instead of months or years. It enforces business logic across all enterprise applications.

Sapiens Decision for Insurance

Sapiens Decision for Insurance enables insurers to efficiently adapt their business operations to the demands of digital transformation, changing regulations, customer demands and increasing competition. It is currently used by a top-tier, P&C insurance company to implement process automation and effect digital transformation.

Sapiens Decision for Government

Sapiens Decision for Government provides the capability to automate manual processes, alleviates gaps coming from different roles and interpretations, and creates fully validated policy artifacts in a format that other roles in the organization can understand.

Sapiens Technology-Based Solutions

Sapiens eMerge

Sapiens eMerge is a rules-based, model-driven architecture that enables the creation of tailor-made, mission-critical core enterprise applications with little or no coding. Our technology is intended to allow customers to meet complex and unique requirements using a robust development platform. For example, we perform proxy porting for our customers in an efficient, cost effective manner with Sapiens eMerge.

Sapiens Services

Sapiens’ services modernize and automate processes for insurance providers and financial institutions around the globe, helping to create greater organizational efficiencies, reduce costs and provide a better end user experience. They can be divided into three main categories: program delivery, value added services and managed services.

Sapiens has partnered with both Microsoft Azure and AWS to offer its solutions over private and public (single tenant) clouds. Sapiens’ cloud deployment includes full infrastructure for operations, plus the option of choosing cloud-related managed services delivered by Sapiens’ experienced professional services team.

Sapiens delivery methodologies are typically based on Agile approach or a hybrid agile-waterfall approach that fits best some segments of our market. Sapiens also provides delivery tools and delivery performance indicators. Built on a solid foundation of insurance domain expertise, proven technology and a history of successful deployments, our organization assists clients in identifying and eliminating IT barriers to achieve business objectives.

Sapiens’ services modernize and automate processes for insurance providers and financial institutions around the globe, helping to create greater organizational efficiencies, reduce costs and provide a better end-user experience. Built on a solid foundation of insurance domain expertise, proven technology and a heritage of successful deployments, we assist clients in identifying and eliminating IT barriers to achieve business objectives.

Benefits include:

Sapiens’ implementation teams assist customers in building implementation plans, integrating Sapiens software solutions with their existing systems, and deploying specific requirements unique to each customer and installation. Sapiens’ business services include API integration management and business intelligence (BI) and advanced analytics consolidation. Sapiens’ managed services offer ongoing production support and a 24/7 help desk.

Sapiens’ service teams possess strong technology skills and industry expertise. The level of service and business understanding they provide contributes to the long-term success of our customers. This helps Sapiens develop strategic relationships with Sapiens’ customers, enhances information exchange and deepens our understanding of the needs of companies within the industry.

Through Sapiens’ service teams, Sapiens provides a wide scope of services and consultancy around Sapiens’ solutions, both in the initial project implementation stage, as well as ongoing additional services. Many of Sapiens’ customers also use Sapiens’ services and expertise to assist them with various aspects of daily maintenance, ongoing system administration and the addition of new solution enhancements.

Such services include:

In addition, many of Sapiens’ clients choose to enter into an ongoing maintenance and support contract with Sapiens. The terms of such a contract are usually twelve months and are renewed every year. A maintenance contract entitles the customer to technology upgrades (when made generally available) and technical support. Sapiens also offers introductory and advanced classes and training programs available at our offices and customer sites.

Some of Sapiens’ offerings include:

Program delivery includes:

Value added services are comprised of:

Managed services include:

Sapiens sometimes partners with several system integrators and consulting firms to achieve scalable, cost-effective implementations for Sapiens customers. Sapiens has developed an efficient, repeatable methodology that is closely aligned with the unique capabilities of our solutions.

Sapiens offers various delivery methodologies, including Agile approach or a hybrid agile-waterfall approach that fits best some segments of its market. Sapiens also provides delivery tools and delivery performance indicators.

Built on a solid foundation of insurance domain expertise, proven technology and a history of successful deployments, Sapiens’ organization assists clients in identifying and eliminating IT barriers to achieve business objectives. Its services modernize and automate processes for insurance providers and financial institutions around the globe, helping to create greater organizational efficiencies, reduce costs and provide a better end-user experience.

