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China Xiangtai Food Co., Ltd. – IPO: ‘424B4’ on 2/19/19

On:  Tuesday, 2/19/19, at 3:43pm ET   ·   Accession #:  1144204-19-8850   ·   File #:  333-226990

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  As Of                Filer                Filing    For·On·As Docs:Size              Issuer               Agent

 2/19/19  China Xiangtai Food Co., Ltd.     424B4                  1:2.3M                                   Toppan Vintage/FA

Document/Exhibit                   Description                      Pages   Size 

 1: 424B4       Prospectus                                          HTML    976K 

Filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4)

Registration No. 333-226990

PROSPECTUS

China Xiangtai Food Co., Ltd.

Minimum Offering: 1,000,000 Ordinary Shares

Maximum Offering: 3,000,000 Ordinary Shares

This is an initial public offering of ordinary shares of China Xiangtai Food Co., Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempted company (“Xiangtai Cayman” or the “Company”). We are offering a minimum of 1,000,000 and a maximum of 3,000,000 of our ordinary shares.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our ordinary shares. The initial public offering price of our ordinary shares is $5.00 per share. We have applied to list our ordinary shares on Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “PLIN.” 

We are an “emerging growth company” under the federal securities laws and will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. Investing in our ordinary shares involves risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 11.

* weighted average price per share 

We expect our total cash expenses for this offering, including cash expenses payable to our underwriter, Boustead Securities, LLC (the “Underwriter”), for its reasonable non-accountable expenses and accountable expenses referenced above, exclusive of the above commissions. The Underwriter must sell the minimum number of securities offered (1,000,000) if any are sold. The Underwriter is only required to use its best efforts to sell the maximum number of securities offered (3,000,000). We have agreed to issue to the underwriters and to register herein warrants to purchase up to a total of 210,000 ordinary shares (equal to 7% of the maximum number of ordinary shares sold in this offering) and to also register herein such underlying shares. The warrants will be exercised at any time, and from time to time, in whole or in part, commencing from the closing of the initial public offering and expiring five (5) years from the effective date of the registration statement for this Offering. The warrants are exercisable at a per share price of 100% of the offering price of the ordinary shares offered hereby. The offering will close or terminate, as the case may be, upon the earlier of: (i) a date mutually acceptable to us and the Underwriter after the minimum offering amount of our offering is raised, or (ii) 180 days from the effective date (the “Effective Date”) of the Registration Statement (and for a period of up to 45 additional days if extended by agreement of the Company and the Underwriter) (the “Termination Date”). Trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market will not start until the Termination Date.  Until we sell at least 1,000,000 shares, all investor funds will be held in an escrow account at Fintech Clearing, LLC. If we do not sell at least 1,000,000 shares by the Termination Date, all funds will be promptly returned to investors without interest or deduction. If on the Termination Date we do not qualify to list on Nasdaq, all funds will be promptly returned to investors within one (1) business days of the Termination Date. If we complete this offering, net proceeds will be delivered to us on the closing date. We plan to use our proceeds in our subsidiaries in China, however, we will not be able to use such proceeds until we complete certain remittance procedures in China. Please see Risk Factors – “Risks for Doing Business in the People’s Republic of China - We must remit the offering proceeds to PRC before they may be used to benefit our business in the PRC, and this process may take a number of months” beginning on page 27. If we complete this offering, then on the closing date, we will issue ordinary shares to investors in the offering on ordinary shares sold in this offering. One of the conditions to our obligation to sell any securities through the Underwriter is that, upon the closing of the offering, the Ordinary Shares would conditionally qualify for listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is February 19, 2019.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any related free-writing prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus or in any related free-writing prospectus. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, the ordinary shares offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted and lawful to do so. The information contained in this prospectus is current only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the ordinary shares.

Neither we nor any of the underwriters have taken any action that would permit a public offering of the ordinary shares outside the United States or permit the possession or distribution of this prospectus or any related free-writing prospectus outside the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus or any related free-writing prospectus must inform themselves about and observe any restrictions relating to the offering of the ordinary shares and the distribution of the prospectus outside the United States.

Until March 16, 2019 (the 25^th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade ordinary shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained in greater detail elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary is not complete and does not contain all of the information you should consider in making your investment decision. You should read the entire prospectus carefully before making an investment in our Ordinary Shares. You should carefully consider, among other things, our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Prospectus Conventions

Except where the context otherwise requires and for purposes of this prospectus only, “we”, “us”, “our company”, “Company”, “our” and “Fortunes Capital” refer to

China Xiangtai Food Co., Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempted company (“Xiangtai Cayman” or the “Company” when individually referenced);

WVM Inc., a British Virgin Islands company (“Xiangtai BVI” when individually referenced)

CVS Limited (“Xiangtai HK” when individually referenced), a Hong Kong company that is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Xiangtai BVI;

Chongqing Jinghuangtai Business Management Consulting Co., Ltd. (also known as “重庆精煌泰企业管理咨询有限公司”) “Xiangtai WFOE” when individually referenced), a PRC wholly foreign-owned enterprise and a wholly owned subsidiary of Xiangtai HK;

Guangan Yongpeng Food Co., Ltd. (also known as “广安勇鹏食品有限公司”) (“GA Yongpeng” when individually referenced), a PRC company and a wholly owned subsidiary of Xiangtai WFOE.

Chongqing Penglin Food Co., Ltd. (also known as “重庆鹏霖食品有限公司”) (“CQ Penglin” when individually referenced), a PRC company and a variable interest entity (“VIE”) contractually controlled by Xiangtai WFOE.

Xiangtai WFOE, CQ Penglin and GA Yongpeng are collected referred to as the “PRC entities” hereafter.

This prospectus contains translations of certain RMB amounts into U.S. dollar amounts at specified rates solely for the convenience of the reader. The relevant exchange rates are listed below:

For the sake of clarity, this prospectus follows the English naming convention of first name followed by last name, regardless of whether an individual’s name is Chinese or English. For example, the name of our Chairwoman will be presented as “Zeshu Dai,” even though, in Chinese, Ms. Dai’s name is presented as “Dai Zeshu.”

We have relied on statistics provided by a variety of publicly-available sources regarding China’s expectations of growth. We did not, directly or indirectly, sponsor or participate in the publication of such materials, and these materials are not incorporated in this prospectus other than to the extent specifically cited in this prospectus. We have sought to provide current information in this prospectus and believe that the statistics provided in this prospectus remain up-to-date and reliable, and these materials are not incorporated in this prospectus other than to the extent specifically cited in this prospectus. Except where otherwise stated, all ordinary share accounts provided herein are on a pre-share-increase basis.

Overview

China Xiangtai Food Co., Ltd. is a Cayman Islands exempted company incorporated on January 23, 2018 and we conduct our business in China through our subsidiaries and variable interest entity in China. We are primarily a pork processing company that has operations across key sections of the industry value chain, including slaughtering, packing, distribution, and wholesale of a variety of fresh pork meat and parts. We are committed to provide consumers with high-quality, nutritious and tasty products through our portfolio of trusted and well-known brands and to driving consumption trends, while setting a high industry standard in product quality and food safety. We can efficiently match supply with demand and benefit from the strong industry trends in China.

Maintaining the highest industry standards for food safety, product quality and sustainability is one of our core values. We have food circulation permit and national industrial production certificate. We have strict quality control systems in each segment of our value chain, from production through sales and distribution. These objectives are grounded in our sustainability program, which focuses on key areas such as animal care, employee welfare, the environment, food safety and quality, helping communities and value creation.

We purchase live hogs through distributors who purchase hogs from well-known big hog farms located in different cities in southern China. We use an automated standard modern production line to slaughter the hogs and pack the fresh pork and byproducts. We deliver the fresh pork to local distributors who then resell the fresh pork to smaller wholesalers and retail vendors. We also purchase fresh pork, beef, lamb, chicken, duck, and rabbit meat from local farmers. We process fresh pork, beef, lamb, chicken, duck, and rabbit meat into processed products. We sell fresh pork and processed meat products to both wholesale and retail markets.

We have 200 employees. In our slaughterhouse and processing facility, we have a standardized and automatic production line for hog slaughtering and meat packing. We also have meat processing rooms and standardized freezers to process and store processed meat product. Additionally, we have established environment protection facilities, such as sewage treatment, harmless treatment and incineration treatment, etc.

For the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, the total assets were $33.7 million and $27.0 million, respectively, and the revenues were $101.1 million and $63.3 million, respectively. We have received many awards and honors, including "Honest and Trustworthy Seller", “Annual Sales Star”, “Best Partner,” and “First Place in Fresh Grocery” from New Century Department Store, “Industrial Leading Enterprise” from Chongqing City Fuling District government, “Vice President Entity” from Chongqing Tongchuan Chamber of Commerce. We won these awards and honors because we have had a close and successful working relationship with big supermarkets and department stores, that we have effectively discharged our sales and marketing effort, and that we penetrated deep into the meat market in Chongqing City.

Products

We offer two main series of our products, namely the fresh series and the processed series. Summary description of our main product series are set forth below.

Industry and Market Background

The China-Industrial Research Institute’s “2016-2021 China Pork Industry Market Research and Investment Opportunity Research Report” pointed out that China’s pork production increased from 45.55 million tons in 2005 to 54.87 million tons in 2015, with an average annual growth rate of 1.88%. The growth of China's pork industry was mainly driven by economic development, continued urbanization, and increased disposable income.

(Source: “2016-2021 China Pork Industry Market Research and Investment Opportunity Research Report” by China-Industrial Research Institute)

Although China’s pork production has been steadily increasing in the past, the supply and demand gap of pork has always existed. The per capita annual pork consumption of urban residents in China has remained stable, from about 20.2 kg in 2005 to about 20.8 kg in 2014, which is caused by the slow economic growth in China and the evolution of consumption patterns.

(Source: “2016-2021 China Pork Industry Market Research and Investment Opportunity Research Report” by China-Industrial Research Institute)

According to different cooling process after slaughtering, pork is subdivided into three categories: fresh, chilled, and frozen pork. Due to traditional consumption habits, Chinese fresh pork products account for most of pork consumption. However, due to an increasing demand for safe and high-quality pork, the consumption of chilled pork has grown rapidly in recent years, reaching nearly 11 million tons in 2015, accounting for 20% the total pork consumption, an increase from 2% in 2005. Meanwhile fresh pork consumption has decreased from 89% of total pork consumption in 2005 to 60% in 2015. It is expected that similar trends will continue in the future and that demand for chilled pork will continue to increase.

(Source: “2016-2021 China Pork Industry Market Research and Investment Opportunity Research Report” by China-Industrial Research Institute)

Sales and distribution Channels in China include farmers' markets, grocery stores and supermarkets, hotels and restaurants, and specialty stores. In 2015, farmers' markets dominated the Chinese pork market, accounting for approximately 60% to 65% of the total market across the country. Sales of pork in grocery stores and supermarkets have achieved strong growth, from about 3 million tons in 2005 to nearly 11 million tons in 2015. In the future, it is expected that grocery stores and supermarkets will play a more important role in pork distribution.

The increase in pork demand was mainly attributable to the continuous increase in disposable income and living standards, the continuous progress of urbanization, the expansion of the middle class, and the increasing demand for quality safe products. As a result of changing consumer behavior and growing demand, producers are experiencing accelerated industry concentration and a trend toward vertical integration.

In the pork market, chilled pork has become more common and popular among consumers. It is expected that chilled pork will become the mainstream product category. In addition, in China, grocery stores, supermarkets and other modern retailers are expected to have a greater influence on China's food retail market, especially due to better sanitation and a more comfortable environment than traditional farmers’ markets, especially in more developed urban areas, like Chongqing City. Additionally, brand image is playing a more important role in the pork industry, particularly as it relates to the perception of better food safety and higher product quality. The demand for packaged pork products has increased, driven by the improvements in the PRC economy and greater influence of western dietary habits. Consumers are placing greater importance on product safety, nutrition, convenience and diversification, which can be better satisfied by packaged pork products.

Barriers to entry for competitors include substantial investment required in branding, food safety control and production scale, as well as a strong understanding of consumer preferences.

Competitor entry barriers include the huge investment needed for branding, food safety control and production scale, and an in-depth understanding of consumer preferences. Market Prospects and Opportunities The development of urbanization and the increase in income of rural residents have brought about changes in consumption habits from economic choice to quality, which will lead to substantial growth in the industry.

According to tradition, fresh meat accounts for the majority of pork consumption in China. However, due to changes in consumption habits and increased attention to food safety, the consumption of fresh meat fell from about 403.2 million tons in 2005 to about 32.8 million tons in 2015, while the consumption of chilled or frozen meat, collectively the cold meat, increased from about 9.1 million tons to about 180.8 million tons in the same period. The better sanitation status of cold meat is the reason for the change in consumer behavior. Given the increased demands, the industry will focus on enhancing the distribution chain of cold meat, and more retailers will expand the sales market for cold meat.

In addition, industry consolidation will bring opportunities for large companies to expand their business scope and network, and they can take advantage of their quality, brand and scale. Accelerating the development of self-owned brand stores and enhancing the distribution chain of cold meat will help companies achieve cross-regional pork sales and achieve higher profits, especially in large and medium-sized cities. The integration of hog breeding, slaughtering, processing and retailing can help overcome bottlenecks in the industry chain. With the implementation of the government's policy of supporting large enterprises, low-volume enterprises will eventually be eliminated by the market, thus creating other opportunities that benefit larger enterprises. However, industry consolidation and elimination of small businesses may exacerbate competition among large companies and increase their operating costs as they try to improve product quality and maximize production capacity in the long run.

Our Growth Strategy

We will continue to adhere to our business principles of providing high quality and safe animal protein to consumers and promoting social responsibility. We believe that our pursuit of these goals will lead to sustainable growth, solidify our position in the industry, and create long-term value for our shareholders, employees and our communities.

Solidify our industry position by gaining additional market share. Our goal is to strengthen our market position and accelerate our expansion by expanding our scale and gaining additional market share. We plan to increase investment in our business and expand our production capacity through horizontal or vertical acquisitions, strategic partnership, and joint venture. We plan to invest additional capital to acquire new slaughterhouses to increase production capacity. In addition, we plan to invest in opening supermarkets that only sell our fresh pork and meat products in areas nearby Chongqing. Furthermore, we plan to reach retail markets by opening grocery stores or supermarkets, where we will sell our products as well as other consumer goods in Chongqing or nearby areas. Chongqing borders with Sichuan, Xi’an, Hubei, Guizhou, and Hunan Province. We believe the location of our business will enable us to continue servicing Chongqing and expand our presence to the neighboring provinces. With more exposure and promotion, our product and brand will be better recognized.

Uphold our commitment to food safety and product quality. We intend to uphold our commitment to food safety and product quality to ensure consistently high standards throughout our operations. We intend to achieve greater traceability of our products and maintain the highest quality standards in all of our business units. To this end, we plan to maintain our safety and quality monitoring systems across the entire operation by strictly selecting suppliers, closing monitoring quality before and after slaughtering, maintaining the hygiene of the slaughter house, keeping records of everyday operations, and complying with the national and local law and regulations on animal care, employees, environment sustainability, food safety and quality. We believe such practice largely conform with industry’s best practice in China.

Expand our sales and distribution network. We intend to expand our sales and distribution network to penetrate new geographic markets, further gaining market share in existing markets and accessing a broader range of customers. We will continue to expand our sales network, leveraging our local resources to quickly enter new markets, while also minimizing requirements for capital outlay. We plan to expand our logistics operations and increase our presence in both new and existing markets. We plan to scale up our logistics capacity and extend the geographic coverage of our logistic system to ensure efficient, accurate, reliable and secure distribution. Additionally, we also intend to start an online sales channel though our website and mobile phone application, so that consumers can easily access to our products wherever they are.

Expand our product portfolio. We intend to expand our current product portfolio to better meet consumers’ needs. We plan to introduce ready-to-eat products, which will include stewed pork, salty braised pork, braised pork, crisp pork, canned pork, roasted sausage, crisp sausage, soy sauce stewed pork sausage, etc. These products will be vacuum packaged, making them convenient for storage and transportation with longer shelf life. They will be ready for consumption from the package or after heating. Canned meat and ham can also be added into soup or cooked with other food.

Competitive Advantages

We have a number of competitive advantages that will enable us to maintain and further increase our market position in the industry. Our competitive strengths include:

Diversified Distribution Channels. Our sales and distribution network consists of a diversified range of points of sales, including access to more than 200 farmers’ markets and supermarkets in Chongqing and Sichuan Province, such as Chongqing New Century, Sichuan Yonghui, Chongqing Lotte Mart and Chongqing Carrefour. In April 2017, we opened up our sales channel in the city of Shenzhen, in Guangdong province, by cooperating with Renrenlei, a big local supermarket chain. Our consumers can easily find our products nearby their homes. In addition, on July 2, 2018, we acquired two grocery stores under common control of Ms. Zeshu Dai, our CEO, and her spouse in the city of Chongqing, in order to increase retail outlets.

Considerable Production Capacity. Our automated slaughtering line, clean processing facilities, and large storage space enable us to slaughter on average more than 700 hogs per day. Because of our production and processing capacity, we are one of the leading companies in providing Chongqing with fresh pork products.

Premium Quality Product. Maintaining the highest industry standards for food safety, product quality and sustainability is one of our core values. We have food circulation permit and national industrial production certificate. We have strict quality control systems in each segment of our value chain, from production through sales and distribution. We only source live hogs from farms with good reputation and strict quality control procedures. Every live hog will be examined by the local Food Safety Administration (“FSA”) officers for illness at our slaughtering house before can be slaughtered and throughout the slaughtering process Our slaughter house is the only level A slaughter house in Linshui, Sichaun province, where we use an automated standard modern line to slaughter, process and pack. We operate in an efficient and timely manner in producing and distributing fresh pork and meat product to ensure that the products are always clean and fresh.

