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ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘S-1’ on 11/21/23

On:  Tuesday, 11/21/23, at 4:06pm ET   ·   Accession #:  1477932-23-8736   ·   File #:  333-275686

Previous ‘S-1’:  ‘S-1’ on 4/5/23   ·   Latest ‘S-1’:  This Filing   ·   24 References:   By:  SEC – ‘UPLOAD’ on 11/22/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘10-Q’ on 11/14/23 for 9/30/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘8-K’ on 11/14/23 for 11/8/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘8-K’ on 11/3/23 for 10/30/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘DEF 14A’ on 11/2/23 for 11/1/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘8-K’ on 10/23/23 for 10/19/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘8-K’ on 10/12/23 for 10/9/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘8-K’ on / for 9/28/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘8-K’ on 9/25/23 for 9/20/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘10-Q’ on 8/14/23 for 6/30/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘8-K’ on 8/14/23 for 8/11/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘8-K’ on / for 6/27/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘8-K’ on / for 6/12/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘10-Q’ on 5/19/23 for 3/31/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘8-K’ on 5/10/23 for 5/5/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – Previous ‘S-1’ on 4/5/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘10-K’ on 3/31/23 for 12/31/22 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘8-K’ on 3/17/23 for 3/14/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘8-K’ on 3/14/23 for 3/13/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘8-K’ on / for 3/8/23 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘8-A12B’ on 11/9/22 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘S-1/A’ on 10/19/22 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘S-1/A’ on 10/11/22 To:  ASP Isotopes Inc. – ‘S-1’ on 9/12/22 

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  As Of               Filer                 Filing    For·On·As Docs:Size             Issuer                      Filing Agent

11/21/23  ASP Isotopes Inc.                 S-1                    4:1M                                     Discount Edgar/FA

Document/Exhibit                   Description                      Pages   Size 

 1: S-1         Registration Statement (General Form)               HTML    969K 
 2: EX-5.1      Opinion of Counsel re: Legality                     HTML     10K 
 3: EX-23.1     Consent of Expert or Counsel                        HTML      5K 
 4: EX-FILING FEES  Filing Fee Table                                HTML     10K 

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 21, 2023

File No.                   

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

____________________

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

____________________

1101 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Suite 300

Washington, DC 20004

(202) 756-2245

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

____________________

Paul E. Mann

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

ASP Isotopes Inc.

1101 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Suite 300

Washington, DC 20004

(202) 756-2245

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

____________________

Copies to:

Donald Ainscow, Esq.

Blank Rome LLP

300 Crescent Court, Suite 200

Dallas, TX 75201

(972) 850-1450

____________________

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:

As soon as practicable after this registration statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act, check the following box:   ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.   ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.   ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ☐

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. The Selling Stockholders listed herein may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission becomes effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell the securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy the securities in any state where offers or sales are not permitted.

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

Subject to completion, dated November 21, 2023

This prospectus relates to the offer and sale from time to time by certain of our stockholders identified in this prospectus or their permitted transferees (the “Selling Stockholders”) of up to an aggregate of 10,150,517 shares (the “Registrable Securities”) of common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Common Stock”), of ASP Isotopes Inc. (the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”).

The Registrable Securities registered for resale on behalf of the Selling Stockholders pursuant to this prospectus consist of 9,677,935 shares of Common Stock purchased by certain institutional and other accredited investors and certain directors of the Company in a private placement of Common Stock that closed on October 26, 2023 (the “Private Placement”) and 472,582 shares of Common Stock issued to the placement agent at the closing of the Private Placement.  In the Private Placement, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 9,952,510 shares of Common Stock for aggregate cash consideration of approximately $9.1 million, as follows: (i) 8,459,093 shares of Common Stock to investors at a purchase price per share of $0.9105, (ii) 1,190,239 shares of Common Stock to investors at a purchase price per share of $0.9548, and (iii) 303,178 shares of Common Stock to directors at a purchase price per share of $0.96.

The Registrable Securities were issued to the Selling Stockholders in reliance upon the exemption from the registration requirements in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. We are registering the offer and resale of the Registrable Securities to satisfy the provisions of that certain registration rights agreement, dated October 26, 2023 (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), pursuant to which we agreed to register the resale of the Registrable Securities.

We are not selling any securities under this prospectus and will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of the Registrable Securities by the Selling Stockholders.

The Selling Stockholders identified in this prospectus may offer the Registrable Securities from time to time through public or private transactions at fixed prices, at prevailing market prices at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market price, at varying prices determined at the time of sale, or at negotiated prices. The registration of the Registrable Securities on behalf of the Selling Stockholders, however, does not necessarily mean that any of the Selling Stockholders will offer or sell their shares under this registration statement or at any time in the near future. We provide more information about how the Selling Stockholders may sell their Registrable Securities in the section entitled “Plan of Distribution” on page 47).

The Selling Stockholders will pay all underwriting discounts and selling commissions, if any, in connection with the sale of the Registrable Securities. We have agreed to pay certain expenses in connection with this registration statement and to indemnify the Selling Stockholders and certain related persons against certain liabilities. As of the date of this prospectus, no underwriter or other person has been engaged to facilitate the sale of the Registrable Securities in this prospectus.

Our common stock is traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ASPI.” On November 20, 2023 the last reported sale price of our common stock was $1.59 per share.

We are an “emerging growth company” under the federal securities laws and, as such, are subject to reduced public company reporting requirements.

We may amend or supplement this prospectus from time to time by filing amendments or supplements as required. You should read the entire prospectus and any amendments or supplements carefully before you make your investment decision.

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 15 of this prospectus and in the other documents that are incorporated by reference herein for more information on these risks.

Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities, or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The date of this prospectus is , 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus relates to the offer and resale of up to an aggregate of 10,150,517 shares of common stock (the “Registrable Securities”), par value $0.01 per share (the “Common Stock”), of ASP Isotopes Inc., a Delaware corporation (“the Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”) held by selling stockholders identified in this prospectus or their permitted transferees (the “Selling Stockholders”). The Registrable Securities registered for resale on behalf of the Selling Stockholders pursuant to this prospectus consist of 9,677,935 shares of Common Stock purchased by certain institutional and other accredited investors and certain directors of the Company in a private placement of Common Stock that closed on October 26, 2023 (the “Private Placement”) and 472,582 shares of Common Stock issued to the placement agent at the closing of the Private Placement. In the Private Placement, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 9,952,510 shares of Common Stock for aggregate cash consideration of approximately $9.1 million, as follows: (i) 8,459,093 shares of Common Stock to investors at a purchase price per share of $0.9105, (ii) 1,190,239 shares of Common Stock to investors at a purchase price per share of $0.9548, and (iii) 303,178 shares of Common Stock to directors at a purchase price per share of $0.96.

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or incorporated by reference herein. Neither we nor the Selling Stockholders have authorized anyone to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. This prospectus, any prospectus supplement or amendments thereto do not constitute an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to purchase, the Registrable Securities offered by this prospectus, any prospectus supplement or amendments thereto in any jurisdiction to or from any person to whom or from whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation of an offer in such jurisdiction. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus or incorporated by reference herein is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front cover of the applicable document.

If necessary, the specific manner in which the Registrable Securities may be offered and sold will be described in a supplement to this prospectus, which supplement may also add, update or change any of the information contained in this prospectus. To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus and any prospectus supplement, you should rely on the information in such prospectus supplement, provided that if any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date — for example, a document incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement — the statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement.

Neither the delivery of this prospectus nor any distribution of the Registrable Securities pursuant to this prospectus shall, under any circumstances, create any implication that there has been no change in the information set forth or incorporated by reference into this prospectus or in our affairs since the date of this prospectus. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since such date.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to ASP Isotopes Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights selected information that is presented in greater detail elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary does not contain all of the information you should consider before investing in our common stock. You should read this entire prospectus carefully, including the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” any applicable free writing prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023, our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, as filed with the SEC on May 19, 2023, our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, as filed with the SEC on August 14, 2023, and our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, as filed with the SEC on November 14, 2023. You should read all such documents carefully, especially the risk factors and our financial statements and the related notes included or incorporated by reference herein or therein, before deciding to buy shares of our common stock. Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” or similar terms refer to ASP Isotopes Inc. together with its consolidated subsidiaries. References to the “selling stockholders” refer to the selling stockholders named in this prospectus.

The Company

We are a pre-commercial stage advanced materials company dedicated to the development of technology and processes that, if successful, will allow for the enrichment of natural isotopes into higher concentration products, which could be used in several industries. Our proprietary technology, the Aerodynamic Separation Process (“ASP technology”), was originally developed by Klydon Proprietary Ltd (“Klydon”). Our initial focus is on the production and commercialization of enriched Carbon-14 (“C-14”), Molybdenum-100 (“Mo-100”) and Silicon-28 (“Si-28”). We have commissioned an isotope enrichment plant for the enrichment of C-14 located in Pretoria, South Africa, and we anticipate completion and commissioning of a multi-isotope enrichment plant in Pretoria, South Africa during the first half of 2024. In addition, we have started planning additional isotope enrichment plants.  We believe the C-14 we may develop using the ASP technology could be used in the development of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. We believe the Mo-100 we may produce using the ASP technology could have significant potential advantages for use in the preparation of nuclear imaging agents by radiopharmacies and others in the medical industry. We believe the Si-28 we may produce using the ASP technology may be used to create advanced semiconductors and in quantum computing. In addition, we are considering the future development of the ASP technology for the separation of Zinc-68, Xenon-129/136 for potential use in the healthcare end market, Germanium 70/72/74 for possible use in the semiconductor end market, and Chlorine -37 for potential use in the nuclear energy end market.

We are also developing Quantum Enrichment technology to produce enriched Ytterbium-176, Nickel-64, Lithium 6, Lithium7 and Uranium-235 (“U-235”). Quantum enrichment is an advanced isotope enrichment technique that is currently in development that uses lasers. We believe that the U-235 we may develop using Quantum Enrichment technology may be commercialized as a nuclear fuel component for use in the new generation of HALEU-fueled small modular reactors that are now under development for commercial and government uses.

The aerodynamic separation technique has its origins in the South African uranium enrichment program in the 1980s, and the ASP technology has been developed during the last 18 years by the scientists at Klydon. In Klydon’s testing, the ASP technology has demonstrated efficacy and commercial scalability in enriching oxygen-18 and silicon-28. ASP Isotopes Inc. was incorporated in Delaware in September 2021 to acquire assets and license intellectual property rights related to the production of Mo-100 using the ASP technology. In January 2022, we also licensed intellectual property rights associated with the production of U-235 using the ASP technology. In July 2022, we licensed intellectual property rights related to the production of all isotopes using the ASP technology. In April 2023, we acquired certain intellectual property assets of Klydon.

We operate principally through subsidiaries: ASP Isotopes Guernsey Limited (the holding company of ASP Isotopes South Africa (Proprietary) Limited and Enlightened Isotopes (Pty) Ltd), which will be focused on the development and commercialization of high-value, low-volume isotopes for highly specialized end markets (such as C-14, Mo-100, and Si-28). In September 2023, we formed a new subsidiary, Quantum Leap Energy LLC, which also has a subsidiary in the United Kingdom (Quantum Leap Energy Ltd), to focus on the development and commercialization of advanced nuclear fuels such as HALEU and Lithium-6. ASP Isotopes UK Ltd is the owner of our technology.  We also recently entered a strategic relationship with PET Labs Pty Ltd. by acquiring a 51% ownership stake in the company. We anticipate this transaction will allow the company to enter the downstream medical isotope production and distribution market.

Our corporate structure and ownership of our subsidiaries is set forth in the chart below:

Background

We were incorporated in Delaware in September 2021 to acquire assets and license intellectual property rights related to the production of Mo-100 using the ASP technology. The aerodynamic separation technique has its origins in the South African uranium enrichment program in the 1980s, and the ASP technology has been developed during the last 18 years by the scientists at Klydon. In Klydon’s testing, the ASP technology has demonstrated efficacy and commercial scalability in enriching oxygen-18 and silicon-28. In July 2022, ASP Isotopes UK Ltd, as licensee, entered into a license agreement with Klydon, as licensor, under which ASP Isotopes UK Ltd acquired from Klydon an exclusive license to use, develop, modify, improve, subcontract, and sublicense certain intellectual property rights relating to the ASP technology for the production, distribution, marketing and sale of all isotopes produced using the ASP technology (the “Klydon license agreement”). In April 2023, the Company perfected its interest under an Acknowledgement of Debt Agreement, under which the Company acquired specific intellectual property from Klydon (“Klydon Settlement”). The Company now believes it owns all the intellectual property related to the ASP technology. Future production of isotopes is limited to member countries of the Nuclear Suppliers Group. We have no products approved for commercial sale or existing customers and have generated no revenues to date. We have not yet demonstrated the ability to produce isotopes at a commercial scale using the ASP technology.

Our Strategy

Our goal is to develop technology and processes that, if successful, will allow for the production of isotopes that may be used in medical isotopes, nuclear power, or other industries. Key elements of our strategy to achieve this goal include:

Recent Events and Key Milestones

Share Purchase Agreement relating to PET Labs

On October 30, 2023, we entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with Nucleonics Imaging Proprietary Limited, a company incorporated in the Republic of South Africa (the “Seller”), relating to the purchase and sale of ordinary shares in the issued share capital of Pet Labs Pharmaceuticals Proprietary Limited, a company incorporated in the Republic of South Africa (“PET Labs”). PET Labs is a South African radiopharmaceutical operations company, dedicated to nuclear medicine and the science of radiopharmaceutical production.

Under the Purchase Agreement, we have agreed to purchase from the Seller 51 ordinary shares in the issued share capital of PET Labs (the “Initial Sale Shares”) (representing 51% of the issued share capital of PET Labs) and we have an option to purchase from the Seller the remaining 49 ordinary shares in the issued share capital of PET Labs (the “Option Shares”) (representing the remaining 49% of the issued share capital of PET Labs). We agreed to pay to the Seller an aggregate of $2,000,000 for the Initial Sale Shares, of which aggregate amount $500,000 was payable on the completion of the sale of the Initial Sale Shares and $1,500,000 is payable on demand after one calendar year from the agreement date. If we exercise our option to purchase the Option Shares (which option is exercisable from the agreement date until January 31, 2027, provided that the Initial Sale Shares have been paid for in full), we have agreed to pay an additional $2,200,000 for the Option Shares.

Company-Owned ASP Plants

In October 2021 and July 2022, we acquired two incomplete ASP plants in Pretoria, South Africa. In September 2021, we obtained the required licenses from the nuclear regulators, including the Non-proliferation Council of South Africa, to complete construction of the plants. In March of 2023, we completed the construction and commissioning of the first plant, which is capable of enriching light isotopes. As of the date of this prospectus, we employ 22 persons at this facility. We expect to conclude the construction and commissioning of the second larger multi-isotope enrichment plant in the first half of 2024.

Supply Contacts

In July 2023, we entered into a supply agreement with a U.S. customer to supply a highly enriched metal. This contract has a value of $9 million, which we expect to realize during 2024. In September 2023, we received a prepayment of approximately $900,000 for this contract.

In July 2023, we entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with a U.S. Small Modular Reactor company to supply HALEU. The MOU focused on formalizing a collaboration to develop a HALEU production facility with financial support from the customer.

In June 2023, we entered into a multi-year supply agreement with a Canadian customer for the supply of Carbon-14, which will be produced from our facility that was completed in March 2023. The customer will supply Carbon-14 in the form of carbon dioxide gas. We will then convert the carbon dioxide gas into methane under a chemical converting contract we entered into with the customer in June 2023. We will then enrich the methane to greater than 85% C-14 under a tolling agreement, also entered into with the customer in June 2023. Finally, we will convert the enriched methane back into enriched carbon dioxide under a chemical converting contract. The tolling agreement has a minimum “take or pay” amount of approximately $2.5 million per year, supported by a bank letter of guarantee. In September 2023, we entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the same customer to separate Deuterium and Tritium currently stored at nuclear sites within Canada. The timing and commercial implications of this MOU are subject to future agreement between the parties.

In November 2022, our wholly owned subsidiary, ASP Isotopes Guernsey Limited (“ASP Guernsey”), entered into an Amended Agreement with Klydon (Proprietary) Ltd (“Klydon”) related to a 25-year supply agreement for up to $27 million per annum of highly enriched Molybdenum-100 entered into by and between Klydon and Beijing BRICEM Science and Technology Co. Ltd. (“Bricem”) in August 2021 (the “August 2021 Purchase Agreement”). Under the Amended Agreement, Klydon assigned all of its rights under the August 2021 Purchase Agreement to ASP Guernsey.

Klydon Agreements

On November 1, 2021, ASP Isotopes South Africa (Proprietary) Ltd (“ASP South Africa”) and Klydon (Proprietary) Limited (“Kyldon”), as the contractor, entered into a contract under which Klydon was to supply ASP South Africa with a complete turnkey isotope enrichment plant (the “Turnkey Contract”). Among other things, the activities required to be undertaken or performed by Klydon include taking control of the assets acquired in the Molybdos Business Rescue Auction and the design of an isotope enrichment facility; the supply of components, equipment, and labor required for the construction; the installation, testing, and commissioning of the isotope enrichment plant; securing all required approvals, regulatory authorizations and other required consents for the operation of the plant; providing training to local ASP South Africa personnel to enable them to operate the plant in the future; and providing warranties in relation to the performance targets of the plant which are required to be met.

Klydon performed a portion of the services required under the Turnkey Contract; however, services were incomplete, and many of the services were not completed within the time frame required. As a result, Klydon and ASP South Africa entered into an Acknowledgement of Debt Agreement dated November 30, 2022, whereby Klydon (i) agreed to pledge its assets (the “Pledged Assets”) to ASP South Africa to secure its performance of the Turnkey Contract by December 31, 2022, and (ii) acknowledged that ASP South Africa would suffer damages in the amount of $6,050,000 (“Damage Amount”) should it fail to perform. Under the Acknowledgement of Debt Agreement, the Pledged Assets would serve as collateral for Klydon’s obligation to pay the Damage Amount should Klydon fail to perform. Also on November 30, 2022, ASP South Africa and Klydon entered into a Deed of Security Agreement whereby, if Klydon failed to complete its obligations under the Turnkey Contract by December 31, 2022, all of Klydon’s rights of any nature to and interests of any nature in the Pledged Assets would be transferred to ASP South Africa. Klydon failed to complete its obligations under the Turnkey Contract by December 31, 2022. However, the Company did not perfect its interest in the assets until April 4, 2023. The Company did not believe that the amounts owed by Klydon were realizable, nor did the Company know the timing of any recovery payments. Therefore, a loss recovery receivable was not recorded at any time before April 4, 2023.

On April 4, 2023, the Company perfected its interest under the Acknowledgement of Debt Agreement, under which the Company acquired specific intellectual property from Klydon (“Klydon Settlement”). In addition, the Company acquired Klydon's interest in four inactive entities and in the process of being dissolved. The Company has concluded that the Klydon Settlement is accounted for under ASC805, Business Combinations as an asset acquisition since the assets acquired were concentrated in a single identifiable asset from a related party. In conjunction with the Klydon Settlement, the Company recorded an increase to additional paid-in capital for the settlement of all liabilities owed to Klydon at the time of settlement, totaling $626,223.

Our Strategy

Complete development and commissioning of our enrichment facilities in Pretoria, South Africa.

We intend to complete the development and construction of our second enrichment facility located in Pretoria, South Africa, during the first half of 2024. Our first facility, which we completed in March of 2023, is designed to enrich light isotopes such as Carbon-14. The second facility, which is substantially larger than the first, should have the potential to enrich kilogram quantities of relatively heavier isotopes, including but not limited to Molybdenum-100 and Silicon-28.

In October 2021, we acquired physical assets, including equipment, of Molybdos (Pty) Limited (Molybdos) located at the plant after having been declared the winner of a competitive auction process under Section 45 of the South Africa Consumer Protection Act, 2008 (the Molybdos Business Rescue Auction). We licensed the ASP technology for the production of Mo-100 from Klydon. We subsequently entered into a turnkey contract with Klydon, pursuant to which Klydon has agreed to provide us with a first commercial-scale isotope enrichment plant. The activities to be undertaken or performed by Klydon include taking control of the assets acquired by us in the Molybdos Business Rescue Auction; the design of an enrichment facility; the supply of required components, equipment, and labor; the installation, testing, and commissioning of the enrichment facility; securing all required approvals, regulatory authorizations and other required consents for the operation of the plant; providing training to local ASP Isotopes South Africa (Proprietary) Limited personnel to enable them to operate the plant going forward; and providing warranties in relation to the performance targets of the plant which are required to be met. Klydon will also be responsible for liaising with the relevant South African authorities, including the South African Non-Proliferation Council, the Nuclear Suppliers Group, and International Atomic Energy Agency, to ensure that the enrichment plant complies with international laws and guidelines.

In July 2022, we acquired a pilot plant previously used by Klydon to enrich Silicon-28 up to an abundance of 96.6%. This enriched Silicon-28 was then used for experimental work in the solar and electronics industries. We spent the subsequent six months refurbishing and upgrading the facility to produce commercial quantities of Carbon-14. In June 2023, we entered into a tolling agreement with a North American customer for the entire capacity of this facility, under which we will supply the customer with C-14 enriched to 85%.

Demonstrate the capability to produce C-14, Mo-100, and Si-28 using the ASP technology and capitalize on the opportunity to solve many supply chain challenges that currently exist.

We intend to demonstrate the capability to produce C-14, Mo-100, and Si-28 at a scale that can support anticipated customer demand for all three isotopes.

Historically, Russia has been the sole supplier of C-14, which is used as a tracer in the development of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The supply chain has been inherently fragile with inconsistent service. Subject to the supply of feedstock from our customer, we intend to start the enrichment of C-14 during 2024.

Mo-100 as an alternative and potentially more convenient production route for Tc-99m used in nuclear medical diagnostic procedures. Mo-99’s decay product, technetium-99m (Tc-99m), is used in 80-85% of the world’s single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) procedures, which is used to diagnose heart disease and cancer, to study organ structure and function, and to perform other critical medical applications. We intend to offer our Mo-100 to customers that may convert Mo-100 into Mo-99 or directly into Tc-99m, and we believe that the use of Mo-100 in this way will be an attractive alternative route to the production of Tc-99m for several reasons.

Isotopically enriched silicon is regarded as a promising material for semiconductor quantum information due to its very long coherence times and its compatibility with the readily available industrial platform. We believe that the ASP technology is ideally suited to the production of this isotope because it has the ability to enrich molecules of low molecular mass. Other electronic gasses that can likely be enriched using ASP Technology include disilane and germane.

Continue identifying potential offtake customers and strategic partners for our isotopes.

We have already seen significant interest from potential offtake customers for the isotopes that we intend to produce. In November 2022, we entered a 25-year supply agreement for highly enriched Mo-100 with BRICEM (Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering Metallurgy). The contract has a value of up to $27.0 million per annum.  In July 2023, we entered into a supply agreement for a highly enriched metal with a U.S. customer. This contract has a value of $9 million. We have had or are currently in active dialogue with many other potential customers who could use the entire anticipated annual capacity of an initial plant. In June 2023, we entered into a tolling agreement with a Canadian customer for the entire capacity of our C-14 production facility.  We are currently in discussions with potential customers that have an interest in entering into long-term supply agreements for kilogram quantities of Si-28 and larger quantities of Xe-129, Ge 72, Ge-74, Zn-68, and Cl-37.

Demonstrate the capability to produce high-assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU) using Quantum Enrichment and meet anticipated demand for the new generation of HALEU-fueled small modular reactors and advanced reactor designs that are now under development for commercial and government uses.

We plan to begin research and development for the enrichment of uranium to demonstrate our capability to produce HALEU using Quantum Enrichment technology. We anticipate a future demand for HALEU for the new generation of HALEU-fueled small modular reactors (SMRs) and advanced reactor designs that are now under development for commercial and government uses. SMRs are viewed as being cheaper, safer, and more versatile than traditional large-scale nuclear reactors, and development of the new technology is receiving considerable funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, as well as from the governments of other countries. There is currently no commercial production of HALEU in the United States. We are currently conducting a feasibility study with respect to constructing an enrichment facility in either South Africa or the United Kingdom. We are currently in discussions with both the UK Atomic Energy Authority, UK Office of Nuclear Regulation (ONR), Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa (NECSA) as well as the South African Department of Mineral Resources and Energy (DMRE) in hopes of obtaining approval to conduct nuclear research in either of these countries. We would need to obtain approval from one of these regulatory bodies in order to proceed with our nuclear research. Alongside our talks with regulators, we are currently discussing with multiple counterparties involved in the SMR space to produce HALEU to further their research efforts and, later, their commercial endeavors.

Initiate the R&D efforts of the Quantum Enrichment Process via the Company’s subsidiary, Enlightened Isotopes, for the enrichment of Ytterbium 176

We anticipate furthering our commercial development of the Quantum Enrichment process through the development of enriching Ytterbium-176 for the medical oncology market. Enriched Ytterbium-176 can be irradiated to produce Lutetium-177, which has been identified for use in oncology, particularly in targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). TRT is used in the treatment of various types of cancers, including neuroendocrine tumors, prostate cancer, and bone metastases, among others. There are a total of 11 ongoing clinical trials studying Lutetium-177 PSMA-617 in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. We have obtained all necessary licenses within South Africa to proceed with the commercial development of this product, and we anticipate that this continued R&D and later clinical applicability will help to refine the Quantum Enrichment process for broader commercial applicability in the future.

Demonstrate the effectiveness and value in the use of Mo-100 and other stable isotopes in the downstream radiopharmacy market, after acquiring 51% ownership interest in PET Labs, the leading radiopharmacy in South Africa. This investment will address the radioisotope needs of South Africa as well as certain neighboring countries.

Under the terms of a Share Purchase Agreement, dated October 30, 2023, we acquired 51% of the issued share capital of Pet Labs Pharmaceuticals Proprietary Limited, a company incorporated in the Republic of South Africa (“PET Labs”). PET Labs is a South African radiopharmaceutical operations company, dedicated to nuclear medicine and the science of radiopharmaceutical production. As a result of this transaction, we entered into the downstream radiopharmacy market that we intend to service in the future. This transaction will help provide the market with adequate proof of concept of the value of utilizing Mo-100 in downstream SPECT imaging procedures while providing supply chain stability to the region of South Africa and neighboring countries. We intend to expand PET Labs’ existing operations by adding two new cyclotrons to its service footprint, enabling the company to properly expand its other revenue generation mediums, which is anticipated to drive free cash flow to the company.

Our Strengths

Healthcare Regulatory Approvals

We have not sought any regulatory approval for the application of isotopes to be used in the medical field such as Mo-100 or Zn-68. Currently, the sale or use of Mo-100 is not regulated by a healthcare regulator, such as the FDA, European Medicines Agency (EMA) or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. However, products such as Mo-99 and Tc-99m that are produced from Mo-100 in a cyclotron or a linear accelerator are regulated by healthcare regulators. Our future customers who may use Mo-100 to produce radiopharmaceuticals will likely require regulatory approval for their products. To date, only one healthcare regulator (Canada) has approved the use of Tc-99m produced from Mo-100 via a cyclotron. Obtaining regulatory approval is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Our customers’ regulatory approval process may not be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all, and failure can occur at any time during the process.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property rights to the ASP technology were acquired from Klydon in April 2023 and include all existing and/or future proprietary rights of Klydon relating to the ASP technology, whether or not such rights have been registered including the copyright, designs, know-how, patents and trademarks (although we currently have no such patents, patent applications or copyrights). Klydon has spent the last 18 years and tens of millions of dollars developing the aerodynamic separation technique used in the ASP technology, generating critical trade secrets. Neither we nor Klydon have any existing patents, pending patent applications or copyrights. To date, we and Klydon have relied exclusively on trade secrets and other intellectual property laws, non-disclosure agreements with our respective employees, consultants, vendors, potential customers and other relevant persons and other measures to protect our intellectual property and intend to continue to rely on these and other means.

Summary Risk Factors

Investing in our Common Stock involves substantial risks, which are discussed more fully under the heading “Risk Factors” immediately following this summary. You should carefully consider all the information in this prospectus, including under “Risk Factors,” before making an investment decision. The risks described under the heading “Risk Factors” may cause us not to realize the full benefits of our strengths or may cause us to be unable to execute all or part of our strategy successfully. Some of the more significant challenges include the following:

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of relief from certain reporting requirements and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:

In addition, under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards, and, therefore, we will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies or that have opted out of using such extended transition period, which may make comparison of our financial statements with those of other public companies more difficult. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, or, with respect to adoption of certain new or revised accounting standards, until we irrevocably elect to opt out of using the extended transition period.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.235 billion or more; (ii) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of this offering; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; and (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC. We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these reduced reporting burdens.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated in Delaware in September 2021. Our principal executive offices are located at 1101 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20004, and our telephone number is (202) 756-2245. Our website address is www.aspisotopes.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of and is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this prospectus.

The Offering

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our common stock involves a certain degree of risk. In deciding whether to invest, you should carefully consider the following risk factors and those discussed under the Section captioned “Risk Factors” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023, which is incorporated by reference in this prospectus, together with other information in this prospectus. Any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects and cause the value of our stock to decline, which could cause you to lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties of which we are unaware, or that we currently deem immaterial also may become important factors that affect us.

Risks Related to Our Limited Operating History, Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

We have a very limited operating history, and we have incurred losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. We may never generate any revenue or become profitable or, if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain it.

We were incorporated in September 2021, and we have a very limited operating history upon which you can evaluate our business and prospects. Our operations to date have been primarily focused on acquiring the assets of Molybdos (after participating in and being declared the winner of a competitive auction process under Section 45 of the South Africa Consumer Protection Act, 2008 for ZAR 11,000,000, which at the then current exchange rate was approximately $734,000) and in-licensing intellectual property rights related to the production of Molybdenum-100 (a non-radioactive isotope we believe may have applications primarily in the medical industry) and Uranium-235 (an isotope of uranium we believe may have application in the clean, efficient and carbon-free energy industry) using the ASP technology, organizing and staffing our company, research and development activities, business planning, raising capital, and providing general and administrative support for these operations. In July 2022, we acquired assets comprising a dormant Silicon-28 aerodynamic separation processing plant from Klydon for ZAR 6,000,000 (which at the then current exchange rate was approximately $364,000), which will be payable to Klydon on the later of 180 days of the acquisition and the date on which the assets generate any revenues of any nature. We have not yet built a manufacturing plant that is producing commercial quantities of isotopes or even demonstrated the ability to produce commercial quantities of isotopes using the ASP technology or quantum enrichment technology. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in the medical, technology and energy industries, including an ability to obtain applicable regulatory approvals, manufacture any isotopes at commercial scale, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful isotope commercialization. In addition, we have not yet sought any regulatory approval that may be necessary for application of Mo-100 that we may develop using the ASP process in the medical industry or the production of U-235 that we may develop using quantum enrichment. Consequently, any predictions about our future performance may not be as accurate as they would be if we had a history of successfully developing and commercializing isotopes.

Investment in isotope enrichment technology is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any potential isotopes will fail to demonstrate adequate utility or effectiveness in the targeted application (or for medical indications, an acceptable safety profile), gain regulatory approval, if applicable, and become commercially viable. We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue to date, and we continue to incur significant research and development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations. As a result, we are not profitable and have incurred losses since our inception in September 2021. For the period from September 13, 2021 (inception) through December 31, 2021, we reported a net loss of $2.6 million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we reported a net loss of $4.9 million. As of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $7.6 million.

We expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect these losses to increase as we:

We expect limited commercial activity for our isotopes in the United States during the next two to three years and we anticipate that most of our initial revenues from future sales of our Mo-100 will be derived from countries in Asia and EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa). To become and remain profitable, we must succeed in developing and eventually commercializing isotopes that generate significant revenue. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing research and development activities relating to our ASP technology, obtaining applicable regulatory approval for future isotopes, if any, and manufacturing, marketing and selling any future isotopes (assuming receipt of applicable regulatory approvals). We are only in the preliminary stages of most of these activities. We may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, may never generate revenues that are significant enough to achieve profitability. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with chemical isotopes separation, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would depress the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our research and development efforts, diversify our future isotopes or even continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

Our future prospects are tied directly to the end markets that use our isotopes including the diagnostic medical imaging industry and depend on our ability to successfully introduce our isotopes and adapt to a changing technology and medical practice landscape.

The field of diagnostic medical imaging is dynamic, with new products, including equipment, software and products, continually being developed and existing products continually being refined. New hardware (scanners), software or agents in a given diagnostic modality may be developed that provide benefits superior to the then-dominant hardware, software and agents in that modality, resulting in commercial displacement of the existing radiotracers. For example, alternate scanners and radiotracers could be introduced. Similarly, changing perceptions about comparative efficacy and safety, as well as changing availability of supply may favor one agent over another or one modality over another. In addition, new or revised appropriate use criteria developed by professional societies, to assist physicians and other health care providers in making appropriate imaging decisions for specific clinical conditions, can and have reduced the frequency of and demand for certain imaging modalities and imaging agents. Technological obsolescence in any of the medical imaging products that would use the Mo-100 that we plan to manufacture could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

We may not realize the anticipated benefits of previous acquisitions.

The success of the company will depend in large part on the success of our management in integrating the acquired assets into the company. In October 2021, our subsidiary in South Africa acquired the assets of Molybdos after participating in and being declared the winner of a competitive auction process under Section 45 of the South Africa Consumer Protection Act, 2008 for ZAR 11,000,000 (which at the then current exchange rate was approximately $734,000), plus value added tax (VAT) levied by the government of South Africa at the rate of 15% and auctioneers’ commission at the rate of 10%. In July 2022, we acquired assets comprising a dormant Silicon-28 aerodynamic separation processing plant from Klydon located in Pretoria, South Africa for ZAR 6,000,000 (which at the then current exchange rate was approximately $364,000). In addition, in April 2023, we perfected our interest under the Acknowledgement of Debt Agreement, under which we acquired specific intellectual property from Klydon.  To date, we have completed the construction of one isotope enrichment facility, but we have not yet produced any commercial quantities of isotopes and we have not yet demonstrated the ability to produce any isotope in commercial quantities using ASP technology. We will not know whether the assets that we acquired will work according to our expectations until we have produced commercial quantities of isotopes at our enrichment facilities. Our failure to achieve the integration of the acquired assets into the company and to commercialize the assets could result in our failure to realize the anticipated benefits of those acquisitions and could impair our results of operations, profitability and financial results.

We currently have no sales, but we expect to be heavily dependent on a few large customers to generate a majority of our revenues. Our operating results could be adversely affected by a reduction in business with our future significant customers.

We currently have no sales. However, we expect to rely on a limited number of customers to purchase any isotopes that we produce using the ASP technology or quantum enrichment under long-term contracts. Our future key customers may stop ordering our isotopes at any time or may become bankrupt or otherwise unable to pay. The loss of any of our future key customers could result in lower revenues than we anticipate and could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our independent registered public accounting firm’s report contains an explanatory paragraph that expresses substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a “going concern.”

We generated an accumulated deficit totaling $19,676,973 through September 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2023, we had approximately $2,286,805 in cash. We have yet to generate any revenues, and we anticipate that our losses will continue for the foreseeable future. We cannot assure you that our plans to commercialize isotopes that we may develop will be successful. These factors, among others, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements contained elsewhere in this report do not include any adjustments that might result from our inability to continue as a going concern. Unless we can begin to generate material revenue or raise capital from equity offerings, we may not be able to remain in business. We cannot assure you that we will raise enough money or generate sufficient sales to meet our future working capital needs.

We will require substantial additional capital to finance our operations, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit or terminate certain of our product development efforts or other operations.

We expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing and planned activities, particularly as we continue our research and development activities, seek applicable regulatory approvals for any future isotopes that we may successfully develop, and expand our organization by hiring additional personnel. In addition, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company.

As of September 30, 2023, our cash was approximately $2,286,805. Subsequent to the end of the most recent fiscal quarter, in October 2023, we sold an aggregate of 9,952,510 shares of our common stock, for aggregate cash consideration of approximately $9.1 million. We believe, based on our current operating plan, that the net proceeds from our IPO and the private placements completed in March and October 2023, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will not be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months from the date the financial statements are issued. Therefore, we may need to seek additional funds through public or private equity or debt financings, third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements, as well as other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements, or any combination of these approaches.

In any event, we will require substantial additional capital to support our business operations as we pursue additional research and development activities related to our ASP technology and seek applicable regulatory approval of our any future isotopes, and otherwise to support our continuing operations. In addition, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution (assuming receipt of applicable regulatory approvals for our future isotopes). Even if we believe we have sufficient capital for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or if we have specific strategic considerations. Any additional capital raising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our future isotopes (assuming receipt of applicable regulatory approvals).

Additionally, as a result of severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, increased interest rates, inflationary pressures, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability, the global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability. The financial markets and the global economy may also be adversely affected by the current or anticipated impact of military conflict. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult, more costly or more dilutive. If we do not raise additional capital in sufficient amounts, we may be prevented from pursuing development and commercialization efforts, which will harm our business, operating results and prospects.

We are subject to credit counterparty risk which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

The Company maintains cash balances at many financial institutions in multiple geographies.  While the majority of cash balances are currently held in US$ at U.S. financial institutions, our cash balances at those institutions may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limit of $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank for each account ownership category. Our non-US banking counterparties might not have protections offered to their customers that are considered standard in the U.S. and even if such deposit insurances do exist, there is no guarantee that the insurer will honor those insurance policies. Although the Company currently believes that the financial institutions with whom it does business, will be able to fulfill their commitments to the Company, there is no assurance that those institutions will be able to continue to do so. Any credit losses that may occur could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Raising additional capital or acquiring or licensing assets by issuing equity or debt securities may cause dilution to our stockholders, and raising funds through lending and licensing arrangements may restrict our operations or require us to relinquish proprietary rights.

We may plan to seek additional capital through a combination of public and private equity offerings, debt financings, strategic partnerships and alliances and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a stockholder. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and could involve certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. If we raise additional capital through future collaborations, strategic alliances or third-party licensing arrangements, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our intellectual property, future revenue streams, research programs or future isotopes, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.

If we are unable to raise additional capital when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts, or grant rights to develop and market our future isotopes (assuming receipt of applicable regulatory approvals for our future isotopes) that we would otherwise develop and market ourselves.

Risks Related to the Development and Commercialization of Our Future Isotopes

We are early in our research and development efforts for isotopes using the ASP technology and the quantum enrichment process. If we are unable to advance our future isotopes in development, obtain applicable regulatory approval and ultimately commercialize our future isotopes, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

We are still conducting research and development efforts using ASP technology to produce a wide array of isotopes, and have not yet produced any isotope at commercial scale. It is possible that the research and development, proof-of-concept, construction of a plant and commercialization will take longer than anticipated due to unexpected delays.

We also plan to begin researching the enrichment of uranium, which is a chemical element we believe may have application in the clean, efficient and carbon-free energy industry, using quantum enrichment. Quantum enrichment has never been used to produce isotopes at a commercial scale and the research that has been conducted using this technique has never been published. The IAEA has never inspected any facility that leverages this technology and there is no proof that this technology has ever been used to enrich uranium.  There are significant regulatory hurdles associated with enabling our research and development efforts to enter the nuclear energy market.  Multiple regulatory agencies need to provide approvals to allow us to proceed with the research and development necessary to show proof of concept to the market. If we demonstrate proof of concept, we anticipate that there will be further approvals needed to expand to a larger footprint to support commercial demand. We may not ever obtain these approvals.  If we are unable to advance our future isotopes in development, obtain applicable regulatory approval and ultimately commercialize our future isotopes (assuming receipt of applicable regulatory approvals), or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

Our ability to generate product revenues will depend heavily on the success of our research and development activities, receipt of applicable regulatory approvals, and eventual commercialization of our future isotopes (assuming receipt of applicable regulatory approvals and compliance with all applicable regulatory authorities).

The success of our business, including our ability to finance our company and generate any revenue in the future, will primarily depend on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our currently planned future isotopes, which may never occur.

We will have to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing research and development activities relating to our ASP technology, obtaining applicable regulatory approval for future isotopes, if any, and manufacturing, marketing and selling any future isotopes (assuming receipt of applicable regulatory approvals). We are only in the preliminary stages of most of these activities. If we are unable to succeed in these activities, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to continue our business.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers to provide us components and a material interruption in supply could prevent or limit our ability to execute our strategic plan and development programs in the expected timeframe.

We depend upon a limited number of third-party suppliers for certain components required to construct the centrifuges and other equipment for the enrichment plants that are being constructed in South Africa. To date, we have been able to obtain the required components for our centrifuges without any significant delays or interruptions, except for certain delays related to COVID-19. If we lose any of these suppliers, we may be required to find and enter into supply arrangements with one or more replacement suppliers. Obtaining alternative sources of supply could involve significant delays and other costs, and these supply sources may not be available to us on reasonable terms or at all. Any disruption of supplies could delay completion of the enrichment plant in South Africa, which could adversely affect our ability to execute our strategic plan and development programs in the expected timeframe.

Development activities at our facility in South Africa could be disrupted for a variety of reasons, which could prevent us from completing our development activities.

A disruption in development activities at our facility in South Africa could have a material adverse effect on our business. Disruptions could occur for many reasons, including power outages, fire, natural disasters, weather, unplanned maintenance or other manufacturing problems, public health crises (including, but not limited to, the COVID-19 pandemic), disease, strikes or other labor unrest, transportation interruption, government regulation, political unrest or terrorism. Alternative facilities with sufficient capacity or capabilities may not be available, may cost substantially more or may take a significant time to start production, each of which could negatively affect our business and financial performance.  South Africa struggles with limited electricity supply and regions of the country regularly undergo load-shedding, during which electricity is not available.  This uncertain supply of electricity could impact our ability to operate and produce commercial products and could negatively affect the financial position of the Company.

Risks associated with the development of ASP technology for enrichment of isotopes could cause substantial delays in production of our future isotopes.

Prior to October 2021, as a company, we had no involvement with or control over the research and development of the ASP technology. We relied on Klydon to conduct such research and development in accordance with the applicable legal, regulatory and scientific standards. If the research and development processes or the results of the development programs associated with the ASP technology for development of isotopes prove to be unreliable, this could result in increased costs and delays in the development of our future isotopes, which could adversely affect any future revenue from these future isotopes (assuming receipt of applicable regulatory approvals).

Regulatory approval for production and distribution of radiopharmaceuticals used for medical imaging and therapeutic treatments may involve a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome.

Currently, the sale or use of Mo-100 is not regulated by a healthcare regulator, such as the FDA, European Medicines Agency (EMA) or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. However, products such as Mo-99 and Tc-99m that are produced from Mo-100 in a cyclotron or a linear accelerator are regulated by healthcare regulators. We expect radiopharmacies, hospitals, clinics and others in the medical community to produce the widely used medical radioisotope technetium-99m (Tc-99m) from the Mo-100 that we may produce using our ASP technology. Tc-99m is a diagnostic agent that is used by health care professionals with FDA-approved imaging devices to detect potential diseases like coronary artery disease and cancer, as well as evaluate lung, liver, kidney and brain function. When used with the appropriate diagnostic scanner device, such as a SPECT imaging system, the Tc-99m emits signals that are captured and produces an image of internal organs to detect various medical problems and contribute to diagnosis and treatment decisions. Our future customers who may use Mo-100 to produce radiopharmaceuticals will likely require regulatory approval for their products. To date, only one healthcare regulator (Canada) has approved the use of Tc-99m produced from Mo-100 via a cyclotron. Obtaining regulatory approval is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Our customers’ regulatory approval process may not be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all, and failure can occur at any time during the process.

In the future, we may need to obtain approval from the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities prior to the sale of Mo-100 that we may produce using our ASP technology for use in medical imaging and therapeutic treatments. If we require FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities to approve the sale of Mo-100 that we may produce using our ASP technology for medical imaging and therapeutic treatments, we must demonstrate the safety and utility or efficacy of our Mo-100. Obtaining regulatory approval is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Our regulatory approval process may not be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all, and failure can occur at any time during the process.

Other isotopes that we intend to produce in the future may also require approvals from healthcare regulators such as FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities.

Our success depends on our future customers’ ability to successfully commercialize products that are produced from our isotopes.

Our customers operate in a competitive environment. If our customers are unable to successfully commercialize products that they produce from our isotopes, our business will be negatively impacted. Our customers may fail for a number of reasons, including but not limited to pricing pressure from competing products and failure to gain regulatory approval for the production of their products from healthcare regulators.

Our success depends on our ability to adapt to a rapidly changing competitive environment in the nuclear industry.

The nuclear industry in general, and the nuclear fuel industry in particular, is in a period of significant change, which could significantly transform the competitive landscape we face. The uranium and isotope enrichment sector is competitive. Changes in the competitive landscape may adversely affect pricing trends, change customer spending patterns, or create uncertainty. To address these changes, we may seek to adjust our cost structure and efficiency of operations and evaluate opportunities to grow our business organically or through acquisitions and other strategic transactions. We are actively considering, and expect to consider from time to time in the future, potential strategic transactions, which could involve, without limitation, changes in our capital structure, acquisitions and/or dispositions of businesses or assets, joint ventures or investments in businesses, products or technologies. 

In connection with any such transaction, we may seek additional debt or equity financing, contribute or dispose of assets, assume additional indebtedness, or partner with other parties to consummate a transaction. Any such transaction may not result in the intended benefits and could involve significant commitments of our financial and other resources. Legal and consulting costs incurred in connection with debt or equity financing transactions in development are deferred and subject to immediate expensing if such a transaction becomes less likely to occur. If the actions we take in response to industry changes are not successful, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

We may explore strategic collaborations that may never materialize or may fail.

We intend to accelerate the development of our enriched uranium program by selectively collaborating with energy companies in the United States. We intend to retain significant technology, economic and commercial rights to our programs in key geographic areas that are core to our long-term strategy. As a result, we intend to periodically explore a variety of possible additional strategic collaborations in an effort to gain access to additional resources. At the current time, we cannot predict what form such a strategic collaboration might take. We are likely to face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic collaborators, and strategic collaborations can be complicated and time-consuming to negotiate and document. We may not be able to negotiate strategic collaborations on acceptable terms, or at all. We are unable to predict when, if ever, we will enter into any additional strategic collaborations because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with establishing them.

If the market opportunities for our future isotopes are smaller than we estimate (even assuming receipt of any required regulatory approval), our business may suffer.

We are currently focused on producing isotopes using our ASP technology to meet critical needs in society. We also plan to research the production of enriched uranium using quantum enrichment to meet the future needs of developers of U.S. advanced reactor technologies requiring HALEU. Our projections of the potential markets are based on estimates that have been derived from a variety of sources, including scientific literature and market research, and which may prove to be incorrect. We must be able to successfully acquire a significant market share in our potential markets to achieve profitability and growth. Customers may become difficult to gain access to, which would adversely affect our results of operations and our business.

We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing isotopes before or more successfully than us.

The development and commercialization of radioisotopes and chemical elements is highly competitive. We face competition with respect to all the isotopes that we may produce using our ASP technology from established biotechnology and nuclear medicine technology companies and will face competition with respect to enriched uranium that we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future from innovative technology and energy companies. There are a number of large biotechnology and nuclear medicine technology companies that currently market and sell radioisotopes to radiopharmacies, hospitals, clinics and others in the medical community (Mo-99 is the active ingredient for Tc-99m-based radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine procedures). There are also a number of technology and energy companies that are currently seeking to develop HALEU. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization.

More established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their greater size, resources and institutional experience. In particular, these companies have greater experience and expertise in securing reimbursement, government contracts, relationships with key opinion leaders, obtaining and maintaining regulatory approvals and distribution relationships to market products. These companies also have significantly greater research and marketing capabilities than we do. If we are not able to compete effectively against existing and potential competitors, our business and financial condition may be harmed.

As a result of these factors, our competitors may complete development of isotopes before we are able to, which may limit our ability to develop or commercialize our future isotopes. Our competitors may also develop radioisotopes or technologies that are safer, more effective, more widely accepted and cheaper than ours, and may also be more successful than us in manufacturing and marketing their isotopes. These appreciable advantages could render our future isotopes obsolete or non-competitive before we can recover the expenses of their development and commercialization.

Mergers and acquisitions in the technology and energy industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller and other early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, management and commercial personnel, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. 

Even if the products that we or our customers may produce using the ASP technology receives regulatory approval, it may fail to achieve market acceptance by radiopharmacies, hospitals, clinics or others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

Even if the isotopes that we may produce using the ASP technology for the medical industry, or the radioisotopes  that we expect our future customers to produce using the stable isotopes that we plan to offer, receives regulatory approval, the isotopes may fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by radiopharmacies, hospitals, clinics and others in the medical community. If it does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenue and may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of isotopesthat we may produce using the ASP technology, or the radioisotopes that our future customers may produce, will depend on a number of factors, including but not limited to:

Our efforts to educate radiopharmacies, hospitals, clinics and others in the medical community on the benefits of our isotopes that we may produce using the ASP technology may require significant resources and may never be successful.

Because we expect sales of isotopes that we may produce using the ASP technology (assuming receipt of applicable regulatory approvals for commercial sale) to generate substantially all of our revenues for the foreseeable future, the failure of these isotopes that we may produce using the ASP technology (assuming receipt of applicable regulatory approvals for commercial sale) to find market acceptance would harm our business and could require us to seek additional financing.

We currently have no marketing and sales organization and have no experience as a company in commercializing products, and we may have to invest significant resources to develop these capabilities. If we are unable to establish marketing and sales capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our products, we may not be able to generate product revenue.

We have no internal sales, marketing or distribution capabilities, nor have we commercialized a product. If the isotopes that we may produce using our ASP technology gains market acceptance and our customers receive regulatory approval for the isotopes they produce, we must build a marketing and sales organization with technical expertise and supporting distribution capabilities to commercialize such product in the markets that we target, which will be expensive and time-consuming, or collaborate with third parties that have direct sales forces and established distribution systems, either to augment our own sales force and distribution systems or in lieu of our own sales force and distribution systems. We currently plan to independently commercialize the isotopes that we may produce using our ASP technology (assuming receipt of applicable regulatory approvals) in the United States by establishing a focused sales force and marketing infrastructure. We may opportunistically seek additional strategic collaborations to maximize the commercial opportunities for our medical isotopes business outside of the United States. We have no prior experience as a company in the marketing, sale and distribution of isotopes and there are significant risks involved in building and managing a sales organization, including our ability to hire, retain and incentivize qualified individuals, generate sufficient sales leads, provide adequate training to sales and marketing personnel and effectively manage a geographically dispersed sales and marketing team. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of these products. We may not be able to enter into collaborations or hire consultants or external service providers to assist us in sales, marketing and distribution functions on acceptable financial terms, or at all. In addition, our product revenues and our profitability, if any, may be lower if we rely on third parties for these functions than if we were to market, sell and distribute any products that we develop ourselves. We likely will have little control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our products effectively. If we are not successful in commercializing our isotopes, either on our own or through arrangements with one or more third parties, we may not be able to generate any future product revenue and we would incur significant additional losses. 

Obtaining regulatory approval for either the Mo-100 that we may produce using the ASP technology, or the Tc-99m or Mo-99 that our future customers may produce using the Mo-100 that we plan to offer, in one jurisdiction does not mean that we or they will be successful in obtaining regulatory approval of such future products in other jurisdictions.

Currently, the production and distribution of Mo-100 does not require any regulatory licenses from healthcare regulators. Healthcare regulators frequently change such requirements, and it is possible that in the future Mo-100 may be regulated as a healthcare product. Obtaining such regulatory licenses, if required, may be a timely and costly process and could materially impact our ability to commercialize the Mo-100 that we plan to offer. Obtaining regulatory approval of the Mo-100 that we may produce using the ASP technology in one jurisdiction does not guarantee that we will be able to obtain regulatory approval in any other jurisdiction. For example, even if the FDA grants regulatory approval of the Mo-100 that we may produce using the ASP technology, comparable regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions must also approve the manufacturing, marketing and promotion and reimbursement of such future product in those countries. However, a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the regulatory approval process in others. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from those in the United States.

Obtaining foreign regulatory approvals and establishing and maintaining compliance with foreign regulatory requirements could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and could delay or prevent the introduction of the Mo-100 that we may produce using the ASP technology. Products such as Tc-99m and Mo-99 that may be produced by our future customers using the Mo-100 that we plan to offer will likely require regulatory licenses in most regions. Healthcare regulators frequently change such requirements and it is unclear what each healthcare regulator will require. To date, only one region (Canada) has approved the use of Tc-99m that has been produced from Mo-100 in a cyclotron. Obtaining such regulatory licenses, if required, may be a timely and costly process and could materially impact the ability of our future customers to operate and use the Mo-100 that we plan to offer. Obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction does not guarantee that we or they will be able to obtain regulatory approval in any other jurisdiction.

If we or any future collaborator fail to comply with the regulatory requirements in international markets or fail to receive applicable marketing approvals, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of the Mo-100 that we may produce using the ASP technology will be harmed.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and could limit commercialization of any isotopes that we may develop.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure if we commercialize any isotopes that we may develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that any such isotopes caused injuries, we could incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

Any product liability insurance coverage that we obtain and maintain may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. We anticipate that we will need to increase our insurance coverage each time we commence a clinical trial and if we successfully commercialize any isotopes. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to obtain or maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise. 

Risks Related to Regulatory Compliance

Our business is and could become subject to a wide variety of extensive and evolving laws and regulations. Failure to comply with such laws and regulations and failure to obtain licenses, approvals and permits that may be required to execute on our strategy and develop our company’s business could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to a wide variety of laws and regulations relating to various aspects of our business, including with respect to the development of the ASP technology and our future isotopes, employment and labor, health care, tax, privacy and data security, health and safety, and environmental issues. Laws and regulations at the South African and foreign, federal, state and local levels frequently change, especially in relation to new and emerging industries, and we cannot always reasonably predict the impact of, or the ultimate cost of compliance with, current or future regulatory or administrative changes. In South Africa, our isotope enrichment facilities are heavily regulated. South Africa is a signatory to the International Atomic Energy Agency (“IAEA”) conventions and has adopted safety standards from the IAEA. The design, construction and operation of the isotope enrichment plants are highly regulated and require government licenses, approvals and permits, and may be subject to the imposition of conditions. In some cases, these licenses, approvals and permits entail periodic review and inspections. While we and Klydon have received all licenses, approvals and permits required to build and operate our isotope enrichment facilities in South Africa, we cannot predict whether the conditions associated with such licenses, approvals and permits will be maintained. For example, each of Klydon and ASP Isotopes South Africa (Proprietary) Limited has received from the South African Council for The Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (1) a registration certificate (which are valid for two years from the date of issuance) and (2) a Manufacturing and Services Permit. The permits provide that the Non-Proliferation Secretariat will conduct at least two industry visits in June and November (or as arranged) of every year. Each of the permits includes numerous conditions, including, for example, the obligation to keep the Council updated or informed on all separation projects at all times and at least through biannual declarations, which must be done through correspondence to the Council at the end of April and September every year. The permit issued to ASP Isotopes South Africa (Proprietary) Limited includes additional specific information requirements related to (i) the progress on the design and construction of the isotope separation plant, (ii) the progress on the manufacturing of isotope separation elements, and (iii) the commissioning of the plant. Each of the permits further provides that (i) any potential export of controlled goods and technology should be requested at an early stage through a Provisional Export Guidance Request, (ii) all isotope separation applications remain controlled regardless of the isotope atomic mass and will be dealt with on a case-by-case basis, and (iii) any ultimate transfer of these controlled goods and technology will be subject to the issuance of a permit by the Council as required in terms of the Non-Proliferation Act and related Government Notices and Regulations.

In addition, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain, on a timely basis or at all, any additional licenses, approvals and permits that may be required to execute on our strategy and develop our company’s business, including any such licenses, approvals and permits that may be required to introduce isotopes produced using ASP technology into the market and to begin the enrichment of uranium to demonstrate our capability to produce HALEU using the Quantum Enrichment technology.

Changes in law or the imposition of new or additional regulations or permit requirements that impact our business could negatively impact our performance in various ways, including by limiting our ability to collaborate with partners or customers or by increasing our costs and the time necessary to obtain required authorization. We monitor new developments and devote a significant amount of management’s time and external resources to compliance with these laws and regulations. We cannot assure you, however, that we are and will remain in compliance with all such requirements and, even when we believe we are in compliance, a regulatory agency may determine that we are not. In addition, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain all licenses, approvals and permits that may be required to execute on our strategy and develop our company’s business as currently contemplated. Failure by us, our employees, affiliates, partners or others with whom we work to comply with applicable laws and regulations or to obtain or comply with necessary licenses, approvals and permits could result in administrative, civil, commercial or criminal liabilities, including suspension or debarment from government contracts or suspension of our export/import privileges. Failure by us, our employees, affiliates, partners or others with whom we work to comply with the permits issued to us by the South African Council for The Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction could result in disruption of our development activities at our facility in South Africa, which could prevent us from completing our development activities. 

If technology developed for the purposes of enriching isotopes can be applied to the creation or development of weapons-grade materials, then our technology may be considered “dual use” technology and be subject to limitations on public disclosure or export.

Our research and development of isotope enrichment is dedicated not only to producing isotopes for use in nuclear medical diagnostic procedures and concentrating uranium in the isotope uranium-235 for use in nuclear energy, but also to safeguarding any information with broad, dual-use potential that could be inappropriately applied. Enrichment is among the most sensitive nuclear technologies because it can produce weapon-grade materials. The ASP technology and the Quantum Enrichment technology may be considered dual use and could be subject to export control, for example, under the Wassenaar Arrangement.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property is not protected through patents or formal copyright registration. As a result, we do not have the full benefit of patent or copyright laws to prevent others from replicating the ASP technology.

We have not yet protected our intellectual property rights through patents or formal copyright registration, and we currently have no patent applications pending. To date, we have relied exclusively on trade secrets and other intellectual property laws, non-disclosure agreements with our respective employees, consultants, vendors, potential customers and other relevant persons and other measures to protect our intellectual property, and intend to continue to rely on these and other means. As we intend to transition into the commercialization of isotopes, we envision our intellectual property and its security becoming more vital to our future. Until we protect our intellectual property through patent, trademarks and registered copyrights, we may not be able to protect our intellectual property and trade secrets or prevent others from independently developing substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or from otherwise gaining access to our intellectual property or trade secrets. In such an instance, our competitors could produce products that are nearly identical to ours, resulting in us selling less products or generating less revenue from our sales.

We may be unable to adequately protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights and prevent others from making unauthorized use of our products and technology.

Our success and competitiveness depend, in significant part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property rights, including the ASP technology and the Quantum Enrichment technology and certain other practices, tools, technologies and technical expertise we utilize in designing, developing, implementing and maintaining processes used in the development of our future isotopes. To date, we have relied exclusively on trade secrets and other intellectual property laws, non-disclosure agreements with our respective employees, consultants, vendors, potential customers and other relevant persons and other measures to protect our intellectual property, and intend to continue to rely on these and other means. 

For strategic reasons, we have not yet protected our intellectual property by filing patent applications related to our technology, inventions and improvements. Even if we filed patent applications and patents were granted, we cannot assure you we would be fully protected against third parties as those patents may not be sufficiently broad in their coverage, may not be economically significant, or may not provide us with any competitive advantage. Competitors may be able to design around any patents and develop isotope production techniques comparable or superior to the ASP technology or the Quantum Enrichment technology. Furthermore, the filing of a patent would entail the disclosure of our know-how, and breaches of patent rights related to a wrongful use of this know-how would be difficult to enforce in the international landscape. We believe that our intellectual property strategy differs significantly from the strategies of others involved in the medical isotope industry, many of whom have extensive patent portfolios and rely heavily on intellectual property registrations to enforce their intellectual property rights. As a result of this discrepancy in strategy, we may be at a competitive disadvantage with respect to the strength of our intellectual property protection. Unlike others involved in the medical isotope industry, who generally have patents providing exclusive control over their innovations, we have no recourse against any entity that independently creates the same technology as ours or legitimately reverse-engineers our technology.

We generally enter into non-disclosure agreements with our employees, consultants and other parties with whom we have strategic relationships and business alliances. We cannot, however, assure you that these agreements will be effective in controlling access to and distribution of our technology and proprietary information. Since we do not protect our intellectual property by filing patent applications, we rely on our personnel to protect our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information to a greater degree than we would if we had patent protection for our intellectual property. In any jurisdiction in which our research and development is not protected by similar agreements, there is no protection against the manufacture and marketing of identical or comparable research and development by third parties, who are generally free to use, independently develop, and sell our developments and technologies without paying license or royalty fees. Furthermore, our former employees may perform work for our competitors and use our know-how in performing this work. In the event we scale our business by hiring additional personnel and entering into contracts with third parties, the risks associated with breaches of non-disclosure agreements, confidentiality agreements and other agreements pertaining to our technology and proprietary information will increase, and such breaches could have an adverse effect on our business and competitive position.

We may come to believe that third parties are infringing on, or otherwise violating, our intellectual property or other proprietary rights. To prevent infringement or unauthorized use, we may need to file infringement and/or misappropriation suits, which are expensive and time-consuming, could result in meritorious counterclaims against us and would distract management’s attention. In addition, in an infringement or misappropriation proceeding, a court may decide that one or more of our intellectual property rights is invalid, unenforceable, or both, in which case third parties may be able to use our technology without paying license fees or royalties. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights, we may be unable to prevent competitors from using our own inventions and intellectual property to compete against us, and our business may be harmed.

Our ASP technology may be found to infringe third-party intellectual property rights.

Third parties may in the future assert claims or initiate litigation related to their intellectual property rights in technology that is important to us, including the ASP technology. For example, on October 25, 2022, we received a letter (the “NMS Letter”) from a law firm acting on behalf of Norsk Medisinsk Syklotronsenter AS (“NMS”), asserting, among other things, that the grant of the former license to the ASP technology to us by Klydon violated a pre-existing exclusive sub-license to the ASP technology granted to Radfarma. In November 2023, we entered into a mutual release with NMS, Radfarma, and certain board members and shareholders of Radfarma related to the claims asserted in the NMS letter and other matters, without any payment or license of any rights by any party to the release.  Any future claims alleging infringement of intellectual property rights with respect to the ASP technology on which our company relies could be time-consuming, resulting in costly arbitration or litigation and diversion of technical and management personnel, or require us to develop non-infringing technology or enter into license agreements. We cannot assure you that licenses will be available on acceptable terms, if at all. Furthermore, because of the potential for significant damage awards, which are not necessarily predictable, it is not unusual to find even arguably unmeritorious claims resulting in large settlements. If any infringement or other intellectual property claim made against us by any third party is successful, or if we fail to develop non-infringing technology or license the proprietary rights on commercially reasonable terms and conditions, our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

If the ASP technology infringes the proprietary rights of other parties, we could incur substantial costs, and we may have to take certain actions, including the following:

In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court or tribunal may decide that our asserted intellectual property is not valid or is unenforceable. An adverse determination in any litigation, arbitration or defense proceedings could put our intellectual property at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly. If our intellectual property rights are found to be invalid or unenforceable (in whole or in part), our ability to commercialize our future isotopes would suffer and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

We may enter into collaboration agreements and strategic alliances, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits of such collaborations or alliances.

We may wish to form collaborations in the future with respect to our future isotopes but may not be able to do so or to realize the potential benefits of such transactions, which may cause us to alter or delay our development and commercialization plans. Research and development collaborations are subject to numerous risks, which may include the following:

The development and potential commercialization of our future isotopes will require substantial additional capital to fund expenses. We may form or seek further strategic alliances, create joint ventures or collaborations, or enter into additional licensing arrangements with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our development and commercialization efforts with respect to our future isotopes, including in territories outside the United States or for certain indications. These transactions can entail numerous operational and financial risks, including exposure to unknown liabilities, disruption of our business and diversion of our management’s time and attention in order to manage a collaboration or develop acquired products or technologies, incurrence of substantial debt or dilutive issuances of equity securities to pay transaction consideration or costs, higher than expected collaboration, acquisition or integration costs, write-downs of assets or goodwill or impairment charges, increased amortization expenses, difficulty and cost in facilitating the collaboration or combining the operations and personnel of any acquired business, impairment of relationships with key suppliers, manufacturers or customers of any acquired business due to changes in management and ownership and the inability to retain key employees of any acquired business. As a result, if we enter into acquisition or in-license agreements or strategic partnerships, we may not be able to realize the benefit of such transactions if we are unable to successfully integrate them with our existing operations and company culture, or if there are materially adverse impacts on our or the counterparty’s operations, which could delay our timelines or otherwise adversely affect our business. We also cannot be certain that, following a strategic transaction or license, we will achieve the revenue or specific net income that justifies such transaction or such other benefits that led us to enter into the arrangement.

In addition, we face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic partners and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish a strategic partnership or other alternative arrangements for our future isotopes because they may be deemed to be at too early of a stage of development for collaborative effort and third parties may not view our future isotopes as having the requisite potential to demonstrate safety and efficacy. If and when we collaborate with a third-party for development and commercialization of a future isotope, we can expect to relinquish some or all of the control over the future success of that future isotope to the third-party. Our ability to reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of our technologies, future isotopes and market opportunities. The collaborator may also consider alternative isotopes or technologies for similar applications that may be available to collaborate on and whether such a collaboration could be more attractive than the one with us for our future isotope. We may also be restricted under any license agreements from entering into agreements on certain terms or at all with potential collaborators.

As a result of these risks, we may not be able to realize the benefit of our existing collaborations or any future collaborations or licensing agreements we may enter into. In addition, we may not be able to negotiate collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to do so, we may have to curtail the development of such future isotope, reduce or delay one or more of our other development programs, delay the potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any planned sales or marketing activities for such future isotope, or increase our expenditures and undertake development, manufacturing or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development, manufacturing or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to further develop our future isotopes or bring them to market and generate product revenue.

We may be dependent on intellectual property licensed or sublicensed to us from, or for which development was funded or otherwise assisted by, government agencies, for development of our technology and future isotopes. Failure to meet our own obligations to any licensor or upstream licensors, including such government agencies, may result in the loss of our rights to such intellectual property, which could harm our business.

Government agencies may provide funding, facilities, personnel or other assistance in connection with the development of the intellectual property rights owned by or licensed to us. Such government agencies may have retained rights in such intellectual property, including the right to grant or require us to grant mandatory licenses or sublicenses to such intellectual property to third parties under certain specified circumstances, including if it is necessary to meet health and safety needs that we are not reasonably satisfying or if it is necessary to meet requirements for public use specified by federal regulations, or to manufacture products in the United States. Any exercise of such rights, including with respect to any such required sublicense of these licenses could result in the loss of significant rights and could harm our ability to commercialize licensed products.

If we are unable to obtain patent protection for our future isotopes, or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

We anticipate that we may file patent applications both in the United States and in other countries, as appropriate. However, we cannot predict:

We currently rely upon a combination of trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our isotope development techniques and future isotopes. Our success will depend in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the United States and other countries with respect to the ASP technology and the Quantum Enrichment technology. We may seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to its current and future development programs and future isotopes to the extent permitted by applicable law. The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. 

It is possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. The patent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our future isotopes in the United States or in foreign countries. There is no assurance that all of the potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found, which can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from being issued from a pending patent application. Even if patents are successfully issued and even if such patents cover the ASP technology and the Quantum Enrichment technology, third parties may challenge their scope, validity, or enforceability, which may result in such patents being narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable. Any successful opposition to these patents or any other patents owned by or licensed to us could deprive us of rights necessary for the successful commercialization of any future isotopes using the ASP technology or the Quantum Enrichment technology. Further, if we encounter delays in regulatory approvals, the period of time during which we could market a future isotope could be reduced.

If the patent applications we hold or have in-licensed with respect to our development programs fail to issue, if their breadth or strength of protection is threatened, or if they fail to provide meaningful exclusivity for the ASP technology or the Quantum Enrichment technology, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us, and threaten our ability to commercialize, isotopes produced using the ASP technology or the Quantum Enrichment technology. Any such outcome could have a negative effect on our business.

Even if we obtain patents covering the ASP technology or the Quantum Enrichment technology or our methods, we may still be barred from making, using and selling such technology or methods because of the patent rights of others. Others may have filed, and in the future may file, patent applications covering technology or methods that are similar or identical to ours, which could materially affect our ability to successfully develop our technology or to successfully commercialize any isotopes alone or with collaborators.

Patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are generally published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering our platform technologies and methods could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending claims in patent applications which have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our platform technologies. These patent applications may have priority over patent applications filed by us.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by government patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other government fees on patents and/or applications will be due to be paid to the USPTO and various government patent agencies outside of the United States over the lifetime of our owned and licensed patents and/or applications and any patent rights we may own or license in the future. We will rely on our outside counsel, patent annuity service providers, or our licensing partners to pay these fees due to non-U.S. patent agencies. The USPTO and various non-U.S. government patent agencies require compliance with several procedural, documentary, and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We will employ reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply. In many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. There are situations, however, in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, potential competitors might be able to enter the market and this circumstance could harm our business.

Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a negative impact on the success of our business.

Our commercial success depends, in part, upon our ability and the ability of our current or future collaborators to develop, manufacture, market and sell our future isotopes and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights and intellectual property of third parties. The technology industry is characterized by extensive and complex litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Our future isotopes and other proprietary technologies we may develop may infringe existing or future patents owned by third parties. We may in the future become party to, or be threatened with, adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our future isotopes and technology, including interference proceedings, post-grant review and inter partes review before the USPTO. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future, regardless of their merit. There is a risk that third parties may choose to engage in litigation with us to enforce or to otherwise assert their patent rights against us. Even if we believe such claims are without merit, a court of competent jurisdiction could hold that these third-party patents are valid, enforceable and infringed, which could have a negative impact on our ability to commercialize our future isotopes. In order to successfully challenge the validity of any such U.S. patent in federal court, we would need to overcome a presumption of validity. As this burden is a high one requiring us to present clear and convincing evidence as to the invalidity of any such U.S. patent claim, there is no assurance that a court of competent jurisdiction would invalidate the claims of any such U.S. patent. If we are found to infringe a third party’s valid and enforceable intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing, manufacturing and marketing our future isotope(s) and technology. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors and other third parties access to the same technologies licensed to us, and it could require us to make substantial licensing and royalty payments. We could be forced, including by court order, to cease developing, manufacturing and commercializing the infringing technology or future isotope. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent or other intellectual property right. A finding of infringement could prevent us from manufacturing and commercializing our future isotopes or force us to cease some or all of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. 

Third parties asserting their patent or other intellectual property rights against us may seek and obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize our future isotopes or force us to cease some of our business operations. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of management and other employee resources from our business, cause development delays, and may impact our reputation. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, obtain one or more licenses from third parties, pay royalties, or redesign our infringing products, which may be impossible on a cost-effective basis or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. In that event, we would be unable to further develop and commercialize our future isotopes, which could harm our business significantly. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business.

We may be subject to claims asserting that our employees, consultants or advisors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their current or former employers or claims asserting ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Certain of our employees, consultants or advisors are currently, or were previously, employed at universities or other technology companies. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants and advisors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that these individuals or we have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such individual’s current or former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing or the assignment agreements may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property.

Reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed.

If we rely on third parties to manufacture or commercialize our future isotopes, or if we collaborate with additional third parties for the development of our future isotopes, we must, at times, share trade secrets with them. We may also conduct joint research and development programs that may require us to share trade secrets under the terms of our research and development partnerships or similar agreements. We seek to protect our proprietary technology in part by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, services agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our advisors, employees, third-party contractors and consultants prior to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information, including our trade secrets. Despite the contractual provisions employed when working with third parties, the need to share trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by our competitors, are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets, a competitor’s discovery of our trade secrets or other unauthorized use or disclosure could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In addition, these agreements typically restrict the ability of our advisors, employees, third-party contractors and consultants to publish data potentially relating to our trade secrets. Despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, our competitors may discover our trade secrets, either through breach of our agreements with third parties, independent development or publication of information by any third-party collaborators. A competitor’s discovery of our trade secrets could harm our business. 

Confidentiality agreements with employees and third parties may not prevent unauthorized disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information.

In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we seek to rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce, and any other elements of our future isotopes, technology and product discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information, or technology that is not covered by patents. Any disclosure, either intentional or unintentional, by our employees, the employees of third parties with whom we share our facilities or third-party consultants and vendors that we engage, or misappropriation by third parties (such as through a cybersecurity breach) of our trade secrets or proprietary information could enable competitors to duplicate or surpass our technological achievements, thus eroding our competitive position in our market. Because we expect to rely on third parties in the development and manufacture of our future isotopes, we must, at times, share trade secrets with them. Our reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed.

Trade secrets and confidential information, however, may be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our trade secrets, know-how and confidential information, including our proprietary processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, outside scientific advisors, contractors, and collaborators. With our consultants, contractors, and outside scientific collaborators, these agreements typically include invention assignment obligations. We cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or has had access to our trade secrets or proprietary technology and processes. Although we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, our employees, consultants, outside scientific advisors, contractors, and collaborators might intentionally or inadvertently disclose our trade secret information to competitors. In addition, competitors may otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third-party, we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us. Furthermore, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. As a result, we may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property both in the United States and abroad. If we are unable to prevent unauthorized material disclosure of our intellectual property to third parties, or misappropriation of our intellectual property by third parties, we may not be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market, which could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

If we use hazardous and chemical materials in a manner that causes injury or violates applicable law, we may be liable for damages.

Our research and development activities involve the controlled use of potentially hazardous substances, including chemical materials. We are subject to international and local laws and regulations in South Africa governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of radioactive and hazardous materials. Although we believe that our procedures for using, handling, storing and disposing of these materials comply with legally prescribed standards, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of contamination or injury resulting from radioactive or hazardous materials. As a result of any such contamination or injury, we may incur liability or local, city, state or federal authorities may curtail the use of these materials and interrupt our business operations. In the event of an accident, we could be held liable for damages or penalized with fines, and the liability could exceed our resources. We do not have any insurance for liabilities arising from radioactive or hazardous materials. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations is expensive, and current or future environmental regulations may impair our research, development, and production efforts, which could harm our business, prospects, financial condition, or results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Business Operations, Employee Matters and Managing Growth

We are highly dependent on the services of our senior management team, and if we are not able to retain these members of our management team and recruit and retain additional management, clinical and scientific personnel, our business will be harmed.

We are highly dependent on our senior management team. The employment agreements we have with these officers do not prevent such persons from terminating their employment with us at any time. The loss of the services of any of these persons could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives.

In addition, we will need to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified additional management and scientific personnel. If we are not able to retain our management and to attract, on acceptable terms, additional qualified personnel necessary for the continued development of our business, we may not be able to sustain our operations or grow.

We may not be able to attract or retain qualified personnel in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other businesses. Many of the other pharmaceutical companies that we compete against for qualified personnel and consultants have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles and a longer history in the industry than we do. They also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high-quality candidates and consultants than what we have to offer. If we are unable to continue to attract, retain and motivate high-quality personnel and consultants to accomplish our business objectives, the rate and success at which we can develop future isotopes and our business will be limited, and we may experience constraints on our development objectives.

Our future performance will also depend, in part, on our ability to successfully integrate newly hired executive officers into our management team and our ability to develop an effective working relationship among senior management. Our failure to integrate these individuals and create effective working relationships among them and other members of management could result in inefficiencies in the development and commercialization of our future isotopes, harming future regulatory approvals, sales of our future isotopes and our results of operations. Additionally, we do not currently maintain “key person” life insurance on the lives of our executives or any of our employees.

We will need to expand our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As of September 30, 2023, we employed approximately 46 people on a full-time basis, 41 of whom are located in South Africa. We rely on service providers for certain general administrative, financial, accounting, tax, intellectual property and other legal services, and we will need to expand our organization to hire qualified personnel to perform these functions internally. Our management may need to divert significant attention and time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational inefficiencies, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of our future isotopes. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and grow revenue could be reduced and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance, our ability to commercialize future isotopes, develop a scalable infrastructure and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth.

Our employees, consultants and commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees, consultants and commercial partners. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations or the regulations applicable in other jurisdictions, provide accurate information to the FDA and other regulatory authorities, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from government investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions. 

We and our contractors are highly dependent on the performance of sub-contractors and other third parties.

We and our contractors are highly dependent on the performance of sub-contractors and other third parties. If these contractors, sub-contractors and third parties are unable to deliver the results that we require, our operating results could be adversely affected and our business could be materially harmed.

Significant disruptions of our information technology systems or data security incidents could result in significant financial, legal, regulatory, business and reputational harm to us.

We are dependent on information technology systems and infrastructure, including mobile technologies, to operate our business. In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, store, process and transmit large amounts of sensitive information, including intellectual property, proprietary business information, personal information and other confidential information. It is critical that we do so in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality, integrity and availability of such sensitive information. We have also outsourced elements of our operations (including elements of our information technology infrastructure) to third parties, and as a result, we manage a number of third-party vendors who may or could have access to our computer networks or our confidential information. In addition, many of those third parties, in turn, subcontract or outsource some of their responsibilities to third parties. While all information technology operations are inherently vulnerable to inadvertent or intentional security breaches, incidents, attacks and exposures, the accessibility and distributed nature of our information technology systems, and the sensitive information stored on those systems, make such systems potentially vulnerable to unintentional or malicious, internal and external attacks on our technology environment. In addition, some of our employees work remotely, which may make us more vulnerable to cyberattacks. Potential vulnerabilities can be exploited from inadvertent or intentional actions of our employees, third-party vendors, business partners, or by malicious third parties. Attacks of this nature are increasing in their frequency, levels of persistence, sophistication and intensity, and are being conducted by sophisticated and organized groups and individuals with a wide range of motives (including, but not limited to, industrial espionage) and expertise, including organized criminal groups, “hacktivists,” nation states and others. In addition to the extraction of sensitive information, such attacks could include the deployment of harmful malware, ransomware, denial-of-service attacks, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability and threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. In addition, the prevalent use of mobile devices increases the risk of data security incidents.

Significant disruptions of our, our third-party vendors’ and/or our business partners’ information technology systems or other similar data security incidents could adversely affect our business operations and/or result in the loss, misappropriation, and/or unauthorized access, use or disclosure of, or the prevention of access to, sensitive information, which could result in financial, legal, regulatory, business and reputational harm to us. In addition, information technology system disruptions, whether from attacks on our technology environment or from computer viruses, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures, could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations. Additionally, theft of our intellectual property or proprietary business information could require substantial expenditures to remedy. If we or our third-party collaborators, consultants, contractors, suppliers, or service providers were to suffer an attack or breach, for example, that resulted in the unauthorized access to or use or disclosure of personal or health information, we may have to notify consumers, partners, collaborators, government authorities, and the media, and may be subject to investigations, civil penalties, administrative and enforcement actions, and litigation, any of which could harm our business and reputation.

There is no way of knowing with certainty whether we have experienced any data security incidents that have not been discovered. While we have no reason to believe this to be the case, attackers have become very sophisticated in the way they conceal access to systems, and many companies that have been attacked are not aware that they have been attacked. Any event that leads to unauthorized access, use or disclosure of personal information, including but not limited to personal information regarding our patients or employees, could disrupt our business, harm our reputation, compel us to comply with applicable federal and/or state breach notification laws and foreign law equivalents, subject us to time-consuming, distracting and expensive litigation, regulatory investigation and oversight, mandatory corrective action, require us to verify the correctness of database contents, or otherwise subject us to liability under laws, regulations and contractual obligations, including those that protect the privacy and security of personal information. This could result in increased costs to us, and result in significant legal and financial exposure and/or reputational harm. In addition, any failure or perceived failure by us or our vendors or business partners to comply with our privacy, confidentiality or data security-related legal or other obligations to third parties, or any further security incidents or other inappropriate access events that result in the unauthorized access, release or transfer of sensitive information, which could include personally identifiable information, may result in governmental investigations, enforcement actions, regulatory fines, litigation, or public statements against us by advocacy groups or others, and could cause third parties, including clinical sites, regulators or current and potential partners, to lose trust in us or we could be subject to claims by third parties that we have breached our privacy- or confidentiality-related obligations, which could materially and adversely affect our business and prospects. Moreover, data security incidents and other inappropriate access can be difficult to detect, and any delay in identifying them may lead to increased harm of the type described above. While we have implemented security measures intended to protect our information technology systems and infrastructure, there can be no assurance that such measures will successfully prevent service interruptions or security incidents.

Our international operations subject us to risks of doing business in foreign countries, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our primary operations are located outside the U.S. (primarily the construction of isotope enrichment plants in South Africa), and we plan to sell our isotopes to customers outside the U.S. Accordingly, our business is subject to risks related to the differing legal, political, social and regulatory requirements and economic conditions of non-U.S. jurisdictions. Risks inherent in international operations include the following:

Unanticipated events, such as geopolitical changes, could result in a write-down of our investment in the affected joint venture or a delay or cause cancellation of those capital projects, which could negatively impact our future growth and profitability. Our success as a global business will depend, in part, upon our ability to succeed in differing legal, regulatory, economic, social and political conditions by developing, implementing and maintaining policies and strategies that are effective in each location where we and our joint ventures do business.

Furthermore, we will be subject to rules and regulations related to anti-bribery and anti-trust prohibitions of the U.S. and other countries, as well as export controls and economic embargoes, violations of which may carry substantial penalties. For example, export control and economic embargo regulations limit the ability of our subsidiaries to market, sell, distribute or otherwise transfer their products or technology to prohibited countries or persons. Failure to comply with these regulations could subject our subsidiaries to fines, enforcement actions and/or have an adverse effect on our reputation and the value of our Common Stock.

Our tangible assets may be subject to defects in title.

We have investigated our rights to the assets we have purchased and developed, and, to the best of our knowledge, those rights are in good standing. However, no assurance can be given that such rights will not be revoked, or significantly altered, to our detriment. There can also be no assurance that our rights will not be challenged or impugned by third parties, including by governments and non-governmental organizations. 

We are subject to foreign currency risks.

Our operations are subject to foreign currency fluctuations. Our operating expenses and revenues are primarily transacted in U.S. dollars, while some of our cash balances and expenses are measured in other currencies. Any strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar in relation to the currencies of other countries or vice versa can have a material impact on our cash flows and profitability and affect the value of our assets and shareholders’ equity.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock and the Offering

We do not know whether an active, liquid and orderly trading market will develop for our Common Stock or what the market price of our Common Stock will be and as a result it may be difficult for you to sell your shares of our Common Stock.

Prior to our IPO in November of 2022, there was no public market for shares of our Common Stock. Although our Common Stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (Nasdaq), only a limited trading market for our shares has developed, and an active market may never develop or if developed be sustained in the future. You may not be able to sell your shares quickly or at the market price if trading in shares of our Common Stock is not active.

A substantial number of shares of Common Stock may be sold in the market following effectiveness of this registration statement, which may depress the market price for our Common Stock.

Once this registration statement is declared effective, all  10,150,517 shares of Common Stock registered on behalf of Selling Stockholders will be, freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, unless owned or purchased by our “affiliates” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act.  As such, 9,847,339 shares of Common Stock held by non-affiliate stockholders may be publicly sold, which may depress the market price of our Common Stock. Sales of a substantial number of shares of  the Common Stock in the public market following this offering could cause the market price of our Common Stock to decline. Further, an inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares of our Common Stock and may impair our ability to enter into strategic partnerships or acquire companies or products by using our shares of Common Stock as consideration.

The price of our stock may be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The trading price of our Common Stock is volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including limited trading volume. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this registration statement, these factors include:

In addition, the stock market in general, and biopharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our Common Stock, regardless of our actual operating performance, and you may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities. This type of litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which would harm our business, operating results or financial condition.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our Common Stock, so any returns will be limited to the value of our stock.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our Common Stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation, and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to stockholders would therefore be limited to the appreciation, if any, of their stock.

Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.

Our executive officers, current directors, greater than 5% holders, and their affiliates beneficially own, in the aggregate, approximately 47.5% of our Common Stock as of November 6, 2023. Therefore, these stockholders will have the ability to influence us through this ownership position. These stockholders may be able to determine all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our Common Stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Common Stock by our existing stockholders in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could cause our stock price to fall.

If our existing stockholders sell, or indicate an intention to sell, substantial amounts of our Common Stock in the public market after the restrictions on resale lapse, the trading price of our Common Stock could decline. As of November 6, 2023, we had a total of 48,773,276 shares of Common Stock outstanding, of which approximately 16,840,966 shares were restricted and 31,932,310 were unrestricted. We are registering 10,150,517 shares of our Common Stock on behalf of Selling Stockholders under the Securities Act in this registration statement. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act will result in the shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act, except for shares held by affiliates, as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act.

Subject to the restrictions described in the paragraph below, future sales in the public market of shares will be subject to the volume and other restrictions of Rule 144 under the Securities Act if held by a person that is deemed to be our affiliate, unless the shares to be sold are registered with the SEC. The sale of a substantial number of shares pursuant to Rule 144 or other exemption from registration under the Securities Act, or a perception that such sales could occur, could significantly reduce the market price of our Common Stock.

Of our outstanding Common Stock, the shares held by directors, executive officers, and other affiliates are subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 under the Securities Act. In addition, 3,302,939 shares of Common Stock that are either subject to outstanding options or reserved for future issuance under our employee benefit plans will become eligible for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting schedules, the lock-up agreements, and Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act. Further, 3,386,076 shares of Common Stock are issuable upon the exercise of warrants issued pursuant to a private placement that closed on March 17, 2023. If these additional shares of Common Stock are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold in the public market, the trading price of our Common Stock could decline. Any sales of securities by our stockholders could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our Common Stock.

Future sales and issuances of our Common Stock or rights to purchase Common Stock, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall.

We expect that we will need significant additional capital in the future to continue our planned operations, including development activities, commercialization efforts if we are able to obtain marketing approval of future isotopes, research and development activities, and costs associated with operating a public company. To raise capital, we may sell Common Stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner that we determine from time to time. If we sell Common Stock, convertible securities or other equity securities, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights, preferences and privileges senior to the holders of our Common Stock.

Pursuant to our 2022 Plan, our management is authorized to grant stock options to our employees, directors and consultants. Additionally, the number of shares of our Common Stock reserved for issuance under our 2022 Plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2023 and continuing through and including January 1, 2032, by 5% of the total number of shares of our capital stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year (determined on an as-converted to voting Common Stock basis, without regard to any limitations on the conversion of the non-voting Common Stock), or a lesser number of shares determined by our board of directors. Such issuances will result in dilution to our stockholders.

We have broad discretion in the use of our existing cash and cash equivalents and may not use them effectively.

Our management has broad discretion in the application of our existing cash and cash equivalents. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of our existing cash and cash equivalents, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. Our management might not apply our existing cash and cash equivalents in ways that ultimately increase the value of our Common Stock. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could harm our business. We intend to invest our existing cash and cash equivalents that are not used as described above in short- and medium-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing instruments, certificates of deposit or direct or guaranteed obligations of the U.S. government. These investments may not yield a favorable return to our stockholders. If we do not invest or apply our existing cash and cash equivalents in ways that enhance stockholder value, we may fail to achieve expected financial results, which could cause our stock price to decline.

We are an emerging growth company and a smaller reporting company, and the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies and smaller reporting companies may make our Common Stock less attractive to investors.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding nonbinding advisory votes on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company until December 31, 2027, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if we become a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act or if we have total annual gross revenue of $1.235 billion or more during any fiscal year before that time, in which cases we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31 or, if we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during any three year period before that time, we would cease to be an emerging growth company immediately. Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a “smaller reporting company” which would allow us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. Investors may find our Common Stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Common Stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Common Stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This provision allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards, and therefore we will not be subject to the same requirements to adopt new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. 

We are also a “smaller reporting company” as defined in the Exchange Act. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company even after we are no longer an emerging growth company. We may take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies and will be able to take advantage of these scaled disclosures for so long as our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, or our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter.

Delaware law and provisions certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as amended could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest difficult, thereby depressing the trading price of our common stock.

Provisions of certificate of incorporation and bylaws as amended may delay or discourage transactions involving an actual or potential change in our control or change in our management, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares or transactions that our stockholders might otherwise deem to be in their best interests. Therefore, these provisions could adversely affect the price of our common stock. Among other things, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws:

These provisions, with the exception of the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock and designate any rights, preferences and privileges thereto, would require approval by the holders of at least 66-2/3% of our then-outstanding common stock. 

In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. These provisions may prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us for a certain period of time. A Delaware corporation may opt out of this provision by express provision in its original certificate of incorporation or by amendment to its certificate of incorporation or bylaws approved by its stockholders. However, we have not opted out of this provision.

These and other provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as amended and Delaware law could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirors to obtain control of our board of directors or initiate actions that are opposed by our then-current board of directors, including delay or impede a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving our company. The existence of these provisions could negatively affect the price of our common stock and limit opportunities for you to realize value in a corporate transaction.

For information regarding these and other provisions, see “Description of Capital Stock.”

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for certain disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, subject to the court’s having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings:

This provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all such Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation further provides that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring a claim in a venue other than those designated in the exclusive forum provisions. In such instance, we would expect to vigorously assert the validity and enforceability of the exclusive forum provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. This may require significant additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions and there can be no assurance that the provisions will be enforced by a court in those other jurisdictions.

These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. If a court were to find either exclusive forum provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur further significant additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, all of which could seriously harm our business.

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Registrable Securities by the Selling Stockholders covered by this prospectus.

We are registering the shares of Common Stock that were, or may be, issued by us to the Selling Stockholders to permit the resale of these shares of Common Stock from time to time after the date of this prospectus. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale by the Selling Stockholders of the shares of Common Stock.

We are currently listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market. If we are unable to maintain listing of our securities on Nasdaq or any stock exchange, our stock price could be adversely affected and the liquidity of our stock and our ability to obtain financing could be impaired and it may be more difficult for our shareholders to sell their securities.

Although our Common Stock is currently listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market, we may not be able to continue to meet the exchange’s minimum listing requirements or those of any other national exchange. If we are unable to maintain listing on Nasdaq or if a liquid market for our Common Stock does not develop or is sustained, our Common Stock may remain thinly traded.

The Listing Rules of Nasdaq require listing issuers to comply with certain standards in order to remain listed on its exchange. If, for any reason, we should fail to maintain compliance with these listing standards and Nasdaq should delist our securities from trading on its exchange and we are unable to obtain listing on another national securities exchange, a reduction in some or all of the following may occur, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our shareholders:

General Risk Factors

We will incur significant increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

We became a public company in November of 2022, and as a public company we will incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, which require, among other things, that we file with the SEC annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently adopted by the SEC and Nasdaq to implement provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, impose significant requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and changes in corporate governance practices. Further, in July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act) was enacted. There are significant corporate governance and executive compensation-related provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act that require the SEC to adopt additional rules and regulations in these areas such as “say on pay” and proxy access. Emerging growth companies and smaller reporting companies are exempted from certain of these requirements, but we may be required to implement these requirements sooner than budgeted or planned and thereby incur unexpected expenses. Stockholder activism, the current political environment and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate. 

We expect the rules and regulations applicable to public companies to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. If these requirements divert the attention of our management and personnel from other business concerns, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The increased costs will decrease our net income or increase our net loss, and may require us to reduce costs in other areas of our business or increase the prices of our products or services. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. If our remediation of this material weakness is not effective, or if we experience material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls in the future, we may not be able to accurately report our financial condition or results of operations which may adversely affect investor confidence in us, and as a result, the value of our Common Stock.

Our Common Stock was only recently listed on the Nasdaq Stock Exchange on November 10, 2022. Prior to listing, we were a privately-held company, we were not required to evaluate our internal control over financial reporting in a manner that meets the standards of publicly traded companies required by Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404. As a public company, we are subject to significant requirements for enhanced financial reporting and internal controls. The process of designing and implementing effective internal controls is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain a system of internal controls that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations as a public company. In addition, we are required, pursuant to Section 404, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in the second annual report. This assessment will need to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency or combination of deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual and interim financial statements will not be detected or prevented on a timely basis.

The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing, and possible remediation. Testing and maintaining internal controls may divert management’s attention from other matters that are important to our business. Once we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” or a “smaller reporting company”, our auditors will be required to issue an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal controls on an annual basis.

In the course of preparing the financial statements that are included in this prospectus, management has determined that a material weakness exists within the internal controls over financial reporting. The material weakness identified relates to the lack of a sufficient complement of personnel within the finance and accounting function with an appropriate degree of knowledge, experience and training. We also noted a material weakness related to logical security and privileged access in the area of information technology. We concluded that the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting information technology occurred because, prior to our IPO, we were a private company and did not have the necessary business processes, systems, personnel, and related internal controls necessary to satisfy the accounting and financial reporting requirements of a public company.

In order to remediate the material weaknesses, we expect to hire additional accounting, finance and information technology resources or consultants with public company experience.

We may not be able to fully remediate the identified material weakness until the steps described above have been completed and our internal controls have been operating effectively for a sufficient period of time. We believe we have already and will continue to make progress in our remediation plan but cannot assure you that we will be able to fully remediate the material weakness by such time. If the steps we take do not correct the material weakness in a timely manner, we will be unable to conclude that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, there could continue to be a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. We also may incur significant costs to execute various aspects of our remediation plan but cannot provide a reasonable estimate of such costs at this time.

In accordance with the provisions of the JOBS Act, we and our independent registered public accounting firm were not required to, and did not, perform an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 nor any period subsequent in accordance with the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we have identified all material weaknesses. Material weaknesses may still exist when we report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

In the future, it is possible that additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies may be identified that we may be unable to remedy before the requisite deadline for these reports. Our ability to comply with the annual internal control reporting requirements will depend on the effectiveness of our financial reporting and data systems and controls across our company. Any weaknesses or deficiencies or any failure to implement new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in the implementation or operation of these controls, could harm our operating results and cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, or result in material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements, which could adversely affect our business and reduce our stock price.

If we are unable to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404, our independent registered public accounting firm may not issue an unqualified opinion. If we are unable to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our Common Stock. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.

We could be subject to securities class action litigation.

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because biopharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business.

Our failure to meet Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements could result in a delisting of our Common Stock.

If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our Common Stock. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our Common Stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our Common Stock when you wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our Common Stock to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our Common Stock, prevent our Common Stock from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with the listing requirements of Nasdaq.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Common Stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on our company. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the trading price for our stock would likely be negatively impacted. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price may decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Prospectus contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this Prospectus, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “should,” “would,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions or references to future periods. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current beliefs, expectations and assumptions about the future of our business, future plans and strategies, projections, anticipated events and trends, the economy and other future conditions. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are inherently subject to risks, uncertainties and changes in circumstances, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified and many of which are outside of our control.  Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Some of the key factors that could cause actual results to differ from our expectations include:

                These statements relate to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those set forth in “Risk Factors” in this Prospectus below and for the reasons described elsewhere in this prospectus and “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and elsewhere in this prospectus or incorporated by reference herein. Any forward-looking statement in this Prospectus reflect our current view with respect to future events and is subject to these and other risks, uncertainties, and assumptions relating to our operations, results of operations, industry, and future growth. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future.

 This Prospectus also contains estimates, projections, and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for certain drugs, including data regarding the estimated size of those markets, their projected growth rates, and the incidence of certain medical conditions. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties, and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances reflected in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained these industry, business, market, and other data from reports, research surveys, studies, and similar data prepared by third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data, and similar sources. In some cases, we do not expressly refer to the sources from which these data are derived.

Except where the context otherwise requires, in this Prospectus, “we,” “us,” “our,” “ASP Isotopes,” and the “Company” refer to ASP Isotopes Inc. and, where appropriate, its consolidated subsidiaries.

Trademarks

 All trademarks, service marks, and trade names included in this Prospectus are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this report may be referred to without the ® and ™ symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto.

MARKET, INDUSTRY AND OTHER DATA

We use market and industry data, forecasts and projections throughout this prospectus. We have obtained certain market and industry data from publicly available industry publications and from certain sources that are not publicly available. These sources generally state that the information they provide has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but that the accuracy and completeness of the information are not guaranteed. The forecasts and projections are based on historical market data, and any of the forecasts or projected amounts may not be achieved. The market and industry data used in this prospectus involve risks and uncertainties that are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the estimates made by independent parties and by us. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that a third party using different methods to assemble, analyze or compute industry and market data would obtain the same results.

PRIVATE PLACEMENT

On October 9, 2023 and October 10, 2023, we entered into Securities Purchase Agreements (the “Purchase Agreements”) with certain institutional and other accredited investors and certain directors of the Company (collectively, the “Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 9,952,510 shares of Common Stock for aggregate cash consideration of approximately $9.1 million, as follows: (i) 8,459,093 shares of Common Stock to investors at a purchase price per share of $0.9105, (ii) 1,190,239 shares of Common Stock to investors at a purchase price per share of $0.9548, and (iii) 303,178 shares of Common Stock to directors at a purchase price per share of $0.96.  The transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreements (collectively, the “Private Placement”), including the issuance of the shares of Common Stock, are not a “public offering” as defined in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and meet the requirements to qualify for exemption under Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act.  The Private Placement closed on October 26, 2023 (the “Closing”).

The Private Placement to the institutional and other accredited investors was priced at the “Minimum Price” as defined under the Listing Rule 5635(d) of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”), which is the lower of: (i) the closing price (as reflected on Nasdaq.com); or (ii) the average closing price of the common stock (as reflected on Nasdaq.com) for the five trading days immediately preceding the signing of the binding agreement to issue the securities.  The Private Placement to the directors was priced at the consolidated closing bid price per share immediately preceding the signing of the binding agreement to issue the securities.

The Company engaged Ocean Wall Limited (the “Placement Agent”) to act as the Company’s placement agent in connection with the Private Placement, pursuant to an engagement letter (the “Engagement Letter”), dated as of September 29, 2023, between the Company and the Placement Agent. Pursuant to the Engagement Letter, the Company agreed to pay the Placement Agent a fee equal to 5.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from new investors in the Private Placement.  The Company issued 472,582 shares of Common Stock to the Placement Agent as compensation for acting as placement agent in the Private Placement.

We received net proceeds of approximately $9.1 million from the Private Placement, after deducting offering expenses. We intend to use the net proceeds from the Offering for working capital and general corporate purposes.

In connection with the Offering, on October 26, 2023, we entered into a Registration Rights Agreement with the investors (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) pursuant to which we are required to file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to register for resale the Registrable Securities. We are required to use our best efforts to cause the registration statement to be declared effective by the SEC by December 25, 2023 or in the event of a “full review” by the SEC, by January 24, 2024.

The Purchase Agreements contain customary representations and warranties and agreements, and customary indemnification rights and obligations of the respective parties.

The Registrable Securities have not been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The Company offered and sold the Registrable Securities pursuant to the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act, available under Section 4(a)(2) and/or Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder.  

The Registrable Securities were issued to the investors in reliance upon the exemption from the registration requirements in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. We are registering the offer and resale of the Registrable Securities to satisfy the provisions of that certain registration rights agreement, dated March 14, 2023 (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), pursuant to which we agreed to register the resale of the Registrable Securities.

SELLING STOCKHOLDERS

The Registrable Securities being offered by the Selling Stockholders are shares of our Common Stock previously issued to the Selling Stockholders. For additional information regarding the issuances of those shares of the Common Stock, see “Private Placement” above. We are registering the Registrable Securities in order to permit the Selling Stockholders to offer their shares of our Common Stock for resale from time to time. Except for the ownership of the Registrable Securities or as otherwise set forth herein the Selling Stockholders have not had any material relationship with us within the past three years.

The table below lists the Selling Stockholders and other information regarding the beneficial ownership of our Common Stock by each of the Selling Stockholders. The second column lists the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by each Selling Stockholder, based on his, her or its ownership of the shares of our securities, as of November 14, 2023.

The third column lists the shares of Common Stock being offered by this prospectus by the Selling Stockholders.  The fourth column lists the shares which would be held if all shares offered by the Selling Stockholders were sold.

In accordance with the terms of a Registration Rights Agreement with the Selling Stockholders, this prospectus generally covers the resale of the number of shares of Common Stock issued to the Selling Stockholders in the “Private Placement” described above. The fourth column assumes the sale of all of the Common Stock being offered by the Selling Stockholders pursuant to this prospectus.

The Selling Stockholders may sell all, some or none of their shares in this offering. See “Plan of Distribution”.

USE OF PROCEEDS

The net proceeds from any disposition of the Registrable Securities covered hereby will be received by the Selling Stockholders. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the Registrable Securities offered by this prospectus. We will bear the out-of-pocket costs, expenses and fees incurred in connection with the registration of the Registrable Securities to be sold by the Selling Stockholders, including registration, EDGAR fees, accounting and legal fees collectively, the “Registration Expenses”. Other than Registration Expenses, the Selling Stockholders will bear underwriting discounts, commissions, fees or other similar expenses payable with respect to sales of shares.

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

Each Selling Stockholder of the Registrable Securities and any of their pledgees, assignees and successors-in-interest may, from time to time, sell any or all of their securities covered hereby on The Nasdaq Capital Market or any other stock exchange, market or trading facility on which the securities are traded or in private transactions. These sales may be at fixed or negotiated prices. A Selling Stockholder may use any one or more of the following methods when selling securities:

The Selling Stockholders may also sell the Registrable Securities under Rule 144 or any other exemption from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), if available, rather than under this prospectus.

Broker-dealers engaged by the Selling Stockholders may arrange for other brokers-dealers to participate in sales. Broker-dealers may receive commissions or discounts from the Selling Stockholders (or, if any broker-dealer acts as agent for the purchaser of securities, from the purchaser) in amounts to be negotiated, but, except as set forth in a supplement to this Prospectus, in the case of an agency transaction not in excess of a customary brokerage commission in compliance with FINRA Rule 2121; and in the case of a principal transaction a markup or markdown in compliance with FINRA Rule 2121.

In connection with the sale of the securities or interests therein, the Selling Stockholders may enter into hedging transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions, which may in turn engage in short sales of the securities in the course of hedging the positions they assume. The Selling Stockholders may also sell securities short and deliver these securities to close out their short positions, or loan or pledge the securities to broker-dealers that in turn may sell these securities. The Selling Stockholders may also enter into option or other transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions or create one or more derivative securities which require the delivery to such broker-dealer or other financial institution of securities offered by this prospectus, which securities such broker-dealer or other financial institution may resell pursuant to this prospectus (as supplemented or amended to reflect such transaction).

The Selling Stockholders and any broker-dealers or agents that are involved in selling the securities may be deemed to be “underwriters” within the meaning of the Securities Act in connection with such sales. In such event, any commissions received by such broker-dealers or agents and any profit on the resale of the securities purchased by them may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts under the Securities Act. Each Selling Stockholder has informed the Company that it does not have any written or oral agreement or understanding, directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the securities.

The Company is required to pay certain fees and expenses incurred by the Company incident to the registration of the securities. The Company has agreed to indemnify the Selling Stockholders against certain losses, claims, damages and liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.

We agreed to keep this prospectus effective until the earlier of (i) the date on which the securities may be resold by the Selling Stockholders without registration and without regard to any volume or manner-of-sale limitations by reason of Rule 144, without the requirement for the Company to be in compliance with the current public information under Rule 144 under the Securities Act or any other rule of similar effect or (ii) all of the securities have been sold pursuant to this prospectus or Rule 144 under the Securities Act or any other rule of similar effect. The resale securities will be sold only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers if required under applicable state securities laws. In addition, in certain states, the resale securities covered hereby may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for sale in the applicable state or an exemption from the registration or qualification requirement is available and is complied with.

Under applicable rules and regulations under the Exchange Act, any person engaged in the distribution of the resale securities may not simultaneously engage in market making activities with respect to the Common Stock for the applicable restricted period, as defined in Regulation M, prior to the commencement of the distribution. In addition, the Selling Stockholders will be subject to applicable provisions of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, including Regulation M, which may limit the timing of purchases and sales of the Common Stock by the Selling Stockholders or any other person. We will make copies of this prospectus available to the Selling Stockholders and have informed them of the need to deliver a copy of this prospectus to each purchaser at or prior to the time of the sale (including by compliance with Rule 172 under the Securities Act).

Our Common Stock is quoted on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ASPI”.

DIVIDEND POLICY

We currently intend to retain all available funds and future earnings, if any, for use in the operation of our business and do not intend to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any further determination to pay dividends on our capital stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our board of directors consider relevant. Our future ability to pay cash dividends on our Common Stock may also be limited by the terms of any future debt securities, preferred stock or credit facility.

Our board of directors will determine the fair market value of our Common Stock based on its closing price as reported on the date of grant on the primary stock exchange on which our Common Stock is traded.

BUSINESS

Overview

We are a pre-commercial stage advanced materials company dedicated to the development of technology and processes that, if successful, will allow for the enrichment of natural isotopes into higher concentration products, which could be used in several industries. Our proprietary technology, the Aerodynamic Separation Process (“ASP technology”), was originally developed by Klydon Proprietary Ltd (“Klydon”). Our initial focus is on the production and commercialization of enriched Carbon-14 (“C-14”), Molybdenum-100 (“Mo-100”) and Silicon-28 (“Si-28”). We have commissioned an isotope enrichment plant for the enrichment of C-14 located in Pretoria, South Africa, and we anticipate completion and commissioning of a multi-isotope enrichment plant in Pretoria, South Africa during the first half of 2024. In addition, we have started planning additional isotope enrichment plants.  We believe the C-14 we may develop using the ASP technology could be used in the development of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. We believe the Mo-100 we may produce using the ASP technology could have significant potential advantages for use in the preparation of nuclear imaging agents by radiopharmacies and others in the medical industry. We believe the Si-28 we may produce using the ASP technology may be used to create advanced semiconductors and in quantum computing. In addition, we are considering the future development of the ASP technology for the separation of Zinc-68, Xenon-129/136 for potential use in the healthcare end market, Germanium 70/72/74 for possible use in the semiconductor end market, and Chlorine -37 for potential use in the nuclear energy end market.

 We are also developing Quantum Enrichment technology to produce enriched Ytterbium-176, Nickel-64, Lithium 6, Lithium7, and Uranium-235 (“U-235”). Quantum enrichment is an advanced isotope enrichment technique that is currently in development that uses lasers.  We believe that the U-235 we may develop using Quantum Enrichment may be commercialized as a nuclear fuel component for use in the new generation of HALEU-fueled small modular reactors that are now under development for commercial and government uses.

The aerodynamic separation technique has its origins in the South African uranium enrichment program in the 1980s, and the ASP technology has been developed during the last 18 years by the scientists at Klydon. In Klydon’s testing, the ASP technology has demonstrated efficacy and commercial scalability in enriching oxygen-18 and silicon-28. ASP Isotopes Inc. was incorporated in Delaware in September 2021 to acquire assets and license intellectual property rights related to the production of Mo-100 using the ASP technology. In January 2022, we also licensed intellectual property rights associated with the production of U-235 using the ASP technology. In July 2022, we licensed intellectual property rights related to the production of all isotopes using the ASP technology. In April 2023, we acquired certain intellectual property assets of Klydon.

We operate principally through subsidiaries: ASP Isotopes Guernsey Limited (the holding company of ASP Isotopes South Africa (Proprietary) Limited and Enlightened Isotopes (Pty) Ltd), which will be focused on the development and commercialization of high-value, low-volume isotopes for highly specialized end markets (such as C-14, Mo-100, and Si-28). In September 2023, we incorporated a new subsidiary, Quantum Leap Energy LLC, which also has a subsidiary in the United Kingdom (Quantum Leap Energy Ltd), to focus on the development and commercialization of advanced nuclear fuels such as HALEU and Lithium-6. ASP Isotopes UK Ltd is the owner of our technology. We also recently entered a strategic relationship with PET Labs Pty Ltd. by acquiring a 51% ownership stake in the company. We anticipate this transaction will allow the company to enter the downstream medical isotope production and distribution market.

Our corporate structure and ownership of our subsidiaries is set forth in the chart below:

Recent Events and Key Milestones

Share Purchase Agreement relating to PET Labs

On October 30, 2023, we entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with Nucleonics Imaging Proprietary Limited, a company incorporated in the Republic of South Africa (the “Seller”), relating to the purchase and sale of ordinary shares in the issued share capital of Pet Labs Pharmaceuticals Proprietary Limited, a company incorporated in the Republic of South Africa (“PET Labs”). PET Labs is a South African radiopharmaceutical operations company, dedicated to nuclear medicine and the science of radiopharmaceutical production.

Under the Purchase Agreement, we have agreed to purchase from the Seller 51 ordinary shares in the issued share capital of PET Labs (the “Initial Sale Shares”) (representing 51% of the issued share capital of PET Labs) and we have an option to purchase from the Seller the remaining 49 ordinary shares in the issued share capital of PET Labs (the “Option Shares”) (representing the remaining 49% of the issued share capital of PET Labs). We agreed to pay to the Seller an aggregate of $2,000,000 for the Initial Sale Shares, of which aggregate amount $500,000 was payable on the completion of the sale of the Initial Sale Shares and $1,500,000 is payable on demand after one calendar year from the agreement date. If we exercise our option to purchase the Option Shares (which option is exercisable from the agreement date until January 31, 2027, provided that the Initial Sale Shares have been paid for in full), we have agreed to pay an additional $2,200,000 for the Option Shares.

Company-Owned ASP Plants

In October 2021 and July 2022, we acquired two incomplete ASP plants in Pretoria, South Africa. In September 2021, we obtained the required licenses from the nuclear regulators, including the Non-proliferation Council of South Africa, to complete construction of the plants. In March of 2023, we completed the construction and commissioning of the first plant, which is capable of enriching light isotopes. As of the date of this prospectus, we employ 22 persons at this facility. We expect to conclude the construction of the second larger plant in the first half of 2024.

Supply Contacts

In July 2023, we entered into a supply agreement with a U.S. customer to supply a highly enriched metal. This contract has a value of $9 million, which we expect to realize during 2024. In September 2023, we received a prepayment of approximately $900,000 for this contract.

In July 2023, we entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with a U.S. Small Modular Reactor company to supply HALEU. The MOU focused on formalizing a collaboration to develop a HALEU production facility with financial support from the customer.

In June 2023, we entered into a multi-year supply agreement with a Canadian Customer for the supply of Carbon-14, which will be produced from our facility that was completed in March 2023. The customer will supply carbon-14 in the form of carbon-dioxide gas. We will then convert the carbon dioxide gas into methane under a chemical converting contract entered in June 2023. We will then enrich the methane to greater than 85% C-14 under a tolling agreement, also entered in June 2023. Finally, we will convert the enriched methane back into enriched carbon dioxide under a chemical converting contract. The tolling agreement has a minimum “take or pay” amount of approximately $2.5 million per year, supported by a bank letter of guarantee. In September 2023, we entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the same customer to separate Deuterium and Tritium currently stored at nuclear sites within Canada. The timing and commercial implications of this MOU are subject to future agreement between the parties.

In November 2022, our wholly owned subsidiary, ASP Isotopes Guernsey Limited (“ASP Guernsey”), entered into an Amended Agreement with Klydon (Proprietary) Ltd (“Klydon”) related to a 25-year supply agreement for up to $27 million per annum of highly enriched Molybdenum-100 entered into by and between Klydon and Beijing BRICEM Science and Technology Co. Ltd. (“Bricem”) in August 2021 (the “August 2021 Purchase Agreement”). Under the Amended Agreement, Klydon assigned all of its rights under the August 2021 Purchase Agreement to ASP Guernsey.

Klydon Agreements

On November 1, 2021, ASP Isotopes South Africa (Proprietary) Ltd (“ASP South Africa”) and Klydon (Proprietary) Limited (“Kyldon”), as the contractor, entered into a contract under which Klydon was to supply ASP South Africa with a complete turnkey isotope enrichment plant (the “Turnkey Contract”). Among other things, the activities required to be undertaken or performed by Klydon include taking control of the assets acquired in the Molybdos Business Rescue Auction and the design of an isotope enrichment facility; the supply of components, equipment, and labor required for the construction; the installation, testing, and commissioning of the isotope enrichment plant; securing all required approvals, regulatory authorizations and other required consents for the operation of the plant; providing training to local ASP South Africa personnel to enable them to operate the plant in the future; and providing warranties in relation to the performance targets of the plant which are required to be met. 

Klydon performed a portion of the services required under the Turnkey Contract; however, services were incomplete, and many of the services were not completed within the time frame required. As a result, Klydon and ASP South Africa entered into an Acknowledgement of Debt Agreement dated November 30, 2022, whereby Klydon (i) agreed to pledge its assets (the “Pledged Assets”) to ASP South Africa to secure its performance of the Turnkey Contract by December 31, 2022, and (ii) acknowledged that ASP South Africa would suffer damages in the amount of $6,050,000 (“Damage Amount”) should it fail to perform. Under the Acknowledgement of Debt Agreement, the Pledged Assets would serve as collateral for Klydon’s obligation to pay the Damage Amount should Klydon fail to perform. Also on November 30, 2022, ASP South Africa and Klydon entered into a Deed of Security Agreement whereby, if Klydon failed to complete its obligations under the Turnkey Contract by December 31, 2022, all of Klydon’s rights of any nature to and interests of any nature in the Pledged Assets would be transferred to ASP South Africa. Klydon failed to complete its obligations under the Turnkey Contract by December 31, 2022. However, the Company did not perfect its interest in the assets until April 4, 2023. The Company did not believe that the amounts owed by Klydon were realizable, nor did the Company know the timing of any recovery payments. Therefore, a loss recovery receivable was not recorded at any time before April 4, 2023.

On April 4, 2023, the Company perfected its interest under the Acknowledgement of Debt Agreement, under which the Company acquired specific intellectual property from Klydon (“Klydon Settlement”). In addition, the Company acquired Klydon's interest in four inactive entities and in the process of being dissolved. The Company has concluded that the Klydon Settlement is accounted for under ASC805, Business Combinations as an asset acquisition since the assets acquired were concentrated in a single identifiable asset from a related party. In conjunction with the Klydon Settlement, the Company recorded an increase to additional paid-in capital for the settlement of all liabilities owed to Klydon at the time of settlement, totaling $626,223.

Private Placements

On March 14, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with a single institutional investor (the “Purchaser”), pursuant to which the Company issued, in a private placement (the “Private Placement Offering”), an aggregate of (i) 3,164,557 shares (the “Private Placement Shares”) of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Common Stock”) at a purchase price of $1.58 per share for total gross proceeds of approximately $5 million, before deducting Placement Agent fees and other offering expenses; and (ii) warrants (the “Investor Warrants”) to purchase up to an aggregate of 3,164,557 shares of Common Stock at exercise price of $1.75 per share. The Investor Warrants are exercisable on or after September 17, 2023 and will expire on September 18, 2028. The Offering closed on March 17, 2023 (the “Closing”). The Offering was conducted pursuant to the exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act, available under Section 4(a)(2) and/or Rule 506(b) of Regulation D.

We engaged H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (the “Placement Agent”) to act as its exclusive placement agent in connection with the Offering, pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”), dated as of February 15, 2023, between the Company and the Placement Agent. Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, we paid the Placement Agent (i) a total cash fee equal to 7.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of the Offering; (ii) a management fee of 1.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of the Offering; and (iii) reimbursement of certain expenses. In addition, we issued to the Placement Agent, or its designees warrants (the “PA Warrants”) to purchase up to 221,519 shares of Common Stock (the “PA Warrant Shares”) at an exercise price of $1.975 per share. The PA Warrants are exercisable on or after September 17, 2023 and will expire on September 18, 2028.

We received net proceeds of approximately $4.5 million from the Offering, after deducting the Placement Agent fees and other Offering expenses. We plan to use the net proceeds from the Offering for working capital and general corporate purposes.

In connection with the Offering, on March 14, 2023, we entered into a Registration Rights Agreement with the investor (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) pursuant to which we are required to file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to register for resale the Shares and the Investor Warrant Shares on or before March 29, 2023 and to use its best efforts to cause the registration statement to be declared effective by the SEC by April 28, 2023 or in the event of a “full review” by the SEC, by May 28, 2023.

On October 9, 2023 and October 10, 2023, we entered into Securities Purchase Agreements (the “Purchase Agreements”) with certain institutional and other accredited investors and certain directors of the Company (collectively, the “Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell an aggregate of 9,952,510 shares of Common Stock, for aggregate cash consideration of approximately $9.1 million, as follows: (i) 8,459,093 shares of Common Stock to investors at a purchase price per share of $0.9105, (ii) 1,190,239 shares of Common Stock to investors at a purchase price per share of $0.9548, and (iii) 303,178 shares of Common Stock to directors at a purchase price per share of $0.96.  The transaction executed with the Purchase Agreements (collectively, the “Private Placement”), including the issuance of the shares of Common Stock, were not a “public offering” as defined in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and meet the requirements to qualify for exemption under Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act.  The Private Placement closed on October 27.

The Private Placement to the institutional and other accredited investors was priced at the “Minimum Price” as defined under the Listing Rule 5635(d) of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”), which is the lower of: (i) the closing price (as reflected on Nasdaq.com); or (ii) the average closing price of the common stock (as reflected on Nasdaq.com) for the five trading days immediately preceding the signing of the binding agreement to issue the securities.  The Private Placement to the directors was priced at the consolidated closing bid price per share immediately preceding the signing of the binding agreement to issue the securities.

In connection with the Private Placement on October 9, 2023 and October 10, 2023 we entered into a Registration Rights Agreement (the “October Registration Rights Agreement”) with the Purchasers pursuant to which we are required to file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to register for resale the Shares within 30 days and to use its best efforts to cause the registration statement to be declared effective by the SEC within 60 days (or in the event of a “full review” by the SEC, within 90 days).

Our Strategy

Complete development and commissioning of our enrichment facilities in Pretoria, South Africa.

We intend to complete the development and construction of our second enrichment facility located in Pretoria, South Africa, during the first half of 2024.  The first facility, which we completed in March of 2023, is designed to enrich light isotopes such as Carbon-14. The second facility, which is substantially larger than the first, should have the potential to enrich kilogram quantities of relatively heavier isotopes, including but not limited to Molybdenum-100 and Silicon-28.

In October 2021, we acquired physical assets, including equipment, of Molybdos (Pty) Limited (Molybdos) located at the plant after having been declared the winner of a competitive auction process under Section 45 of the South Africa Consumer Protection Act, 2008 (the Molybdos Business Rescue Auction). We licensed the ASP technology for the production of Mo-100 from Klydon Proprietary Ltd (Klydon).  We subsequently entered into a turnkey contract with Klydon, pursuant to which Klydon has agreed to provide us with a first commercial-scale isotope enrichment plant. The activities to be undertaken or performed by Klydon include taking control of the assets acquired by us in the Molybdos Business Rescue Auction; the design of an enrichment facility; the supply of required components, equipment, and labor; the installation, testing, and commissioning of the enrichment facility; securing all required approvals, regulatory authorizations and other required consents for the operation of the plant; providing training to local ASP Isotopes South Africa (Proprietary) Limited personnel to enable them to operate the plant going forward; and providing warranties in relation to the performance targets of the plant which are required to be met. Klydon will also be responsible for liaising with the relevant South African authorities, including the South African Non-Proliferation Council, the Nuclear Suppliers Group, and International Atomic Energy Agency, to ensure that the enrichment plant complies with international laws and guidelines.

In July 2022, we acquired a pilot plant previously used by Klydon Proprietary Ltd (Klydon) to enrich Silicon-28 up to an abundance of 96.6%. This enriched Silicon-28 was then used for experimental work in the solar and electronics industries. We spent the subsequent six months refurbishing and upgrading the facility to produce commercial quantities of Carbon-14. In June 2023, we entered into a tolling agreement with a North American customer for the entire capacity of this facility, under which we will supply the customer with C-14 enriched to 85%.

Demonstrate the capability to produce C-14, Mo-100, and Si-28 using the ASP technology and capitalize on the opportunity to solve many supply chain challenges that currently exist.

We intend to demonstrate the capability to produce C-14, Mo-100, and Si-28 at a scale that can support anticipated customer demand for all three isotopes.

Historically, Russia has been the sole supplier of C-14, which is used as a tracer in the development of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The supply chain has been inherently fragile with inconsistent service. Subject to the supply of feedstock from our customer, we intend to start the enrichment of C-14 during 2024.

Mo-100 as an alternative and potentially more convenient production route for Tc-99m used in nuclear medical diagnostic procedures. Mo-99’s decay product, technetium-99m (Tc-99m), is used in 80-85% of the world’s single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) procedures, which is used to diagnose heart disease and cancer, to study organ structure and function, and to perform other critical medical applications. We intend to offer our Mo-100 to customers that may convert Mo-100 into Mo-99 or directly into Tc-99m, and we believe that the use of Mo-100 in this way will be an attractive alternative route to the production of Tc-99m for several reasons.

Isotopically enriched silicon is regarded as a promising material for semiconductor quantum information due to its very long coherence times and its compatibility with the readily available industrial platform. We believe that the ASP technology is ideally suited to the production of this isotope because it has the ability to enrich molecules of low molecular mass.  Other electronic gasses that can likely be enriched using ASP Technology include disilane and germane.

Continue identifying potential offtake customers and strategic partners for our isotopes.

We have already seen significant interest from potential offtake customers for the isotopes that we intend to produce. In November 2022, we entered a 25-year supply agreement for highly enriched Mo-100 with BRICEM (Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering Metallurgy). The contract has a value of up to $27.0 million per annum.  In July 2023, we entered into a supply agreement for a highly enriched metal with a U.S. customer. This contract has a value of $9 million. We have had or are currently in active dialogue with many other potential customers who could use the entire anticipated annual capacity of an initial plant. In June 2023, we entered into a tolling agreement with a Canadian Customer for the entire capacity of our C-14 production facility.  We are currently in discussions with potential customers that have an interest in entering into long-term supply agreements for kilogram quantities of Si-28 and larger quantities of Xe-129, Ge-72, Ge-74, Zn-68, and Cl-37.

Demonstrate the capability to produce high-assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU) using Quantum Enrichment and meet anticipated demand for the new generation of HALEU-fueled small modular reactors and advanced reactor designs that are now under development for commercial and government uses.

We plan to begin research and development for the enrichment of uranium to demonstrate our capability to produce HALEU using Quantum Enrichment Technology. We anticipate a future demand for HALEU for the new generation of HALEU-fueled small modular reactors (SMRs) and advanced reactor designs that are now under development for commercial and government uses. SMRs are viewed as being cheaper, safer, and more versatile than traditional large-scale nuclear reactors, and development of the new technology is receiving considerable funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, as well as from the governments of other countries. There is currently no commercial production of HALEU in the United States. We are currently conducting a feasibility study with respect to constructing an enrichment facility in either South Africa or the United Kingdom. We are currently in discussions with both the UK Atomic Energy Authority, UK Office of Nuclear Regulation (ONR), Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa (NECSA) as well as the South African Department of Mineral Resources and Energy (DMRE) in hopes of obtaining approval to conduct nuclear research in either of these countries. We would need to obtain approval from one of these regulatory bodies in order to proceed with our nuclear research.  Alongside our talks with regulators, we are currently discussing with multiple counterparties involved in the SMR space to produce HALEU to further their research efforts and, later, their commercial endeavors.

Initiate the R&D efforts of the Quantum Enrichment Process via the Company’s subsidiary, Enlightened Isotopes, for the enrichment of Ytterbium 176

The company anticipates furthering its’ commercial development of the Quantum Enrichment process through the development of enriching Ytterbium-176 for the medical Oncology Market. Enriched Ytterbium-176 can be irradiated to produce Lutetium-177, which has been identified for use in oncology, particularly in targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). TRT is used in the treatment of various types of cancers, including neuroendocrine tumors, prostate cancer, and bone metastases, among others. There are a total of 11 ongoing clinical trials studying Lutetium-177 PSMA-617 in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. The company has obtained all necessary licenses within South Africa to proceed with the commercial development of this product, and it anticipates that this continued R&D and later clinical applicability will help to refine the Quantum Enrichment process for broader commercial applicability in the future.

Demonstrate the effectiveness and value in the use of Mo-100 and other stable isotopes in the downstream radiopharmacy market, after acquiring 51% strategic stake in PET labs, the leading radiopharmacy in South Africa. This investment will address the radioisotope needs of South Africa as well as certain neighboring countries.

As a result of the transaction on October 30^th, 2023, we entered into the downstream radio pharmacy market that we intend to service in the future. This transaction is intended to help provide the market with adequate proof of concept of the value of utilizing Mo-100 in downstream SPECT imaging procedures while providing supply chain stability to the region of South Africa and neighboring countries. We intend to expand PET labs’ existing operations by adding two new cyclotrons to its’ service footprint, enabling the company to properly expand its’ other revenue generation mediums, which is anticipated to drive free cash flow to the companies.

Our Strengths

ASP technology developed by Klydon.

The aerodynamic separation technique has its origins in the South African uranium enrichment program in the 1980s and the ASP technology has been developed during the last 18 years by the scientists at Klydon. To date, the scientists at Klydon have constructed two ASP plants for the enrichment of oxygen-18 and silicon-28 in Pretoria, South Africa, which were commissioned in October 2015 and July 2018, respectively. While the technology has not yet been used to enrich either Molybdenum or Uranium or heavier isotopes, we believe the success of the enrichment process for oxygen-18 and silicon-28 has demonstrated the efficacy and commercial scalability of the ASP technology from laboratory to commercial. We have exclusive worldwide licenses from Klydon for the production of all isotopes and, if our research and development is successful (and subject to obtaining applicable regulatory approvals and appropriate licenses), we plan to commercialize many different isotopes produced using the ASP technology. To date, we have completed the construction of one isotope enrichment facility, but we have not yet produced any commercial quantities of isotopes and we have not yet demonstrated the ability to produce any isotope in commercial quantities using ASP technology.

High barriers to entry.

We have exclusive worldwide licenses to the ASP technology for the production of all isotopes. Klydon has spent the last 18 years and tens of millions of dollars developing the aerodynamic separation technique used in the ASP technology, generating critical trade secrets. We believe our competitors lag behind us in terms of the technical expertise of our senior management and the know-how contained in the aerodynamic separation technique, and will be unable to replicate the expected results of the ASP technology, even as we expect to continue improving the existing technology and processes. Additionally, the high capital costs of development of proprietary technologies, significant lead times required to construct new enrichment facilities, as well as stringent regulatory and operating requirements applicable to enrichment facilities, adds to the significant barriers to entry for smaller competing market participants.

ASP technology is a flexible platform with the potential to produce many different isotopes that could serve a large addressable markets.

ASP technology is a flexible platform, compact in size and weight, and easily scaled to industrial level with number of separation devices added in parallel. The ASP technology also has few moving parts, with low capital and operating costs in comparison to alternatives. The technology is particularly efficient at enriching isotopes of low atomic mass. We believe that, assuming receipt of required regulatory approvals and governmental permits, the ASP technology can be deployed quickly and with a relatively small  capital cost, to enrich many different isotopes that we believe consumers require both today and in the future in end markets such as healthcare, technology and energy. We also believe that the ASP technology is well-positioned to address a substantial global HALEU market that is contemplating a transition from petroleum-based energy to energy produced in a new generation of HALEU-fueled SMRs and advanced reactors.

ASP technology is designed to be low cost, low energy, and environmentally friendly.

We recently completed the construction of our first isotope enrichment facility using ASP technology located in Pretoria, South Africa. The ASP technology is designed to be scalable, low cost, low energy, and environmentally friendly, with no radioactive waste or hazardous materials produced in the process and planned arrangements to reuse chemical by-products.

Experienced team

Our board of directors and advisers have specialized expertise in isotopes enrichment, R&D, technology, plant development and manufacturing. Dr Einar Ronander, who serves as Chief Scientific Adviser to our board of directors, and Dr Hendrik Strydom, one of our directors, previously co-founded Klydon. The scientific team at Klydon combined has decades of experience in research and development of isotopes enrichment and amassed deep knowledge in the field.

Our board of directors and our management team also has broad experience and successful track records in biopharmaceutical research, chemicals, manufacturing and commercialization, as well as in business, operations, and finance. Our board of directors’ and management team’s experience was gained at leading companies and financial institutions that include Bear Stearns, Deutsche Bank, Highbridge Capital, Investec Bank, Morgan Stanley and Soros Fund Management.

Technical Background

What are Isotopes?

Isotopes are two or more types of atoms that have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), and that differ in nucleon numbers (mass numbers) due to different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. While all isotopes of a given element have almost the same chemical properties, they have different atomic masses and physical properties.

The number of protons within the atom’s nucleus is called atomic number and is equal to the number of electrons in the neutral (non-ionized) atom. Each atomic number identifies a specific element, but not the isotope; an atom of a given element may have a wide range in its number of neutrons. The number of nucleons (both protons and neutrons) in the nucleus is the atom’s mass number, and each isotope of a given element has a different mass number. For example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 are three isotopes of the element carbon with mass numbers 12, 13, and 14, respectively. The atomic number of carbon is 6, which means that every carbon atom has 6 protons so that the neutron numbers of these isotopes are 6, 7, and 8 respectively.

There are 23 isotopes of Silicon, all of which have 14 protons and 14 neutrons but have between 8 and 30 neutrons. The table below shows a selection of those isotopes. Three isotopes are stable which have mass numbers of 28, 29 and 30 which have 14, 15 and 16 neutrons respectively. The other 20 isotopes are radioactive and decay with short half-lives and are therefore do not typically exist in naturally occurring silicon. In naturally occurring silicon, the isotope with atomic mass of 28 is usually the most abundant, typically accounting for approximately 92.22% of the material. The isotope with atomic mass of 29 typically accounts for 4.69% of the material and the isotope with atomic mass of 30 typically accounts for 3.09% of the material.

Molybdenum has 33 known isotopes, ranging in atomic mass from 83 to 115, as well as four metastable nuclear isomers. Seven isotopes occur naturally, with atomic masses of 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, and 100. All unstable isotopes of molybdenum decay into isotopes of zirconium, niobium, technetium, and ruthenium.

Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive element that has no stable isotope. It has two primordial isotopes, uranium-238 and uranium-235, which have long half-lives and are found in appreciable quantity in the Earth’s crust. The decay product, uranium-234 is also found. Other isotopes such as uranium-233 have been produced in breeder reactors. In addition to isotopes found in nature or nuclear reactors, many isotopes with far shorter half-lives have been produced, ranging from U-214 to U-242 (with the exception of U-220 and U-241). The standard atomic weight of natural uranium is 238.02891 with 99.27% of naturally occurring uranium being the isotope with an atomic mass of 238.

Methods of Separation and Enrichment of Isotopes

Isotope enrichment is the process of concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element by removing other isotopes. During the last century, a number of different methods have been developed to separate and enrich isotopes. The current separation or enrichment processes are based either on the atomic weight of the isotope, small differences in chemical reaction rates produced by different atomic weights or are based on properties not directly connected to atomic weight such as nuclear resonances.

Diffusion

Often performed on gases, but also on liquids, the diffusion method relies on the fact that in thermal equilibrium, two isotopes with the same energy will have different average velocities. The lighter atoms (or the molecules containing them) will travel more quickly and be more likely to diffuse through a membrane. The difference in speeds is proportional to the square root of the mass ratio, so the amount of separation is small, and many cascaded stages are needed to obtain high purity. This method is expensive due to the work needed to push gas through a membrane and the many stages necessary.

Centrifugal

Centrifugal methods rapidly rotate the material allowing the heavier isotopes to go closer to an outer radial wall. This too is often done in gaseous form using a Zippe-type centrifuge.

A Zippe-type centrifuge relies on the force resulting from centripetal acceleration to separate molecules according to their mass, and can be applied to most fluids. The dense (heavier) molecules move towards the wall and the lighter ones remain close to the center. The centrifuge consists of a rigid body rotor rotating at full period at high speed. Concentric gas tubes located on the axis of the rotor are used to introduce feed gas into the rotor and extract the heavier and lighter separated streams. For U-235 production, the heavier stream is the waste stream and the lighter stream is the product stream. Modern Zippe-type centrifuges are tall cylinders spinning on a vertical axis, with a vertical temperature gradient applied to create a convective circulation rising in the center and descending at the periphery of the centrifuge. Diffusion between these opposing flows increases the separation by the principle of countercurrent multiplication.

In practice, since there are limits to how tall a single centrifuge can be made, several such centrifuges are connected in series. Each centrifuge receives one input and produces two output lines, corresponding to light and heavy fractions. The input of each centrifuge is the output (light) of the previous centrifuge and the output (heavy) of the following stage. This produces an almost pure light fraction from the output (light) of the last centrifuge and an almost pure heavy fraction from the output (heavy) of the first centrifuge.

Electromagnetic

Electromagnetic separation is mass spectrometry on a large scale, so it is sometimes referred to as mass spectrometry. It uses the fact that charged particles are deflected in a magnetic field and the amount of deflection depends upon the particle’s mass. It is very expensive for the quantity produced, as it has an extremely low throughput, but it can allow very high purities to be achieved. This method is often used for processing small amounts of pure isotopes for research or specific use (such as isotopic tracers), but is impractical for industrial use.

Laser

In this method, a laser is tuned to a wavelength which excites only one isotope of the material and ionizes those atoms preferentially. The resonant absorption of light for an isotope is dependent upon its mass and certain hyperfine interactions between electrons and the nucleus, allowing finely tuned lasers to interact with only one isotope. After the atom is ionized it can be removed from the sample by applying an electric field. This method is often abbreviated as AVLIS (atomic vapor laser isotope separation). This method has only recently been developed as laser technology has improved, and is currently not used extensively.

Chemical Methods

Although isotopes of a single element are normally described as having the same chemical properties, this is not strictly true. In particular, reaction rates are very slightly affected by atomic mass. Techniques using this are most effective for light atoms such as hydrogen. Lighter isotopes tend to react or evaporate more quickly than heavy isotopes, allowing them to be separated. This is how heavy water is produced commercially.

Gravity

Isotopes of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen can be purified by chilling these gases or compounds nearly to their liquefaction temperature in very tall (200 to 700 feet (61 to 213 m)) columns. The heavier isotopes sink and the lighter isotopes rise, where they are easily collected.

The Aerodynamic Separation Process (ASP) Technology

ASP technology is proprietary technology licensed from Klydon which succeeds earlier work, first detailed in the scientific media in the mid-1970s, relating to an industrial scale enrichment plant for uranium that was constructed utilizing the so-called “stationary-wall centrifuge”. The original technology was highly energy consuming and was not able to compete on an economic basis with other methods of isotope separation. The innovative development of the ASP technology over the past 18 years has culminated in a more advanced separation device that we believe can compete on a commercial scale with other methods of isotope separation. The ASP separation device separates both gas species and isotopes in a volatile state via an approximate flow pattern as shown below.

Gas flow pattern inside ASP separation device.

The ASP enrichment process uses an aerodynamic technique similar to a stationary wall centrifuge. The isotope material in raw gas form enters the stationary tube at high speed by tangential injection through finely placed and sized openings in the surface of the tube. The gas then follows a flow pattern that results in two gas vortexes occurring around the geometrical axis of the separator. The isotope material becomes separated in the radial dimension as a result of the spin speed of the isotope material reaching several hundred meters per second. An axial mass flow component in each tube feeds isotope material to the respective ends of the separator where the collection of the portions of isotope material is accomplished.

The advantages of ASP technology are as follows:

 ASP Plant Configuration

The figure below shows a schematic of an ASP cascade in operation. The cascade consists of several enrichment stages, connected in a 1-up-1-down cascade configuration. The stages can be grouped into segments. (This method of organizing stages is not reflected in the figure)

The bold blue arrows represent flows of the element into and out of the cascade:

Each stage in the cascade is operated in one of two configurations:

The red arrows represent the addition or extraction of carrier gas from the process. The arrows have been added for clarity and orientation, but the mass flows of the carrier gas will be ignored in the rest of the discussion as it pertains to the isotope mass flows only (as represented by the blue arrows). The carrier gas mass flows can be superimposed on any isotope mass balance using the molar mass characteristics of the ASP stages (see below).

The block marked “GS” represents the gas separator: a piece of equipment used to separate the carrier gas from the element of interest to the degree necessary to provide a suitable reflux stream to the tails cascade section.

The blue squares are simply suitable areas where streams can be split or mixed.

An ASP stage is characterized by functions of Y, the flow of isotope in its tails stream. The characteristics of interest are:

Note the following:

The cut of an ASP stage can be dynamically adjusted to any value larger than θmin, allowing its operating point to be changed online during production.

All stages in the product cascade section are operated at the same point < XH,YH >, where XH > YH, ensuring that a net backward flow of the process element, H = XH — YH is achieved. This corresponds to a cut of less than 50% and ensures a positive flow of enriched product.

All stages in the tails cascade section are operated at the same point < XL,YL >, where XL < YL, ensuring that a net backward flow of the process element, L = XL — YL is achieved. This corresponds to a cut of more than 50% and ensures a positive flow of stripped tails.

Depending on the production requirements of the cascade the product and tails section operation points can be moved relative to each other during production, obtaining different combinations of H and L (and therefore different feeds F = H + L). The smaller H (or L) is chosen, the closer the product (or tails) section cut moves to 50%. If all stages are operated at a cut of 50%, the cascade is operated at full reflux, no product, tails, or feed streams are present, and the maximum process element concentration gradient will exist.

ASP Technology In Use

To date, the scientists at Klydon have constructed two ASP plants for the enrichment of oxygen-18 and silicon-28 in Pretoria, South Africa, which were commissioned in October 2015 and July 2018, respectively,. We believe the success of the enrichment of oxygen-18 and silicon-28 has demonstrated the efficacy and commercial scalability of the ASP technology. We are currently constructing two enrichment plants, which, if successful, will be able to produce a range of isotopes, including but not limited to C-14, Mo-100 and Si-28.

Nuclear Medicine

Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that utilizes radioactive isotopes, referred to as radionuclides, to diagnose and treat disease. These radionuclides are incorporated into radiopharmaceuticals and introduced into the body by injection, swallowing, or inhalation. Physiologic/metabolic processes in the body concentrate the tracers in specific tissues and organs; the radioactive emissions from the tracers can be used to noninvasively image these processes or kill cells in regions where radionuclides have concentrated.

Other types of noninvasive diagnostic procedures — for example, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) — can detect anatomical changes in tissues and organs as the result of disease. Nuclear medicine procedures can often detect the physiological and metabolic changes associated with disease before any anatomical changes occur. Such procedures can be used to identify disease at early stages and evaluate patients’ early responses to therapeutic interventions.

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) generates three-dimensional (3D) images of tissues and organs using radionuclides that emit gamma rays; the most used radionuclide is Technitium-99m (Tc-99m), often referred to as the ‘work-horse’ of nuclear medicine. Individual gamma rays emitted from the decay of these radionuclides (i.e., single photon emissions) are detected using a gamma camera. This camera technology is used to obtain two-dimensional (2D) images; 3D SPECT images are computer generated from many 2D images recorded at different angles.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) generates 3D images of tissues and organs using tracers that emit positrons (i.e., positive electrons): for example, fluorine-18 (F-18). Annihilation reactions between the positrons from these radionuclides and electrons present in tissues and organs produce photons. (Two photons are emitted simultaneously for each annihilation reaction and essentially travel in opposite directions.) The photon pairs are detected with a camera having a ring of very fast detectors and electronics. PET images generally have a higher contrast and spatial resolution than do SPECT images. However, PET equipment is more expensive and therefore not as widely available as SPECT equipment. Additionally, most PET tracers have short half-lives (e.g., nitrogen-13 (N-13): 10 minutes, carbon-11 (C-11): 20 minutes, and F-18: 110 minutes), so they must be produced close to their point of use.

Technetium-99m (Tc-99m)–the most widely used radioisotope in Nuclear Imaging

Tc-99m is used in approximately 80 percent of all nuclear medicine procedures performed worldwide each year.

Tc-99m is a particularly useful imaging radionuclide because it:

Tc-99m-based radiopharmaceuticals are used to diagnose disease in many tissue and organ systems, including bone, brain, heart, kidneys, liver, and lungs. About 50 percent of Tc-99m utilization in the United States is in nuclear cardiology, predominantly for myocardial perfusion imaging which images blood flow through heart muscle.

Because Tc-99m has a half life of just 6 hours, it cannot be stored or shipped long distances and it is currently produced using a technetium generator, which contains Molybdenum-99 which has a half-life of about 66-hours. In the reactor, Mo-99 decays to Tc-99m by emitting a beta particle (an electron). About 88 percent of the decays produce Tc-99m, which subsequently decays to the ground state, Tc-99g, by emitting a gamma ray. About 12 percent of the decays produce Tc-99g directly. Tc-99g decays to stable (i.e., nonradioactive) ruthenium-99 (Ru-99) after emitting a beta particle.

Technetium generators are systems that store Mo-99 and allow its decay product, Tc-99m, to be recovered for use. Most technetium generators are designed to be used with high-specific-activity Mo-99 (>1,000 Ci/g) produced by U-235 fission. The generator consists of an alumina (Al2O3) column having the diameter of a large pencil along with associated filters and tubing for obtaining Tc-99m.

This apparatus is installed into radiation-shielded packages for shipment to Tc-99m suppliers. The generator includes both the package and its contained apparatus. Technetium generators can contain from 1 to 19 Ci of Mo-99, matched to address the needs and workloads of Tc-99m suppliers.

It takes 18-24 hours to prepare technetium generators for shipment. Preparation involves loading the molybdate solution onto the columns and sterilizing them; installing the columns, tubing, and filters into the shielded generator package; and packaging the generators for shipment. Tc-99m generators are typically shipped to Tc-99m suppliers within a day of their manufacture. Generators are shipped in regulatory-compliant boxes. The delivery methods can be air, ground, or a combination of both depending on customer location and contracted transportation network.

The Mo-99 Market

The global medical community depends on a reliable supply of the radioisotope Mo-99 for nuclear medical diagnostic procedures. As previously described, Mo-99’s decay product, technetium-99m (Tc-99m), is used in over 40,000 medical procedures in the United States each day to diagnose heart disease and cancer, to study organ structure and function, and to perform other important medical applications.

In 2020, it is estimated (by Future Market Insights Inc, a global market research firm), that the Molybdenum 99 market generated revenues of approximately $3.8 billion. North America accounted for almost half of the Mo-99 demand. Approximately 62% of Mo-99 was used in hospitals while approximately 38% of Mo-99 use was in diagnostic centers.

The Mo-99 Supply Chain

The global Mo-99 supply chain is inherently fragile. The fragility stems primarily from two factors:

The current Mo-99 supply chain is also lengthy and prone to interruption throughout its course.

Recent Government Efforts to Increase Mo-99 Availability

Given the regular supply side shortages in the Mo-99 market, and widely anticipated shutdown of many of the current reactors, there is considerable focus on alternative methods of Tc-99m production. In 2012, Congress passed the American Medical Isotopes Production Act (AMIPA), which directed the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) to establish a technology-neutral program to support the establishment of domestic supplies of Mo-99 without the use of HEU. NNSA has implemented this by competitively awarding 50%/50% cost-shared cooperative agreements to commercial entities and providing funds to the Department of Energy’s (DOE) National Laboratories to support development of non-HEU Mo-99 production technologies.

NNSA currently manages cooperative agreements with three U.S. companies, all developing diverse Mo-99 production technologies:

Mo-100 as an Alternative Intermediate to Produce Mo-99 and Tc-99m

Mo-100 is a stable isotope of molybdenum. Naturally occurring molybdenum contains approximately 9.74% molybdenum-100. When highly enriched so that the Molybdenum contains >95% of the Mo-100 isotope, it can be used to produce either Mo-99 or Tc-99 via either photon-induced transmutation of Mo-100 into Mo-99 or via proton bombardment of Mo-100 into Tc-99m. The use of particle accelerators for the production of Mo-99 and direct production of Tc-99m has been studied extensively and the use of a particle accelerator conveys certain advantages and disadvantages. Accelerators produce ion beams and accelerate ions to higher energies by using oscillating electromagnetic fields. The accelerated particle beams have the capability of irradiating specific targets to produce Mo-99 and/or Tc-99m.

We intend to offer our Mo-100 to customers that may convert Mo-100 into Mo-99 or Mo-100 directly into Tc-99m. We believe that customers will be able to convert Mo-100 into Mo-99 using a cyclotron or a linear accelerator. The Mo-99 can then be converted into Tc-99m using a technetium generator. The technetium generators that are currently available will likely require some modifications in order to use the Mo-99 that has been produced via a cyclotron or a linear accelerator. These modifications will likely mean that new generator will require approval by healthcare regulators such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in Europe.

Customers may convert Mo-100 directly into Tc-99m using a cyclotron, which would eliminate the need for a technetium generator. To date, only one healthcare regulator (Health Canada) has approved the use of Tc-99m that has been directly produced from Mo-100 in a low powered cyclotron. We believe it is likely that healthcare regulators in other countries will also require clinical data to support the use of Tc-99m that is produced directly from Mo-100.

ASP Technology for Carbon-14 Enrichment

C-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon with a half-life of 5,700 years that has a natural abundance of 1 part per trillion. The different isotopes of carbon do not differ appreciably in their chemical properties. This resemblance is used in chemical and biological research, in a technique called carbon labelling: carbon-14 atoms can be used to replace nonradioactive carbon, in order to trace chemical and biochemical reactions involving carbon atoms from any given organic compound.

Carbon-14  could be obtained from waste by-products in certain nuclear reactors. In September 2022, we entered into an MOU with a potential Canadian Customer that provides consulting services to many nuclear reactors in North America. Under the terms of the MOU, it is anticipated that the customer will supply C-14 already enriched to at least 0.5%, which it sources from the waste products of nuclear reactors. We plan to enrich the C-14 to an abundance of over 85%.

ASP Technology for Silicon-28 Enrichment

Si-28 is a stable isotope of silicon. Isotopically enriched Si-28 is regarded as an ideal host material for semiconducting quantum computing due to the lack of Si-29 nuclear spins.  The presence of Si-29 in concentrations above 500 parts per million (ppm) (0.05%) prevents effective performance.  The lower the concentration of Si-29, the better a silicon quantum processor will perform in terms of computational power, accuracy and reliability.  Unlike traditional centrifuges, which are suited to enriching gases with a high molecular mass, ASP Technology is highly suited to of enriching gases with a low molecular mass such as silane (SiH4).

Quantum computers are expected to be thousands or millions of times more powerful than the most advanced of today’s conventional computers, opening new frontiers and opportunities in many industries, including medicine, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, global logistics and global financial systems.

Quantum Enrichment Technology for Uranium Enrichment

We believe our Quantum Enrichment technology is capable of enriching Uranium, which we may be able to commercialize as a nuclear fuel component for use in the new generation of HALEU-fueled small modular reactors that are now under development for commercial and government uses.

Uranium is a naturally occurring element and is mined from deposits located in Kazakhstan, Canada, Australia, and several other countries including the United States. According to the World Nuclear Association (“WNA”), there are adequate measured resources of natural uranium to fuel nuclear power at current usage rates for about 90 years. In its natural state, uranium is principally comprised of two isotopes: uranium-235 (“U-235”) and uranium-238 (“U-238”). The concentration of U-235 in natural uranium is only 0.711% by weight. Most commercial nuclear power reactors require LEU fuel with a U-235 concentration greater than natural uranium and up to 5% by weight. Future reactor designs currently under development will likely require higher U-235 concentration levels of up to 20%. Uranium enrichment is the process by which the concentration of U-235 is increased (see discussion on HALEU demand below).

Separative work units(“SWU”) is  a standard unit of measurement that represents the effort required to transform a given amount of natural uranium into two components: enriched uranium having a higher percentage of U-235 and depleted uranium having a lower percentage of U-235. The SWU contained in LEU is calculated using an industry standard formula based on the physics of enrichment. The amount of enrichment deemed to be contained in LEU under this formula is commonly referred to as its SWU component and the quantity of natural uranium deemed to be contained in LEU under this formula is referred to as its uranium or “feed” component. Currently, it is fairly common practice to purchase both the SWU and uranium components of LEU from the enrichment company. Therefore, LEU prices typically consist of three components: SWU, Conversion and uranium ore concentrate.

The following outlines the steps for converting natural uranium into LEU fuel, commonly known as the nuclear fuel cycle:

The World is Transitioning to Newer Smaller Reactors

As the world transitions to a decarbonized electric grid, society is gradually decreasing its reliance on fossil fuels and increasing its reliance on “clean energy”. There appears to be bipartisan support for the growth of nuclear energy and the Biden Administration has identified carbon-free nuclear power as an essential part of achieving a net-zero CO2 economy by 2050. Nuclear power, through the operating light water reactor fleet and the deployment of advanced reactors, is poised to be an increasing contributor to carbon free energy in the U.S. and internationally. The United States leads the world in technology innovation with more developers of advanced reactors than any other country.

Small modular reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear reactors that have a power capacity of up to 300 MW(e) per unit, which is about one-third of the generating capacity of traditional nuclear power reactors. SMRs, which can produce a large amount of low-carbon electricity, are:

Many of the benefits of SMRs are inherently linked to the nature of their design — small and modular. Given their smaller footprint, SMRs can be sited on locations not suitable for larger nuclear power plants. Prefabricated units of SMRs can be manufactured and then shipped and installed on site, making them more affordable to build than large power reactors, which are often custom designed for a particular location, sometimes leading to construction delays. SMRs offer savings in cost and construction time, and they can be deployed incrementally to match increasing energy demand.

In comparison to existing reactors, proposed SMR designs are generally simpler, and the safety concept for SMRs often relies more on passive systems and inherent safety characteristics of the reactor, such as low power and operating pressure. This means that in such cases no human intervention or external power or force is required to shut down systems, because passive systems rely on physical phenomena, such as natural circulation, convection, gravity and self-pressurization. These increased safety margins, in some cases, eliminate or significantly lower the potential for unsafe releases of radioactivity to the environment and the public in case of an accident.

SMRs have reduced fuel requirements. Power plants based on SMRs may require less frequent refueling, every 3 to 7 years, in comparison to between 1 and 2 years for conventional plants. Some SMRs are designed to operate for up to 30 years without refueling. SMRs are under construction or in the licensing stage in Argentina, Canada, China, Russia, South Korea and the United States of America.

Within the last five years significant legislation supporting the development and deployment of advanced reactors has been enacted: the Nuclear Innovation and Modernization Act, the Nuclear Energy Innovation and Capabilities Act, the Energy Act of 2020 and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. In addition, Congress established and funded the Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program which now supports two advanced reactor demonstrations to be deployed within seven years and eight other advanced reactor projects.

SMRs will require a different grade of enriched Uranium

Many advanced reactors, including the majority of the Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program awardees, will require High Assay Low Enriched Uranium (HALEU), and fuel forms very different from those manufactured for the current Light Water Reactors (LWRs). For example, the current generation of LWRs uses fuel enriched to less than 5% uranium-235. In contrast, many advanced non-LWR designs require enrichments between 5% and 20% with most above 10%.

Currently it is not possible to purchase HALEU between 10% and 20% from a commercial enricher in the United States. In the U.S., the infrastructure for the front-end of the fuel cycle for the utilization of low enriched uranium up to 5% U-235 is well defined. The U.S. has mining, conversion, enrichment, fabrication, and transportation capability. However, the infrastructure for producing and utilizing HALEU, in particular enrichments above 10%, is not established in the U.S. The mining and conversion infrastructure are common to all enrichment levels.

In 2020, the Department of Energy (DOE) selected two companies for awards under the Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program (ARDP) Pathway 1: Advanced Reactor Demonstrations. Both reactor designs require HALEU and can be operational in about seven years. Today, it is estimated that the companies selected for the demonstration pathway will require HALEU for their reactors beginning in 2024 to support fuel fabrication ahead of reactor startup. In addition, one of the companies under Pathway 2: Risk Reduction for Future Demonstrations will require HALEU in the 2024-2025 timeframe and other companies in Pathway 2 and 3 of the ARDP will also require HALEU. Privately funded companies are also working to deploy HALEU fueled reactors by the mid-2020s.

The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) believes that it is virtually impossible for HALEU to be provided to these companies in the needed quantities and timeframes from DOE inventories or commercial enrichers located in the U.S or Western Europe. Therefore, acquiring HALEU from other international suppliers will be required in the near term to support the larger goal of deploying advanced reactors in the U.S. in a timely manner. Deploying these reactors before 2030 will support climate goals and position the U.S. to be a strong exporter of advanced reactor technology. Per the recent NEI white paper, a robust domestic HALEU infrastructure is necessary to support both the domestic deployment of advanced reactors and the export of U.S. advanced reactor technologies requiring HALEU.

In a letter to the DOE captioned “Updated Need for High-Assay Low Enriched Uranium” dated December 20, 2021, the NEI provided an estimate of what U.S. HALEU demand may be during the next 15 years by companies denoted A to J:

Estimated Annual Requirements for High Assay Low Enriched Uranium to 2035 (MTU/yr)