Sapiens’ Competitive Landscape

Sapiens is focused on serving insurers. The market for core software solutions for the insurance industry is highly competitive and characterized by rapidly changing technologies, evolving industry standards and customer requirements, and frequent innovation. In addition, we offer a business decision management platform, mainly to financial services organizations.

Competitive Landscape for Sapiens Insurance Software Solutions

Sapiens’ competitors in the insurance software solutions market differ from us based on size, geography and lines of business. Some of our competitors offer a full suite, while others offer only one module; some operate in specific (domestic) geographies, while others operate on a global basis. And delivery models vary, with some competitors keeping delivery in-house, using IT outsourcing (ITO), or business process outsourcing (BPO).

The insurance software solutions market is highly competitive and demanding. Maintaining a leading position is challenging because it requires:

The complex requirements of this market create a high barrier to entry for new players. As for existing players, these requirements have led to a marked increase in M&A transactions in the insurance software solutions sector, since small, local vendors have not been able to sustain growth without continuing to fund their R&D departments and following the globalization trend of their customers.

Sapiens believes that it is well-positioned to leverage its modern solutions, customer base and global presence to compete in this market and meet its challenges. In addition, our accumulated experience and expert teams allow us to provide a comprehensive response to the ITa challenges of this market.

Different types of competitors include:

Sapiens differentiates itself from its competitors via the following key factors:

Competitive Landscape for Business Decision Management Solutions

Sapiens Decision is a pioneer in this disruptive market landscape. Since the introduction of our innovative approach to enterprise architecture to the market, we have identified only a small number of potential competitors.

Sapiens differentiates itself from its potential competitors through the following key factors:

Sapiens Sales and Marketing

Sapiens’ main sales channel is direct sales, with a small portion of partner sales. Sapiens’ sales team is spread across its regional offices in North America, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Israel, Australia, India, Poland, the Nordics, Spain and Germany. The direct sales force is geared to large organizations within the insurance and financial services industry.

Sapiens believes that its sales teams are sufficiently large to service its target regions – North America, the UK, Europe and South Africa – and to execute sales, while also assisting its presales, domain experts and marketing teams. We anticipate that Sapiens’ sales team will leverage its proximity to customers and prospective clients to drive more business, and offer its services across its target markets.

Sapiens’ customer success teams were focused on building ongoing relationships with existing customers during the past year, to maintain a high level of customer satisfaction and identify up-selling opportunities within these organizations. Sapiens believes that a high level of post-contract customer support is important to its continued success.

As part of its sales process, Sapiens typically sell a package that includes a license, implementation, customization and integration services, and training services. All of Sapiens’ clients for whom it has deployed its solutions elect to enter into an ongoing maintenance and support contract with Sapiens. Sapiens aims to expand its distribution model to include more channel partners and system integrators, but it intends to maintain the direct sales model as its prime distribution channel.

Sapiens attends major industry trade shows (both physical and virtual) to improve its visibility and its market recognition. Additionally, Sapiens hosts client conferences– such as its annual Sapiens Summit/Client Conference, which went virtual in 2020 and 2021. Sapiens continues investing in its web presence and digital marketing activities to generate leads and enhance its brand recognition. Sapiens maintains a blog channel and also invests in its working relationships and advisory services within the global industry-analyst community.

Sapiens works together with standards providers– such as ACORD– to further enrich its offerings and provide its customers with comprehensive and innovative solutions that address the entire breadth of their business needs.

Magic Software

Magic Software is a global provider of: (i) software services and Information Technologies (“IT”) outsourcing software services; (ii) proprietary application development and business process integration platforms; (iii) selected packaged vertical software solutions; as well as (iv) cloud based services for end to end digital transformation.

Magic Software’s software technology is used by customers to develop, deploy and integrate on-premise, mobile and cloud-based business applications quickly and cost effectively. In addition, its technology enables enterprises to accelerate the process of delivering business solutions that meet current and future needs and allow customers to dramatically improve their business performance and return on investment. Magic Software also provides selected verticals with a complete software solution and return on investment.