Our Challenges and Risk Factors Summary

The following section outlines the primary challenges and risks inherent to our business model. Before deciding to invest in our ordinary shares, we strongly recommend a close reading and consider all of the risks in the section entitled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 11.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

We qualify as and elect to be an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include, but not limited to:

We may take advantage of these provisions for up to five years or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would cease to be an emerging growth company if we have more than $1.0 billion in annual revenue, have more than $700 million in market value of our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates or issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period. Except for our consolidated balance sheets, which we include for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2017 and 2018, we have decided to include three years of audited financial statements and three years of related management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations disclosure.

Implication of Being a Foreign Private Issuer

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). As such, we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies. For example:

Implication of Being a “Controlled Company”

We are and will remain, following this offering, to be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and, as a result, may rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that provide protection to shareholders of other companies.

We are and will be a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules our majority shareholder, China Meitai Food Co., Ltd. owns and holds more than 50% of our outstanding ordinary shares. For so long as we are a controlled company under that definition, we are permitted to elect to rely, and may rely, on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules, including:

As a result, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.

Although we do not intend to rely on the “controlled company” exemption under the Nasdaq listing rules, we could elect to rely on this exemption in the future. If we elected to rely on the “controlled company” exemption, a majority of the members of our board of directors might not be independent directors and our nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees might not consist entirely of independent directors upon closing of the offering.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive office is located at Xinganxian Plaza, Building B, Suite 21-1, Lianglukou, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China 400800. The telephone number of our principal executive offices is +86 (023) 86330158. Our registered agent in Cayman Islands is Offshore Business Consulting & Services Limited. Our registered office and our registered agent’s office in Cayman Islands are both at 3rd Floor, Harbour Centre, PO Box 613, Grand Cayman KYl-1107, Cayman Islands. Our registered agent in the United States is Cogency Global Inc. We maintain our corporate website at cqplsp.chinapyp.com. We do not incorporate the information on our website into this prospectus and you should not consider any information on, or that can be accessed through, our website as part of this prospectus.

Offering Summary

Following completion of our initial public offering, ownership of China Xiangtai Food Co., Ltd. will be as follows, assuming completion of the minimum and maximum offerings, respectively. To the extent we complete an offering between the minimum and maximum offerings, the percentage ownership of participants in our initial public offering will between the below amounts:

The Offering

Summary Financial Information

In the table below, we provide you with historical selected financial data for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. This information is derived from our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period. When you read this historical selected financial data, it is important that you read it along with the historical financial statements and related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this prospectus.

RISK FACTORS

Before you decide to purchase our ordinary shares, you should understand the high degree of risk involved. You should consider carefully the following risks and other information in this prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected. As a result, the trading price of our ordinary shares could decline, perhaps significantly.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Changes in consumer preferences could adversely affect our business.

The food industry, in general, is subject to changing consumer trends, demands and preferences. Our products compete with other protein sources, such as fish. Trends within the food industry frequently change, and our failure to anticipate, identify or react to changes in these trends could lead to reduced demand and prices for our products, among other concerns, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We operate in a highly competitive industry and may face increased competition.

We operate in the pork industry in China and face strong competition in terms of distribution, brand recognition, taste, quality, price, availability, and product positioning. The market is highly fragmented, particularly in China, and the resources of our competitors may increase due to mergers, consolidations or alliances, and we may face new competitors in the future. Our main competitors include Shuanghui Group, New Hope Group, Hunan New Wellful Co., Ltd., Huamu Group. Furthermore, we face competition from producers of other animal proteins. In addition, as we seek to expand our market share in the Chinese markets in which we currently distribute our products and to distribute new products and to penetrate into new markets, we may have difficulty competing with local producers due to protectionist efforts by local governments to benefit local companies. From time to time in response to competitive and customer pressures or to maintain market share, we may be forced to reduce our selling prices or increase or reallocate spending on marketing, advertising, or promotions in order to compete. These types of actions could decrease our profit margins. Such pressures may also restrict our ability to increase our selling prices in response to raw material and other cost increases. In light of the strong competition that we currently face, and which may intensify in the future, there can be no assurance that we will be able to increase the sales of our products or even maintain our past levels of sales, or that our profit margins will not be reduced. If we are unable to increase our product sales or to maintain our past levels of sales and profit margins, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Our results of operations may fluctuate from period to period due to seasonality.

Our business is subject to seasonal fluctuations. There are seasonal patterns for pork production and pork product purchases in China, where consumer purchases of pork products usually peak around the Chinese Lunar New Year and other major holidays. In addition, our hog production segment experiences lower farrowing performance during the winter months and slower animal growth rates during the hot summer months, resulting in a decrease in hog supplies in the summer and an increase in hog supplies in the fall. Due to the seasonality of our business, the results of any period of a year are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be achieved for the full year.

We face risks relating to fluctuations in the prices of substitute products.

Fluctuations in the market prices of substitutes to our products, especially decreases in the prices of substitute meat products relative to pork, affect the prices of pork products. As a result of decreases in the prices of substitute meat products relative to pork, consumers may purchase less pork. For example, past outbreaks of avian influenza in various parts of the world reduced the global demand for poultry and thus created temporary surpluses of poultry. These poultry surpluses placed downward pressure on poultry prices, which in turn reduced meat prices including pork prices. Even where we are able to adjust our selling prices in relation to decreases in the prices of substitute products, our profit margin may experience contraction, which in turn may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Outbreaks of livestock diseases may affect our ability to conduct our business and harm demand for our products.

Outbreaks of diseases affecting livestock, such as BSE, FMD and various strains of influenza, which may be caused by factors beyond our control, or concerns that these diseases may occur and spread in the future, could lead to cancellation of orders by our customers or governmental restrictions on the import and export of our products to or from our suppliers, facilities or customers. Moreover, outbreaks of livestock diseases could have a significant effect on the livestock we own by requiring us to, among other things, destroy any affected livestock and create negative publicity that may have a material adverse effect on customer demand for our products. In addition, if the products of our competitors become contaminated, the adverse publicity associated with such an event may lower consumer demand for our products.

Any perceived or real health risks related to the food industry could adversely affect our ability to sell our products. If our products become contaminated, we may be subject to product liability claims and product recalls.

We are subject to risks affecting the food industry generally, including risks posed by the following:

Our products may be exposed to contamination by organisms that may produce food borne illnesses, such as E. coli, listeria monocytogenes and salmonella. These organisms are generally found in the environment and, as a result, there is a risk that they could be present in our products. These pathogens can also be introduced to our products through tampering or as a result of improper handling at the further processing, foodservice or consumer level. Once contaminated products have been shipped for distribution, illness or death may result if the products are not properly prepared prior to consumption or if the pathogens are not eliminated in further processing.

Our systems designed to monitor food safety risks throughout all stages of our processes may not eliminate the risks related to food safety. As a result, we may voluntarily recall, or be required to recall, our products if they are or may be contaminated, spoiled or inappropriately labeled.

We may be subject to significant liability in the jurisdictions in which our products are sold if the consumption of any of our products causes injury, illness or death. Such liability may result from proceedings filed by the government’s attorney’s office, consumer agencies and individual consumers. We may have to pay significant damages to consumers or to the government and such liability may be in excess of applicable liability insurance policy limits. Adverse publicity concerning any perceived or real health risk associated with our products could also cause customers to lose confidence in the safety and quality of our food products, which could adversely affect our ability to sell our products. We could also be adversely affected by perceived or real health risks associated with similar products produced by others to the extent such risks cause customers to lose confidence in the safety and quality of such products generally.

Environmental regulation and related litigation and commitments could have a material adverse effect on us.

Our past and present business operations and properties are subject to extensive and increasingly stringent laws and regulations in the countries in which we have operations pertaining to protection of the environment, including among others:

Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in significant consequences to us, including administrative, civil and criminal penalties, liability for damages and negative publicity. Some requirements applicable to us may also be enforced by citizen groups or other third parties. Natural disasters, such as flooding and hurricanes, can cause the discharge of effluents or other waste into the environment, potentially resulting in our being subject to further liability claims and governmental regulation, as has occurred in the past. See the section headed “Business — Environmental Matters” for further discussion of our regulatory compliance as it relates to environmental risk. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant capital and operating expenditures to comply with these laws and regulations.

In addition, new environmental issues could arise that could cause currently unanticipated investigations, assessments, costs or expenditures. We may be subject to higher compliance costs if environmental protection laws become more stringent. Environmental claims or failure to comply with any present or future environmental protection laws may require us to spend additional funds and may adversely affect our results of operations.

PRC laws and regulations require enterprises engaged in manufacturing and construction that may produce environmental waste to adopt measures to effectively control and properly dispose of waste gases, waste water, industrial waste, dust and other environmental waste materials. These laws and regulations also require payments from producers discharging waste substances. If we fail to comply with such laws or regulations and such failure results in environmental pollution, we may be required to pay fines. If the breach is serious, the PRC government may suspend or close any operation failing to comply with such laws or regulations. We cannot assure you that the PRC government will not change existing laws or regulations or impose additional or stricter laws or regulations, compliance with which may cause us to incur significant capital expenditure that we may not be able to pass on to our customers through increased product prices.

Our financial success is dependent on our continued innovation and successful launch of new products and promoting our brands through marketing investments, and we may not be able to anticipate or make timely responses to changes in the tastes and preferences of consumers.

The success of our operations depends on our ability to identify market trends and introduce new or enhanced products in a timely manner that satisfy the tastes and preferences of customers. Customer preferences differ across and within each of our operating regions and shift over time in response to changes in culinary, demographic and social trends, economic circumstances and the marketing efforts of our competitors. There can be no assurance that our existing products will continue to be accepted by our customers or that we will be able to anticipate or respond to changes in consumer tastes and preferences in a timely manner. Our failure to anticipate, identify or react to these particular tastes or changes could adversely affect our sales performance and our profitability. In addition, demand for many of our consumer products is closely linked to consumers’ purchasing power and disposable income levels, which may be adversely affected by unfavorable economic development in the countries in which we operate.

We devote significant resources to new product development and product extensions. However, we may not be successful in developing innovative new products, and our new products may not be commercially successful. To the extent we are not able to effectively gauge the direction of our key markets and successfully identify, develop and manufacture new or improved products in these changing markets, our financial results and our competitive position will suffer. Moreover, there are inherent market risks associated with new product introductions, including uncertainties about marketing and consumer acceptance, and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in introducing new products. We may expend substantial resources developing and marketing new products which may not achieve expected sales levels.

In addition, we may not be successful in maintaining or strengthening our brand image. We seek to maintain and strengthen our brand image through marketing investments, including advertising, consumer promotions and trade promotions. Maintaining and strengthening our brand image depends on our ability to adapt to a rapidly changing media environment, including on social media other online dissemination of advertising campaigns. If we do not maintain and strengthen our brand image, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

We face competition in our business, which may adversely affect our market share and profitability.

The beef, pork and chicken industries are highly competitive. Competition exists both in the purchase of live hogs, and in the sale of pork and meat products. In addition, our pork and meat products compete with other protein sources, such as fish. We face competition from a number of pork producers in Chongqing City and Sichuan province where we operate.

The principal competitive factors in the animal protein processing industries are operating efficiency and the availability, quality and cost of raw materials and labor, price, quality, food safety, product distribution, technological innovations and brand loyalty. Our ability to be an effective competitor depends on our ability to compete on the basis of these characteristics. In addition, some of our competitors may have greater financial and other resources than us. We may be unable to compete effectively with these companies, and if we are unable to remain competitive with these meat producers in the future, our market share may be adversely affected.

Our growth (organic and inorganic) may require substantial capital and long-term investments.

Our competitiveness and growth depend on our ability to fund our capital expenditures. We cannot assure you that we will be able to fund our capital expenditures at reasonable costs due to adverse macroeconomic conditions, our performance or other external factors.

We may pursue additional opportunities to acquire complementary businesses, which could further increase leverage and debt service requirements and could adversely affect our financial situation if we fail to successfully integrate the acquired business.

We intend to continue to pursue selective acquisitions of complementary businesses in the future. Inherent in any future acquisitions are certain risks such as increasing leverage and debt service requirements and combining company cultures and facilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, particularly during the period immediately following such acquisitions. Additional debt or equity capital may be required to complete future acquisitions, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to raise the required capital. Furthermore, acquisitions involve a number of risks and challenges, including:

These opportunities may also expose us to successor liability relating to actions involving any acquired entities, their respective management or contingent liabilities incurred prior to our involvement and will expose us to liabilities associated with ongoing operations, in particular to the extent we are unable to adequately and safely manage such acquired operations. These transactions may also be structured in such a manner that would result in our assumption of obligations or liabilities not identified during our pre-acquisition due diligence.

Any of these and other factors could adversely affect our ability to achieve anticipated cash flows at acquired operations or realize other anticipated benefits of acquisitions, which could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on us.

We are subject to various risks relating to worker safety.

Given the nature of our operations, we are subject to various risks relating to worker safety. We conduct training and educational campaigns to improve awareness of risks and safety in the work environment and strive to improve safety conditions in the workplace, but cannot ensure that accidents will not occur. If our efforts to improve worker safety and reduce the frequency and number of workplace accidents are not successful, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We may fail to comply with legal or regulatory requirements or to obtain or adhere to requirements under relevant licenses or permits.

Our manufacturing and other production facilities, including hog farming, as well as the processing, packaging, storage, distribution, advertising and labeling of our products, are subject to extensive legal and regulatory food safety requirements, including regular government inspections and governmental food processing controls, in the countries in which we operate. In China, under applicable laws and regulations, we are required to obtain and maintain various licenses and permits in order to operate our hog farming and slaughtering operations. These include, amongst others, “Livestock and Poultry Breeders Production Operation Permit”, “Certificate for Animal Epidemic Disease Prevention” and “Certificate of Designated Location of Slaughterhouse for Hogs”. We are also required to obtain various government approvals and comply with applicable hygiene and food safety standards in relation to our production processes, premises and products. Loss of or failure to obtain necessary permits and licenses could delay or prevent us from meeting current product demand, introducing new products, building new facilities or acquiring new businesses and could adversely affect our operating results. If we are found not to be in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, particularly if it relates to or compromises food safety, we could be subject to civil remedies, including fines, injunctions, recalls or asset seizures, as well as potential criminal sanctions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, future material changes in food safety regulations could result in increased operating costs or affect our ordinary operations, which could also have a material adverse effect on our operations and our financial results.

We rely substantially on external suppliers for hogs, beef, lamb, chicken, duck, rabbit meat and other raw materials.

We purchase live hogs and fresh pork, beef, lamb, chicken, duck, and rabbit meat from external distributors for use in our production of processed products. A continuous and stable supply of ordinary live hogs and other meat that meet our standards is crucial to our operations. We expect to continue to rely on external suppliers for all of live hogs, fresh pork, beef, lamb, chicken, duck, and rabbit meat production requirements. We also rely on external suppliers for other key raw materials, including seasonings. There can be no assurance that we will continue to be able to source live hogs, fresh pork, beef, lamb, chicken, duck, rabbit meat, seasonings, or other raw materials meeting our requirements on reasonable prices or terms or at all. In the event that our supply of the raw materials is interrupted for whatever reason, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

The loss of one or more of our largest customers, or changes in the trade terms required by such customers could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business could suffer significant setbacks in sales and operating income if our customers’ business plans or markets change significantly or if we lose one or more of our largest customers. For the year ended June 30, 2017, one customer accounted for 79.1% of our total revenue. For the year ended June 30, 2016, two customers accounted for 21.5% and 13.7% of the total revenue. Moreover, consolidation within the retail industry is likely to continue in China, including among supermarkets, warehouse clubs and food distributors, which would result in us having an increasingly concentrated retail base and increased credit exposure to certain customers. Furthermore, as the retail branded food and foodservice industries continue to consolidate, our large customers may seek to use their position to improve their profitability through improved inventory efficiency, lower pricing, increased promotional programs and increased emphasis on private label products. If we are unable to use our scale, marketing expertise, product innovation and category leadership positions to effectively respond, our profitability or volume growth could be negatively affected. To the extent we provide concessions or trade terms that are more favorable to our customers, our margins would be reduced. The loss of a significant customer or a material reduction in sales to, or adverse change to trade terms with, a significant customer could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our operations are subject to the general risks of litigation.

We are involved on an ongoing basis in litigation arising in the ordinary course of business or otherwise. Trends in litigation may include class actions involving consumers, shareholders, employees or injured persons, and claims related to commercial, labor, employment, antitrust, securities or environmental matters. Moreover, the process of litigating cases, even if we are successful, may be costly, and may approximate the cost of damages sought. These actions could also expose us to adverse publicity, which might adversely affect our brands, reputation and/or customer preference for our products and distract our management from other tasks. Litigation trends and expenses and the outcome of litigation cannot be predicted with certainty and adverse litigation trends, expenses and outcomes could adversely affect our financial results. Please see the section headed “Business — Legal Compliance and Proceedings” in this prospectus for details of our material litigation and proceedings.

The consolidation of our customers could adversely affect our business.

Our customers, such as supermarkets and farmers’ markets, have consolidated in recent years, and consolidation is expected to continue. These consolidations have produced large, sophisticated customers with increased buying power who are more capable of operating with reduced inventories, opposing price increases, and demanding lower pricing, increased promotional programs and specifically tailored products. These customers also may use shelf space currently used for our products for their own private label products. If we fail to respond to these trends, our volume growth could slow or we may need to lower prices or increase promotional spending for our products, any of which would adversely affect our financial results.

Macroeconomic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and stock price.

Key macroeconomic conditions are likely to affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Consumer confidence, energy price, labor cost, prices, unemployment are among the factors that often impact the borrowing behavior of our customers. Poor economic conditions reduce the demand for consumption of pork and pork products.

While certain economic conditions in China have shown signs of improvement following the recent global economic crisis, economic growth has been slow and uneven as consumers continue to face domestic concerns, as well as economic and political conditions in the global markets. A prolonged period of slow economic growth or a significant deterioration in economic conditions would likely affect our customers’ activity levels and the ability and willingness of customers to obtain financing from us or to pay amounts already owed to us, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we are not able to continue to innovate or if we fail to adapt to changes in our industry, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Although the livestock industry is not directly affected by the rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, new service and product introductions and changing customer demands have changed the way we and our competitors do business over the years. Furthermore, our competitors are constantly developing innovations in online marketing, communications, social networking and other services to expand the basis of suppliers and customers. We continue to invest significant resources in our infrastructure, research and development and other areas in order to enhance our quality control, information technology, and our existing products and services. The changes and developments taking place in our industry may also require us to re-evaluate our business model and adopt significant changes to our long-term strategies and business plan. Our failure to innovate and adapt to these changes would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to promote and maintain our brand in an effective and cost-efficient way, our business and results of operations may be harmed.

We believe that developing and maintaining awareness of our brand effectively is critical to attracting new and retaining existing customers. Successful promotion of our brand and our ability to attract customers depend largely on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts and the success of the channels we use to promote our services. It is likely that our future marketing efforts will require us to incur significant additional expenses. These efforts may not result in increased revenues in the immediate future or at all and, even if they do, any increases in revenues may not offset the expenses incurred. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand while incurring substantial expenses, our results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected, which may impair our ability to grow our business.

New lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risks.

From time to time, we may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new services, we may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. Furthermore, any new line of business and/or new service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new services could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.

We regard our trademarks, copyrights, domain names, know-how, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on a combination of intellectual property laws and contractual arrangements, including confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights. We own certain intellectual properties. See “Business — Intellectual Property.” Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated, or such intellectual property may not be sufficient to provide us with competitive advantages. In addition, because of the rapid pace of technological change in our industry, parts of our business rely on technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties on reasonable terms, or at all.

It is often difficult to register, maintain and enforce intellectual property rights in China. Statutory laws and regulations are subject to judicial interpretation and enforcement and may not be applied consistently due to the lack of clear guidance on statutory interpretation. Confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements may be breached by counterparties, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights or to enforce our contractual rights in China. Preventing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we take may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation of our intellectual property. In the event that we resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, such litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our managerial and financial resources. We can provide no assurance that we will prevail in such litigation. In addition, our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to, or be independently discovered by, our competitors. To the extent that our employees or consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related know-how and inventions. Any failure in protecting or enforcing our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, which may be expensive to defend and may disrupt our business and operations.

We cannot be certain that our operations or any aspects of our business do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. We may be from time to time in the future subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others. In addition, there may be third-party trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights that are infringed by our products, services or other aspects of our business without our awareness. Holders of such intellectual property rights may seek to enforce such intellectual property rights against us in China, the United States or other jurisdictions. If any third-party infringement claims are brought against us, we may be forced to divert management’s time and other resources from our business and operations to defend against these claims, regardless of their merits.

Additionally, the application and interpretation of China’s intellectual property right laws and the procedures and standards for granting trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights in China are still evolving and are uncertain, and we cannot assure you that PRC courts or regulatory authorities would agree with our analysis. If we were found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be subject to liability for our infringement activities or may be prohibited from using such intellectual property, and we may incur licensing fees or be forced to develop alternatives of our own. As a result, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our business depends on the continued efforts of our senior management. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, our business may be severely disrupted.

Our business operations depend on the continued services of our senior management, particularly the executive officers named in this prospectus. While we have provided different incentives to our management, we cannot assure you that we can continue to retain their services. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all, our future growth may be constrained, our business may be severely disrupted and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit, train and retain qualified personnel. In addition, although we have entered into confidentiality and non-competition agreements with our management, there is no assurance that any member of our management team will not join our competitors or form a competing business. If any dispute arises between our current or former officers and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or we may be unable to enforce them at all.

Increases in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The economy in China has experienced increases in inflation and labor costs in recent years. As a result, average wages in the PRC are expected to continue to increase. In addition, we are required by PRC laws and regulations to pay various statutory employee benefits, including pension, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. The relevant government agencies may examine whether an employer has made adequate payments to the statutory employee benefits, and those employers who fail to make adequate payments may be subject to late payment fees, fines and/or other penalties. We expect that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will continue to increase. The number of our employees have surged due to the fast expansion of our business. Unless we are able to control our labor costs or pass on these increased labor costs to our users by increasing the fees of our services, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Competition for employees is intense, and we may not be able to attract and retain the qualified and skilled employees needed to support our business.

We believe our success depends on the efforts and talent of our employees, including risk management, software engineering, financial and marketing personnel. Our future success depends on our continued ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain qualified and skilled employees. Competition for highly skilled technical, risk management and financial personnel is extremely intense. We may not be able to hire and retain these personnel at compensation levels consistent with our existing compensation and salary structure. Some of the companies with which we compete for experienced employees have greater resources than we have and may be able to offer more attractive terms of employment.

In addition, we invest significant time and expenses in training our employees, which increases their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. If we fail to retain our employees, we could incur significant expenses in hiring and training their replacements, and the quality of our services and our ability to serve our clients could diminish, resulting in a material adverse effect to our business.

A lack of insurance could expose us to significant costs and business disruption.

We have not yet purchased insurance to cover our assets and property of our business, which could leave our business inadequately protected from loss. If we were to incur substantial losses or liabilities due to fire, explosions, floods, other natural disasters or accidents or business interruption, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, Insurance companies in China currently do not offer as extensive an array of insurance products as insurance companies in more developed economies. Currently, we do not have any business liability or disruption insurance to cover our operations. We have determined that the costs of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured business disruptions may result in our incurring substantial costs.

We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

We are vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities. Fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to provide products.

Our business could also be adversely affected by the effects of Ebola virus disease, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, avian flu, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, or other epidemics. Our business operations could be disrupted if any of our employees is suspected of having Ebola virus disease, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, avian flu, SARS or other epidemic, since it could require our employees to be quarantined and/or our offices to be disinfected. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that any of these epidemics harms the Chinese economy in general.

We may incur financial obligation by serving as guarantor for loan borrowed by a related entity.

On December 26, 2017, Chongqing Mingwen Food Co., Ltd, (“CQ Mingwen”), whose president is the daughter-in-law of our CEO, entered into a one-year loan agreement with bank to borrow RMB 9 million (approximately $1.4 million) for working capital needs. The loan bears variable interest rate based on the prevailing interest rates set by the People's Bank of China at the time of borrowing, plus 98 basis points. The effective rate is 8.613% per annum. In connection with CQ Mingwen’s bank borrowing, the Company’s CEO, her husband and a son, CQ Penglin, CQ Mingwen’s legal representative and an unrelated third party, Chongqing Education Guaranty Co., Ltd. each served as a guarantor of the loan. Chongqing Education Guaranty Co. Ltd. was also required to deposit RMB 450,000 (approximately $69,000) as restricted cash with the bank to secure the loan. In addition, GA Yongpeng pledged a land use right recorded at RMB 10,198,100 (approximately $1.5 million) and building property recorded at RMB 12,268,800 (approximately $1.9 million) as collateral to further safeguard this loan. If CQ Mingwen is unable to repay the loan upon maturity date, assets by GA Yongpeng may be liquidated to pay back the loan. CQ Penglin and our CEO will also incur obligation to repay the loan as guarantors. CQ Mingwen’s inability to repay the loan may therefore have a material adverse impact on the operation and financial results of our company.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and Operation

If the PRC government deems that the contractual arrangements in relation to CQ Penglin, our consolidated variable interest entity, do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and our PRC subsidiaries are considered foreign-invested enterprises. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we conduct our operations in China through a series of contractual arrangements entered into among Xiangtai WFOE and CQ Penglin and its shareholders. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we exercise control over CQ Penglin and consolidate its operating results in our financial statements under U.S. GAAP. For a detailed description of these contractual arrangements, see “Corporate History and Structure.”

In the opinion of our PRC counsel, AllBright Law Offices, our current ownership structure, the ownership structure of Xiangtai WFOE, our PRC subsidiary, and CQ Penglin, our consolidated variable interest entity, the contractual arrangements between Xiangtai WFOE and CQ Penglin are not in violation of existing PRC laws, rules and regulations; and these contractual arrangements are valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with their terms and applicable PRC laws and regulations currently in effect. However, our PRC counsel has also advised us that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations and there can be no assurance that the PRC government will ultimately take a view that is consistent with the opinion of our PRC counsel.

It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws, rules or regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. In particular, in January 2015, the Ministry of Commerce, or MOC, published a discussion draft of the proposed Foreign Investment Law for public review and comments. Among other things, the draft Foreign Investment Law expands the definition of foreign investment and introduces the principle of “actual control” in determining whether a company is considered a foreign-invested enterprise, or an FIE. Under the draft Foreign Investment Law, variable interest entity would also be deemed as FIEs, if they are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors, and be subject to restrictions on foreign investments. However, the draft law has not taken a position on what actions will be taken with respect to the existing companies with the “variable interest entity” structure, whether or not these companies are controlled by Chinese parties. It is uncertain when the draft would be signed into law and whether the final version would have any substantial changes from the draft. See “— Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of draft PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations” below. If the ownership structure, contractual arrangements and business of our company, Xiangtai WFOE or CQ Penglin are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or we fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including levying fines, confiscating our income or the income of Xiangtai WFOE and CQ Penglin, revoking the business licenses or operating licenses of Xiangtai WFOE or CQ Penglin, discontinuing or placing restrictions or onerous conditions on our operations, requiring us to undergo a costly and disruptive restructuring, restricting or prohibiting our use of proceeds from our initial public offering to finance our business and operations in China, and taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to our business. Any of these actions could cause significant disruption to our business operations and severely damage our reputation, which would in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of these occurrences results in our inability to direct the activities of CQ Penglin, and/or our failure to receive economic benefits from CQ Penglin, we may not be able to consolidate their results into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

We rely on contractual arrangements with CQ Penglin, our consolidated variable interest entity for a portion of our business operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.

We have relied and expect to continue to rely on contractual arrangements with CQ Penglin and its shareholders to operate our business. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Business — Corporate History and Structure.” These contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over our consolidated variable interest entity. For example, CQ Penglin and its shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to conduct their operations, including maintaining our website and using the domain names and trademarks, in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests.

If we had direct ownership of CQ Penglin, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of CQ Penglin, which in turn could implement changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, we rely on the performance by CQ Penglin, and its shareholders of their obligations under the contracts. The shareholders of CQ Penglin may not act in the best interests of our company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. Such risks exist throughout the period in which we intend to operate our business through the contractual arrangements with CQ Penglin. Although we have the right to replace any shareholder of CQ Penglin under their respective contractual arrangements, if any shareholder of CQ Penglin is uncooperative or any dispute relating to these contracts remains unresolved, we will have to enforce our rights under these contracts through the operations of PRC laws and arbitration, litigation and other legal proceedings and therefore will be subject to uncertainties in the PRC legal system. See “— Any failure by CQ Penglin, our consolidated variable interest entity, or its shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business” below. Therefore, our contractual arrangements with CQ Penglin, our consolidated variable interest entity, may not be as effective in ensuring our control over the relevant portion of our business operations as direct ownership would be.

Any failure by CQ Penglin, our consolidated variable interest entity, or its shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business.

If CQ Penglin, our consolidated variable interest entity, or its shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC laws, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages, which we cannot assure you will be effective under PRC laws. For example, if the shareholders of CQ Penglin were to refuse to transfer their equity interest in CQ Penglin to us or our designee if we exercise the purchase option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations.

All the agreements under our contractual arrangements are governed by PRC laws and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in China. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC laws and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal system in the PRC is not as developed as in some other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. Meanwhile, there are very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a consolidated variable interest entity should be interpreted or enforced under PRC laws. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In addition, under PRC laws, rulings by arbitrators are final and parties cannot appeal arbitration results in court unless such rulings are revoked or determined unenforceable by a competent court. If the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would require additional expenses and delay. In the event that we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over our consolidated variable interest entity, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected.

The shareholders of CQ Penglin, our consolidated variable interest entity, may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The shareholders of CQ Penglin may differ from the interests of our company as a whole. These shareholders may breach, or cause CQ Penglin to breach, the existing contractual arrangements we have with them and CQ Penglin, which would have a material adverse effect on our ability to effectively control CQ Penglin and receive economic benefits from it. For example, the shareholders may be able to cause our agreements with CQ Penglin to be performed in a manner adverse to us by, among other things, failing to remit payments due under the contractual arrangements to us on a timely basis. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise, any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of our company or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor.

Currently, we do not have any arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and our company, except that we could exercise our purchase option under the exclusive option agreement with these shareholders to request them to transfer all of their equity interests in CQ Penglin to a PRC entity or individual designated by us, to the extent permitted by PRC laws. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and the shareholders of CQ Penglin, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in the disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

Contractual arrangements in relation to CQ Penglin, our consolidated variable interest entity, may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that we or CQ Penglin owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.

Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities within ten years after the taxable year when the transactions are conducted. The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law requires every enterprise in China to submit its annual enterprise income tax return together with a report on transactions with its related parties to the relevant tax authorities. The tax authorities may impose reasonable adjustments on taxation if they have identified any related party transactions that are inconsistent with arm’s length principles. We may face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements between Xiangtai WFOE, our wholly-owned subsidiary in China, CQ Penglin, our consolidated variable interest entity in China, and the shareholders of CQ Penglin, were not entered into on an arm’s length basis in such a way as to result in an impermissible reduction in taxes under applicable PRC laws, rules and regulations, and adjust Xiangtai WFOE’s income in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction of expense deductions recorded by CQ Penglin for PRC tax purposes, which could in turn increase its tax liabilities without reducing Xiangtai WFOE’s tax expenses. In addition, if Xiangtai WFOE requests the shareholders of CQ Penglin, as the case may be, to transfer their equity interests in CQ Penglin, as the case may be, at nominal or no value pursuant to these contractual arrangements, such transfer could be viewed as a gift and subject Xiangtai WFOE to PRC income tax. Furthermore, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on CQ Penglin for the adjusted but unpaid taxes according to the applicable regulations. Our financial position could be materially and adversely affected if our consolidated variable interest entity’ tax liabilities increase or if they are required to pay late payment fees and other penalties.

We may lose the ability to use and benefit from assets held by CQ Penglin, our consolidated variable interest entity, that are material to the operation of our business if the entity goes bankrupt or becomes subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.

CQ Penglin, our consolidated variable interest entity, holds certain assets that are material to the operation of our business, including domain names and an ICP license. Under the contractual arrangements, our consolidated variable interest entity may not and its shareholders may not cause it to, in any manner, sell, transfer, mortgage or dispose of its assets or its legal or beneficial interests in the business without our prior consent. However, in the event CQ Penglin’s shareholders breach these contractual arrangements and voluntarily liquidate CQ Penglin, or CQ Penglin declares bankruptcy and all or part of its assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, or are otherwise disposed of without our consent, we may be unable to continue some or all of our business activities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If CQ Penglin undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, independent third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of these assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If the chops of Xiangtai WFOE and GA Yongpeng, our PRC subsidiaries, CQ Penglin, our consolidated variable interest entity, are not kept safely, are stolen or are used by unauthorized persons or for unauthorized purposes, the corporate governance of these entities could be severely and adversely compromised.

In China, a company chop or seal serves as the legal representation of the company towards third parties even when unaccompanied by a signature. Each legally registered company in China is required to maintain a company chop, which must be registered with the local Public Security Bureau. In addition to this mandatory company chop, companies may have several other chops which can be used for specific purposes. The chops of Xiangtai WFOE and GA Yongpeng, our PRC subsidiaries, and CQ Penglin, our consolidated variable interest entity are generally held securely by personnel designated or approved by us in accordance with our internal control procedures. To the extent those chops are not kept safely, are stolen or are used by unauthorized persons or for unauthorized purposes, the corporate governance of these entities could be severely and adversely compromised and those corporate entities may be bound to abide by the terms of any documents so chopped, even if they were chopped by an individual who lacked the requisite power and authority to do so. In addition, if the chops are misused by unauthorized persons, we could experience disruption to our normal business operations. We may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve while distracting management from our operations.

Risks Related to Doing Business in the People’s Republic of China

Changes in political, social and economic policies in any of China, the U.S. or Europe may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our business operations are primarily conducted in China. Accordingly, we are affected by the economic, political and legal environment in China.

In particular, China’s economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the fact that it:

China’s economy has been transitioning from a planned economy towards a more market-oriented economy. However, a substantial portion of productive assets in China remain state-owned and the PRC government exercises a high degree of control over these assets. In addition, the PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating industrial development by imposing industrial policies. For the past three decades, the PRC government has implemented economic reform measures to emphasize the utilization of market forces in economic development.

China’s economy has grown significantly in recent years; however, there can be no assurance that such growth will continue. The PRC government exercises control over China’s economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Some of these measures benefit the overall economy of China, but may also have a negative effect on our business. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us. As such, our future success is, to some extent, dependent on the economic conditions in China, and any significant downturn in market conditions may materially and adversely affect our business prospects, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

China’s legal system is evolving and has inherent uncertainties that could limit the legal protection available to you.

We have all of our operations in China. The legal system of China is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike common law systems, it is a system in which prior court decisions have limited value as precedents. Since 1979, the PRC government has promulgated laws and regulations governing economic matters in general, such as foreign investment, corporate organization and governance, commerce, taxation and trade. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system. Recently-enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, because these laws and regulations are relatively new, and because of the limited volume of published cases and their non-binding nature, interpretation and enforcement of these newer laws and regulations involve greater uncertainties than those in jurisdictions available to you. In addition, China’s legal system is based in part on government policies and administrative rules and many have retroactive effects. We cannot predict the effect of future developments in China’s legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws, or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the pre-emption of local regulations by national laws.

Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of Chinese laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to us.

The PRC legal system is based on written statutes and prior court decisions have limited value as precedents. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published in a timely manner or at all) that may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, and we rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require WOFE to adjust its taxable income under the contractual arrangements they currently have in place with our consolidated variable interest entity in a manner that would materially and adversely affect their ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us. See “— Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure — Contractual arrangements in relation to CQ Penglin, our consolidated variable interest entity, may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that we, or our PRC consolidated variable interest entity, owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.”

Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries, as wholly foreign-owned enterprises in China, may pay dividends only out of their respective accumulated after-tax profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds, until the aggregate amount of such funds reaches 50% of its registered capital. At its discretion, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserve funds and staff welfare and bonus funds are not distributable as cash dividends.

Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business. See also “— If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.”

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our initial public offering and the concurrent private placement to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Under PRC laws and regulations, we are permitted to utilize the proceeds from our initial public offering and the concurrent private placement to fund our PRC subsidiaries by making loans to or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, subject to applicable government registration and approval requirements.

Any loans to our PRC subsidiaries, which are treated as foreign-invested enterprises under PRC laws, are subject to PRC regulations and foreign exchange loan registrations. For example, loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. According to the Interim Measures on the Management of Foreign Debts promulgated by SAFE, the Ministry of Finance and the National Development and Reform Commission on January 8, 2003, the statutory limit for the total amount of foreign debts of a foreign-invested company is the difference between the amount of total investment as approved by the MOC or its local counterpart and the amount of registered capital of such foreign-invested company. According to the Circular of the People’s Bank of China on Matters relating to the Comprehensive Macro-prudential Management of Cross-border Financing issued by the People’s Bank of China in January 2017, or Circular 9, the maximum amount of foreign debt that each of our PRC subsidiaries or our consolidated variable interest entity is allowed to borrow is two times of their respective net assets as indicated in their respective latest audited financial reports. Pursuant to circular 9 and other PRC laws and regulations regarding foreign debt, within a one-year grace period starting from January 11, 2017, the statutory limit for the total amount of foreign debt of a foreign-invested company, which is subject to its own election, is either the difference between the amount of total investment and the amount of registered capital as approved by the MOC or its local counterpart, or two times of their respective net assets. With respect to our consolidated variable interest entity, the limit for the total amount of foreign debt is two times of its respective net assets pursuant to circular 9. Moreover, according to Notice of the National Development and Reform Commission on Promoting the Administrative Reform of the Recordation and Registration System for Enterprises’ Issuance of Foreign Debts issued by the National Development and Reform Commission in September 2015, any loans we extend to our consolidated variable interest entity for more than one year must be filed with the National Development and Reform Commission or its local counterpart and must also be registered with SAFE or its local branches.

We may also decide to finance our PRC subsidiaries by means of capital contributions. These capital contributions must be approved by the MOC or its local counterpart. On March 30, 2015, SAFE promulgated Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or Circular 19, which expands a pilot reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of foreign-invested enterprises nationwide. Circular 19 came into force and replaced both previous Circular 142 and Circular 36 on June 1, 2015. On June 9, 2016, SAFE promulgated Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts, or Circular 16, to further expand and strengthen such reform. Under Circular 19 and Circular 16, foreign-invested enterprises in the PRC are allowed to use their foreign exchange funds under capital accounts and RMB funds from exchange settlement for expenditure under current accounts within its business scope or expenditure under capital accounts permitted by laws and regulations, except that such funds shall not be used for (i) expenditure beyond the enterprise’s business scope or expenditure prohibited by laws and regulations; (ii) investments in securities or other investments than principal-secured products issued by banks; (iii) granting loans to non-affiliated enterprises, except where it is expressly permitted in the business license; and (iv) construction or purchase of real estate for purposes other than self-use (except for real estate enterprises). In addition, SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency registered capital of a foreign-invested company. The use of such RMB capital may not be altered without SAFE’s approval, and such RMB capital may not in any case be used to repay RMB loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used. Violations of these circulars could result in severe monetary or other penalties. These circulars may significantly limit our ability to use RMB converted from the cash provided by our offshore financing activities to fund the establishment of new entities in China by our PRC subsidiaries, to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies through our PRC subsidiaries, or to establish new variable interest entities in the PRC.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans to our PRC subsidiaries or future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we expect to receive from our initial public offering and our private placement and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the price of our ordinary shares.

Substantially all of our revenues and expenditures are denominated in RMB, whereas our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. As a result, fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and RMB will affect the relative purchasing power in RMB terms of our U.S. dollar assets and the proceeds from our initial public offering. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar while the functional currency for our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated variable interest entity is RMB. Gains and losses from the remeasurement of assets and liabilities that are receivable or payable in RMB are included in our consolidated statements of operations. The remeasurement has caused the U.S. dollar value of our results of operations to vary with exchange rate fluctuations, and the U.S. dollar value of our results of operations will continue to vary with exchange rate fluctuations. A fluctuation in the value of RMB relative to the U.S. dollar could reduce our profits from operations and the translated value of our net assets when reported in U.S. dollars in our financial statements. This could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations as reported in U.S. dollars. If we decide to convert our RMB into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. In addition, fluctuations in currencies relative to the periods in which the earnings are generated may make it more difficult to perform period-to-period comparisons of our reported results of operations.

The value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions and China’s foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S. dollar, and the RMB appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. However, the PBOC regularly intervenes in the foreign exchange market to limit fluctuations in RMB exchange rates and achieve policy goals. During the period between July 2008 and June 2010, the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar had been stable and traded within a narrow range. Since June 2010, the RMB has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. Since October 1, 2016, Renminbi has joined the International Monetary Fund (IMF)’s basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right (SDR), along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the RMB has depreciated significantly in the backdrop of a surging U.S. dollar and persistent capital outflows of China. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system and we cannot assure you that the Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

There remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt a flexible currency policy. Any significant appreciation or depreciation of the RMB may materially and adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ordinary shares in U.S. dollars. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from our initial public offering into RMB to pay our operating expenses, appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, a significant depreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar may significantly reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent of our earnings, which in turn could adversely affect the price of our ordinary shares.

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert RMB into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on the price of our ordinary shares.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our net revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our net revenues in RMB. Under our current corporate structure, our company in the Cayman Islands relies on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our PRC subsidiaries are able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from SAFE, subject to the condition that the remittance of such dividends outside of the PRC complies with certain procedures under PRC foreign exchange regulation, such as the overseas investment registrations by the beneficial owners of our company who are PRC residents. But approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies.

In light of the flood of capital outflows of China in 2016 due to the weakening RMB, the PRC government has imposed more restrictive foreign exchange policies and stepped up scrutiny of major outbound capital movement. More restrictions and substantial vetting process are put in place by SAFE to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders.

We must remit the offering proceeds to PRC before they may be used to benefit our business in the PRC, and this process may take a number of months.

The proceeds of this offering must be sent back to the PRC, and the process for sending such proceeds back to the PRC may take several months after the closing of this offering. We may be unable to use these proceeds to grow our business until we receive such proceeds in the PRC. In order to remit the offering proceeds to the PRC, we will take the following actions:

First, we will open a special foreign exchange account for capital account transactions. To open this account, we must submit to State Administration for Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”) certain application forms, identity documents, transaction documents, form of foreign exchange registration of overseas investments by domestic residents, and foreign exchange registration certificate of the invested company.

Second, we will remit the offering proceeds into this special foreign exchange account.

Third, we will apply for settlement of the foreign exchange. In order to do so, we must submit to SAFE certain application forms, identity documents, payment order to a designated person, and a tax certificate.

The timing of the process is difficult to estimate because the efficiencies of different SAFE branches can vary materially. Ordinarily, the process takes several months to complete but is required by law to be accomplished within 180 days of application. Until the abovementioned approvals, the proceeds of this offering will be maintained in an interest-bearing account maintained by us in the United States.

Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.

We are required under PRC laws and regulations to participate in various government sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of our employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time at locations where we operate our businesses. The requirement of employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations.

Currently, we are making contributions to the plans based on the minimum standards although the PRC laws required such contributions to be based on the actual employee salaries up to a maximum amount specified by the local government. Therefore, in our consolidated financial statements, we have made an estimate and accrued a provision in relation to the potential make-up of our contributions for these plans as well as to pay late contribution fees and fines. If we are subject to late contribution fees or fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

The M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in August 2006 and amended in 2009, and some other regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the MOC be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law requires that the MOC shall be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered. In addition, the security review rules issued by the MOC that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the MOC, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the MOC or its local counterparts may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to liability and penalties under PRC law.

SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, in July 2014 that requires PRC residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, such PRC residents or entities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information (including change of such PRC citizens or residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions. SAFE Circular 37 is issued to replace the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents Engaging in Financing and Roundtrip Investments via Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75. SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment in February 2015, which took effect on June 1, 2015. This notice has amended SAFE Circular 37 requiring PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks rather than SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing.

If our shareholders who are PRC residents or entities do not complete their registration as required, our PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration described above could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

Ms. Zeshu Dai entered into an entrustment agreement with Magic Pace Limited, who is currently the sole shareholder of China Meitai Food Co., Ltd. According to the Entrustment Agreement, Magic Pace Limited entrusted its voting power, personnel appointment power and other power related to operating and managing of China Meitai Food Co., Ltd., and therefore effectively the control of our company, to Ms. Dai to the extent permitted by the laws of the British Virgin Islands.

Ms. Dai also entered into a call option agreement with Magic Pace Limited. Pursuant to the call option agreement, Magic Pace Limited granted Ms. Dai an option to acquire 97.74% of the shares of China Meitai Food Co., Ltd. upon the closing of the initial public offering of the Company. Upon excising the option Ms. Dai will own 62.73% shares of the Company through China Meitai Food Co., Ltd.

Because there are no guidelines or rulings in respect of the arrangements under the call option agreement and the entrustment agreement between Magic Pace Limited and Ms. Dai, our PRC lawyer suggested it may not be deemed as associated with the acquisition of the special purpose vehicle (“SPV”) and Ms. Dai has no liability to register the arrangements according to Circular 37 with a qualified local bank. However, if the local SAFE dissented our PRC counsel’s opinion on the arrangement Magic Pace Limited and Ms. Dai, Ms. Dai may be requested by local SAFE to register retrospectively pursuant to Circular 37 and may be subject to administrative punishment pursuant to the related law.

However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents or entities holding direct or indirect interest in our company, nor can we compel our beneficial owners to comply with SAFE registration requirements. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE regulations. Failure by such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued a circular, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners like us, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

We believe none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. See “Material Tax Consequences Applicable to U.S. Holders of Our Ordinary Shares - People’s Republic of China Taxation.” However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” As substantially all of our management members are based in China, it remains unclear how the tax residency rule will apply to our case. If the PRC tax authorities determine that China Xiangtai Food Co., Ltd. or any of our subsidiaries outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, then China Xiangtai Food Co., Ltd. or such subsidiary could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on its world-wide income, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we will also be subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. Furthermore, if the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, gains realized on the sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares may be subject to PRC tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if such gains are deemed to be from PRC sources. It is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on the investment in our ordinary shares.

We may not be able to obtain certain benefits under relevant tax treaty on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries to us through our Hong Kong subsidiaries.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands and as such rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiaries to satisfy part of our liquidity requirements. Pursuant to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, a withholding tax rate of 10% currently applies to dividends paid by a PRC “resident enterprise” to a foreign enterprise investor, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for preferential tax treatment. Pursuant to the Arrangement between the Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, or the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement, such withholding tax rate may be lowered to 5% if a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns no less than 25% of a PRC enterprise. Furthermore, the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Enterprises to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties, which became effective in August 2015, require non-resident enterprises to determine whether they are qualified to enjoy the preferential tax treatment under the tax treaties and file relevant report and materials with the tax authorities. There are also other conditions for enjoying the reduced withholding tax rate according to other relevant tax rules and regulations. See “Material Tax Consequences Applicable to U.S. Holders of Our Ordinary Shares — People’s Republic of China Taxation.” As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, we did not record any withholding tax on the retained earnings of our subsidiaries in the PRC    as we intended to re-invest all earnings generated from our PRC subsidiaries for the operation and expansion of our business in China, and we intend to continue this practice in the foreseeable future. Should our tax policy change to allow for offshore distribution of our earnings, we would be subject to a significant withholding tax. We cannot assure you that our determination regarding our qualification to enjoy the preferential tax treatment will not be challenged by the relevant tax authority or we will be able to complete the necessary filings with the relevant tax authority and enjoy the preferential withholding tax rate of 5% under the Double Taxation Arrangement with respect to dividends to be paid by our PRC subsidiaries to Keen Point and Fortunes Capital HK, our Hong Kong subsidiaries.

Enhanced scrutiny over acquisition transactions by the PRC tax authorities may have a negative impact on potential acquisitions we may pursue in the future.

The PRC tax authorities have enhanced their scrutiny over the direct or indirect transfer of certain taxable assets, including, in particular, equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by a non-resident enterprise by promulgating and implementing SAT Circular 59 and Circular 698, which became effective in January 2008, and a Circular 7 in replacement of some of the existing rules in Circular 698, which became effective in February 2015.

Under Circular 698, where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the equity interests of a PRC “resident enterprise” indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, if the indirect transfer is considered to be an abusive use of company structure without reasonable commercial purposes. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of up to 10%. Circular 698 also provides that, where a non-PRC resident enterprise transfers its equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise to its related parties at a price lower than the fair market value, the relevant tax authority has the power to make a reasonable adjustment to the taxable income of the transaction.

In February 2015, the SAT issued Circular 7 to replace the rules relating to indirect transfers in Circular 698. Circular 7 has introduced a new tax regime that is significantly different from that under Circular 698. Circular 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to not only indirect transfers set forth under Circular 698 but also transactions involving transfer of other taxable assets, through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, Circular 7 provides clearer criteria than Circular 698 on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. Circular 7 also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of the taxable assets. Where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise being the transferor, or the transferee, or the PRC entity which directly owned the taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise.

We face uncertainties on the reporting and consequences on future private equity financing transactions, share exchange or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises. The PRC tax authorities may pursue such non-resident enterprises with respect to a filing or the transferees with respect to withholding obligation, and request our PRC subsidiaries to assist in the filing. As a result, we and non-resident enterprises in such transactions may become at risk of being subject to filing obligations or being taxed, under Circular 59 or Circular 698 and Circular 7, and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Circular 59, Circular 698 and Circular 7 or to establish that we and our non-resident enterprises should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The PRC tax authorities have the discretion under SAT Circular 59, Circular 698 and Circular 7 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the taxable assets transferred and the cost of investment. Although we currently have no plans to pursue any acquisitions in China or elsewhere in the world, we may pursue acquisitions in the future that may involve complex corporate structures. If we are considered a non-resident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and if the PRC tax authorities make adjustments to the taxable income of the transactions under SAT Circular 59 or Circular 698 and Circular 7, our income tax costs associated with such potential acquisitions will be increased, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Initial Public Offering and Ownership of Our Ordinary Shares

Our Chief Executive Officer Zeshu Dai will continue to have significant influence over us after this offering, including control over decisions that require the approval of shareholders, which could limit your ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to shareholders for a vote.

Zeshu Dai is deemed to beneficially own 13,000,000 shares of our ordinary shares through China Meitai Food Co., Ltd., a British Virgin Islands company. Ms. Dai controls 97.74% equity interest of China Meitai Food Co., Ltd., which holds 13,300,000 of our ordinary shares. Zeshu Dai is deemed to beneficially own 62.73% of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares as of the date of this prospectus. As long as Zeshu Dai owns or control a significant amount of our outstanding voting power, she has the ability to exercise substantial control over all corporate actions requiring shareholder approval, irrespective of how our other shareholders may vote, including:

Moreover, beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares by Zeshu Dai may also adversely affect the trading price for our ordinary shares to the extent investors perceive disadvantages in owning shares of a company with a controlling shareholder.

We will incur additional costs as a result of becoming a public company, which could negatively impact our net income and liquidity.

Upon completion of this offering, we will become a public company in the United States. As a public company, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. In addition, Sarbanes-Oxley and rules and regulations implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq Capital Market require significantly heightened corporate governance practices for public companies. We expect that these rules and regulations will increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs and will make many corporate activities more time-consuming and costly.

We do not expect to incur materially greater costs as a result of becoming a public company than those incurred by similarly sized U.S. public companies. If we fail to comply with these rules and regulations, we could become the subject of a governmental enforcement action, investors may lose confidence in us and the market price of our Ordinary Shares could decline.

The obligation to disclose information publicly may put us at a disadvantage to competitors that are private companies.

Upon completion of this offering, we will be a publicly listed company in the United States. As a publicly listed company, we will be required to file periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission upon the occurrence of matters that are material to our company and shareholders. In some cases, we will need to disclose material agreements or results of financial operations that we would not be required to disclose if we were a private company. Our competitors may have access to this information, which would otherwise be confidential. This may give them advantages in competing with our company. Similarly, as a U.S.-listed public company, we will be governed by U.S. laws that our competitors, which are mostly private Chinese companies, are not required to follow. To the extent compliance with U.S. laws increases our expenses or decreases our competitiveness against such companies, our public listing could affect our results of operations.

We are a “foreign private issuer,” and our disclosure obligations differ from those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. As a result, we may not provide you the same information as U.S. domestic reporting companies or we may provide information at different times, which may make it more difficult for you to evaluate our performance and prospects.

We are a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we are not subject to the same requirements as U.S. domestic issuers. Under the Exchange Act, we will be subject to reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. For example, we will not be required to issue quarterly reports or proxy statements. We will not be required to disclose detailed individual executive compensation information. Furthermore, our directors and executive officers will not be required to report equity holdings under Section 16 of the Exchange Act and will not be subject to the insider short-swing profit disclosure and recovery regime.

As a foreign private issuer, we will also be exempt from the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) which, generally, are meant to ensure that select groups of investors are not privy to specific information about an issuer before other investors. However, we will still be subject to the anti-fraud and anti-manipulation rules of the SEC, such as Rule 10b-5 under the Exchange Act. Since many of the disclosure obligations imposed on us as a foreign private issuer differ from those imposed on U.S. domestic reporting companies, you should not expect to receive the same information about us and at the same time as the information provided by U.S. domestic reporting companies.

We are an “emerging growth company,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Ordinary Shares less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although we could lose that status sooner if our revenues exceed $1 billion, if we issue more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt in a three-year period, or if the market value of our Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of any June 30 before that time, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following June 30. We cannot predict if investors will find our Ordinary Shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Ordinary Shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Ordinary Shares and our stock price may be more volatile.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail our company of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in net revenues for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting and permission to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. However, we have elected to “opt out” of the provision that allow us to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards as required when they are adopted for public companies. This decision to opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act is irrevocable.

We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against the company following periods of instability in the market price of that company’s securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources and divert management’s attention.

As a public company, we will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, the listing requirements of the securities exchange on which we list, and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Despite recent reforms made possible by the JOBS Act, compliance with these rules and regulations will nonetheless increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and operating results.

As a result of disclosure of information in this prospectus and in filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition will become more visible, which we believe may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and operating results could be harmed, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and adversely affect our business, brand and reputation and results of operations.

We also expect that being a public company and these new rules and regulations will make it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee and compensation committee, and qualified executive officers.

The market price of our Ordinary Shares may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the initial public offering price.

The initial public offering price for our Ordinary Shares will be determined through negotiations between the Underwriter and us and may vary from the market price of our Ordinary Shares following our initial public offering. If you purchase our Ordinary Shares in our initial public offering, you may not be able to resell those shares at or above the initial public offering price. We cannot assure you that the initial public offering price of our Ordinary Shares, or the market price following our initial public offering, will equal or exceed prices in privately negotiated transactions of our shares that have occurred from time to time prior to our initial public offering. The market price of our Ordinary Shares may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. Stock prices of many companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, stockholders have filed securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business, and adversely affect our business.

Future issuances or sales, or perceived issuances or sales, of substantial amounts of Shares in the public market could materially and adversely affect the prevailing market price of the Shares and our ability to raise capital in the future.

The market price of our Shares could decline as a result of future sales of substantial amounts of Shares or other securities relating to the Shares in the public market, including by the Company’s substantial shareholders, or the issuance of new Shares by the Company, or the perception that such sales or issuances may occur. Future sales, or perceived sales, of substantial amounts of the Shares could also materially and adversely affect our ability to raise capital in the future at a time and at a price favorable to us, and our Shareholders will experience dilution in their holdings upon our issuance or sale of additional securities in the future.

We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from our initial public offering and may not use them effectively.

To the extent (i) we raise more money than required for the purposes explained in the section titled “Use of Proceeds” or (ii) we determine that the proposed uses set forth in that section are no longer in the best interests of our Company, we cannot specify with any certainty the particular uses of such net proceeds that we will receive from our initial public offering. Our management will have broad discretion in the application of such net proceeds, including working capital, possible acquisitions, and other general corporate purposes, and we may spend or invest these proceeds in a way with which our shareholders disagree. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could harm our business and financial condition. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from our initial public offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

Future financing may cause a dilution in your shareholding or place restrictions on our operations.

We may need to raise additional funds in the future to finance further expansion of our capacity and business relating to our existing operations, acquisitions or strategic partnerships. If additional funds are raised through the issuance of new equity or equity-linked securities of the Company other than on a pro rata basis to existing Shareholders, the percentage ownership of such Shareholders in the Company may be reduced, and such new securities may confer rights and privileges that take priority over those conferred by the Shares. Alternatively, if we meet such funding requirements by way of additional debt financing, we may have restrictions placed on us through such debt financing arrangements which may:

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, you may only receive a return on your investment in our Ordinary Shares if the market price of our Ordinary Shares increases.

There may not be an active, liquid trading market for our Ordinary Shares.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our Ordinary Shares. An active trading market for our Ordinary Shares may not develop or be sustained following this offering. You may not be able to sell your shares at the market price, if at all, if trading in our shares is not active. The initial public offering price was determined by negotiations between us and the Underwriter based upon a number of factors. The initial public offering price may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the trading market.

Investors risk loss of use of funds allocated for purchases, with no right of return, during the offering period.

We cannot assure you that all or any shares will be sold. Boustead Securities, LLC, our Underwriter, is offering our shares on a “best efforts, minimum-maximum basis.” We have no firm commitment from anyone to purchase all or any of the shares offered. If offers to purchase a minimum of 1,000,000 shares are not received on or before 180 days from the Effective Date (and for a period of up to 45 additional days if extended by agreement of the Company and the Underwriter), escrow provisions require that all funds received be promptly refunded. If refunded, investors will receive no interest on their funds. During the offering period, investors will not have any use or right to return of the funds.

Shares eligible for future sale may adversely affect the market price of our Ordinary Shares, as the future sale of a substantial amount of outstanding Ordinary Shares in the public marketplace could reduce the price of our Ordinary Shares.

The market price of our shares could decline as a result of sales of substantial amounts of our shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur. In addition, these factors could make it more difficult for us to raise funds through future offerings of our Ordinary Shares. 23,791,667 shares will be outstanding immediately after this offering, if the maximum offering is raised. All of the shares sold in the offering will be freely transferable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act. The remaining shares will be “restricted securities” as defined in Rule 144. These shares may be sold in the future without registration under the Securities Act to the extent permitted by Rule 144 or other exemptions under the Securities Act. See “Shares Eligible for Future Sale.”

You will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

The initial public offering price of our shares is substantially higher than the pro forma net tangible book value per share of our Ordinary Shares. Assuming the completion of the minimum offering, if you purchase shares in this offering, you will incur immediate dilution of approximately $4.10 or approximately 82.0% in the pro forma net tangible book value per share from the price per share that you pay for the shares. Assuming the completion of the maximum offering, if you purchase shares in this offering, you will incur immediate dilution of approximately $3.78 or approximately 75.6% in the pro forma net tangible book value per share from the price per share that you pay for the Ordinary Shares. Accordingly, if you purchase shares in this offering, you will incur immediate and substantial dilution of your investment. See “Dilution.”  

Our internal controls over financial reporting may not be effective and our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to certify as to their effectiveness, which could have a significant and adverse effect on our business and reputation.

Prior to this offering, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal controls and procedures. We will be in a continuing process of developing, establishing, and maintaining internal controls and procedures that will allow our management to report on, and our independent registered public accounting firm to attest to, our internal controls over financial reporting if and when required to do so under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Although our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act until the date we are no longer an emerging growth company, our management will be required to report on our internal controls over financial reporting under Section 404. If we fail to achieve and maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, we would not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or operating. Moreover, our testing, or the subsequent testing by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal other material weaknesses or that the material weaknesses described above have not been fully remediated. If we do not remediate the material weaknesses described above, or if other material weaknesses are identified or we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, our reported financial results could be materially misstated or could subsequently require restatement, we could receive an adverse opinion regarding our internal controls over financial reporting from our independent registered public accounting firm and we could be subject to investigations or sanctions by regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources, and the market price of our stock could decline.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We conduct substantially all of our operations in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, a majority of our directors and executive officers reside within China, and most of the assets of these persons are located within China. As a result, it may be difficult, impractical or impossible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon us or these individuals, or to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of the PRC may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

Any judgment obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States will be recognized and enforced in the courts of the Cayman Islands at common law, without any re-examination of the merits of the underlying dispute, by an action commenced on the foreign judgment debt in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands (the “Grand Court”) if (a) the judgment was given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction, (b) our company either submitted to the jurisdiction of the foreign court or was resident and carrying on business in the jurisdiction and was duly served with process, (c) the judgment was final and conclusive, (d) the judgment was not in respect of taxes, a fine or a penalty or similar fiscal or revenue obligations imposed on our company, and (e) the judgment was not obtained by fraud and is not of a kind the recognition and enforcement of which would be contrary to the principles of natural justice or public policy in the Cayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from the U.S. courts under civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments that are penal or punitive in nature. It is uncertain whether such civil liability judgments from U.S. courts would be enforceable in the Cayman Islands.

The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other forms of reciprocity with the United States that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, the PRC courts will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our director and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC laws or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Law (2018 Revision) of the Cayman Islands (the “Cayman Islands Companies Law”) and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands (other than decisions of the Privy Council in appeals from the Cayman Islands courts). The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder resolution or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

There can be no assurance that we will not be passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could subject United States investors in our Ordinary Shares to significant adverse United States income tax consequences.

We will be a “passive foreign investment company,” or “PFIC,” if, in any particular taxable year, either (a) 75% or more of our gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (b) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of our assets (as determined on the basis of fair market value) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”). Although the law in this regard is unclear, we intend to treat CQ Penglin as being owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes, not only because we exercise effective control over the operation of these entities but also because we are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits, and, as a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated financial statements. Assuming that we are the owner of CQ Penglin for United States federal income tax purposes, and based upon our income and assets, including goodwill, and the value of our ordinary shares, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and do not anticipate becoming a PFIC in the foreseeable future.

While we do not expect to become a PFIC, because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test may be determined by reference to the market price of our ordinary shares, fluctuations in the market price of our Ordinary Shares may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years. The determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC will also depend, in part, on the composition of our income and assets, which may be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in our initial public offering. If we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes or if it were determined that we do not own the stock of CQ Penglin for United States federal income tax purposes, our risk of being a PFIC may substantially increase. Because there are uncertainties in the application of the relevant rules and PFIC status is a factual determination made annually after the close of each taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year.

If we are a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. holder (as defined in “Material Tax Consequences Applicable to U.S. Holders of Our Ordinary Shares — United States Federal Income Tax Considerations”) may incur significantly increased United States income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of the Ordinary Shares and on the receipt of distributions on the Ordinary Shares to the extent such gain or distribution is treated as an “excess distribution” under the United States federal income tax rules and such holder may be subject to burdensome reporting requirements. Further, if we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. holder holds our ordinary shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. holder holds our ordinary shares. For more information see “Material Tax Consequences Applicable to U.S. Holders of Our Ordinary Shares — United States Federal Income Tax Considerations — Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations.”

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements. All statements contained in this prospectus other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, our business strategy and plans, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in the “Risk Factors” section. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this prospectus may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements. Except as required by applicable law, we undertake no duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this prospectus or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations.

USE OF PROCEEDS

After deducting the estimated placement discount and offering expenses payable by us, we expect to receive net proceeds of approximately $4.1 million from this offering if the minimum offering is sold and approximately $13.5 million if the maximum offering is sold. The net proceeds from this offering must be remitted to China before we will be able to use the funds to grow our business. The procedure to remit funds may take several months after completion of this offering, and we will be unable to use the funds in China until remittance is completed. See “Risk Factors — We must remit the offering proceeds to PRC before they may be used to benefit our business in the PRC, and this process may take a number of months.”

We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering as follows after we complete the remittance process, and we have ordered the specific uses of proceeds in order of priority. We do not expect that our priorities for fund allocation would change if the amount we raise in this offering exceeds the size of the minimum offering but is less than the maximum offering. We expect to devote any funds raised over the minimum offering amount to our working capital needs, including devoting further resources to the below uses of proceeds. If we were to raise an amount between the minimum and maximum offerings, the percentage of net proceeds allocated for each use as described below will remain unchanged.

DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our Ordinary Shares. We anticipate that we will retain any earnings to support operations and to finance the growth and development of our business. Therefore, we do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, capital requirements, financial conditions and future prospects and other factors the Board of Directors may deem relevant.

Under our articles of association and the Cayman Islands Companies Law, we may only pay dividends (A) out of profits, (B) out of our share premium account, provided that we are able to pay our debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business immediately after the dividend payment.

If we determine to pay dividends on any of our Ordinary Shares in the future, as a holding company, we will be dependent on receipt of funds from our operating subsidiaries. Dividend distributions from our PRC subsidiaries to us are subject to PRC taxes, such as withholding tax. In addition, regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends of a PRC company only out of accumulated distributable after-tax profits as determined in accordance with its articles of association and the accounting standards and regulations in China. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in the People’s Republic of China — We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”

EXCHANGE RATE INFORMATION

Our financial information is presented in U.S. dollars. Our functional currency is Renminbi (“RMB”), the currency of the PRC. Transactions which are denominated in currencies other than RMB are translated into RMB at the exchange rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China at the dates of the transactions. Exchange gains and losses resulting from transactions denominated in a currency other than the RMB are included in statements of operations as foreign currency transaction gains or losses. Our financial statements have been translated into U.S. dollars in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (“SFAS”) No. 52, “Foreign Currency Translation”, which was subsequently codified within Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 830, “Foreign Currency Matters”. The financial information is first prepared in RMB and then is translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates as to assets and liabilities and average exchange rates as to revenue and expenses. Capital accounts are translated at their historical exchange rates when the capital transactions occurred. The effects of foreign currency translation adjustments are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity. The relevant exchange rates are listed below:

Translation adjustments included in accumulated other comprehensive loss amounted to $(41,025) and $(174,578) as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The balance sheet amounts, with the exception of shareholders’ equity at June 30, 2018 and 2017 were translated at 6.62 RMB and 6.78 RMB to $1.00, respectively. The shareholders’ equity accounts were stated at their historical rate. The average translation rates applied to statement of income accounts for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were 6.51 RMB, 6.81 RMB and 6.43 RMB to $1.00, respectively. Cash flows are also translated at average translation rates for the periods, therefore, amounts reported on the statement of cash flows will not necessarily agree with changes in the corresponding balances on the consolidated balance sheet.

We make no representation that any RMB or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of RMB into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade. We do not currently engage in currency hedging transactions.

CAPITALIZATION

The following tables set forth our capitalization as of June 30, 2018 on a pro forma as adjusted basis giving effect to the sale of the minimum and maximum offering at the public offering price of $5.00 per share and to reflect the application of the proceeds after deducting the estimated placement fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Furthermore, the pro forma as adjusted basis also giving effect to the sale of the 791,667 ordinary shares through private placements in March, June and September 2018 with net proceeds of approximately $2.0 million.

You should read this table in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and “Use of Proceeds” and “Description of Share Capital.”

Minimum Offering (1,000,000 Ordinary Shares)

U.S. Dollars

June 30, 2018

Maximum Offering (3,000,000 Ordinary Share)

U.S. Dollars 

June 30, 2018

DILUTION

If you invest in our Ordinary Shares, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per Ordinary Share and the pro forma net tangible book value per Ordinary Share after the offering. Dilution results from the fact that the per Ordinary Share offering price is substantially in excess of the book value per Ordinary Share attributable to the existing shareholders for our presently outstanding Ordinary Shares. Our net tangible book value attributable to shareholders at June 30, 2018, including the consideration of the sale of the 791,667 ordinary shares through private placements in March, June and September 2018, was approximately $14.0 million or $0.75 per Ordinary Share. Net tangible book value per Ordinary Share as of June 30, 2018 represents the amount of total assets less intangible assets and total liabilities, divided by the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding.

If the minimum offering is sold, we will have 21,791,667 Ordinary Shares outstanding upon completion of the offering. Our post offering pro forma net tangible book value, which gives effect to receipt of the net proceeds from the offering and issuance of additional shares in the offering, but does not take into consideration any other changes in our net tangible book value after June 30, 2018, will be approximately $19.6 million or $0.90 per Ordinary Share. This would result in dilution to investors in this offering of approximately $4.10 per Ordinary Share from the offering price of $5.00 per Ordinary Share. Net tangible book value per Ordinary Share would increase to the benefit of present shareholders by $0.15 per share attributable to the purchase of the Ordinary Shares by investors in this offering.

If the maximum offering is sold, we will have 23,791,667 Ordinary Shares outstanding upon completion of the offering. Our post offering pro forma net tangible book value, which gives effect to receipt of the net proceeds from the offering and issuance of additional shares in the offering, but does not take into consideration any other changes in our net tangible book value after June 30, 2018, will be approximately $29.0 million or $1.22 per Ordinary Share. This would result in dilution to investors in this offering of approximately $3.78 per Ordinary Share from the offering price of $5.00 per Ordinary Share. Net tangible book value per Ordinary Share would increase to the benefit of present shareholders by $0.47 per share attributable to the purchase of the Ordinary Shares by investors in this offering.

The following table sets forth the estimated net tangible book value per Ordinary Share after the offering and the dilution to persons purchasing Ordinary Shares based on the foregoing minimum and maximum offering assumptions.

POST-OFFERING OWNERSHIP

The following chart illustrates our pro forma proportionate ownership, upon completion of the offering under alternative minimum and maximum offering assumptions, by present shareholders and investors in this offering, compared to the relative amounts paid by each. The charts reflect payment by present shareholders as of the date the consideration was received and by investors in this offering at the offering price without deduction of commissions or expenses. The charts further assume no changes in net tangible book value other than those resulting from the offering.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes that appear in this prospectus. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this prospectus, particularly in “Risk Factors.” All amounts in included in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (“Annual Financial Statements”) are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. These Annual Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or US GAAP.

Overview

We are a meat processing company that has operations across key sectors of the industry value chain involving processing of meat products. We are engaged in slaughtering, processing, packing, and selling various processed meat products. We are committed to providing consumers with high-quality, nutritious and tasty products through our portfolio of trusted and well-known brands and to driving consumption trends, while setting a high industry standard in product quality and food safety. We can efficiently match supply with demand and benefit from the strong industry trends in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC” or “China”).

Our key operating revenues are driven by two type of markets: 1) supermarket revenues and 2) farmers’ market revenues. Our supermarket revenues are mainly driven from the seven supermarkets or hypermarkets (collectively as “supermarkets” herein) that we have cooperation with, where these supermarkets would provide us with store spaces in the supermarkets to put our fresh killed meats and processed marinated fresh meats products in designated counters for purchase. Our famers’ market revenues are mainly driven from our hog production which we purchase live hogs for slaughtering and sell them to wholesale distributors or individual sellers that will ultimately sell them in farmers’ markets. We also separate out the hogs’ byproduct, such as hog hair, hog blood, hog intestines, hog feet and hog heads and sell them separately to the wholesale distributors or individual sellers.

Our fresh killed meat and processed marinated meat products have entered some of the large supermarkets in the city of Chongqing, Sichuan province and Guangdong province, such as Chongqing New Century, Sichuan Yonghui, Chongqing Lotte Mart, Chongqing Carrefour, Shenzhen Renrenlei and so forth. And we are seeking to open up other business lines, such as running our own supermarket, to extend our business chain in major cities of China in the near future. On July 2, 2018, we acquired an entity that operated two grocery stores under common control of Ms. Zeshu Dai, our CEO, and her spouse in the city of Chongqing. The operations of these two grocery stores started in November 2017. The acquisition price was at the carrying value of the stores for a total of approximately $0.9 million (RMB 5,949,052).

We own the only Level A slaughtering house, the highest rating available, in the county of Linshui, in the Sichuan province, approved and recognized by the Commercial Bureau of Sichuan. In China, only the fresh skilled hogs slaughtered at a Level A slaughtering house can be freely traded at any farmers’ market in China. We ensure that the live hogs that we purchase are originally from well-known big hog farms located in different cities in southern China and use an 80% automated standard modern line to slaughter, process and pack. Every live hog will be examined by the local Food Safety Administration (“FSA”) officers for illness at our slaughtering house before can be slaughtered and throughout the slaughtering process. Dead and ill hogs will be processed by a high-temperature method and buried as soon as discovered. In addition, the whole slaughtering process is also observed and regulated daily by the local FSA officers. Besides the modern slaughtering line, we have a full set of modern recycling system to reduce sewage and harmful waste to the lowest level as we care our environment as much as our business. All our fresh hog products sold at farmers’ market were produced and sold to our wholesale distributors or individual sellers on the same day, the wholesale distributors then resell them to contracted small distributors as soon as they received the products, and the small distributors and individual sellers resell to end buyers also on the same day to keep the freshness.

We have strict quality control systems in each process of our value chain, from production through sales and distribution. These objectives are grounded in our sustainability program, which focuses on key areas such as employee welfare, the environment, food safety and quality, helping communities and value creation. We foster a strong culture of innovation, which allows us to adapt to evolving consumer preferences. We have a proven track record of launching successful new products that help drive our revenue growth and increase our margins in each of our key markets. So far we have received many national or local honors, including "Honest and Trustworthy Seller", “Annual Sales Star”, “Best Partner,” and “First Place in Fresh Grocery” from New Century Department Store, “Industrial Leading Enterprise” from Chongqing City Fuling District government, “Vice President Entity” from Chongqing Tongchuan Chamber of Commerce. We won these awards and honors because we have had a close and successful working relationship with big supermarkets and department stores that we have effectively discharged our sales and marketing effort, and that we penetrated deep into the meat market in Chongqing City. 

Key Factors that Affect Operating Results

PRC Pork Industry

The rapid growth of the PRC pork industry has been driven largely by robust economic growth, continued urbanization and rising disposable income. China is the largest pork production and consumption market in the world, comprising 47.92% and 50.06% of the global production and consumption markets respectively in 2016. Pork is deeply rooted in Chinese culture and diet, and comprised 60.0% of China’s meat consumption in 2016. Although PRC pork production volume has historically grown at a steady rate, a gap has consistently existed between the supply and demand of pork. Pork consumption is expected to grow at a comparatively faster compound annual growth rate (“CAGR”) of 3.08% compared to pork production with a CAGR of 3.01% from 2012 to 2018, leading to a widening supply shortfall. Therefore, it is expected that the volume of PRC pork imports will continue to rise.

The key drivers of the PRC pork industry can be analyzed in terms of demand and supply. The growing demand for fresh pork and packaged pork products is attributable to the rise in disposable income and living standards, continuing urbanization, expansion of middle class, the important role of animal protein in food consumption, the importance of pork as a source of animal protein and increasing demand for high quality and safe products. As a result of changing consumer behavior and growing demand, producers are experiencing accelerated industry concentration and a trend toward vertical integration.

The key drivers of the PRC pork industry have given rise to a number of key trends. In the fresh pork market, chilled fresh pork is expected to become a key product category, driven by its perceived higher quality. In addition, modern retailers in the PRC, such as supermarkets and hypermarkets, are expected to gradually increase in significance in food retail markets, especially in more developed urban areas, as a result of better hygiene and more comfortable environment compared to traditional farmers’ markets. Brand image is playing a more important role in the pork industry, particularly as it relates to the perception of better food safety and higher product quality. The demand for packaged pork products has increased, driven by the improvements in the PRC economy and greater influence of western dietary habits. Consumers are placing greater importance on product safety, nutrition, convenience and diversification, which can be better satisfied by packaged pork products.

If we are unable to sustain our higher qualify of products, or if our partnered supermarkets or hypermarkets are not able to keep up a better hygiene and more comfortable environment, or if we cannot keep up the perception of better food safety and higher production qualify of our brand image, or if our slaughtering house or our partnered supermarkets or hypermarkets failed any FSA inspections, it may materially reduce the demand for our products and may have a materially adverse effect on its business.

PRC economy

Although the PRC economy has grown in recent years, the pace of growth has slowed, and even that rate of growth may not continue. According to the PRC National Bureau of Statistics, the annual rate of growth in the PRC declined from 7.7% in 2013 to 7.4% in 2014, 6.9% in 2015, 6.7% in 2016 and 6.5% in 2017. A further slowdown in overall economic growth, an economic downturn or recession or other adverse economic developments in the PRC may materially reduce the purchase power of the consumers of our products and lead to the decrease of demand for our products and may have a materially adverse effect on its business.

Key Factors

Our variable interest entity and our operating subsidiary are incorporated, and its operations and assets are located, in China. Accordingly, our results of operations, financial condition and prospects are affected by China’s economic and regulation conditions in the following factors: (a) an economic downturn in China or any regional market in China; (b) economic policies and initiatives undertaken by the Chinese government; (c) changes in the Chinese or regional business or regulatory environment affecting the purchase power of consumers of our products; (d) changes in the Chinese government policy on livestock slaughtering licenses; (e) changes in the Chinese government policy on food industry; (f) breakout of livestock disease in the PRC, such as BSE, FMD and various strains of influenza. Unfavorable changes could affect demand for products that we sell and for products that we provide and could materially and adversely affect the results of operations. 

We have contracts with major distributors that are selling our products to individual customers or small distributors from our hog production. Each of our slaughtered hogs is stamped with the FSA approval stamp after inspection and with the slaughtered house’s approval stamp, which states the name of the slaughtered house and its assigned code. After having these two stamps, FSA will issue an inspection approval certificate, and the slaughtered house will issue another inspection approval certificate. These two certificates go along with the fresh killed hog for anyone selling our fresh killed hog. Then fresh killed hog meat can be sold in markets. Our sales efforts focus on those wholesale distributors which place large recurring orders and present less credit risk to us. During the year ended June 30, 2018, we cooperated with 25 wholesale distributors as compared to 3 wholesale distributors during the years ended June 30, 2017 and 2016.

Our supermarket sales provide a higher profit margin. To obtain the permission of selling our products at a supermarket, we need to compete with many other companies and we compete primarily on the basis of quality and price. If we are unable to compete successfully in our markets, our relative supermarket share and profits could be reduced. In addition, we have less bargain power with the supermarkets on operating charges. We will use the proceeds of the initial public offering to open approximately 10 mid-size supermarkets and 40 small-size supermarkets. Each mid-size supermarket will have store spaces of approximately 1,000 to 3,000 square meters with approximately $0.4 million to $0.5 million start-up cost for each store. Each small size supermarket will have store spaces of approximately 200 to 500 square meters with approximately $0.1 million to $0.3 million start-up cost for each store. The start-up cost of each supermarket includes rental deposit and rent payment, store renovation, and purchase of all different kinds of equipment, including but not limited to, central air conditioning system, shelves, freezers, fresh meat and produces counter, bakery production line, and cashier stations.

Results of Operations

Years Ended June 30, 2018 vs. June 30, 2017

Revenues

Our revenues consist of supermarket revenues and farmers’ market revenues. Total revenues increased by approximately $37.8 million, or 59.8%, to approximately $101.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2018, compared to approximately $63.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. The overall increase was primarily attributable to the increase of our farmers’ market revenues as we have started to cooperate with more local distributors who promoted and sold our fresh killed hogs to other local smaller distributors or individual sellers.

Supermarket revenues decreased by approximately $0.7 million, or 15.7%, to approximately $3.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2018, compared to approximately $4.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to the termination of our cooperation with Chongqing New Century Wanzhou store in October 2017. As a result, we generate less revenues from this major supermarket. In addition, with the impact of online fresh meat shopping, we had to use more promotions to attract customers by offering much lowered average selling price while maintaining profit margin at supermarkets. In an effort to overcome this matter, on July 2, 2018 we acquired two grocery stores under common control of Ms. Zeshu Dai, our CEO, and her spouse in the city of Chongqing, in order to increase retail outlets and maintain a higher profit margin. In addition, we are considering opening our own supermarkets to sell our processed meat products after the completion of the initial public offering.

Farmers’ market revenues increased by approximately $38.5 million, or 65.5%, to approximately $97.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2018, compared to approximately $58.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. In August 2017, the environmental protection department of each province initiated a big remediation activity. Many small unqualified slaughtering houses near our slaughtering house in Linshui were closed down. Therefore, more hog distributors came to us to buy fresh killed hog meat and byproducts. Besides selling fresh killed regular hogs, we started purchasing, slaughtering, and selling our fresh killed fragrant hogs in September 2017, which also boosted our farmers’ market revenues up. Fragrant hogs are another hog species, which is cultivated by hybridizing wild boars with regular hogs. Fragrant hog meat has higher protein, lower fat and better taste than regular hog meat.

Our revenues from our farmers’ market revenues are summarized as follows:

Our revenues from fresh killed regular hogs in number of kilograms sold and its average selling price are summarized as follows:

Revenues of fresh killed regular hogs increased by approximately $26.2 million, or 47.7%, to approximately $80.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2018, compared to approximately $54.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily attributable to the increase of quantity of fresh killed regular hogs sold and partially offset by the decrease in average selling unit price.

During the year ended June 30, 2018, we sold 32,878,986 kg of fresh killed regular hogs as compared to 18,617,295 kg sold during the year ended June 30, 2017. The increase in quantity sold of 14,261,691 kg or 76.6% during the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017 were mainly due to the shutdown of many small unqualified slaughtering houses near our slaughtering house in Linshui by the local environmental protection department in August 2017. As a result, more local distributors then came to us to buy hog meat. Besides the cooperation with the one big local distributor we have since July 2016, we started to cooperate with 22 new distributors after the shutdown of those unqualified slaughtering houses. The increase of quantity of fresh killed regular hogs also attributable to our sales to our private customers, such as restaurants, schools and enterprises for the use in their faculty/student or employee food courts, during the year ended June 30, 2018.

The average selling price decreased from $2.94/kg during the year ended June 30, 2017 to $2.46/kg during the year ended June 30, 2018, a decrease of $0.48/kg or 16.3%. The decrease was mainly due to the price drop of the fresh killed regular hogs market and was offset by the appreciation of Chinese Renminbi against U.S. dollar of 4.7%. The unit price of hogs in China has been decreasing from 2016 to 2018 mainly because of the increased supply of hogs and the change of eating habit. More small and big hog farmers showed up in every province which increased the supply of the hogs. In addition, climate warning and healthy eating idea have turned people to eat more chicken and fish, vegetables and fruits which deceased the demand of pork consumption. The unit selling price dropped to the lowest point of approximately $1.84/kg in May 2018. The decrease was offset by the appreciation of Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”) against U.S. dollar of 4.7%. 

Our revenues from fresh killed fragrant hogs in number of kilograms sold and its average selling price are summarized as follows:

Besides selling fresh killed regular hogs, we started purchasing, slaughtering, and selling our fresh killed fragrant hogs in September 2017. It usually takes six to ten months to raise a fragrant hog before it can be slaughtered, and the average weight of a fragrant hog is about same as a regular hog. In China, only a few sellers sell fresh killed fragrant hogs in the market. Therefore, we set a higher selling price for our fresh killed fragrant hogs. During the year ended June 30, 2018, we sold 1,629,225 kg of fresh killed fragrant hogs at a unit price of $5.79/kg.

Our revenues from fresh hog byproducts on numbers of set sold and its average selling price are summarized as follows:

Fresh hog byproducts derived from the hog slaughtering process include hog hair, hog blood, hog intestines, hog feet and hog head. Revenues of fresh hog byproducts increased by approximately $3.0 million, or 73.2%, to approximately $7.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2018, compared to approximately $4.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily attributable to our increased revenues of fresh killed regular and fragrant hogs. We slaughtered 353,917 hogs during the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to 176,357 hogs during the year ended June 30, 2017, which is 177,560 more hogs, or 100.7%. Each hog produces a set of byproducts, so more byproducts were produced in 2018. We sell regular hog byproducts and fragrant hog byproducts together at the same price, and sell the byproducts by set with one type of set composted of hog hair, hog blood, hog intestines and hog feet and the other type of set composed of hog heads only. We are connected with two byproducts local distributors, one exclusively purchase our hog heads and the other distributors purchase the remaining hog byproducts who are able to purchase all the byproducts that we produced and are able to resell these byproducts to small distributors or restaurants during the period. The increase of fresh hog byproducts revenues is offset by the decrease of average unit selling price. During the year ended June 30, 2018, the average selling price decreased from $23.38 during the year ended June 30, 2017 to $20.17, or 13.7%, which was consistent with the price drop of fresh killed regular hogs.

Cost of Revenues

Our cost of revenues consists of cost of direct materials, labor and manufacturing overhead costs. Total cost of revenues increased by approximately $33.2 million, or 57.1%, to approximately $91.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2018, compared to approximately $58.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. Our total cost of revenues increased which was in line with the increase of total revenues.

Cost of supermarket revenues increased by approximately $0.2 million, or 6.1%, to approximately $3.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2018, compared to approximately $3.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. We terminated our cooperation with Chongqing New Century Wanzhou store in October 2017, where we sell marinated beef which had a much higher profit than regular beef sold at other supermarkets. In addition, with the impact of online fresh meat shopping, we had to use more promotions to attract customers by offering much lower average selling price, but the unit cost of beef remained the same as 2017. The appreciation of Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”) against U.S. dollar of 4.7% also increased the cost of supermarket revenues. As a result, our supermarket revenues decreased but the cost of supermarket revenues slightly increased during the year ended June 30, 2018, compared with the year ended June 30, 2017.

Cost of farmers’ market revenues increased by approximately $33.1 million, or 59.9%, to approximately $88.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2018, compared to approximately $55.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. The increase was mainly caused by the increased revenues at farmers’ markets, which was primarily attributable to the increased revenues brought in by new distributors.

Our cost of revenues from fresh killed regular hogs and byproducts are summarized as follows:

Our volume and unit cost of revenues from fresh killed regular hogs are summarized as follows:

Cost of fresh killed regular hogs increased by approximately $26.0 million, or 50.7%, to approximately $77.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2018, compared to approximately $51.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. The cost of fresh killed regular hogs was part of the cost of purchasing live regular hogs and overhead costs incurred in our own slaughtering house. The increase was primarily associated with the increase of sales volume of fresh killed regular hogs and the appreciation of Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”) against U.S. dollar and offset by the decrease in average production cost.

During the year ended June 30, 2018, we purchased 353,917 regular hogs which produced 32,878,986 kg of fresh killed regular hogs as compared to 176,357 regular hogs which produced 18,617,295 kg of fresh killed regular hogs during the year ended June 30, 2017, an increase of 14,261,691 kg, or 76.6%. The increase of quantity produced was associated with the increase of sales volume as mentioned above in the revenues section.

The average unit cost of producing fresh killed regular hogs decreased from $2.76/kg in the year ended June 30, 2017 to $2.35/kg during the year ended June 30, 2018, a decrease of $0.40/kg, or 14.7%. The unit purchase price of hogs in China has been decreasing from 2016 to 2018 mainly because of the increased supply of hogs and the change of eating habit. More small and big hog farmers showed up in every province which increased the supply of the hogs . In addition, climate warning and healthy eating idea have turned people to eat more chicken and fish, vegetables and fruits which decreased the demand of pork consumption. The decrease was offset by the appreciation of Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”) against U.S. dollar of 4.7%.

Our volume and unit cost of revenues from fresh killed fragrant hogs are summarized as follows:

We started to sell our fresh killed fragrant hogs in September 2017. The cost of fresh killed fragrant hogs was part of the cost of purchasing live fragrant hogs and overhead costs incurred in our own slaughtering house. During the year ended June 30, 2018, we purchased 27,428 fragrant hogs which produced 1,629,225 kg of fresh killed fragrant hogs at a unit selling cost of $3.23/kg.

Our volume and unit cost of revenues from byproducts are summarized as follows:

Cost of fresh hog byproducts increased by approximately $1.7 million, or 45.9%, to approximately $5.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2018, compared to approximately $3.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily associated with the increase of sale volume of byproducts as mentioned above in the revenues section.

The average unit cost of producing fresh hog byproducts decreased from $21.94 during the year ended June 30, 2017 to $15.95 during the year ended June 30, 2018, a decrease of 27.3%. The production cost of byproducts is included in production cost of fresh killed regular hogs. About 92.3% of the byproducts we sold were from regular hogs, so the decrease of average production cost of the byproducts is in line with the decrease of unit cost of fresh killed regular hogs. In addition, the automated slaughtering line helped us lower the unit production cost when slaughtering volume increases.

Gross Profit

Our gross profit from our major revenue categories are summarized as follows:

Our gross profit increased by approximately $4.6 million, or 90.5%, to approximately $9.7 million during the year ended June 30, 2018, from approximately $5.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to our significant increase of revenues in our farmers’ market and offset by our decrease of revenues in our supermarkets sales.

For the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, our overall gross profit percentage was 9.5% and 8.0%, respectively. The increase in gross profit percentage was primarily due to the increase in famers’ market revenues.

Our gross profit percentage for supermarket revenues decreased from 32.3% for the year ended June 30, 2017 to 14.9% for the year ended June 30, 2018 mainly due to the combined impact of the decreased sales of processed marinated beef, decrease of selling prices at supermarkets and the slight increase of supermarket revenues costs.

Our gross profit percentage for farmers’ market revenues increased from 6.2% for the year ended June 30, 2017 to 9.3% for the year ended June 30, 2018 mainly due to our new fresh killed fragrant hog products which had a higher gross profit percentage of 44.1%, which driven up the overall gross profit percentage in the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017.

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses decreased by approximately $0.1 million, or 17.1%, from approximately $0.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2017 as compared to approximately $0.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2018. The decrease in selling expenses was primarily due to the decrease of salary expense of approximately $50,000 as we laid off our sales teams who worked in the Chongqing Yonghui supermarket after our termination of our cooperation with Chongqing New Century Wanzhou store in October 2017. The decrease was also due to the decrease of other miscellaneous selling expenses, including, marketing and rental expense, of approximately $50,000. We expect that our overall sales and marketing expenses, including but not limited to, brand promotion, salary, incentive and servicing expense, will continue to increase in the foreseeable future as and if our business further grows.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by approximately $0.5 million, or 90.3%, from approximately $0.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2017 as compared to approximately $1.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2018. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to the increase of salary expenses of $0.2 million which we started paying our three officers’, CEO, CFO and President, salaries in January 2018 as well as the increase of our administrative team employees to support our increase volume of operations. In addition, the increase also attributable to the increase of professional fee incurred, such as audit and consulting fee as we have started our preparation of initial public offering in the U.S. in the middle of 2017. The increase also attributable to the increase of approximately $0.1 million of certain land use rights taxes, building taxes, stamp taxes which were being imposed upon finalization of our building inspection. We expect our general and administrative expenses, including but not limited to, salaries and business consulting, to continue to increase in the foreseeable future, as our business further grows. We expect our rental expenses to remain consistent unless we need to further expand our administrative office due to lack of office spaces. We expect our professional fees for legal, audit, and advisory fees will increase as we become a public company upon the completion of the offering.

Provision for Doubtful Accounts

Provision for doubtful accounts increased by approximately $0.7 million, or 424.2% from approximately $0.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2017 as compared to approximately $0.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2018. The change was due to the fact that we had more accounts receivables aged over one year as of June 30, 2018 as compared 2017.

Income from Operations

The income from operations for the year ended June 30, 2018 was approximately $7.0 million, an increase of approximately $3.5 million, or 100.0%, from approximately $3.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. The increase was mostly attributable to the increase of farmers’ market sales and the decrease of selling expenses and offset by the decrease in supermarket sales, the increase in general and administrative expenses and provision for doubtful accounts as the reasons that we mentioned above.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Our other expense, net, consists of interest income, interest expense, other finance expense, other income (expense), net and provision for doubtful accounts – loan receivable. Our other expense was approximately $2.6 million during the year ended June 30, 2018, an increase of approximately $2.4 million, or 1,241.0%, as compared to our other expenses of approximately $0.2 million during the year ended June 30, 2017. The increase was mainly due to the increase of interest expense as we incurred more bank loans and notes for our working capital needs and decrease of interest income. Additionally, we recorded an allowance for the Hunan Huade loan receivable for approximately $1.5 million, as we reassessed and determined that the collectability of such remaining receivable is remote.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income tax was approximately $0.7 million during the year ended June 30, 2018, a decrease of $0.2 million, or 18.4%, as compared to approximately $0.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. Under the Income Tax Laws of the PRC, companies are generally subject to income tax at a rate of 25%. The decrease in provision for income taxes was mainly to GA Yongpeng Food Co., (GA Yongpeng), a wholly owned subsidiary, obtained income tax credit as described below and offset by the increase income tax expenses in CQ Penglin which was in line with the increase in taxable income before income taxes in CQ Penglin.

On August 20, 2018, the Lingshui County tax Bureau has enacted and approval a tax exemption which application was submitted by GA Yongpeng on March 19, 2014. GA Yongpeng has been given the tax-free benefit until December 31, 2020. In addition, the benefit can also be retroactively applied to prior period from January 1, 2014 to June 30, 2017. As of June 30, 2017, the Company recorded $415,939 income tax payable for which the Company recognized an income tax credit for the amount during the year ended June 30, 2018.

Net Income

Our net income increased by approximately $1.3 million, or 53.5%, to approximately $3.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2018, from approximately $2.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. Such change was the result of the combination of the changes as discussed above.

Years Ended June 30, 2017 vs. June 30, 2016

Revenues

Our revenues consist of supermarket revenues and farmers’ market revenues. Total revenues increased by approximately $28.6 million, or 82.7%, to approximately $63.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, compared to approximately $34.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2016. The overall increase was primarily attributable to the increase of our farmers’ market revenues as we have started to cooperate with one local big distributor who promoted and sold our fresh killed regular hogs to other local smaller distributors or individual sellers.

Supermarket revenues decreased by approximately $3.3 million, or 43.2%, to approximately $4.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, compared to approximately $7.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2016. The decrease was primarily attributable to the termination of our cooperation contract with Chongqing Yonghui Supermarket (“Chongqing Yonghui”) in June 2016 as we were not able to renew our cooperation contract with Chongqing Yonghui, as a result, we no longer generate revenues from this major supermarket. In an effort to overcome this matter, on July 2, 2018, we acquired two grocery stores under common control of Ms. Zeshu Dai, our CEOand her spouse in the city of Chongqing to increase retail outlets. In addition, we are considering opening our own supermarkets to sell our processed meat products after the completion of the initial public offering.

Farmers’ market revenues increased by approximately $32.0 million, or 119.6%, to approximately $58.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, compared to approximately $26.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2016. The increase was primarily attributable to our connection with one big local distributor who have a strong sales network and brought our fresh killed regular hogs and resold them to much more small distributors and individual sellers starting in July 2016. Therefore, one customer accounted for 79.1% of our total revenues during the year ended June 30, 2017 as compared to two customers accounted for 21.5% and 13.7% of our total revenues during the year ended June 30, 2016. Additionally, besides the slaughtering house we owned, we started to cooperate with another slaughtering house in the city of Chongqing in March 2017, which expand our revenues to the Chongqing region.

Our revenues from our farmers’ market revenues are summarized as follows:

Our revenues from fresh killed regular hogs in number of kilograms sold and its average selling price are summarized as follows:

Revenues of fresh killed regular hogs increased by approximately $29.0 million, or 112.8%, to approximately $54.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, compared to approximately $25.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2016. The increase was primarily attributable to the increase of quantity of fresh killed regular hogs sold and partially offset by the decrease in average selling unit price.

During the year ended June 30, 2017, we sold 18,617,295 kg of fresh killed regular hogs as compared to 6,755,923 kg sold during the year ended June 30, 2016. The increase in quantity sold of 11,861,372 kg or 175.6% during the year ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the same period in 2016 were mainly due to our connection with one big local distributor, our major customer in year ended June 30, 2017, who have a strong sales network and bought our fresh killed regular hogs and then resold them to much more small distributors and individual sellers starting in July 2016. The small distributors are usually the vendors from the local farmers’ market, and the individual sellers are the pork sellers from the local farmers’ market near our slaughtering house. The increase of quantity of fresh killed regular hogs also attributable to our sales to our new private customers, such as restaurants, schools and enterprises for the use in their faculty/student or employee food courts, during the year ended June 30, 2017. In addition, starting from March 2017, our major customer expanded its sales network in the city Chongqing and started needing demands of our fresh killed regular hogs in that region, as a result, we started bringing our purchased live hogs to another slaughtering house that was not owned by us in the city Chongqing, for slaughtering, as a result, our sales of fresh killed regular hogs also expanded to the Chongqing region which attributable to the increase of quantity of fresh killed regular hogs sold for the year ended June 30, 2017 compared to the year ended June 30, 2016.

The average selling price decreased from $3.81/kg during the year ended June 30, 2016 to $2.94/kg during the year ended June 30, 2017, a decrease of $0.87/kg or 22.8%. The decrease was mainly due to the combination of price drop of the fresh killed regular hogs market, and the depreciation of Chinese Renminbi against U.S. dollar. The selling price of hogs during the year ended June 30, 2016 were higher compared to the price of the same period in 2015, so farmers turn to raise more hogs during the year ended June 30, 2017. Generally, it takes about six to ten months to raise a hog before it can be slaughtered, so the total supply of hogs in the market increased beginning in November 2016. The unit purchase price started to fall after the supply increased, which caused the unit selling price to fall as well to compete with other sellers. The unit selling price dropped to the lowest point of approximately $2.15/kg in June 2017. The decrease was also attributable by the depreciation of Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”) against U.S. dollar of 5.6%.

Our revenues from fresh hog byproducts on numbers of set sold and its average selling price are summarized as follows:

Fresh hog byproducts derived from the hog slaughtering process include hog hair, hog blood, hog intestines, hog feet and hog head. Revenues of fresh hog byproducts increased by approximately $3.0 million, or 280.1%, to approximately $4.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, compared to approximately $1.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2016. The increase was primarily attributable to our increased revenues of fresh killed regular hogs. We slaughtered 63,897 hogs during the year ended June 30, 2016 as compared to 176,357 hogs during the year ended June 30, 2017, which is 112,460 more hogs, or 176.0%. Each hog produces a set of byproducts, so more byproducts were produced in 2017. We sold our hog byproducts by set with one type of set are composted of hog hair, hog blood, hog intestines and hog feet, and the other type of set are composed of hog heads only. We are able to connect with two byproducts local distributors, one exclusively purchase our hog heads and the other distributors purchase the remaining hog byproducts, during the year ended June 30, 2017 who are able to purchase all the byproducts that we produced and are able to resell these byproducts to small distributors or restaurants during the period. The other reason caused the increase of fresh hog byproducts revenues is the increase of average unit selling price. During the year ended June 30, 2017, the average selling price increased from $16.97 during the year ended June 30, 2016 to $23.38, or 37.7%, which was mainly due to the facts that we lowered our selling price below the market price in 2016 to sell off all of our byproducts before we connected with these two distributors. We believe that we are able to continuing to sell of the fresh hog byproducts that we generated off from our slaughtered hogs as the people in our sales region always eating these byproducts.

Cost of Revenues

Our cost of revenues consists of cost of direct materials, labor and manufacturing overhead costs. Total cost of revenues increased by approximately $28.5 million, or 96.1%, to approximately $58.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, compared to approximately $29.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2016. Our total cost of revenues increased which was in line with the increase of total revenues.

Cost of supermarket revenues decreased by approximately $2.2 million, or 42.1%, to approximately $3.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, compared to approximately $5.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2016. The decrease was primarily associated with the decreased revenues during the year ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the same period in 2016. We ended our cooperation contract with Chongqing Yonghui in June 2016. As a result, our supermarket revenues and the cost of supermarket revenues largely decreased for the year ended June 30, 2017, compared with the year ended June 30, 2016.

Cost of farmers’ market revenues increased by approximately $30.7 million, or 125.5%, to approximately $55.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, compared to approximately $24.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2016. The increase was mainly caused by the increased revenues at farmers’ markets, which was primarily attributable to the increased revenues brought in by the big local distributor, our major customer for the year ended June 30, 2017.

Our cost of revenues from fresh killed regular hogs and byproducts are summarized as follows:

Our volume and unit cost of revenues from fresh killed regular hogs are summarized as follows:

Cost of fresh killed regular hogs increased by approximately $27.8 million, or 118.6%, to approximately $51.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, compared to approximately $23.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2016. The cost of fresh killed regular hogs was part of the cost of purchasing a live hog and overhead cost incurred in our own slaughtering house. The increase was primarily associated with the increase of sales volume of fresh killed regular hogs offset by the decrease in average production cost and the depreciation of Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”) against U.S. dollar.

During the year ended June 30, 2017, we purchased 176,357 hogs which produced 18,617,295 kg of fresh killed regular hogs as compared to 63,897 hogs which produced 6,755,923 kg of fresh killed regular hogs during the year ended June 30, 2016, an increase of 11,861,372 kg, or 175.6%. The increase of quantity produced was associated with the increase of sales volume as mentioned above in the revenues section.

The average unit cost of producing fresh killed regular hogs decreased from $3.48/kg in the year ended June 30, 2016 to $2.76/kg during the year ended June 30, 2017, a decrease of $0.72/kg, or 20.7%. The selling price of hogs during the year ended June 30, 2016 were higher compared to the price of the same period in 2015, so farmers turn to raise more hogs in the next year. Generally, it takes about six to ten months to raise a hog before it can be slaughtered, so the total supplies of hogs in the market increased beginning in November 2016. The unit purchase price started to fall after the supply increased. The decrease was also attributable by the depreciation of Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”) against U.S. dollar of 5.6%.

Our volume and unit cost of revenues from byproducts are summarized as follows:

Cost of fresh hog byproducts increased by approximately $2.9 million, or 290.5%, to approximately $3.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, compared to approximately $1.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2016. The increase was primarily associated with the increase of sale volume of byproducts as mentioned above in the revenues section.

The average unit cost of producing fresh hog byproducts increased from $15.51 during the year ended June 30, 2016 to $21.94 during the year ended June 30, 2017, an increase of 41.5%. The production cost of byproducts is included in production cost of fresh killed regular hogs, so we prorated the total cost of the farmers’ market by the total byproducts revenues to total farmers’ market sales to get the total production cost of byproducts. As a result, the increase of average production cost of the byproducts is in line with the increase of average selling price of the byproducts.

Gross Profit

Our gross profit from our major revenue categories are summarized as follows:

Our gross profit increased by approximately $0.1 million, or 2.3%, to approximately $5.1 million during the year ended June 30, 2017, from approximately $5.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2016. The increase in gross profit was primarily due to our significant increase of revenues in our farmers’ market and offset by our decrease of revenues in our supermarkets sales.

For the years ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, our overall gross profit percentage was 8.0% and 14.3%, respectively. The decrease in gross profit percentage was primarily due to our significant increase in sales volume for the farmers’ market revenues where it generally provide a lower gross percentage as compared with supermarket revenues. The decrease of sales volume in the high gross profit percentage of supermarket revenues also leads to the decrease in overall gross profit percentage.

Our gross profits of supermarket revenues are very consistent throughout both periods for the years ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 with overall gross profit percentage of 32.3% and 33.6%, respectively.

Our gross profit percentage for farmers’ market revenues decreased from 8.6% for the year ended June 30, 2016 to 6.2% for the year ended June 30, 2016 mainly due to the decrease of fresh killed regular hogs unit selling price decreased by 22.8% at a higher rate than our unit production cost which was decreased by 20.7% between the two periods for the reason as discussed in the revenues and cost of revenues section above.

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses decreased by approximately $0.5 million, or 37.1%, from approximately $1.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2016 as compared to approximately $0.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. The decrease in selling expenses was primarily due to the decrease of salary expense of approximately $0.4 million as we laid off our sales teams who worked in the Chongqing Yonghui supermarket after our termination of our cooperation with Chongqing Yonghui in June 2016. The decrease was also due to the decrease of other miscellaneous selling expenses, including social insurance, marketing, advertising and shipping expense, of approximately $0.1 million.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses decreased by approximately $0.1 million, or 21.4%, from approximately $0.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2016 as compared to approximately $0.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. The decrease in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to the decrease of salary expense of approximately $0.2 million and the decrease of benefit expense of approximately $22,000. The decrease in general and administrative expenses was associated with the termination of our cooperation with Chongqing Yonghui in June 2016, so we needed fewer employees to manage supermarket sales in 2017. The decrease was offset by the increase of professional services expense of approximately $0.1 million mainly due to our preparation of initial public offering in the U.S. begun in the early of 2017.

Provision for Doubtful Accounts

Provision for doubtful accounts decreased by approximately $33,000, or 15.7% from approximately $208,000 for the year ended June 30, 2016 as compared to approximately $175,000 for the year ended June 30, 2017.

Income from Operations

The income from operations for the year ended June 30, 2017 was approximately $3.5 million, an increase of approximately $0.8 million, or 29.0%, from approximately $2.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2016. The increase was mostly attributable to the increase of farmers’ market sales, the decrease of selling expenses and general and administrative expenses offset by the decrease in supermarket sales as the reasons that we mentioned above.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Our other expense, net, consists of interest income, interest expense, other finance expense and other income (expense), net. Our other expense was approximately $0.2 million during the year ended June 30, 2017, a decrease of approximately $0.4 million, or 204.5%, as compared to our other income of approximately $0.2 million during the year ended June 30, 2016. The decrease was mainly due to the increase of interest expense and finance charges as we incurred more bank loans and notes for our working capital needs.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income tax was approximately $0.9 million during the year ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $0.2 million, or 20.3%, as compared to approximately $0.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2016. Under the Income Tax Laws of the PRC, companies are generally subject to income tax at a rate of 25%. The increase in provision for income taxes was in line with the increase in income before income taxes.

Net Income

Our net income increased by approximately $0.3 million, or 12.4%, to approximately $2.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, from approximately $2.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2016. Such change was the result of the combination of the changes as discussed above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

In assessing our liquidity, we monitor and analyze our cash on-hand and its operating expenditure commitments. Our liquidity needs are to meet its working capital requirements and operating expenses obligations. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through cash flows from operations and proceeds from financial institutions or third-party loans.

 As of June 30, 2018, we had working capital of approximately $12.1 million. We had accounts receivable of approximately $24.4 million, most of them are short-term in nature and can be collected back within 3 months to be used to support our working capital requirements. We believe the components of our current working capital is sufficient to support our operations for the next twelve months.

We generated net income of $3,768,109, $2,454,874 and $2,183,833 from operations for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Our strategy of connecting with major local distributors has helped us not only largely increased our farmers’ market sales but also more easily to collect accounts receivable because of the better credibility of the distributors.

As of June 30, 2018, we had approximately $10.4 million of loans and notes from financial institutions and third parties. We obtained these loans and notes to fund our daily operations as our business requires significant amount of capital resource to fund our daily operations. For more details about these loans and notes, see Note 9 in our Notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this report.

We intend to use the funds raised from the offering to grow our business primarily by:

Current foreign exchange and other regulations in the PRC may restrict our PRC entities, Xiangtai WFOE, CQ Penglin and GA Yongpeng, in their ability to transfer their net assets to the Company and its subsidiaries in Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands, and Hong Kong. However, these restrictions have no impact on the ability of these PRC entities to transfer funds to the Company as we have no present plans to declare dividend which we plan to retain our retained earnings to continue to grow our business. In addition, these restrictions have no impact on the ability for us to meet our cash obligations as all of our current cash obligations are due within the PRC.

The following summarizes the key components of our cash flows for the years ended June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

As of June 30, 2018, 2017 and 2016, cash in the amount of approximately $0.3 million, $22,000 and $52,000, respectively, were all held by our subsidiaries and variable interest entity in the PRC.

Operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $3.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2018, approximately $2.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, as compared to approximately $0.7 million net cash used in operating activities for the same period in 2016.

Cash used in operating activities for the year ended June 30, 2018 was mainly due to the increase in accounts receivable of approximately $12.0 million due to the increase of our farmers’ market business as we are extending more credit on our sales, the increase in other receivables of approximately $0.1 million. The net cash used in operating activities was mainly due to the net income of approximately $3.8 million, provision for doubtful accounts of approximately $2.4 million as we had more account receivables aged over one year and we made an allowance of our loan receivable interest of approximately $1.5 million, depreciation and amortization expenses of plant and equipment and intangible assets of approximately $0.5 million, the decrease of inventories of approximately $0.3 million as we try to minimize our inventory to improve our storage cost, the decrease of prepayments of approximately $0.2 million, the increase of other payables and accrued liabilities of approximately $0.2 million, the increase of customer deposit of $0.6 million as we received more future purchase orders from local food companies, and the increase of taxes payable of approximately $0.7 million.

Cash used in operating activities for the year ended June 30, 2017 was mainly due to the increase in accounts receivable of approximately $8.8 million due to the increase of our business while we are extending more credit on our sales, the increase in prepayments of approximately $0.5 million as we need to make certain prepayments to secure certain inventory purchases, and the interest income of loan receivables of approximately $0.7 million as we are earning interest with our loan receivable. The net cash used in operating activities was mainly offset by the net income of approximately $2.5 million, provision for doubtful accounts of approximately $0.2 million, depreciation and amortization expenses of plant and equipment and intangible assets of approximately $0.5 million, the decrease of inventories of approximately $0.8 million as we try to minimize our inventory to improve our storage cost, the increase of accounts payable of approximately $2.4 million due to our increase of our business while we are incurring more payables on purchases and the increase of taxes payable of approximately $1.0 million as we have generated more income during the period which incurred additional income tax payable.

Cash used in operating activities for the year ended June 30, 2016 was mainly due to the increase in accounts receivable of approximately $1.7 million as we have started granting more credit to our customers to expand our business, the increase in inventories of approximately $0.4 million as we were not as efficient to manage our inventory by stocking up more inventories prior to June 30, 2016, the interest income of loan receivables of approximately $0.8 million as we are earning interest with our loan receivable, the decrease of accounts payable of approximately $1.8 million as we were making our payments timely, and the decrease of other payables and accrued liabilities of approximately $0.3 million. The net cash used in operating activities was mainly offset by the net income of approximately $2.2 million, provision for doubtful accounts of approximately $0.2 million, depreciation and amortization expenses of plant and equipment and intangible assets of approximately $0.6 million, the reduction of other receivables of approximately $0.5 million as we collected more employee advances during the period, and the increase of taxes payable of approximately $0.8 million as we have generated more income during the period which incurred additional income tax payable.

Investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $89,000 for the year ended June 30, 2018, approximately $12,000 for the year ended June 30, 2017, as compared to approximately $0.2 million net cash used in investing activities for the same period in 2016.

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended June 30, 2018 was mainly due to purchases of plant and equipment of approximately $89,000.

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended June 30, 2017 was mainly due to purchases of plant and equipment of approximately $12,000.

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended June 30, 2016 was mainly due to purchases of plant and equipment of approximately $0.2 million.

Financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $4.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2018, approximately $2.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, as compared to approximately $0.6 million net cash used in financing activities for the same period in 2016.

Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended June 30, 2018 was mainly due to repayments from other receivables – related parties of approximately $2.7 million, proceeds from other payables – related parties of approximately $0.6 million, proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares with redemption rights of approximately $1.8 million, proceeds from short-term bank loans of approximately $6.1 million, proceeds from short-term third-party loans of approximately $5.5 million and return of security deposits of approximately $0.6 million. Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended June 30, 2018 was mainly offset by the repayments of short-term bank loans of approximately $11.4 million, repayments of short-term third-party loans of approximately $0.5 million and repayments of notes payable of approximately $1.5 million.

Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended June 30, 2017 was mainly due to capital contribution of approximately $0.3 million, proceeds from short-term bank loans of approximately $9.4 million, proceeds from short-term third-party loans of approximately $3.1 million and proceeds from notes payable of approximately $1.5 million. Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended June 30, 2017 was mainly offset by the loan to our related party of approximately $1.6 million, the repayments of short-term bank loans of approximately $4.0 million, repayments of short-term third-party loans of approximately $4.3 million and increase in security deposits of approximately $1.9 million as we required to make such deposits to our guarantor as a guarantee payment of our loans and notes borrowings.

Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended June 30, 2016 was mainly due to proceeds of short-term bank loans of approximately $5.4 million, proceeds of short-term third-party loans of approximately $2.3 million, proceeds of long-term loan of approximately $1.0 million, and proceeds of notes payable of approximately $1.0 million. Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended June 30, 2016 was mainly offset by the loan to our related party of approximately $0.3 million, the repayments of related-party loans of approximately $0.5 million, repayments of short-term bank loans of approximately $6.0 million, repayments of short-term third-party loans of approximately $1.1 million, repayments of notes payable of approximately $2.4 million and increase in security deposits of approximately $0.1 million as we required to make such deposits to our guarantor as a guarantee payment of our loans and notes borrowings.

Commitments and Contingencies

In the normal course of business, we are subject to loss contingencies, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of its business, that cover a wide range of matters, including, among others, government investigations and tax matters. In accordance with ASC No. 450-20, “Loss Contingencies”, we will record accruals for such loss contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated.

Operating Lease

We, our VIE and operating subsidiary lease our principal offices, one processing plant and two employee housing under lease agreements that qualify as operating leases. We also obtain two leases through a transaction with an entity that operated two grocery stores in July 2018. Payments made under operating leases are charged to the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income on a straight line basis over the lease periods.

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of June 30, 2018:

Off-balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. We have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to its shares and classified as shareholder’s equity or that are not reflected in its consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or that engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with us.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires our management to make assumptions, estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported, including the notes thereto, and related disclosures of commitments and contingencies, if any. We have identified certain accounting policies that are significant to the preparation of our financial statements. These accounting policies are important for an understanding of our financial condition and results of operation. Critical accounting policies are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial conditions and results of operations and require management's difficult, subjective, or complex judgment, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods. Certain accounting estimates are particularly sensitive because of their significance to financial statements and because of the possibility that future events affecting the estimate may differ significantly from management's current judgments. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report, we believe the following critical accounting policies involve the most significant estimates and judgments used in the preparation of our financial statements.

Use of estimates and assumptions

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Significant accounting estimates reflected in our consolidated financial statements include the useful lives of plant and equipment, impairment of long-lived assets, and allowance for doubtful accounts. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Accounts receivable

Accounts receivable include trade accounts due from customers. Accounts are considered overdue after 30 days. In establishing the required allowance for doubtful accounts, management considers historical experience, aging of the receivables, the economic environment, trends in the food industry and the credit history and relationships with the customers. Management reviews its receivables on a regular basis to determine if the bad debt allowance is adequate, and adjusts the allowance when necessary. Delinquent account balances are written-off against allowance for doubtful accounts after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable. Our management have continued to evaluate the reasonableness of the valuation allowance policy and update it if necessary.

Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized when all of the following have occurred: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, (iii) the price is fixed or determinable, and (iv) the ability to collect is reasonably assured.

Revenues are recognized at the date of goods delivered and title passed to customers or agents, when a formal arrangement exists, the price is fixed or determinable, the Company has no other significant obligations and collectability is reasonably assured. The Company’s revenues come from two channels: supermarkets and farmers’ markets. The products sold in supermarkets are processed meat products and they sold in the PRC are subject to a Chinese value-added tax (“VAT”). The products sold at farmers’ markets are fresh killed hogs and hog’s byproducts. These products sold in the PRC are not subject to a Chinese VAT. VAT taxes are presented as a reduction of revenue.

On July 1, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) using the modified retrospective method for contracts that were not completed as of June 30, 2018. The core principle underlying the revenue recognition ASU is that the Company will recognize revenue to represent the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in such exchange. This will require the Company to identify contractual performance obligations and determine whether revenue should be recognized at a point in time or over time, based on when control of goods and services transfers to a customer.  The Company’s revenue streams are primarily recognized at a point in time.

The ASU requires the use of a new five-step model to recognize revenue from customer contracts. The five-step model requires that the Company (i) identify the contract with the customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, including variable consideration to the extent that it is probable that a significant future reversal will not occur, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the respective performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies the performance obligation. The application of the five-step model to the revenue streams compared to the prior guidance did not result in significant changes in the way the Company records its revenue.

Upon adoption, the Company evaluated its revenue recognition policy for all revenue streams within the scope of the ASU under previous standards and using the five-step model under the new guidance and determined that there were no differences in the pattern of revenue recognition

Income taxes

We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, which requires us to use the assets and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the assets and liability method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years to differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities and operating loss and tax credit carry forward. Under this accounting standard, the effect on deferred income taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely than not that some portion, or all of, a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

ASC 740-10, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, defines uncertainty in income taxes and the evaluation of a tax position as a two-step process. The first step is to determine whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of any related appeals or litigation based on the technical merits of that position. The second step is to measure a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not threshold to determine the amount of benefit to be recognized in the financial statements. A tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Tax positions that previously failed to meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold should be recognized in the first subsequent period in which the threshold is met. Previously recognized tax positions that no longer meet the more-likely-than-not criteria should be de-recognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which the threshold is no longer met. Penalties and interest incurred related to underpayment of income tax are classified as income tax expense in the period incurred.

Recently Issue Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. ASU 2014-09 will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective and permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The guidance also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, “Deferral of the Effective Date” (“ASU 2015-14”), which defers the effective date for ASU 2014-09 by one year. For public entities, the guidance in ASU 2014-09 was effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 (including interim reporting periods within those periods), which means it will be effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2018. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, “Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue versus Net)” (“ASU 2016-08”), which clarifies the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations in the new revenue recognition standard. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, “Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing” (“ASU 2016-10”), which reduces the complexity when applying the guidance for identifying performance obligations and improves the operability and understandability of the license implementation guidance. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12 “Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients” (“ASU 2016-12”), which amends the guidance on transition, collectability, noncash consideration and the presentation of sales and other similar taxes. In December 2016, the FASB further issued ASU 2016-20, “Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“ASU 2016-20”), which makes minor corrections or minor improvements to the Codification that are not expected to have a significant effect on current accounting practice or create a significant administrative cost to most entities. The amendments are intended to address implementation and provide additional practical expedients to reduce the cost and complexity of applying the new revenue standard. These amendments have the same effective date as the new revenue standard. On July 1, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) using the modified retrospective method for contracts that were not completed as of June 30, 2018.

Upon adoption, the Company evaluated its revenue recognition policy for all revenue streams within the scope of the ASU under previous standards and using the five-step model under the new guidance and determined that there were no differences in the pattern of revenue recognition.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, "Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash". The amendments address diversity in practice that exists in the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. The amendment is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Management adopted this ASU early during the year ended June 30, 2018. For the year ended June 30, 2018, cash and cash equivalents were increased by the amount of the restricted cash on the Company’s statement of cash flows.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The amendments in this Update affect any entity that is required to apply the provisions of Topic 220, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income, and has items of other comprehensive income for which the related tax effects are presented in other comprehensive income as required by GAAP. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendments in this Update is permitted, including adoption in any interim period, (1) for public business entities for reporting periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued and (2) for all other entities for reporting periods for which financial statements have not yet been made available for issuance. The amendments in this Update should be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act is recognized. Management does not believe the adoption of this ASU would have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07 – Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from non nonemployees, which nonemployee share-based payment awards within the scope of Topic 718 are measured at grant-date fair value of the equity instruments that an entity is obligated to issue when the good has been delivered or the service has been rendered and any other conditions necessary to earn the right to benefit from the instruments have been satisfied. The definition of the term grant date is amended to generally state the date at which a grantor and a grantee reach a mutual understanding of the key terms and conditions of a share based payment award. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other entities, the amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. Management plans to adopt this ASU during the quarter ending September 2019.

Except as mentioned above, we do not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect would have a material effect on the consolidated financial position, statements of operations and cash flows.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk while we have short-term bank loans outstanding. Although interest rates for our short-term loans are typically fixed for the terms of the loans, the terms are typically twelve months and interest rates are subject to change upon renewal.

Credit Risk

Credit risk is controlled by the application of credit approvals, limits and monitoring procedures. We manage credit risk through in-house research and analysis of the Chinese economy and the underlying obligors and transaction structures. We identify credit risk collectively based on industry, geography and customer type. To minimize credit risk, we cooperate with local big distributors, which are more recognized in the farmers’ markets and have better credibility history. This information is monitored regularly by management.

In measuring the credit risk of our sales to supermarkets and farmers’ market distributors, we mainly reflect the “probability of default” by the customer on its contractual obligations and considers the current financial position of the customer and the exposures to the customer and its likely future development. For individual farmers’ market customers, we use standard approval procedures to manage credit risk for receivables.

Liquidity Risk

We are also exposed to liquidity risk which is risk that it is unable to provide sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet its commitments and business needs. Liquidity risk is controlled by the application of financial position analysis and monitoring procedures. When necessary, we will turn to other financial institutions and third parties to obtain short-term funding to meet the liquidity shortage. As of June 30, 2018, we had working capital of approximately $12.1 million. We had accounts receivable of approximately $24.4 million, most of them are short-term in nature and can be collected back within 3 months to be used to support our working capital requirements. We believe the components of our current working capital is sufficient to support our operations for the next twelve months. If we are unable to realize its current assets within the normal operating cycle of a twelve month period, we may have to consider supplementing its available sources of funds through obtaining additional loans.