Based on its technological capabilities and its specialists, Magic Software enables its clients to respond to rapidly evolving market needs and regulatory changes, while improving the efficiency of their core operations. Magic Software has approximately 3,677 employees, who serve its clients at any given time and whose skills and specialization are a significant source of competitive differentiation. Magic Software operates through a network of over 3,000 independent software vendors, or ISVs, who we refer to as Magic Software Providers, or MSPs, and hundreds of system integrators, distributors, resellers, and consulting and OEM partners. Thousands of enterprises in approximately 50 countries use Magic Software’s products and services

Magic Software’s Software Technology Platforms

Organizations across all industries are digitally transforming by leveraging software to automate and optimize mission critical operations, enhance customer experiences, and drive competitive differentiation. Historically, organizations have principally relied on off-the-shelf packaged software and custom software solutions to operationalize and automate their businesses. Packaged software often fails to address unique use cases or to enable differentiation. It also requires organizations to adapt their business (processes, systems of record, etc.) to the software package, as opposed to adapting the software to their unique business needs. While traditional custom software solutions can be differentiated and tailored to meet strategic objectives, development requires a long, iterative, and cumbersome process, as well as costly integration that relies on scarce developer talent. We enable organizations to differentiate themselves from their competition through software-enabled digital transformation.

Throughout our history, we have traditionally maintained two major lines of products, one is our application development platform, which today is known as Magic xpa Application Platform, an evolution of our original metadata-based development platform; and the second is our application integration platform, Magic xpi Integration Platform, originally introduced in 2003 under the name iBOLT. In December 2011, we acquired the AppBuilder development platform of BluePhoenix Solutions Ltd., a leading provider of value-driven legacy IT modernization solutions. AppBuilder is a comprehensive application development infrastructure used by many Fortune 1000 enterprises around the world. This enterprise application development environment is a powerful, model-driven tool that enables development teams to build, deploy, and maintain large-scale, custom-built business applications. On April 2019, we acquired the SmartUX development platform of PowWow Inc., a leading Low-Code enterprise mobile development application platform for citizen to professional developers to rapidly design, build, analyze, and run cross-platform mobile business applications.

Our low-code platforms employ an intuitive, visual interface and pre-built development modules that reduce the time required to build powerful and unique applications. Our platform automates the creation of forms, workflows, data structures, reports, user interfaces, and other software elements that would otherwise need to be manually coded. This functionality greatly reduces the iterative development process, allowing for real-time optimization and ultimately shortening the time it takes to design, build, and deploy applications.

Our customers leverage our technologies to apply the right automation approach for their specific use case. We believe our unified low-code platforms are a differentiator in the marketplace. We strive to deeply integrate our capabilities so that they are all interoperable and low-code making it easier and faster for our clients to address complex use cases, particularly those that involve multiple departments within an organization.

Magic Software’s software technology platforms consist of:

Magic Software’s Vertical Software Packages

Magic Software’s vertical packaged software solutions include:

Magic Software’s Professional Software and IT Services

Magic Software’s software professional services offerings include a vast portfolio of professional services in the areas of infrastructure design and delivery, application development, technology consulting planning and implementation services, support services, DevOps (Development & Operations), Mobile, Big Data and Analytical BI, M/F, cloud computing for deployment of highly available and massively-scalable applications and APIs and supplemental IT outsourcing services to a wide variety of companies, including Fortune 1000 companies, all in accordance with the professional expertise required, in each case allowing us to create significant value for our clients in managing, streamlining, accelerating and making their businesses thrive. The talents we provide generally supplement in-house capabilities of our customers. We have extensive and proven experience with virtually all types of telecom infrastructure technologies in wireless and wire-line as well as in the areas of infrastructure design and delivery, application development, project management, technology planning and implementation services.

We have substantial experience in end-to-end development of high-end software solutions, beginning with collection and analysis of system requirements, continuing with architecture specifications and setup, to software implementation, component integration and testing. From concept to implementation, from application of the ideas of startups requiring the early development of an application or a device, to somewhat larger, more established enterprises, vendors or system houses who need our team of experts to take full responsibility for the development of their systems and products. With our ability to draw on our pool of resources, comprised of hundreds of highly trained, skilled, educated and flexible engineers, we adhere to timelines and budget and work in full transparency with our customers every step of the way to create a tailor-made and cost-effective solution to answer all of our customers’ unique needs.

Our IT services subsidiaries consist of: