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Export Import Bank of Korea – ‘424B5’ on 1/4/23

On:  Wednesday, 1/4/23, at 7:08am ET   ·   Accession #:  1193125-23-1189   ·   File #:  333-265869

Previous ‘424B5’:  ‘424B5’ on 9/6/22   ·   Next:  ‘424B5’ on 9/7/23   ·   Latest:  ‘424B5’ on 1/2/24   ·   1 Reference:  By:  Export Import Bank of Korea – ‘FWP’ on 1/5/23

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  As Of               Filer                 Filing    For·On·As Docs:Size             Issuer                      Filing Agent

 1/04/23  Export Import Bank of Korea       424B5                  1:7.7M                                   Donnelley … Solutions/FA

Prospectus – Primary Offering or Shelf Securities – New Facts or Events   —   Rule 424(b)(5)

Filing Table of Contents

Document/Exhibit                   Description                      Pages   Size 

 1: 424B5       Prospectus - Primary Offering or Shelf Securities   HTML   7.35M 
                - New Facts or Events                                            


Document Table of Contents

Page (sequential)   (alphabetic) Top
 
11st Page  –  Filing Submission
"Table of Contents
"Summary of the Offering
"Use of Proceeds
"Recent Developments
"Description of the Notes
"Clearance and Settlement
"Taxation
"Underwriting
"Legal Matters
"Official Statements and Documents
"General Information
"Certain Defined Terms and Conventions
"The Export-Import Bank of Korea
"Overview
"Capitalization
"Business
"Selected Financial Statement Data
"Operations
"Description of Assets and Liabilities
"Debt
"Credit Policies, Credit Approval and Risk Management
"Capital Adequacy
"Overseas Operations
"Property
"Management and Employees
"Tables and Supplementary Information
"Financial Statements and the Auditors
"The Republic of Korea
"Land and History
"Government and Politics
"The Economy
"Principal Sectors of the Economy
"The Financial System
"Monetary Policy
"Balance of Payments and Foreign Trade
"Government Finance
"Description of the Securities
"Description of Debt Securities
"Description of Warrants
"Terms Applicable to Debt Securities and Warrants
"Description of Guarantees
"Limitations on Issuance of Bearer Debt Securities and Bearer Warrants
"Korean Taxation
"United States Tax Considerations
"Plan of Distribution
"Authorized Representatives in the United States
"Experts
"Forward-Looking Statements
"Further Information

This is an HTML Document rendered as filed.  [ Alternative Formats ]



  424(B)(5)  
Table of Contents

Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)
Registration Statement No. 333-265869

 

The information in this preliminary prospectus supplement is not complete and may be changed. A registration statement relating to these securities has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. This preliminary prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED JANUARY 3, 2023

 

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT

(To Prospectus Dated July 27, 2022)

 

LOGO

The Export-Import Bank of Korea

(A statutory juridical entity established under The Export-Import Bank of Korea Act of 1969, as amended, in the Republic of Korea)

US$                                         % Notes due 20                    

US$                                         % Notes due 20                    

US$                                         % Blue Notes due 20                    

Our US$                     aggregate principal amount of notes due 20                     (the “20                     Notes”) will bear interest at a rate of                     % per annum, our US$                     aggregate principal amount of notes due 20                     (the “20                     Notes”) will bear interest at a rate of                     % per annum and our US$                     aggregate principal amount of blue notes due 20                     (the “20                     Blue Notes,” and together with the 20                     Notes and the 20                     Notes, the “Notes”) will bear interest at a rate of                     % per annum. Interest on the Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on January                      and July                      of each year, beginning on July                     , 2023.

The Notes will be issued in minimum denominations of US$200,000 principal amount and integral multiples of US$1,000 in excess thereof. The Notes will be represented by one or more global notes registered in the name of a nominee of The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), as depositary.

 

 

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

 

 

    20                     Notes     20                     Notes     20                     Blue Notes  
    Per Note     Total     Per Note     Total     Per Note     Total  

Public offering price

                        %       US$                                               %       US$                                               %       US$                      

Underwriting discounts

                        %       US$                                               %       US$                                               %       US$                      

Proceeds to us, before expenses

                        %       US$                                               %       US$                                               %       US$                      

In addition to the initial public offering price, you will have to pay for accrued interest, if any, from (and including) January                     , 2023.

Applications will be made to the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited (the “SGX-ST”) for the listing and quotation of the Notes on the SGX-ST. There can be no assurance that we will obtain or be able to maintain a listing of the Notes on the SGX- ST. The SGX-ST assumes no responsibility for the correctness of any of the statements made, opinions expressed or reports contained in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. Approval in-principle from, admission to the Official List of, and listing and quotation of any Notes on, the SGX-ST are not to be taken as an indication of the merits of the issuer or the Notes. In addition, application for listing of the Notes will be made to the International Securities Market of the London Stock Exchange.

The underwriters expect to deliver the Notes to investors through the book-entry facilities of DTC on or about January                     , 2023.

 

 

Joint Bookrunners and Lead Managers

 

ANZ            
  BNP PARIBAS          
   

BofA Securities

       
      Citigroup      
        HSBC    
          KB Securities  
            Morgan Stanley

 

Prospectus Supplement Dated January                     , 2023


Table of Contents

You should rely only on the information contained in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information. We are not making an offer of these securities in any state where the offer is not permitted.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Prospectus Supplement

 

Summary of the Offering

   S-7

Use of Proceeds

   S-9

Recent Developments

   S-12

Description of the Notes

   S-96

Clearance and Settlement

   S-99

Taxation

   S-102

Underwriting

   S-103

Legal Matters

   S-110

Official Statements and Documents

   S-110

General Information

   S-110

 

S-2


Table of Contents

Prospectus

 

     Page  

Certain Defined Terms and Conventions

     1  

Use of Proceeds

     2  

The Export-Import Bank of Korea

     3  

Overview

     3  

Capitalization

     4  

Business

     5  

Selected Financial Statement Data

     7  

Operations

     9  

Description of Assets and Liabilities

     15  

Debt

     25  

Credit Policies, Credit Approval and Risk Management

     27  

Capital Adequacy

     28  

Overseas Operations

     29  

Property

     30  

Management and Employees

     30  

Tables and Supplementary Information

     32  

Financial Statements and the Auditors

     41  

The Republic of Korea

     134  

Land and History

     134  

Government and Politics

     136  

The Economy

     139  

Principal Sectors of the Economy

     147  

The Financial System

     154  

Monetary Policy

     159  

Balance of Payments and Foreign Trade

     163  

Government Finance

     170  

Debt

     174  

Tables and Supplementary Information

     177  

Description of the Securities

     180  

Description of Debt Securities

     180  

Description of Warrants

     186  

Terms Applicable to Debt Securities and Warrants

     187  

Description of Guarantees

     188  

Limitations on Issuance of Bearer Debt Securities and Bearer Warrants

     189  

Taxation

     190  

Korean Taxation

     190  

United States Tax Considerations

     192  

Plan of Distribution

     201  

Legal Matters

     202  

Authorized Representatives in the United States

     202  

Official Statements and Documents

     202  

Experts

     202  

Forward-Looking Statements

     203  

Further Information

     205  

 

S-3


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CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS

All references to “we” or “us” mean The Export-Import Bank of Korea. All references to “Korea” or the “Republic” contained in this prospectus supplement mean The Republic of Korea. All references to the “Government” mean the government of Korea. References to W,” “Won” or “Korean won” are to the lawful currency of Korea, and references to “US$” or “U.S. dollars” are to the lawful currency of the United States. Terms used but not defined in this prospectus supplement shall have the same meanings given to them in the accompanying prospectus.

In this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, where information has been provided in units of thousands, millions or billions, such amounts have been rounded up or down. Accordingly, actual numbers may differ from those contained herein due to rounding. Any discrepancy between the stated total amount and the actual sum of the itemized amounts listed in a table, is due to rounding.

Our financial information included in this prospectus supplement was prepared under International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by Korea (“Korean IFRS” or “K-IFRS”). References in this prospectus supplement to “separate” financial statements and/or information are to financial statements and/or information prepared on a non-consolidated basis. Unless specified otherwise, our financial and other information included in this prospectus supplement is presented on a separate basis in accordance with Korean IFRS and does not include such information with respect to our subsidiaries.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

The information in this prospectus supplement is in addition to the information contained in our accompanying prospectus dated July 27, 2022. The accompanying prospectus contains information regarding ourselves and Korea, as well as a description of some terms of the Notes. You can find further information regarding us, Korea, and the Notes in registration statement no. 333-265869, as amended, relating to our debt securities, with or without warrants, and guarantees, which is on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

WE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT

We are responsible for the accuracy of the information in this document and confirm that to the best of our knowledge we have included all facts that should be included not to mislead potential investors. The address of our registered office is 38 Eunhaeng-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07242, The Republic of Korea. The SGX-ST assumes no responsibility for the contents of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, and makes no representation as to liability whatsoever for any loss howsoever arising from or in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. Approval in-principle from, admission to the Official List of, and listing and quotation of any Notes on, the SGX-ST are not to be taken as an indication of the merits of the issuer or the Notes.

NOTICE TO CAPITAL MARKET INTERMEDIARIES AND PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS PURSUANT TO PARAGRAPH 21 OF THE HONG KONG SFC CODE OF CONDUCT—IMPORTANT NOTICE TO PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS

Prospective investors should be aware that certain intermediaries in the context of this offering of the Notes, including all underwriters, are “capital market intermediaries” (“CMIs”) subject to Paragraph 21 of the SFC Code of Conduct for Persons Licensed by or Registered with the Securities and Futures Commission (the “SFC Code”). This notice to prospective investors is a summary of certain obligations the SFC Code imposes on such CMIs, which require the attention and cooperation of prospective investors. Certain CMIs may also be acting as “overall coordinators” (“OCs”) for this offering and are subject to additional requirements under the SFC Code.

 

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Prospective investors who are the directors, employees or major shareholders of the The Export-Import Bank of Korea (the “Issuer”), a CMI or its group companies would be considered under the SFC Code as having an association (“Association”) with the Issuer, the CMI or the relevant group company. Prospective investors associated with the Issuer or any CMI (including its group companies) should specifically disclose this when placing an order for the Notes and should disclose, at the same time, if such orders may negatively impact the price discovery process in relation to this offering.

Prospective investors who do not disclose their Associations are hereby deemed not to be so associated. Where prospective investors disclose their Associations but do not disclose that such order may negatively impact the price discovery process in relation to this offering, such order is hereby deemed not to negatively impact the price discovery process in relation to this offering. Prospective investors should ensure, and by placing an order prospective investors are deemed to confirm, that orders placed are bona fide, are not inflated and do not constitute duplicated orders (i.e., two or more corresponding or identical orders placed via two or more CMIs). If a prospective investor is an asset management arm affiliated with any underwriter, such prospective investor should indicate when placing an order if it is for a fund or portfolio where the underwriter or its group company has more than 50 per cent. interest, in which case it will be classified as a “proprietary order” and subject to appropriate handling by CMIs in accordance with the SFC Code and should disclose, at the same time, if such “proprietary order” may negatively impact the price discovery process in relation to this offering. Prospective investors who do not indicate this information when placing an order are hereby deemed to confirm that their order is not a “proprietary order”. If a prospective investor is otherwise affiliated with any underwriter, such that its order may be considered to be a “proprietary order” (pursuant to the SFC Code), such prospective investor should indicate to the relevant underwriter when placing such order. Prospective investors who do not indicate this information when placing an order are hereby deemed to confirm that their order is not a “proprietary order”. Where prospective investors disclose such information but do not disclose that such “proprietary order” may negatively impact the price discovery process in relation to this offering, such “proprietary order” is hereby deemed not to negatively impact the price discovery process in relation to this offering.

Prospective investors should be aware that certain information may be disclosed by CMIs (including private banks) which is personal and/or confidential in nature to the prospective investor. By placing an order, prospective investors are deemed to have understood and consented to the collection, disclosure, use and transfer of such information by the underwriters and/or any other third parties as may be required by the SFC Code, including to the Issuer, any OCs, relevant regulators and/or any other third parties as may be required by the SFC Code, it being understood and agreed that such information shall only be used for the purpose of complying with the SFC Code, during the bookbuilding process for this offering. Failure to provide such information may result in that order being rejected.

NOTIFICATION UNDER SECTION 309B(1)(C) OF THE SECURITIES AND FUTURES ACT

2001 OF SINGAPORE

We have determined, and hereby notify all relevant persons (as defined in Section 309A(1) of the SFA), that the Notes are prescribed capital markets products (as defined in the Securities and Futures (Capital Markets Products) Regulations 2018 of Singapore) and Excluded Investment Products (as defined in MAS Notice SFA 04-N12: Notice on the Sale of Investment Products and MAS Notice FAA-N16: Notice on Recommendations on Investment Products).

UK FINANCIAL PROMOTION LEGEND

This communication is only being distributed to and is only directed at (i) persons who are outside the United Kingdom or (ii) investment professionals falling within Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (the “Order”) or (iii) high net worth companies, and other

 

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persons to whom it may lawfully be communicated, falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d) of the Order (all such persons together being referred to as “relevant persons”). The Notes are only available to, and any invitation, offer or agreement to subscribe, purchase or otherwise acquire such Notes will be engaged in only with, relevant persons. Any person who is not a relevant person should not act or rely on this document or any of its contents.

NOT AN OFFER IF PROHIBITED BY LAW

The distribution of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, and the offer of the Notes, may be legally restricted in some countries. If you wish to distribute this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus, you should observe any restrictions. This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus should not be considered an offer and it is prohibited to use them to make an offer, in any state or country which prohibits the offering.

The Notes may not be offered or sold in Korea, directly or indirectly, or to any resident of Korea, except as permitted by Korean law. For more information, see “Underwriting—Foreign Selling Restrictions.”

The Notes are not intended to be offered, sold or otherwise made available to and should not be offered, sold or otherwise made available to any retail investor in the United Kingdom (“UK”). For these purposes, a retail investor means a person who is one (or more) of: (i) a retail client, as defined in point (8) of Article 2 of Regulation (EU) No 2017/565 as it forms part of domestic law by virtue of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (“EUWA”); or (ii) a customer within the meaning of the provisions of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (“FSMA”) and any rules or regulations made under the Insurance Distribution Directive, where that customer would not qualify as a professional client, as defined in point (8) of Article 2(1) of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 as it forms part of domestic law by virtue of the EUWA.

INFORMATION PRESENTED ACCURATE AS OF DATE OF DOCUMENT

This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus are the only documents on which you should rely for information about the offering. This prospectus supplement may only be used for the purposes for which it has been published. We have authorized no one to provide you with different information. You should not assume that the information in this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front of each document.

 

S-6


Table of Contents

SUMMARY OF THE OFFERING

This summary highlights selected information from this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus and may not contain all of the information that is important to you. To understand the terms of our Notes, you should carefully read this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus.

The Notes

We are offering US$                     aggregate principal amount of                     % notes due January                     , 20                     (the “20                     Notes”), US$                     aggregate principal amount of                     % notes due January                     , 20                     (the “20                     Notes”) and US$                     aggregate principal amount of                     % blue notes due January                     , 20                     (the “20                     Blue Notes,” and together with the 20                     Notes and the 20                     Notes, the “Notes”).

The 20                     Notes will bear interest at a rate of                     % per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January                      and July                      of each year. The first interest payment on the 20                     Notes will be made on July                     , 2023 in respect of the period from (and including) January                     , 2023 to (but excluding) July                     , 2023. Interest on the 20                     Notes will accrue from January                     , 2023 and will be computed based on a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. See “Description of the Notes—Payment of Principal and Interest—20                     Notes.”

The 20                     Notes will bear interest at a rate of                     % per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January                      and July                      of each year. The first interest payment on the 20                     Notes will be made on July                     , 2023 in respect of the period from (and including) January                     , 2023 to (but excluding) July                     , 2023. Interest on the 20                     Notes will accrue from January                     , 2023 and will be computed based on a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. See “Description of the Notes—Payment of Principal and Interest—20                     Notes.”

The 20                     Blue Notes will bear interest at a rate of                     % per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January                      and July                      of each year. The first interest payment on the 20                     Blue Notes will be made on July                     , 2023 in respect of the period from (and including) January                     , 2023 to (but excluding) July                     , 2023. Interest on the 20                     Blue Notes will accrue from January                     , 2023 and will be computed based on a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. See “Description of the Notes—Payment of Principal and Interest—20                     Blue Notes.”

The Notes will be issued in minimum denominations of US$200,000 principal amount and integral multiples of US$1,000 in excess thereof. The Notes will be represented by one or more global notes registered in the name of a nominee of The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), as depositary.

We do not have any right to redeem the Notes prior to maturity.

Listing

Applications will be made to the SGX-ST for the listing and quotation of the Notes on the SGX-ST. The SGX-ST assumes no responsibility for the correctness of any of the statements made, opinions expressed or reports contained in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. Approval in-principle from, admission to the Official List of, and listing and quotation of any Notes on, the SGX-ST are not to be taken as an indication of the merits of the issuer or the Notes. For so long as the Notes are listed on the SGX-ST and the rules

 

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of the SGX-ST so require, the Notes, if traded on the SGX-ST, will be traded in a minimum board lot size of S$200,000 (or its equivalent in foreign currencies). Accordingly, the Notes, if traded on the SGX-ST, will be traded in a minimum board lot size of US$200,000.

In addition, application for listing of the Notes will be made to the International Securities Market of the London Stock Exchange.

Form and settlement

We will issue each series of the Notes in the form of one or more fully registered global notes, registered in the name of a nominee of DTC. Except as described in the accompanying prospectus under “Description of the Securities—Description of Debt Securities—Global Securities,” the global notes will not be exchangeable for Notes in definitive registered form, and will not be issued in definitive registered form. Financial institutions, acting as direct and indirect participants in DTC, will represent your beneficial interests in the global notes. These financial institutions will record the ownership and transfer of your beneficial interest through book-entry accounts. You may hold your beneficial interests in the Notes through Euroclear Bank SA/NV (“Euroclear”) and Clearstream Banking, S.A. (“Clearstream”) if you are a participant in such systems, or indirectly through organizations that are participants in such systems. Any secondary market trading of book-entry interests in the Notes will take place through DTC participants, including Euroclear and Clearstream. See “Clearance and Settlement—Transfers Within and Between DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream.”

Further Issues

We may from time to time, without the consent of the holders of the Notes, create and issue additional debt securities with the same terms and conditions as the Notes in all respects so that such further issue shall be consolidated and form a single series with the Notes. We will not issue any such additional debt securities unless the issuance would constitute a “qualified reopening” for U.S. federal income tax purposes or such additional debt securities would otherwise be part of the same “issue” for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Delivery of the Notes

We expect to make delivery of the Notes, against payment in same-day funds on or about January                     , 2023, which we expect will be the                      business day following the date of this prospectus supplement, referred to as “T+                    .” You should note that initial trading of the Notes may be affected by the T+                     settlement. See “Underwriting—Delivery of the Notes.”

Underwriting

KB Securities Co., Ltd. has agreed not to offer or sell any Notes in the United States or to any U.S. persons. See “Underwriting—Relationship with the Underwriters.”

 

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USE OF PROCEEDS

The 20                     Notes and the 20                     Notes

We will use the net proceeds from the sale of the 20                     Notes and the 20                     Notes for our general operations, including extending foreign currency loans and repayment of our maturing debt and other obligations.

The 20                     Blue Notes

Use of Proceeds from the Sale of the 20                     Blue Notes

We will use the net proceeds from the sale of the 20                     Blue Notes to finance or refinance, in whole or in part, new or existing projects related to sustainable marine transportation (“Eligible Blue Projects”) in accordance with our Framework Supplement for Blue Bond Issuance (the “Framework Supplement”), which supplements our existing Sustainable Finance Framework established in September 2021. The Framework Supplement is in alignment with the Green Bond Principles 2021 published by the International Capital Markets Association as well as the Sustainable Blue Economy Finance Principles hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme—Finance Initiative.

Examples of Eligible Blue Projects include (i) investments and expenditures related to the construction, design and maintenance of clean and sustainable vessels (“CSVs”) as defined by the International Maritime Organization (the “IMO”) and the Norwegian Maritime Authority, and (ii) retrofitting of the engines of existing vessels with alternative fuels. In alignment with the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities, CSVs, which represent methanol dual fuel vessels under the Framework Supplement, should meet one or more of the following criteria:

 

   

hybrid and dual fuel vessels deriving at least 25% of their energy from zero direct carbon dioxide emission fuels or plug-in power for their normal operation at sea and in ports

 

   

vessels with an energy efficiency design index (“EEDI”) of 10% below the IMO’s EEDI requirement in effect on April 1, 2022 if such vessels can operate on zero direct carbon dioxide emission fuels or on fuels from renewable sources

Project Evaluation and Selection Process

Under our project evaluation and selection process, Eligible Blue Projects will be identified and selected using the criteria indicated above by our Sustainable Finance Working Group, which is composed of representatives from our Treasury, ESG Management, Credit Policy, Engineering & Environment Advisory and Finance departments.

Management of Proceeds

The allocation of an amount equal to the net proceeds from the 20                     Blue Notes will be monitored and tracked by our Treasury department through the internal register. Any balance of the net proceeds from the 20                     Blue Notes not yet allocated to Eligible Blue Projects will be managed in accordance with our existing liquidity management process.

Reporting

We will publish a report on the allocation of the net proceeds from the 20                     Blue Notes on an annual basis. Such reports will include allocation information, such as the aggregate amount allocated to Eligible Blue Projects, examples of such Eligible Blue Projects (subject to our confidentiality obligations) and the remaining balance of unallocated proceeds, if any. Impact reporting will be disclosed where possible and will include relevant environmental impacts associated with Eligible Blue Projects that were funded with the net proceeds of the 20                     Blue Notes.

 

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DNV Business Assurance Korea Ltd., an independent external reviewer, has issued an opinion dated December 28, 2022 on the Framework Supplement (the “Second Party Opinion”). The Second Party Opinion and our Framework Supplement will be publicly available on the following website: https://www.koreaexim.go.kr/.

Investment Considerations

The 20                     Blue Notes may not be a suitable investment for all investors seeking exposure to “green” or “blue” assets. We will allocate an amount equivalent to the net proceeds from the issuance of the 20                     Blue Notes to finance or refinance, in whole or in part, new or existing Eligible Blue Projects as described in “Use of Proceeds from the Sale of the 20                     Blue Notes” above in accordance with our Framework Supplement, which is in alignment with the Green Bond Principles 2021 published by the International Capital Markets Association as well as the Sustainable Blue Economy Finance Principles hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme—Finance Initiative. The examples of Eligible Blue Projects provided in “Use of Proceeds from the Sale of the 20                     Blue Notes” above are for illustrative purposes only and no assurance can be provided that disbursements for projects with these specific characteristics will be made by us during the term of the 20                     Blue Notes. Our Framework Supplement, as well as our existing Sustainable Finance Framework, are not incorporated into, and do not form a part of, this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus.

There is currently no market consensus on what precise attributes are required for a particular project or series of notes to be defined as “green” or “blue,” and therefore, no assurance can be provided to potential investors that selected Eligible Blue Projects will continue to meet the relevant eligibility criteria or any present or future investor expectations or requirements regarding environmental performance or sustainability. Although Eligible Blue Projects are expected to be selected in accordance with the categories recognized under our Framework Supplement and are expected to be developed in accordance with relevant legislation and standards, there can be no guarantee that the projects will deliver the environmental benefits as anticipated, or that adverse environmental impacts will not occur during the design, construction, commissioning and operation of any such projects. In addition, where any negative impacts are insufficiently mitigated, the projects may become controversial and may be criticized by activist groups or other stakeholders.

The Second Party Opinion may not reflect the potential impact of all risks related to the structure, market, additional risks discussed above and other factors that may affect the value of the 20                     Blue Notes. The Second Party Opinion is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and is only current as of the date that the Second Party Opinion was initially issued and may be updated, suspended or withdrawn at any time. Currently, the providers of second party opinions and certifications are not subject to any regulatory regime or oversight. In addition, although we have agreed to certain reporting and use of proceeds obligations in connection with certain environmental criteria, our failure to comply with such obligations does not constitute a breach or an event of default under the 20                     Blue Notes. A withdrawal of the Second Party Opinion or any failure by us to use an amount equivalent to the net proceeds from the issuance of the 20                     Blue Notes on Eligible Blue Projects or to meet or continue to meet the investment requirements of certain environmentally-focused investors with respect to the 20                     Blue Notes may affect the value of the 20                     Blue Notes and may have consequences for certain investors with portfolio mandates to invest in “green” or “blue” assets. The Second Party Opinion is not incorporated into, and does not form a part of, this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus.

In the event that the 20                     Blue Notes are included in any dedicated “green,” “blue,” “environmental,” “sustainable” or other similarly-labelled index, no assurance is given by us or any other person that such listing or admission, or inclusion in such index, satisfies any present or future investor expectations or requirements as regards to any investment criteria or guidelines with which such investor or its investments are required to comply, whether by any present or future applicable laws or regulations or by its own constitutive documents or other governing rules or investment portfolio mandates. Each potential investor should carefully consider the factors described in the Framework Supplement. None of us or the Underwriters make any

 

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representation as to whether the 20                     Blue Notes fulfil the relevant environmental criteria. Moreover, no assurance can be provided with respect to the suitability or reliability of the Second Party Opinion or that the 20                     Blue Notes will fulfil the criteria to qualify as “green” or “blue bonds.” The Underwriters have not undertaken, nor are they responsible for, any assessment of the eligibility of the projects within the definition of Eligible Blue Projects or the monitoring of the use of proceeds from the offering of the 20                     Blue Notes. Each potential purchaser of the 20                     Blue Notes should determine for itself the relevance of the information contained in this prospectus supplement regarding the use of proceeds and its purchase of the 20                     Blue Notes should be based upon such investigation as it deems necessary.

 

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

This section provides information that supplements the information about our bank and the Republic included under the headings corresponding to the headings below in the accompanying prospectus dated July 27, 2022. Defined terms used in this section have the meanings given to them in the accompanying prospectus. If the information in this section differs from the information in the accompanying prospectus, you should rely on the information in this section.

THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA

Unless specified otherwise, the information provided below is stated on a separate basis in accordance with K-IFRS. Our financial information as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 in this prospectus supplement is presented based on our unaudited internal management accounts.

Overview

As of June 30, 2022, we had W88,292 billion of outstanding loans, including W42,222 billion of outstanding export credits, W36,730 billion of outstanding overseas investment credits and W7,335 billion of outstanding import credits, as compared to W79,995 billion of outstanding loans, including W38,638 billion of outstanding export credits, W32,830 billion of outstanding overseas investment credits and W6,122 billion of outstanding import credits as of December 31, 2021.

Capitalization

As of June 30, 2022, our authorized capital was W15,000 billion and our capitalization was as follows:

 

     June 30, 2022(1)  
    

(billions of Won)

(unaudited)

 

Long-Term Debt(2)(3)(4)(5)(6):

  

Borrowings in Korean Won

   W —    

Borrowings in Foreign Currencies

     760  

Export-Import Financing Debentures

     55,897  
  

 

 

 

Total Long-term Debt

   W 56,658  
  

 

 

 

Capital and Reserves:

  

Capital Stock(7)

   W 12,773  

Additional Paid-in Capital

     —    

Capital Adjustments

     (134

Retained Earnings

     2,150  

Legal Reserve(8)

     501  

Voluntary Reserve(8)

     924  

Regulatory Reserve for Loan Losses(9)

     240  

Unappropriated Retained Earnings

     486  

Other Components of Equity(10)

     763  
  

 

 

 

Total Capital and Reserves

   W 15,553  
  

 

 

 

Total Capitalization

   W 72,211  
  

 

 

 

 

(1)

Except as described in this prospectus supplement, there has been no material adverse change in our capitalization since June 30, 2022.

(2)

Consists of borrowings and debentures with maturities of more than a year remaining.

 

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(3)

We have translated borrowings in foreign currencies as of June 30, 2022 into Won at the rate of W1,299.4 to US$1.00, which was the market average exchange rate as announced by the Seoul Monetary Brokerage Services Ltd., on June 30, 2022.

(4)

As of June 30, 2022, we had contingent liabilities totaling W47,065 billion, which consisted of W34,369 billion under outstanding guarantees and acceptances and W12,696 billion under contingent guarantees and acceptances issued on behalf of our clients. See “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021—Note 36.”

(5)

As of June 30, 2022, we had entered into 436 interest rate related derivative contracts with a notional amount of W69,208 billion and 513 currency related derivative contracts with a notional amount of W32,497 billion in accordance with our policy to hedge interest rate and currency risks. See “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021—Note 20.”

(6)

See “The Export-Import Bank of Korea—Description of Assets and Liabilities—Sources of Funding” of the accompanying prospectus for an explanation of these sources of funds. All of our borrowings, whether domestic or international, are unsecured and unguaranteed.

(7)

As of June 30, 2022, our authorized ordinary share capital was W15,000 billion and issued fully-paid ordinary share capital was W12,773 billion. For more information, see “The Export-Import Bank of Korea—Business—Government Support and Supervision” of the accompanying prospectus.

(8)

See “The Export-Import Bank of Korea—Business—Government Support and Supervision” of the accompanying prospectus for a description of the manner in which annual net income is transferred to the legal reserve and may be transferred to the voluntary reserve.

(9)

If the estimated allowance for credit loss determined by K-IFRS for accounting purposes is lower than that for regulatory purposes as required by Regulation on Supervision of Banking Business, we reserve such difference as regulatory reserve for loan losses. See “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021—Note 23.”

(10)

See “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021—Note 22.”

Government Support

In June 2022, the Government made a contribution to our capital of W25 billion in cash.

Selected Financial Statement Data

Recent Developments

The following tables present selected separate financial information as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and for the first nine months of 2022 and 2021, which has been derived from our unaudited separate internal management accounts as of September 30, 2022 and for the first nine months of 2022 and 2021 prepared in accordance with K-IFRS.

 

     Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
     2022      2021  
     (billions of Won)  
     (unaudited)  

Income Statement Data

     

Total Interest Income

   W 1,860      W 1,298  

Total Interest Expense

     1,143        594  

Net Interest Income

     718        705  

Operating Income

     827        893  

Income before Income Tax

     831        901  

Income Tax Expense

     237        240  

Net Income

     593        661  

 

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     As of
September 30,
2022

(unaudited)
     As of
December 31,
2021
 
     (billions of Won)  

Balance Sheet Data

     

Total Loan Credits(1)

   W 96,211      W 79,995  

Total Borrowings(2)

     103,922        82,063  

Total Assets

     129,519        101,452  

Total Liabilities

     114,065        86,099  

Total Shareholders’ Equity

     15,454        15,353  

 

(1)

Gross amount, including domestic usance bills, foreign-currency bills bought, advance payments on acceptances and guarantees, call loans, inter-bank loans in foreign currency, private placement corporate bonds in local currency and others and before deducting allowance for loan losses and net deferred loan origination fees and costs.

(2)

Includes debentures.

For the first nine months of 2022, we had net income of W593 billion compared to W661 billion for the first nine months of 2021, primarily due to a change to additional impairment loss on credit of W184 billion for the first nine months of 2022 compared to a reversal of impairment loss on credit of W81 billion for the corresponding period of 2021, mainly reflecting a deterioration in the overall asset quality of our loan portfolio in the first nine months of 2022. Such effect was in large part offset by (i) an increase in net other operating income to W150 billion for the first nine months of 2022 from W36 billion for the corresponding period of 2021, primarily due to an increase in gains on fair value hedged items to W152 billion for the first nine months of 2022 from W61 billion for the corresponding period of 2021; and (ii) an increase in net gain on financial investments to W103 billion for the first nine months of 2022 from W56 billion for the corresponding period of 2021, primarily due to an increase in net gain on disposal of financial assets.

As of September 30, 2022, our total assets increased to W129,519 billion from W101,452 billion as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to an increase in Loan Credits to W96,211 billion as of September 30, 2022 from W79,995 billion as of December 31, 2021.

As of September 30, 2022, our total liabilities increased to W114,065 billion from W86,099 billion as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to an increase in debentures to W95,192 billion as of September 30, 2022 from W76,486 billion as of December 31, 2021.

The increases in assets and liabilities were primarily due to increases in the volume of loans and debt, respectively. The depreciation of the Won against the U.S. dollar as of September 30, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021 magnified the effect of the increases in the volume of loans and debt, as a majority of our assets and liabilities consisted of foreign currency loans and debt (including significant percentages in U.S. dollars).

As of September 30, 2022, our total shareholders’ equity increased to W15,454 billion from W15,353 billion as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to an increase in retained earnings to W2,258 billion as of September 30, 2022 from W1,856 billion as of December 31, 2021, which was offset in large part by a decrease in other components of equity to W557 billion as of September 30, 2022 from W883 billion as of December 31, 2021.

Based on preliminary data, our capital adequacy ratio as of September 30, 2022, on a consolidated basis, was 13.0%, a decrease from 14.8% as of December 31, 2021.

Separate Financial Statement Data

You should read the following financial statement data together with our separate financial statements and notes included in this prospectus supplement. The following tables present selected separate financial

 

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information as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, which has been derived from our unaudited separate K-IFRS financial statements as of June 30, 2022 and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 included in this prospectus supplement:

 

     Six Months Ended
June 30,
 
     2022      2021  
     (billions of Won)  
     (unaudited)  

Income Statement Data

     

Total Interest Income

   W 1,055      W 871  

Total Interest Expense

     541        395  

Net Interest Income

     514        476  

Operating Income

     665        681  

Income before Income Tax

     669        690  

Income Tax Expense

     183        166  

Net Income

     486        523  
     As of
June 30,
2022

(unaudited)
     As of
December 31,
2021
 
     (billions of Won)  

Balance Sheet Data

     

Total Loan Credits(1)

   W 88,292      W 79,995  

Total Borrowings(2)

     93,130        82,063  

Total Assets

     115,846        101,452  

Total Liabilities

     100,293        86,099  

Total Shareholders’ Equity

     15,553        15,353  

 

(1)

Gross amount, including domestic usance bills, foreign currency bills bought, advance payments on acceptances and guarantees, call loans, inter-bank loans in foreign currency, private placement corporate bonds in local currency and others and before deducting allowance for loan losses and net deferred loan origination fees and costs.

(2)

Includes debentures.

For the first half of 2022, we had net income of W486 billion compared to W523 billion for the corresponding period of 2021. The principal factor for the decrease in net income was a more than two-fold increase in net loss on hedging derivative assets to W2,710 billion for the first half of 2022 from W760 billion for the corresponding period of 2021, primarily due to an increase in losses on hedging instruments to W2,931 billion for the first half of 2022 from W920 billion for the corresponding period of 2021. Such factor was in large part offset by a nearly three-fold increase in net other operating income to W2,489 billion for the first half of 2022 from W655 billion for the corresponding period of 2021, primarily due to an increase in gain on fair value hedged items to W2,564 billion for the first half of 2022 from W674 billion for the corresponding period 2021.

As of June 30, 2022, our total assets increased to W115,846 billion from W101,452 billion as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to an increase in Loan Credits to W88,292 billion as of June 30, 2022 from W79,995 billion as of December 31, 2021.

As of June 30, 2022, our total liabilities increased to W100,293 billion from W86,099 billion as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to an increase in debentures to W85,074 billion as of June 30, 2022 from W76,486 billion as of December 31, 2021 and an increase in borrowings to W8,055 billion as of June 30, 2022 from W5,577 billion as of December 31, 2021.

The increases in assets and liabilities were primarily due to increases in the volume of loans and debt, respectively. The depreciation of the Won against the U.S. dollar as of June 30, 2022 compared to December 31,

 

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2021 magnified the effect of the increase in the volume of loans and debt, as a majority of our assets and liabilities consisted of foreign currency loans and debt (including significant percentages in U.S. dollars).

As of June 30, 2022, our total shareholders’ equity increased to W15,553 billion from W15,353 billion as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to an increase in retained earnings to W2,150 billion as of June 30, 2022 from W1,856 billion as of December 31, 2021.

Operations

Loan Operations

In the first half of 2022, we provided total loans of W32,488 billion, an increase of 3% from the corresponding period of 2021.

Export Credits

As of June 30, 2022, export credits in the amount of W42,222 billion represented 48% of our total outstanding Loan Credits. Our disbursements of export credits amounted to W17,681 billion in the first half of 2022, a decrease of 2% from the corresponding period of 2021, which was mainly due to a decrease in demand for loan and trade financing from domestic exporters. The depreciation of the Won against the U.S. dollar as of June 30, 2022 compared to June 30, 2021 partially offset the effect of the decrease in the volume of export credits in the first half of 2022, as a majority of our export credits consisted of foreign currency credits (including a significant percentage in U.S. dollars).

Overseas Investment Credits

As of June 30, 2022, overseas investment credits amounted to W36,730 billion, representing 42% of our total outstanding Loan Credits. Our disbursements of overseas investment credits in the first half of 2022 increased by 5% to W8,877 billion from the corresponding period of 2021, primarily due to increased demand in overseas investment and project credits. The depreciation of the Won against the U.S. dollar as of June 30, 2022 compared to June 30, 2021 magnified the effect of the increase in the volume of overseas investment credits in the first half of 2022, as a majority of our overseas investment credits consisted of foreign currency credits (including a significant percentage in U.S. dollars).

Import Credits

As of June 30, 2022, import credits in the amount of W7,335 billion represented 8% of our total outstanding Loan Credits. Our disbursements of import credits amounted to W5,930 billion in the first half of 2022, an increase of 16% over the corresponding period of 2021, which was mainly due to an increase in demand for financing for raw materials used for export and domestic consumption. The depreciation of the Won against the U.S. dollar as of June 30, 2022 compared to June 30, 2021 magnified the effect of the increase in the volume of import credits in the first half of 2022, as a majority of our import credits consisted of foreign currency credits (including a significant percentage in U.S. dollars).

Guarantee Operations

Guarantee commitments as of June 30, 2022 increased to W47,065 billion from W40,231 billion as of December 31, 2021. Guarantees we had confirmed as of June 30, 2022 increased to W34,369 billion from W30,069 billion as of December 31, 2021.

For further information regarding our guarantee and letter of credit operations, see “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of June 30, 2022 and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021—Note 36”.

 

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Description of Assets and Liabilities

Total Credit Exposure

The following table sets out our Credit Exposure as of June 30, 2022, categorized by type of exposure extended:

 

     June 30, 2022  
    

(billions of Won, except

for percentages)

 

A  Loans in Won

   W 27,218        23

B   Loans in Foreign Currencies

     57,767        48  

C   Loans (A+B)

     84,985        70  

D  Other Loans(1)

     3,306        3  

E   Loan Credits (C+D)

     88,292        73  

F   Allowances for Loan Losses

     1,814        2  

G  Loan Credits (including allowance for loan losses) (E-F)

     86,477        72  

H  Confirmed Guarantees

     34,369        28  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

I   Credit Exposure (G+H)

   W 120,846        100
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Includes domestic usance bills, foreign currency bills bought, advance payments on acceptances and guarantees, call loans, inter-bank loans in foreign currencies and private placement corporate bonds in Won.

Loan Credits by Geographic Area

The following table sets out the total amount of our outstanding Loan Credits (including call loans and inter-bank loans in foreign currency) as of June 30, 2022, categorized by geographic area(1):

 

     June 30, 2022      As % of
June 30, 2022
Total
 
     (billions of Won, except for percentages)  

Asia(2)

   W 68,399        77

Europe

     9,956        11  

America

     8,126        9  

Africa

     1,810        2  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 88,292        100
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

For purposes of this table, export credits have been allocated to the geographic areas in which the foreign buyers of Korean exports are located; overseas investment credits have been allocated to the geographic areas in which the overseas investments being financed are located; and import credits have been allocated to the geographic areas in which the sellers of the imported goods are located.

(2)

Includes Australia.

Individual Exposure

As of June 30, 2022, our largest Credit Exposure was to Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd. in the amount of W4,494 billion, an increase from W3,379 billion as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to an increase in guarantees.

As of June 30, 2022, our second and third largest Credit Exposures, respectively, were to Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. in the amount of W2,887 billion and Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. in the amount of W2,499 billion.

 

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The following table sets out our five largest Credit Exposures as of June 30, 2022(1):

 

Rank

  

Name of Borrower

   Loans      Guarantees      Total  
          (billions of Won)  
1    Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering      589        3,905        4,494  
2    Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.      79        2,808        2,887  
3    Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.      168        2,331        2,499  
4    SK hynix Inc.      1,893        —          1,893  
5    GS Engineering & Construction Corp.      772        830        1,602  

 

(1)

Excludes loans and guarantees extended to affiliates.

Source:

Internal accounting records.

Asset Quality

Asset Classifications

The following table provides information on our asset quality and loan loss reserves as of June 30, 2022:

 

     As of June 30, 2022  
     Loan
Amount(1)
     Loan Loss
Reserve(2)
 

Normal

   W 150,643      W 650  

Precautionary

     12,936        1,080  

Sub-standard

     273        150  

Doubtful

     233        102  

Estimated Loss

     1,020        944  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 165,104      W 2,927  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

These figures include loans (excluding inter-bank loans and call loans), domestic usance bills, bills bought, notes bought, advances for customers, confirmed and unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees and unused loan commitments, among others.

(2)

These figures include present value discount.

Reserves for Credit Losses

As of June 30, 2022, the amount of our non-performing assets was W1,526 billion, a decrease of 22.1% from W1,958 billion as of December 31, 2021. As of June 30, 2022, our non-performing asset ratio was 1.0%, compared to 1.3% as of December 31, 2021.

We cannot provide any assurance that our current level of exposure to non-performing assets will not increase in the future or that any of our borrowers (including our largest borrowers as described above) is not currently facing, or in the future will not face, material financial difficulties.

The following table sets forth information regarding our loan loss reserves as of June 30, 2022:

 

     June 30, 2022  
    

(billions of Won,

except for percentages)

 

Loan Loss Reserve (A)

   W 2,927  

NPA (B)(1)

     1,526  

Total Equity (C)

     15,553  

Reserve to NPA (A/B)

     192

Equity at Risk (B-A)/C

     —    

 

(1)

Non-performing assets, which are defined as assets that are classified as substandard or below.

Source:

Internal accounting records.

 

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Investments

As of June 30, 2022, our total investment in securities amounted to W15,502 billion, representing 13.4% of our total assets.

The following table sets out the composition of our investment securities as of June 30, 2022:

 

Type of Investment Securities

   Amount      %  
     (billions of Won)  

Financial Assets at FVOCI

   W 12,006        77

Securities at Amortized Cost

     1,560        10  

Investments in Associates and Subsidiaries

     1,936        12  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 15,502        100
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

For further information relating to the classification guidelines and methods of valuation of our financial instruments (including securities), see “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of June 30, 2022 and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021—Note 5”.

Guarantees and Acceptances and Contingent Liabilities

As of June 30, 2022, we had issued a total amount of W34,369 billion in confirmed guarantees and acceptances, of which W29,940 billion, representing 87.1% of the total amount, was classified as normal and W4,070 billion, representing 11.8% of the total amount, was classified as precautionary, and W359 billion, representing 1.0% of the total amount, was classified as substandard or below.

Derivatives

As of June 30, 2022, our outstanding loans made at floating rates of interest totaled approximately W59,516 billion, whereas our outstanding borrowings made at floating rates of interest totaled approximately W57,605 billion, including those raised in Australian Dollar, Euro and Brazil Real and swapped into U.S. dollar floating rate borrowings. As of June 30, 2022, we had entered into 436 interest rate related derivative contracts with a notional amount of W69,208 billion and had entered into 513 currency related derivative contracts with a notional amount of W32,497 billion. See “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of June 30, 2022 and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021—Note 20”.

Sources of Funding

We raised a net total of W39,368 billion (new borrowings plus loan repayments by our clients less repayment of our existing debt) during the first half of 2022, an increase of 27.8% from W30,801 billion in the corresponding period of 2021. Total loan repayments, including prepayments by our clients, during the first half of 2022 amounted to W29,081 billion, a decrease of 2.9% from W29,962 billion during the corresponding period of 2021.

As of June 30, 2022, we had no outstanding borrowings from the Government. We issued Won-denominated domestic bonds in the aggregate amount of W12,320 billion during the first half of 2022.

During the first half of 2022, we issued eurobonds in the aggregate principal amount of US$2,861 million in various types of currencies under our existing global medium term notes program, a 1.7% increase from US$2,813 million in the corresponding period of 2021. In addition, we issued global bonds during the first half of 2022 in the aggregate amount of US$3,000 million under our U.S. shelf registration statement compared with US$3,500 million in the corresponding period of 2021. As of June 30, 2022, the outstanding amounts of our notes and debentures were US$30,643 million, HKD 6,508 million, BRL 6,377 million, EUR 5,534 million, THB

 

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7,880 million, CHF 1,250 million, AUD 4,006 million, INR 37,604 million, CNY 7,500 million, IDR 10,733,000 million, PEN 473 million, NZD 174 million, ZAR 6,115 million, NOK 2,250 million, SEK 250 million, GBP 71 million, CAD 65 million, MXN 13,000 million, CZK 3,420 million, PLN 194 million, SGD 200 million and PHP 6,400 million.

We also borrow from foreign financial institutions in the form of loans that are principally made bilaterally or by syndicates of commercial banks at floating or fixed interest rates and in foreign currencies, with original maturities ranging from one to five years. As of June 30, 2022, the outstanding amount of such borrowings from foreign financial institutions was US$600 million.

As of June 30, 2022, our total paid-in capital amounted to W12,773 billion, and the Government, The Bank of Korea and The Korea Development Bank owned 69%, 9% and 22%, respectively, of our paid-in capital.

As of June 30, 2022, the aggregate outstanding principal amount of our borrowings (including export-import financing debentures), which was W93,130 billion, was equal to 21.5% of the authorized amount of W433,134 billion.

Debt

Debt Repayment Schedule

The following table sets out the principal repayment schedule for our debt outstanding as of June 30, 2022:

Debt Principal Repayment Schedule

 

     Maturing on or before December 31,  

Currency(1)

   2022      2023      2024      2025      Thereafter  
     (billions of won)  

Won

   W 10,660      W 11,510      W 2,320      W 960      W 1,610  

Foreign(2)

     9,689        15,794        12,858        9,878        19,550  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total Won Equivalent

   W 20,349      W 27,304      W 15,178      W 10,838      W 21,160  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Borrowings in foreign currency have been translated into Won at the market average exchange rates on June 30, 2022, as announced by the Seoul Money Brokerage Services Ltd.

(2)

This figure includes debentures, bank loans, commercial papers and repurchase agreements.

As of June 30, 2022, our foreign currency assets maturing within three months, six months and one year exceeded our foreign currency liabilities coming due within such periods by US$3,910 million, US$7,494 million and US$15,288 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2022, our total foreign currency liabilities exceeded our total foreign currency assets by US$6,499 million.

Capital Adequacy

As of June 30, 2022, our capital adequacy ratio, on a consolidated basis, was 14.1%, a decrease from 14.8% as of December 31, 2021.

 

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The following table sets forth our capital base and capital adequacy ratios (on a consolidated basis) reported as of June 30, 2022:

 

     June 30, 2022  
    

(billions of Won,

except for percentages)

 

Tier I

   W 15,614  

Paid-in Capital (including capital adjustments)

     12,773  

Retained Earnings(1)

     2,232  

Accumulated other comprehensive income

     786  

Common shares issued by consolidated subsidiaries of the bank and held by third parties

     2  

Deductions from Tier I Capital

     179  

Capital Adjustments

     134  

Deferred Tax Asset

     45  

Others

     —    

Tier II (General Loan Loss Reserves)

     1,902  

Total Capital

     17,516  

Risk Adjusted Assets

     —    

Capital Adequacy Ratios

  

Tier I common equity

     12.6

Tier 1

     12.6

Tier I and Tier II

     14.1

 

(1)

Net amount after deducting regulatory reserve for bad loans.

Source:

Internal accounting records.

Management and Employees

Management

The members of the Board of Directors are currently as follows:

 

Name

  

Board Member Since

  

Position

Hee-sung Yoon

   July 27, 2022    Chairman and President

Woo-seog Kwon

   May 15, 2021    Vice Chairman and Chief Operating Officer

Tae-soo Kim

   May 15, 2021    Executive Director

Bok-hwan Yu

   January 6, 2020    Non-standing Executive Director

Tammy Chung

   January 6, 2020    Non-standing Executive Director

Jaimin Lee

   September 18, 2021    Non-standing Executive Director

Tae-ho Yun

   September 18, 2021    Non-standing Executive Director

Financial Statements and the Auditors

Our interim separate financial statements as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 appearing in this prospectus supplement were prepared in conformity with K-IFRS, as summarized in Note 2 of the notes to our unaudited separate financial statements as of June 30, 2022 and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 included in this prospectus supplement.

 

S-21


Table of Contents

THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA

CONDENSED SEPARATE INTERIM STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

AS OF JUNE 30, 2022 AND DECEMBER 31, 2021

 

     June 30,
2022
    December 31,
2021
 
     (Korean won in millions)  

ASSETS:

  

Cash and due from financial institutions (Notes 4, 5 and 7)

   W 7,394,812     W 4,462,685  

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”) (Notes 4, 5, 8 and 20)

     4,282,341       2,598,204  

Hedging derivative assets (Notes 4, 5 and 20)

     123,483       561,911  

Loans at amortized cost (Notes 4, 5, 10 and 37)

     86,125,277       77,458,119  

Financial investments (Notes 4, 5 and 9)

     13,566,181       12,745,359  

Investments in associates and subsidiaries (Note 11)

     1,936,432       1,565,153  

Tangible assets, net (Note 12)

     272,104       270,367  

Intangible assets, net (Note 13)

     37,902       34,452  

Deferred tax assets (Note 34)

     776,315       875,099  

Retirement benefit assets, net (Note 18)

     8,533       13,605  

Other assets (Notes 4, 5, 14 and 37)

     1,322,209       866,698  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
   W 115,845,589     W 101,451,652  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

    

LIABILITIES:

    

Financial liabilities at FVTPL (Notes 4, 5 and 20)

   W 2,076,727     W 768,115  

Hedging derivative liabilities (Notes 4, 5 and 20)

     2,025,031       661,057  

Borrowings (Notes 4, 5 and 15)

     8,055,264       5,576,909  

Debentures (Notes 4, 5 and 16)

     85,074,372       76,486,053  

Provisions (Notes 17)

     770,218       621,467  

Other liabilities (Notes 4, 5, 19 and 37)

     2,291,270       1,985,120  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     100,292,882       86,098,721  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:

  

Capital stock (Notes 1 and 21)

     12,773,254       12,748,254  

Capital adjustments

     (133,716     (133,716

Other components of equity (Notes 20 and 22)

     763,040       882,669  

Retained earnings (Note 23)

    

(Regulatory reserve for loan losses as of June 30, 2022 and December 31 2021: W239,710 million and W149,219 million)

     2,150,129       1,855,724  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     15,552,707       15,352,931  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
   W 115,845,589     W 101,451,652  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

See accompanying notes to condensed separate interim financial statements.

 

S-22


Table of Contents

THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA

CONDENSED SEPARATE INTERIM STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2022 AND 2021

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
    Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 
     (Korean won in millions)  

OPERATING INCOME:

    

Net interest income (Notes 24 and 37):

    

Interest income

   W 1,055,273     W 871,249  

Interest expenses

     (541,277     (395,039
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     513,996       476,210  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net commission income (Notes 25 and 37):

    

Commission income

     161,187       139,261  

Commission expenses

     (10,128     (8,994
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     151,059       130,267  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Dividend income (Note 26)

     51,524       38,493  

Net gain (loss) on financial assets at FVTPL (Note 27)

     (91,048     28,306  

Net gain (loss) on hedging derivative assets (Notes 20 and 28)

     (2,709,813     (760,263

Net gain (loss) on financial investments (Note 29)

     (47     1,530  

Net gain (loss) on foreign exchange transaction

     475,506       150,840  

Net other operating income (expenses) (Note 30)

         2,488,942       655,028  

Reversal of (additional) impairment loss on credit (Notes 31 and 37)

     (94,070     74,165  

General and administrative expenses (Note 32)

     (121,261     (113,201
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total operating income

     664,788       681,375  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

NON-OPERATING INCOME (Note 33):

    

Net gain (loss) on investments in associates and subsidiaries (Note 26)

     5,232       10,931  

Net other non-operating income (expenses)

     (1,113     (2,563
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     4,119       8,368  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

PROFIT BEFORE INCOME TAX

     668,907       689,743  

INCOME TAX EXPENSES (Note 34)

     (183,246     (166,401
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

PROFIT FOR THE PERIOD

     485,661       523,342  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

(Adjusted profit for the period after regulatory reserve for loan losses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021: W241,245 million and W550,657 million) (Note 23)

    

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) FOR THE PERIOD (Note 22)

    

Items not reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:

    

Remeasurement of net defined benefit liabilities

     —         —    

Net gain (loss) on equity securities at fair value through other comprehensive income(“FVOCI”)

     86,118       465,732  

Income tax effect

     (20,841     (112,705

Items that are or may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:

    

Net gain (loss) on debt securities at FVOCI

     (249,108     (15,971

Net gain (loss) on valuation of cash flow hedge

     5,168       970  

Income tax effect

     59,034       3,630  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     (119,629     341,656  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

   W 366,032     W 864,998  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

See accompanying notes to condensed separate interim financial statements.

 

S-23


Table of Contents

THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA

CONDENSED SEPARATE INTERIM STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2022 AND 2021

 

                  Other components of equity              
     Capital
stock
     Capital
adjustments
    Gain (Loss) on
valuation of
financial assets at
FVOCI
    Gain (Loss) on
valuation of cash-
flow hedge
     Remeasurement,
net of defined
benefit liabilities
     Gain (loss) on
disposal of
financial assets at
FVOCI
    Retained
earnings
    Total  
     (Korean won in millions)  

January 1, 2021

   W 12,449,456      W (132,271   W 853,563     W 3      W 11,855      W (62,104   W 1,348,944     W 14,469,446  

Paid-in capital increase

     298,798        (1,442     —         —          —          —         —         297,356  

Payment of dividends

     —          —         —         —          —          —         (40,759     (40,759

Total comprehensive income

     —          —         325,518       735        —          15,403       523,342       864,998  

Profit for the period

     —          —         —         —          —          —         523,342       523,342  

Other comprehensive income (loss):

     —          —         325,518       735        —          15,403       —         341,656  

Net gain on valuation of financial assets at FVOCI, net of tax

     —          —         325,518       —          —          —         —         325,518  

Net gain on valuation of cash flow hedge, net of tax

     —          —         —         735        —          —         —         735  

Net gain on disposal of financial assets at FVOCI , net of tax

     —          —         —         —          —          15,403       —         15,403  
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

June 30, 2021

   W 12,748,254      W (133,713   W 1,179,081     W 738      W 11,855      W (46,701   W 1,831,527     W 15,591,041  
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

January 1, 2022

   W 12,748,254      W (133,716   W 930,776     W 2,968      W 18,865      W (69,940   W 1,855,724     W 15,352,931  

Paid-in capital increase

     25,000        —         —         —          —          —         —         25,000  

Payment of dividends

     —          —         —         —          —          —         (191,256     (191,256

Total comprehensive income

     —          —         (223,811     3,918        —          100,264       485,661       366,032  

Profit for the period

     —          —         —         —          —          —         485,661       485,661  

Other comprehensive income (loss):

     —          —         (223,811     3,918        —          100,264       —         (119,629

Net loss on valuation of financial assets at FVOCI, net of tax

     —          —         (223,811     —          —          —         —         (223,811

Net gain on valuation of cash flow hedge, net of tax

     —          —         —         3,918        —          —         —         3,918  

Net gain on disposal of financial assets at FVOCI, net of tax

     —          —         —         —          —          100,264       —         100,264  
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

June 30, 2022

   W 12,773,254      W (133,716   W 706,965     W 6,886      W 18,865      W 30,324     W 2,150,129     W  15,552,707  
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

See accompanying notes to condensed separate interim financial statements.

 

S-24


Table of Contents

THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA

CONDENSED SEPARATE INTERIM STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2022 AND 2021

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
    Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 
     (Korean won in millions)  

CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:

    

Profit for the period

   W 485,661     W 523,342  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Adjustments to reconcile profit for the period to net cash used in operating activities:

    

Income tax expenses

     183,246       166,401  

Interest income

     (1,055,273     (871,249

Interest expenses

     541,277       395,039  

Dividend and distribution income

     (59,006     (45,602

Dividend received from subsidiaries and associates

     (5,232     (10,931

Loss on financial assets at FVTPL

     12,069       11,064  

Loss on financial assets at FVOCI

     144       —    

Transfer to derivatives’ credit risk provision

     663       —    

Loss on foreign exchange transactions

     960,886       464,283  

Additional impairment loss on credit

     94,070       —    

Depreciation and amortization

     9,191       8,917  

Loss on disposal of tangible, intangible and other assets

     2       1  

Loss on valuation of derivative assets for trading

     1,835,306       557,372  

Loss on valuation of derivative assets for hedging

     1,949,138       702,584  

Loss on fair value hedged items

     83,194       29,676  

Retirement benefits

     5,415       5,617  

Gain on financial assets at FVTPL

     (34,516     (5,030

Gain on financial assets at FVOCI

     (97     (1,530

Reversal of derivatives’ credit risk provision

     (10,849     (14,378

Gain on foreign exchange transactions

     (1,436,393     (696,758

Reversal of impairment loss on credit

     —         (74,165

Gain on disposal of tangible, intangible and other assets

     (80     (23

Gain on valuation of derivative assets for trading

     (1,270,639     (416,376

Gain on valuation of derivative assets for hedging

     (152,468     (46,010

Gain on fair value hedged items

     (2,564,231     (674,246
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     (914,183     (515,344
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

    

Due from financial institutions

     (2,063,131     (148,776

Financial assets and liabilities at FVTPL

     (896,651     947,655  

Hedging derivative assets and liabilities

     (18,582     (75,492

Loans at amortized cost

     (4,201,293     (278,891

Other assets

     (481,508     284,761  

Provisions

     39,670       3,147  

Net retirement benefit liabilities (assets)

     (343     85  

Other liabilities

     137,617       (495,416
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     (7,484,221     237,073  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Payment of income tax

     —         (400,397

Interest received

     1,012,190       845,957  

Interest paid

     (350,147     (352,007

Dividend received

     64,238       56,533  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

     (7,186,462     395,157  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

S-25


Table of Contents

THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA

CONDENSED SEPARATE INTERIM STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2022 AND 2021 (CONTINUED)

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
    Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 
     (Korean won in millions)  

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:

    

Disposals of financial investments

   W 944,242     W 466,064  

Disposals of investments in associates

     1,230       —    

Disposals of tangible assets

     80       23  

Disposals of intangible assets

     74       —    

Acquisitions of financial investments

     (1,676,093     (1,353,538

Acquisitions of investments in associates

     (372,510     (26,461

Acquisitions of tangible assets

     (5,840     (4,256

Acquisitions of intangible assets

     (8,615     (4,168
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net cash used in investing activities

     (1,117,432     (922,336
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

    

Proceeds from borrowings

     5,646,121       10,882,659  

Proceeds from debentures

     12,282,037       30,623,094  

Paid-in capital increase

     25,000       297,356  

Increase in deposits

     2       —    

Net decrease in call-money

     (801,245     —    

Repayment of borrowings

     (2,944,537     (11,607,377

Repayment of debentures

     (5,264,463     (29,714,381

Payment of dividends

     (191,256     (40,759

Decrease in deposits

     (2     —    
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net cash provided by financing activities

     8,751,657       440,592  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

     447,763       (86,587

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF THE PERIOD

     3,146,957       3,071,235  

EFFECTS OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON THE BALANCE OF CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS IN FOREIGN CURRENCIES

     250,238       41,869  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF THE PERIOD (Note 7 and 35)

   W 3,844,958     W 3,026,517  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

See accompanying notes to condensed separate interim financial statements.

 

S-26


Table of Contents

THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED SEPARATE INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

AS OF JUNE 30, 2022 AND DECEMBER 31, 2021,

AND FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2022 AND 2021

 

1.

GENERAL:

 

(1)

Summary of The Export-Import Bank of Korea

The Export-Import Bank of Korea (the “Bank”) was established in 1976 as a special financial institution under The Export-Import Bank of Korea Act (the “EXIM Bank Act”) to grant financial facilities for overseas trade (i.e., export and import), investments and resources development activities. As of June 30, 2022, the Bank operates a head office in Seoul, Marine Finance Center in Busan, ten domestic branches, three domestic offices, a domestic subsidiary, five overseas subsidiaries, and twenty-four overseas offices.

The Bank’s authorized capital is W15,000,000 million, and through numerous capital increases since the establishment, its paid-in capital is W12,773,254 million as of June 30, 2022. The Government of the Republic of Korea (the “Government”), the Bank of Korea, and the Korea Development Bank hold 68.80%, 9.12%, and 22.08%, respectively, of the ownership of the Bank as of June 30, 2022.

The Bank, as a trustee of the Government, has managed the Economic Development Cooperation Fund (“EDCF”) since June 1987 and the Inter-Korean Cooperation Fund (“IKCF”) since March 1991. These funds are accounted for separately and are not included in the Bank’s separate interim financial statements. The Bank receives fees from the Government for the trustee services.

 

(2)

Summary of subsidiaries and associates

 

1)

Subsidiaries of the Bank as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows:

(June 30, 2022)

 

Subsidiaries

 

Location

 

Capital stock

   

Main

business

  Number of
shares owned
    Percentage
of owner-
ship (%)
    Financial
statements
as of
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

  United Kingdom   GBP     81mil.     Finance     81,283,897       100.00       Jun. 30, 2022  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. (*1)

  Vietnam   USD     53mil.     Finance     —         100.00       Jun. 30, 2022  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

  Indonesia   IDR     52,000mil.     Finance     442       85.00       Jun. 30, 2022  

KEXIM Asia Limited

  Hong Kong   USD     130mil.     Finance     130,000,000       100.00       Jun. 30, 2022  

KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd

  Singapore   USD     300mil.     Finance     300,000,000       100.00       Jun. 30, 2022  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

  Korea   KRW     950mil.     Service     190,000       100.00       Jun. 30, 2022  

(December 31, 2021)

 

Subsidiaries

 

Location

 

Capital stock

   

Main

business

  Number of
shares owned
    Percentage
of owner-
ship (%)
    Financial
statements
as of
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

  United Kingdom   GBP     81mil.     Finance     81,283,897       100.00       Dec. 31, 2021  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. (*1)

  Vietnam   USD     53mil.     Finance     —         100.00       Dec. 31, 2021  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

  Indonesia   IDR     52,000mil.     Finance     442       85.00       Dec. 31, 2021  

KEXIM Asia Limited

  Hong Kong   USD     130mil.     Finance     130,000,000       100.00       Dec. 31, 2021  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

  Korea   KRW     950mil.     Service     190,000       100.00       Dec. 31, 2021  

 

  (*1)

This entity does not issue share certificates.

 

S-27


Table of Contents
2)

Associates of the Bank as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows:

(June 30, 2022)

 

Associates

 

Location

  Capital stock     Main business   Number of
shares owned
    Percentage
of owner-
ship (%)
    Financial
statements
as of
 

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund

  Philippines   USD     1,145mil     Financial
service
    171,400,000       14.97       Jun. 30, 2022  

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

  Korea   KRW     28,930mil     Financial
service
    7,232,555,500       25.00       Jun. 30, 2022  

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

  Korea   KRW     487,376mil     Manufacturing     25,745,964       26.41       Jun. 30, 2022  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

  Korea   KRW     541,453mil     Shipbuilding     —         —         Jun. 30, 2022  

(December 31, 2021)

 

Associates

 

Location

  Capital stock     Main business   Number of
shares owned
    Percentage
of owner-
ship (%)
    Financial
statements
as of
 

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund

  Philippines   USD     1,137mil.     Financial
service
    171,400,000       15.07       Dec. 31, 2021  

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

  Korea   KRW     33,850mil.     Financial
service
    8,462,558,125       25.00       Dec. 31, 2021  

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

  Korea   KRW     487,376mil.     Manufacturing     25,745,964       26.41       Dec. 31, 2021  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

  Korea   KRW     541,453mil.     Shipbuilding     —         —         Dec. 31, 2021  

 

2.

BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES:

 

(1)

Basis of condensed separate financial statement preparation

These condensed separate interim financial statements were prepared in accordance with K-IFRS No.1034, ‘Interim Financial Reporting’ as part of the period covered by the Bank’s K-IFRS annual financial statements. These condensed separate interim financial statements do not include all of the disclosures required for full annual financial statements.

These financial statements are separate financial statements prepared in accordance with K-IFRS No.1027, ‘Separate Financial Statements’ presented by a parent, an investor with joint control of, or significant influence over, an investee, in which the investments are accounted for at cost.

The Bank’s accounting policies applied for the accompanying condensed separate interim financial statements are the same as the policies applied for the preparation of separate financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021.

 

(2)

Functional Currency

Items included in the separate financial statements in the Bank are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the functional currency). The separate financial statements are presented in Korean won, which is the Bank’s functional and presentation currency.

 

(3)

New and amended standards and interpretation adopted by the Bank

The Bank has applied the following standards and amendments for the first time for their annual reporting period commenced January 1, 2022.

 

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1)

Amendments to K-IFRS No.1116 ‘Lease’ – COVID19-Related Rent Concessions, etc. Beyond June 30, 2021

The amendments of the practical expedient, a lessee may elect not to assess whether a rent concession occurring as a direct consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic is a lease modification, is extended to lease payments originally due on or before 30 June 2022. A lessee shall apply the practical expedient consistently to eligible contracts with similar characteristics and in similar circumstances. These amendments do not have a significant impact on the financial statements.

 

2)

Amendments to K-IFRS No.1103 ‘Business Combination’ – Reference to the Conceptual Framework

The amendments update a reference of definition of assets and liabilities to qualify for recognition in revised Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. However, the amendments add an exception for the recognition of liabilities and contingent liabilities within the scope of K-IFRS No.1037 ‘Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets’, and K-IFRS No.2121 ‘Levies’. The amendments also confirm that contingent assets should not be recognized at the acquisition date. These amendments do not have a significant impact on the financial statements.

 

3)

Amendments to K-IFRS No.1016 ‘Property, Plant and Equipment’ – Proceeds Before Intended Use

The amendments prohibit an entity from deducting from the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment any proceeds from selling items produced while the entity is preparing the asset for its intended use. Instead, the entity will recognize the proceeds from selling such items, and the costs of producing those items, as profit or loss. These amendments do not have a significant impact on the financial statements.

 

4)

Amendments to K-IFRS No.1037 ‘Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets’ – Onerous Contracts: Cost of Fulfilling a Contract

The amendments clarify that the direct costs of fulfilling a contract include both the incremental costs of fulfilling the contract and an allocation of other costs directly related to fulfilling contracts when assessing whether the contract is onerous. These amendments do not have a significant impact on the financial statements.

 

(4)

New standards and interpretations not yet adopted by the Bank

The following new accounting standards and interpretations have been published that are not mandatory for December 31, 2022 reporting periods and have not been early adopted by the Bank.

 

1)

Amendments to K-IFRS No.1001 ‘Presentation of Financial Statements’ – Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current

The amendments clarify that liabilities are classified as either current or non-current, depending on the substantive rights that exist at the end of the reporting period. Classification is unaffected by the likelihood that an entity will exercise the right to defer settlement of the liability or the management’s expectations thereof. Also, the settlement of liability includes the transfer of the entity’s own equity instruments; however, it would be excluded if an option to settle the liability by the transfer of the entity’s own equity instruments is recognized separately from the liability as an equity component of a compound financial instrument. The amendments should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023, and earlier application is permitted. The Bank does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the financial statements.

 

2)

Amendments to K-IFRS No.1001 ‘Presentation of Financial Statements’ – Accounting Policy Disclosure

The amendments require an entity to define and disclose their material accounting policy information. IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements was amended to explain and demonstrate how to apply

 

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the concept of materiality. The amendments should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023, and earlier application is permitted. The Bank does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the financial statements.

 

3)

Amendments to K-IFRS No.1008 ‘Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors’ – Definition of Accounting Estimates

The amendments introduce the definition of accounting estimates and clarify how to distinguish changes in accounting estimates from changes in accounting policies. The amendments should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023, and earlier application is permitted. The Bank does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the financial statements.

 

4)

Amendments to K-IFRS No.1012 ‘Income Taxes’ – Deferred Tax Related to Assets and Liabilities Arising from a Single Transaction

The amendments narrow the scope of the deferred tax recognition exemption so that it no longer applies to transactions that, on initial recognition, give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences. The amendments should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023, and earlier application is permitted. The Bank does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the financial statements.

 

3.

SIGNIFICANT ESTIMATES AND JUDGMENTS:

The preparation of separate financial statements requires the application of accounting policies, especially certain critical accounting estimates and assumptions that may have a significant impact on assets (liabilities) and income (expenses). The management’s estimate of outcome may differ from an actual outcome if the management’s estimates and assumptions based on its best judgment at the reporting date are different from the actual environment.

Estimates and assumptions are continually evaluated and the change in an accounting estimate is recognized prospectively by including it in profit or loss in the period of the change, if the change affects that period only, or the period of the change and future periods, if the change affects both. Significant judgments are the same as those applied in preparation of the annual separate financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021.

 

4.

RISK MANAGEMENT:

 

4-1.

Summary

 

(1)

Overview of Risk Management Policy

The financial risks that the Bank is exposed to are credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, interest risk, credit concentration risk, strategy/reputational risk, outsourcing risk, settlement risk and others. Credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, and operational risk have been recognized as the Bank’s key risks.

The Bank’s risk management system focuses on increasing transparency, developing risk management environment and preemptive response to risks due to rapid changes in financial environment to support the Bank’s long-term strategy and business decision efficiently.

The note regarding financial risk management provides information about the risks that the Bank is exposed to, the objective, policies and process for managing the risk, the methods used to measure the risk and capital adequacy. Additional quantitative information is disclosed throughout the separate financial statements.

 

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(2)

Risk Management Group

 

1)

Risk Management Committee

The Risk Management Committee establishes risk management strategies in accordance with the directives of the board of directors and determines the Bank’s target risk appetite, approves significant risk matters and reviews the level of risks that the Bank is exposed to and the appropriateness of the Bank’s risk management operations as an ultimate decision-making authority.

 

2)

Risk Management Council

The Risk Management Council is a consultative group that reviews and makes decisions on matters delegated by the Risk Management Committee and discusses the detailed issues relating to the Bank’s risk management.

 

3)

Risk Management Practices Committee

The Risk Management Practices Committee assists the Risk Management Committee and the Risk Management Council. It performs practical work process relating to risk management plan, including targeted Bank for International Settlements (“BIS”) ratio, risk management strategy, risk measurement, risk analysis, economic capital limit and others.

4-2. Credit risk

 

(1)

Overview of Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk of possible losses in an asset portfolio in the events of counterparty’s default, breach of contract and deterioration in the credit quality of the counterparty. For the risk management reporting purposes, the individual borrower’s default risk, country risk, specific risks and other credit risk exposure components are considered as a whole.

 

(2)

Credit Risk Management

The Bank controls the credit concentration risk exposure by applying and managing total exposure limits to prevent the excessive risk concentration to specific industry and specific borrowers. The Bank maintains allowances for loan losses associated with credit risk on loans and receivables to manage its credit risk.

 

(3)

Maximum exposure to credit risk

The Bank’s maximum exposure of financial instruments to credit risk as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  

Cash and due from financial institutions

   W 7,394,812      W 4,462,685  

Financial assets at FVTPL

     4,276,853        2,590,247  

Hedging derivative assets

     123,483        561,911  

Loans at amortized cost (*1)

     86,133,286        77,460,842  

Financial investments (*2)

     4,497,298        3,707,673  

Other financial assets

     1,264,338        846,679  

Acceptances and guarantee contracts

     47,064,641        40,231,483  

Commitments (*3)

     31,752,221        32,101,482  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     182,506,932      W     161,963,002  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(*1)

Loans at amortized cost exclude loan valuation adjustment related to fair value hedging.

 

(*2)

Allowances for loan losses for securities at amortized cost is excluded.

 

(*3)

Commitments exclude commitments on purchase of beneficiary certificates which are included in other commitments in Note 36.

 

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(4)

Credit risk of loans

In order to secure asset quality and enhance equity capital adequacy, the Bank reserves and manages allowances for loan losses on loans that have credit risk. Impairment on loans can be either deducted directly from the carrying amount thereof or can be deducted using the account of allowances for loan losses. The Bank’s financial statements presents impairment on loans using the account of allowances for loan losses, after the measurement of credit risk inherent in loans.

The Bank writes off on non-profitable loans, non-recoverable loans, loans classified as estimated loss by asset quality category, loans requested to be written off by Financial Supervisory Service (“FSS”) and others upon approval of Loan Management Committee.

Loans as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are categorized as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

     12 month
expected credit
losses
     Lifetime
expected credit
losses
     Credit-impaired
financial assets
     Total  

Collective assessment:

           

Best

   W 29,220,043      W 4,215      W 4,541      W 29,228,799  

Outstanding

     31,895,945        —          11,750        31,907,695  

Good

     23,483,159        1,322,244        22,103        24,827,506  

Below normal

     —          550,840        78,327        629,167  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     84,599,147        1,877,299        116,721        86,593,167  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Individual assessment:

           

Best

     —          —          4,352        4,352  

Outstanding

     —          —          —          —    

Good

     —          86,045        6,803        92,848  

Below normal

     —          738,916        862,227        1,601,143  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     —          824,961        873,382        1,698,343  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     84,599,147      W     2,702,260      W     990,103      W     88,291,510  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net deferred origination fees and costs

              (344,357

Allowances

              (1,813,867
           

 

 

 

Total

            W 86,133,286  
           

 

 

 

 

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(December 31, 2021)

 

     12 month
expected credit
losses
     Lifetime
expected credit
losses
     Credit-impaired
financial assets
     Total  

Collective assessment:

           

Best

   W 25,780,685      W 1,846      W 10,011      W 25,792,542  

Outstanding

     27,937,616        —          5,000        27,942,616  

Good

     21,359,536        1,590,455        63,234        23,013,225  

Below normal

     —          385,669        81,028        466,697  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     75,077,837        1,977,970        159,273        77,215,080  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Individual assessment:

           

Best

     —          —          3,991        3,991  

Outstanding

     —          —          —          —    

Good

     —          709,590        7,406        716,996  

Below normal

     —          757,796        1,300,691        2,058,487  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     —          1,467,386        1,312,088        2,779,474  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     75,077,837      W     3,445,356      W     1,471,361      W     79,994,554  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net deferred origination fees and costs

              (368,209

Allowances

              (2,165,503
           

 

 

 

Total

            W 77,460,842  
           

 

 

 

The above carrying amounts exclude loan valuation adjustment related to fair value hedging amounting to W(8,009) million and W(2,723) million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

 

(5)

Credit quality of securities

Securities (debt securities) exposed to credit risk as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

     12 month
expected credit
losses
     Lifetime
expected credit
losses
     Credit-impaired
financial assets
     Total  

Grade 1

   W 4,497,298      W —        W —        W 4,497,298  

Grade 2

     —          —          —          —    

Grade 3

     —          —          —          —    

Grade 4

     —          —          —          —    

Grade 5

     —          —          —          —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     4,497,298      W     —        W     —        W        4,497,298  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(December 31, 2021)

 

     12 month
expected credit
losses
     Lifetime
expected credit
losses
     Credit-impaired
financial assets
     Total  

Grade 1

   W 3,707,673      W —        W —        W 3,707,673  

Grade 2

     —          —          —          —    

Grade 3

     —          —          —          —    

Grade 4

     —          —          —          —    

Grade 5

     —          —          —          —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     3,707,673      W     —        W     —        W        3,707,673  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(6)

Concentration of credit risk

The amounts disclosed below exclude loan valuation adjustment related to fair value hedging amounting to W(8,009) million and W(2,723) million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

 

1)

Loans by country of location as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

    Loans in
local currency
    Loans in
foreign
currencies
    Others     Total     Ratio
(%)
    Deferred loan
origination
fees
    Allowances  

Asia:

             

Korea

  W     27,192,552     W     11,088,141     W     2,491,969     W     40,772,662       46.18     W (16,925   W (547,125

China

    —         1,882,499       199,125       2,081,624       2.36       (1,285     (38,565

Saudi Arabia

    —         2,267,239       8,553       2,275,792       2.58       (20,393     (14,950

India

    —         2,821,401       47,442       2,868,843       3.25       (15,600     (3,417

Indonesia

    15,000       3,113,976       6,364       3,135,340       3.55       (38,201     (7,264

Vietnam

    —         4,176,762       84,347       4,261,109       4.83       (25,504     (46,440

Australia

    —         346,531       —         346,531       0.39       (16,187     (3,081

Philippines

    —         12,889       —         12,889       0.01       —         (600

Qatar

    —         518,582       —         518,582       0.59       (1,590     (2,978

Singapore

    —         593,425       —         593,425       0.67       (3,342     (1,821

Oman

    —         1,306,162       —         1,306,162       1.48       (12,591     (17,939

Hong Kong

    —         324,100       13,414       337,514       0.38       —         (1,134

The United Arab Emirates

    —         5,077,570       5,053       5,082,623       5.76       (18,335     (4,096

Uzbekistan

    —         1,215,527       —         1,215,527       1.38       (8,348     (33,430

Others

    10,600       3,408,189       171,369       3,590,158       4.07       (82,077     (94,183
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    27,218,152       38,152,993       3,027,636       68,398,781       77.48       (260,378     (817,023
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Europe:

             

Russia

    —         379,375       —         379,375       0.43       (275     (100,148

United Kingdom

    —         1,446,278       —         1,446,278       1.64       (7,808     (23,016

France

    —         87,073       2,506       89,579       0.10       (590     (1

Netherlands

    —         —         34,020       34,020       0.04       —         (123

Greece

    —         1,950,213       —         1,950,213       2.21       (9,122     (2,881

Ireland

    —         42,342       —         42,342       0.05       (239     (96

Turkey

    —         1,395,261       21,136       1,416,397       1.60       (11,849     (128,759

Germany

    —         279,483       21,306       300,789       0.34       (261     (1,005

Ukraine

    —         64,095       —         64,095       0.07       (62     (122

Hungary

    —         1,944,270       —         1,944,270       2.20       (1,525     (2,528

Others

    —         2,207,950       81,061       2,289,011       2.59       (10,032     (13,180
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    —         9,796,340       160,029       9,956,369       11.27       (41,763     (271,859
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

America:

             

Panama

    —         1,196,206       66,537       1,262,743       1.43       (5,190     (1,481

United States

    —         2,737,456       16,490       2,753,946       3.12       (2,566     (16,605

The British Virgin Islands

    —         11,490       —         11,490       0.01       —         —    

Mexico

    —         345,668       —         345,668       0.39       (2,994     (4,048

Brazil

    —         2,269,951       —         2,269,951       2.57       (3,511     (9,055

Others

    —         1,482,470       —         1,482,470       1.68       (6,702     (14,399
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    —         8,043,241       83,027       8,126,268       9.20       (20,963     (45,588
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Africa:

             

Marshall Islands

    —         573,804       —         573,804       0.65       (2,367     (1,088

Liberia

    —         84,262       —         84,262       0.10       (677     (167

Nigeria

    —         344,621       —         344,621       0.39       (5,222     (7,033

Morocco

    —         89,087       —         89,087       0.10       (870     (123

Others

    —         682,718       35,600       718,318       0.81       (12,117     (670,986
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    —         1,774,492       35,600       1,810,092       2.05       (21,253     (679,397
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W     27,218,152       57,767,066       3,306,292       88,291,510       100.00       (344,357     (1,813,867
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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(December 31, 2021)

 

    Loans in
local currency
    Loans in
foreign
currencies
    Others     Total     Ratio
(%)
    Deferred loan
origination fees
    Allowances  

Asia:

             

Korea

  W     24,210,953     W       7,741,888     W     2,038,511     W     33,991,352       42.49     W (22,202   W (713,282

China

    —         2,324,587       411,263       2,735,850       3.42       (1,531     (35,833

Saudi Arabia

    —         2,190,841       7,930       2,198,771       2.75       (24,914         (13,240

India

    —         2,322,922       20,219       2,343,141       2.93           (16,348     (3,099

Indonesia

    15,000       2,986,511       13,892       3,015,403       3.77       (42,164     (6,304

Uzbekistan

    —         4,068,879       161,045       4,229,924       5.29       (26,414     (46,057

Vietnam

    —         281,279       481       281,760       0.35       (16,307     (2,744

Australia

    —         15,458       —         15,458       0.02       (1     (637

Philippines

    —         509,196       —         509,196       0.64       (1,727     (2,914

Qatar

    —         579,042       23,013       602,055       0.75       (3,845     (520

Singapore

    —         1,170,554       —         1,170,554       1.46       (13,101     (14,849

Oman

    —         262,030       245,927       507,957       0.63       —         (1,024

Hong Kong

    —         4,597,422       9,904       4,607,326       5.76       (19,130     (2,329

The United Arab Emirates

    —         1,134,276       —         1,134,276       1.42       (8,870     (30,918

Others

    11,400       3,209,925       808,949       4,030,274       5.04       (83,450     (88,289
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    24,237,353       33,394,810       3,741,134       61,373,297       76.72       (280,004     (962,039
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Europe:

             

Russia

    —         348,174       —         348,174       0.44       (324     (1,074

United Kingdom

    —         1,778,473       164,964       1,943,437       2.43       (10,402     (427,599

France

    —         84,899       6,597       91,496       0.11       (630     (78

Netherlands

    —         —         15,396       15,396       0.02       —         (88

Greece

    —         1,937,778       —         1,937,778       2.42       (9,648     (2,844

Ireland

    —         53,802       —         53,802       0.07       (254     (117

Turkey

    —         1,343,317       16,570       1,359,887       1.70       (12,448     (118,579

Germany

    —         299,618       16,770       316,388       0.40       (343     (983

Ukraine

    —         60,128       —         60,128       0.08       (79     (116

Hungary

    —         1,333,943       —         1,333,943       1.67       (1,746     (1,929

Others

    —         2,025,612       139,083       2,164,695       2.69       (6,634     (18,829
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    —         9,265,744       359,380       9,625,124       12.03       (42,508     (572,236
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

America:

             

Panama

    —         1,054,208       27,034       1,081,242       1.35       (5,834     (1,740

United States

    —         2,743,778       16,404       2,760,182       3.45       (3,521     (15,001

The British Virgin Islands

    —         14,054       —         14,054       0.02       —         —    

Mexico

    —         337,718       —         337,718       0.42       (3,194     (1,912

Brazil

    —         1,713,043       —         1,713,043       2.14       (3,683     (5,718

Others

    —         1,381,962       —         1,381,962       1.73       (7,076     (14,117
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    —         7,244,763       43,438       7,288,201       9.11       (23,308     (38,488
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Africa:

             

Marshall Islands

    —         546,075       —         546,075       0.68       (2,577     (1,313

Liberia

    —         18,095       —         18,095       0.02       (324     (69

Nigeria

    —         348,377       —         348,377       0.44       (6,017     (6,443

Morocco

    —         96,955       —         96,955       0.12       (943     (127

Others

    —         698,430       —         698,430       0.88       (12,528     (584,788
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    —         1,707,932       —         1,707,932       2.14       (22,389     (592,740
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W     24,237,353     W 51,613,249     W 4,143,952     W 79,994,554       100.00     W (368,209   W (2,165,503
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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2)

Loans by industry as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

     Loans      Deferred loan
origination
fees
    Allowances  
     Loans
in local currency
     Loans in
foreign
currencies
     Others      Total      Ratio
(%)
 

Manufacturing

   W 13,912,908      W 26,771,900      W 674,350      W 41,359,158        46.84      W (163,993   W (1,388,451

Transportation

     1,630,550        6,788,952        253,737        8,673,239        9.82        (34,685     (98,382

Financial institutions

     9,551,746        7,846,649        2,291,820        19,690,215        22.30        (3,536     (108,670

Wholesale and retail

     924,621        1,311,496        59,197        2,295,314        2.60        (2,372     (16,043

Real estate

     —          406,586        1,568        408,154        0.46        (2,127     (45,651

Construction

     468,873        1,867,408        2,370        2,338,651        2.65        (28,817     (17,155

Public sector and others

     729,454        12,774,075        23,250        13,526,779        15.33        (108,827     (139,515
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W     27,218,152      W     57,767,066      W     3,306,292      W     88,291,510        100.00      W     (344,357   W     (1,813,867
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Loans            Allowances  
     Loans
in local currency
     Loans in
foreign
currencies
     Others      Total      Ratio
(%)
     Deferred loan
origination
fees
 

Manufacturing

   W 12,800,359      W 24,571,341      W 791,091      W 38,162,791        47.71      W (176,107   W (1,401,287

Transportation

     1,295,966        6,976,031        245,434        8,517,431        10.65        (37,475     (137,338

Financial institutions

     8,289,003        5,583,824        2,845,411        16,718,238        20.90        (8,171     (23,955

Wholesale and retail

     887,494        830,269        66,748        1,784,511        2.23        (2,303     (14,175

Real estate

     —          331,210        527        331,737        0.41        (1,927     (44,164

Construction

     365,842        1,534,289        2,371        1,902,502        2.38        (26,505     (15,492

Public sector and others

     598,689        11,786,285        192,370        12,577,344        15.72        (115,721     (529,092
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W     24,237,353      W     51,613,249      W     4,143,952      W     79,994,554        100.00      W     (368,209   W     (2,165,503
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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3)

Concentration of credit risk of financial assets at FVTPL and financial investments (debt securities) by industry as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  
     Amount      Ratio (%)      Amount      Ratio (%)  

Financial Assets at FVTPL

           

Government and government sponsored institutions

   W 186,921        4.37      W 36,186        1.40  

Banking and insurance

     3,891,544        90.99        2,104,501        81.25  

Others

     198,388        4.64        449,560        17.35  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     4,276,853        100.00        2,590,247        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial Assets at FVOCI

           

Government and government sponsored institutions

     1,752,657        59.68        1,766,442        63.63  

Banking and insurance

     778,910        26.52        607,725        21.89  

Others

     405,358        13.80        402,059        14.48  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     2,936,925        100.00        2,776,226        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Securities at amortized cost

           

Government and government sponsored institutions

     1,255,871        80.49        594,569        63.83  

Banking and insurance

     175,790        11.27        124,797        13.40  

Others

     128,711        8.24        212,081        22.77  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     1,560,372        100.00        931,447        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Hedging derivative assets

           

Banking and insurance

     123,483        100.00        561,911        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     8,897,633         W     6,859,831     
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

 

4)

Concentration of credit risk of financial assets at FVTPL and financial investments (debt securities) by country as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  
     Amount      Ratio (%)      Amount      Ratio (%)  

Financial Assets at FVTPL

           

Korea

   W 4,077,506        95.34      W 2,055,936        79.37  

Others

     199,347        4.66        534,311        20.63  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     4,276,853        100.00        2,590,247        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial Assets at FVOCI

           

Korea

     1,502,598        51.16        1,377,709        49.63  

Others

     1,434,327        48.84        1,398,517        50.37  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     2,936,925        100.00        2,776,226        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Securities at amortized cost

           

Korea

     740,560        47.46        295,671        31.74  

Others

     819,812        52.54        635,776        68.26  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     1,560,372        100.00        931,447        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Hedging derivative assets

           

Korea

     83,656        67.75        180,630        32.15  

Others

     39,827        32.25        381,281        67.85  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     123,483        100.00        561,911        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     8,897,633         W     6,859,831     
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

 

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5)

Credit enhancement and its financial effect as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

     Loans (*1)      Acceptances
and guarantees
     Unused loan
commitments
     Total      Ratio
(%)
 

Maximum exposure to credit risk

   W 86,133,286      W 47,064,641      W 31,752,221      W 164,950,148        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Credit enhancement:

              

Deposits and savings

     219,783        49,759        3,090        272,632        0.16  

Export guarantee insurance

     387,643        642,441        2,180        1,032,264        0.63  

Guarantee

     1,930,173        1,688,478        203,922        3,822,573        2.32  

Securities

     22,746        43,073        12,000        77,819        0.05  

Real estate

     939,665        383,374        342,847        1,665,886        1.01  

Ships

     1,355,290        294,535        —          1,649,825        0.99  

Others

     46,615        —          —          46,615        0.03  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     4,901,915        3,101,660        564,039        8,567,614        5.19  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Exposure to credit risk after deducting credit enhancement

   W     81,231,371      W     43,962,981      W     31,188,182      W     156,382,534        94.81  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Loans (*1)      Acceptances
and guarantees
     Unused loan
commitments
     Total      Ratio
(%)
 

Maximum exposure to credit risk

   W 77,460,842      W 40,231,483      W 32,101,482      W 149,793,807        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Credit enhancement:

              

Deposits and savings

     370,372        92,230        20,650        483,252        0.32  

Export guarantee insurance

     377,225        —          2,270        379,495        0.25  

Guarantee

     1,869,125        2,438,289        79,876        4,387,290        2.93  

Securities

     116,172        54,379        3,000        173,551        0.12  

Real estate

     2,340,034        520,125        458,278        3,318,437        2.22  

Ships

     761,363        137,849        —          899,212        0.60  

Others

     42,743        —          —          42,743        0.02  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     5,877,034        3,242,872        564,074        9,683,980        6.46  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Exposure to credit risk after deducting credit enhancement

   W     71,583,808      W     36,988,611      W     31,537,408      W     140,109,827        93.54  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(*1)

Loans exclude loan valuation adjustment related to fair value hedging.

4-3. Liquidity risk

 

(1)

Overview of liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Bank is unable to meet its payment obligations arising from financial liabilities as they become due. The Bank discloses all financial asset, financial liabilities and off-balance sheet items, such as loan commitments and analysis of the contractual maturity, which are related to liquidity risk, into seven categories. The cash flows disclosed in the maturity analysis are undiscounted contractual amounts, including principal and future interest, which resulted in disagreement with the discounted cash flows included in the separate statements of financial position. However, for derivatives, each discounted cash flow consisting of current fair value is presented.

 

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Table of Contents
(2)

Principles of the liquidity risk management

 

1)

Liquidity risk is managed with integration. The Bank measures, reports and controls liquidity risk by quantification with reasonable method.

 

2)

Liquidity risk reflects financing plans and fund-using plans, and the Bank reports the liquidity risk with preciseness, timeliness and consistency.

 

3)

The Bank establishes liquidity risk management strategy by analyzing liquidity maturity, liquidity gap structure and market environment.

 

(3)

Liquidity risk management

Risk management department monitors changes by liquidity risk sources and compliance of risk limits. It notifies related departments to prepare countermeasures in case the measured liquidity risk is close to risk limits. Also, it analyzes crisis situations and effects of the crisis situations and reports to the Risk Management Committee on a regular basis. Each related department monitors changes of liquidity risk sources and compliance of risk limits by itself and if exposure to new risk is expected, it discusses the matter with the head of risk management department.

 

(4)

Measurement of liquidity risk

The Bank measures liquidity ratio, liquidity gap ratio and others for local currency and foreign currencies and simulates analysis reflecting market environment, product features and the Bank’s strategies.

 

(5)

Analysis on remaining contractual maturity of financial liabilities and off-balance-sheet items

Remaining contractual maturity and amount of financial liabilities and off-balance-sheet items as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

    On demand     Within 1
month
    1 to 3
months
    3 to 6
months
    6 to 12
months
    1 year to
5 years
    Over
5 years
    Total  

Financial liabilities:

               

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

  W 2,076,727     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 2,076,727  

Hedging derivative liabilities

    —         —         83,508       7,205       200,907       991,466       741,945       2,025,031  

Borrowings

    —         210,852       3,333,950       781,619       3,061,363       774,051       —         8,161,835  

Debentures

    —         2,404,629       5,641,867       9,168,574       15,693,555       49,166,353       11,891,958       93,966,936  

Other financial liabilities

    —         1,012,740       —         770       1,082       108,793       1,050,826       2,174,211  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 2,076,727     W 3,628,221     W 9,059,325     W 9,958,168     W 18,956,907     W 51,040,663     W 13,684,729     W 108,404,740  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Off-balance sheet items (*1):

               

Commitments

  W 31,752,221     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 31,752,221  

Financial guarantee contracts

    12,259,369       —         —         —         —         —         —         12,259,369  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 44,011,590     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 44,011,590  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(*1)

Financial guarantees and loan commitments provided by the Bank have maturities. The Bank should fulfill the obligation immediately when the counterparty requests payment.

 

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(December 31, 2021)

 

    On demand     Within 1
month
    1 to 3
months
    3 to 6
months
    6 to 12
months
    1 year to
5 years
    Over
5 years
    Total  

Financial liabilities:

               

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

  W 768,115     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 768,115  

Hedging derivative liabilities

    —         —         23,753       8,085       85,607       369,482       174,130       661,057  

Borrowings

    —         1,141,327       1,729,423       1,210,033       878,151       629,597       —         5,588,531  

Debentures

    —         2,726,529       4,083,166       6,716,159       14,114,830       43,283,095       11,094,508       82,018,287  

Other financial liabilities

    —         684,629       1,695       161       8,305       94,195       1,036,295       1,825,280  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 768,115     W 4,552,485     W 5,838,037     W 7,934,438     W 15,086,893     W 44,376,369     W 12,304,933     W   90,861,270  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Off-balance sheet items (*1):

               

Commitments

  W 32,101,482     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 32,101,482  

Financial guarantee contracts

    12,126,814       —         —         —         —         —         —         12,126,814  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 44,228,296     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 44,228,296  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(*1)

Financial guarantees and loan commitments provided by the Bank have maturities. The Bank should fulfill the obligation immediately when the counterparty requests payment.

4-4. Market risk

 

(1)

Overview of market risk

 

1)

Definition of market risk

Market risk is the risk of possible losses that arise from the changes of market factors, such as interest rate, stock price, foreign exchange rate, commodity value. The Bank classifies exposures to market risk into either foreign exchange rate risk or interest rate risk. Foreign exchange risk is the possible losses on assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies due to changes of foreign exchange rate. Interest rate risk is the possible losses on assets and liabilities due to changes of interest rate.

 

2)

Market risk management group

The Bank operates the Risk Management Committee and the Risk Management Council for managing risks and risk limits. The Risk Management Practices Committee assists the Risk Management Committee and the Risk Management Council for practical matters, such as managing adequate assets and liabilities by analyzing foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk and effects by initiating new product. Market risk is managed by product and currency for minimizing segments exposed to changes of foreign exchange, interest rate and securities’ price. Foreign exchange risk is measured by definite method. Interest rate risk is measured by IRRBB standards, definite method and probabilistic method and definite method is used for limits management. Meanwhile, the Bank performs financial crisis analysis supposing exceptional, but possible events for evaluating latent weakness. The analysis is used for important decision making, such as risk mitigation, emergency plan development and limit setup. The results of the analysis are reported to the board of directors and management on a quarterly basis.

 

(2)

Foreign exchange risk

 

1)

Management of foreign exchange risk

Foreign exchange risk management limit is set up and a risk management division head monitors changes of foreign exchange risk by source and compliance of risk limits regularly. A finance division head also

 

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monitors changes of foreign exchange risk by source and compliance of risk limits. The finance division head needs to cooperate with the risk management division head in case it is expected that the Bank will be exposed to a new risk. The risk management division head orders related divisions to prepare countermeasures in case it is apprehended that foreign exchange risk exceeds risk limit. If foreign exchange risk exceeds the risk limit, the risk management division head orders related divisions to prepare countermeasures and reports to Risk Management Committee after resolving the exceeded limit problem.

 

2)

Measurement of foreign exchange risk

Foreign exchange risk is managed by foreign exchange VaR and foreign exchange position. Foreign exchange VaR is measured on a monthly basis and foreign exchange position is measured on a daily basis. It is measured separately by currency for assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies exceeding 5% of total assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies.

 

3)

Measurement method

 

LOGO

Value at Risk (VaR)

The Bank uses a yearly VaR to measure market risk. The yearly VaR is a statistically estimated maximum amount of loss that could occur in one year under normal distribution of financial variables. The Bank calculates VaR using equal weighted-average method based on historical changes in market rates, prices and volatilities over the previous five years data and measures VaR at a 99% single tail confidence level. VaR is a commonly used market risk management technique. However, the method has some shortcomings.

VaR estimates possible losses over a certain period at a particular confidence level using past market movement data. Past market movement, however, is not necessarily a good indicator of future events, as there may be conditions and circumstances in the future that the model does not anticipate. As a result, the timing and magnitude of the actual losses can be different, depending on the assumptions made at the time of calculation. In addition, the time periods used for the model, generally one day or 10 days, are assumed to be a sufficient holding period before liquidating the relevant underlying positions. If these holding periods are not sufficient, or too long, the VaR results may understate or overstate the potential loss.

 

LOGO

Stress testing

The stress testing is carried out to analyze the abnormal market situation reflecting intrinsic volatility of foreign exchange that has significant influent on the value of portfolio.

 

LOGO

Results of measurement

Results of foreign exchange VaR as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  
     Average      Minimum      Maximum      Ending      Average      Minimum      Maximum      Ending  

Foreign exchange risk

     W29,161        W11,608        W52,618        W22,557        W30,800        W11,568        W56,546        W11,568  

 

(3)

Interest rate risk in bank account

 

1)

Management of interest rate risk

Interest rate risk management limit is set up and included in internal capital management limit. A risk management division head monitors changes of interest rate risk by source and compliance of risk limits regularly. A finance division head also monitors changes of interest rate risk by source and compliance of risk limits. The finance division head needs to cooperate with the risk management division head in case it

 

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is expected that the Bank will be exposed to a new risk. The risk management division head orders related divisions to prepare countermeasures in case it is apprehended that interest rate risk exceeds risk limit. If interest rate risk exceeds the risk limit, the risk management division head orders related divisions to prepare countermeasures and reports to Risk Management Committee after resolving the exceeded limit problem.

 

2)

Measurement of interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is managed by measuring ΔNII (Change in Net Interest Income) and ΔEVE (Change in Economic Value of Equity) and uses interest rate sensitivity gap and duration gap as supplementary index. ΔNII and ΔEVE are measured on a monthly basis, and interest rate sensitivity gap and duration gap are measured on a daily basis. The Bank simulates analysis reflecting market environment, product features and the Bank’s strategies.

 

3)

Measurement method

 

LOGO

Change in Economic Value of Equity (ΔEVE)

The Bank uses a yearly ΔEVE to measure interest rate risk. The yearly ΔEVE is the maximum amount of loss that could occur in one year under normal distribution of financial variables. The Bank calculates the yearly ΔEVE by using variance-covariance method at a 99% single tail confidence level based on the previous five years data using equal weighted-average method.

ΔEVE estimates possible losses over a certain period at a particular confidence level using past market movement data. Past market movement, however, is not necessarily a good indicator of future events, as there may be conditions and circumstances in the future that the model does not anticipate. As a result, the timing and magnitude of the actual losses can be different depending on the assumptions made at the time of calculation.

 

LOGO

Stress testing

The stress testing is carried out to analyze the abnormal market situation reflecting intrinsic volatility of interest rate that has significant influence on the value of portfolio and is performed at least once in every quarter.

 

LOGO

Results of measurement

Results of interest rate risk as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  
     Average      Minimum      Maximum      Ending      Average      Minimum      Maximum      Ending  

Interest rate risk

     W147,774        W118,406        W175,601        W118,406        W29,584        W9,393        W75,882        W36,540  

 

(4)

Interest rate risk management

The Bank is closely monitoring the outputs of various industry groups and markets that manage the transition to the new interest rate benchmark, including announcements by IBOR regulation authority and various consultative bodies related to the transition to alternative interest rate. In response to these announcements, the Bank has completed most of the transition and replacement according to IBOR transition programs and plans consisting of major business areas such as finance, accounting, tax, legal, IT, and risk. The program is under the control of the CFO and related matters are reported to the board of directors. The purpose of the plan is to identify the impacts and risks associated with the index interest rate benchmark reform within the business, and to prepare and implement an action plan to facilitate the transition to alternative interest rate. The Bank aims to finalize its response plan by 2022.

 

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The carrying amount of financial instruments that have not been converted to alternative indicator interest rate as of June 30, 2022 is as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Exposure Amount(*1)  

Detail

   USD      EUR      GBP      Others  

Non-derivative financial assets

           

Securities at FVTPL

   W 124,280      W     —        W     —        W —    

Securities at FVOCI

     3,858        —          —          —    

Loans at amortized cost

     28,035,542        —          —          —    

Acceptances and guarantee contracts(*2)

     11,120,795        —          —          —    

Derivative assets(*2)

     956,665        —          —          —    

Non-derivative financial liabilities Borrowings

     338,740        —          —          —    

Derivative liabilities

     3,329,530        —          —              8,507  

 

  (*1)

Exposure amount exclude financial instruments that will disappear before converting to alternative indicator interest rate.

  (*2)

Guarantees and derivatives are based on the nominal amount.

4-5. Capital risk

The Bank follows the standard of capital adequacy established by the Financial Services Commission. The standard is based on Basel III, which was established by Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in BIS. In Korea, this standard has been followed since December 2013. According to the standard, the Bank should maintain at least 8% or above of BIS capital ratio for risk-weighted asset, and quarterly report BIS capital ratio to the FSS.

According to Korean Banking Supervision rules for operations, the Bank’s capitals are mainly divided into two categories:

 

(1)

Tier 1 capital (basic capital): Basic capital is composed of capital stock-common and other basic capital. Capital stock-common includes common stock satisfied with qualifications, capital surplus, retained earnings, accumulated other comprehensive income, other reserves and non-controlling interests among the common stock of consolidated subsidiaries. Other basic capital includes securities and capital surplus satisfied with qualifications

 

(2)

Tier 2 capital (supplementary capital): Supplementary capital is composed of the securities and capital surplus satisfied with qualifications, non-controlling interests among the securities of consolidated subsidiaries and the amounts of less than below 1.25% of credit risk-weighted asset like allowance for credit losses in respect of credits classified as normal or precautionary.

The risk-weighted asset includes intrinsic risks in total assets, errors of internal operation processes and loss risk from external events. It indicates a size of assets reflecting the level of risks that the Bank bears. The Bank computes the risk-weighted asset by risks (credit risk, market risk and operational risk) and uses it for calculation of BIS capital ratio.

 

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5.

FINANCIAL ASSETS AND FINANCIAL LIABILITIES:

5-1. Classification and fair value

 

(1)

Carrying amounts and fair values of financial instruments as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  
     Carrying
amount
     Fair value      Carrying
amount
     Fair value  

Financial assets:

           

Cash and due from financial institutions

   W 7,394,812      W 7,394,812      W 4,462,685      W 4,462,685  

Financial assets at FVTPL

     4,282,341        4,282,341        2,598,204        2,598,204  

Hedging derivative assets

     123,483        123,483        561,911        561,911  

Loans at amortized cost

     86,125,277        84,700,494        77,458,119        77,458,119  

Financial assets at FVOCI

     12,006,055        12,006,055        11,814,063        11,814,063  

Securities at amortized cost

     1,560,126        1,470,841        931,296        946,507  

Other financial assets

     1,264,338        1,264,338        838,645        838,645  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     112,756,432      W     111,242,364        98,664,923        98,680,134  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

           

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

   W 2,076,727      W 2,076,727      W 768,115      W 768,115  

Hedging derivative liabilities

     2,025,031        2,025,031        661,057        661,057  

Borrowings

     8,055,264        8,101,113        5,576,909        5,583,498  

Debentures

     85,074,372        81,619,978        76,486,053        77,379,590  

Other financial liabilities

     2,174,211        2,174,211        1,825,280        1,825,280  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 99,405,605      W 95,997,060      W     85,317,414      W     86,217,540  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Fair value is the amount at which the assets could be exchanged or the liabilities could be settled in transaction between knowledgeable and willing independent parties. For each class of financial assets and financial liabilities, the Bank discloses the fair value of that class of assets and liabilities in a way that permits them to be compared with their carrying amount at the end of each reporting period. The best estimate of the fair value of a financial instrument is the price quoted in an active market.

Methods for measuring fair value of financial instruments are as follows:

 

Financial instruments

  

Method of measuring fair value

Loans and receivables   

As demand deposits and transferable deposits do not have maturity and are readily convertible to cash, the carrying amounts of these deposits approximate their fair values. Fair values of the deposits with the maturity of more than one year are determined by discounted cash flow model (“DCF model”).

DCF model is also used to determine the fair value of loans. Fair value is determined by discounting the cash flows expected from each contractual period by applying the discount rates for each period.

Investment securities    Financial investments are measured at fair value using a quoted market price in an active market. If a quoted market price is not available, they are measured by using a price quoted by a third party, such as a pricing service or broker or using the DCF model.

 

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Financial instruments

  

Method of measuring fair value

Derivatives    For exchange traded derivative, quoted price in active market is used to determine fair value and for OTC (over-the-counter) derivative, fair value is determined primarily using the DCF model. The Bank uses internally developed valuation models that are widely used by market participants to determine fair value of plain OTC derivatives including option, interest rate swap and currency swap based on observable market parameters. However, some complex financial instruments are valued using the results of independent pricing services, where part or all of the inputs are not observable in the market.
Borrowings    Fair value is determined using DCF model discounting contractual future cash flows by appropriate discount rate.
Debentures   

Fair value of debentures denominated in local currency is determined by using the valuation of independent third-party pricing services in accordance with the market prices that are quoted in active markets.

Fair value of debentures denominated in foreign currencies is determined by DCF model.

Fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities classified as fair value Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are determined by using the valuation of independent third-party pricing services. Meanwhile, carrying amounts of other financial assets and financial liabilities are regarded as an approximation of fair values.

 

(2)

Fair value hierarchy

 

1)

The Bank classifies financial instruments as three level of fair value hierarchy as below:

 

  Level 1:

Financial instruments measured at quoted prices from active markets are classified as fair value Level 1. This level includes listed equity securities, derivatives, and government bonds traded in an active exchange market.

 

  Level 2:

Financial instruments measured using valuation techniques where all significant inputs are observable market data are classified as Level 2. This level includes the majority of debt and general OTC derivatives such as swap, futures and options

 

  Level 3:

Financial instruments measured using valuation techniques where one or more significant inputs are not based on observable market data are classified as Level 3. This level includes unlisted equity securities, structured bonds and OTC derivatives.

 

2)

Fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities, which are not measured at fair value as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

     Level 1      Level 2      Level 3      Total  

Financial assets:

           

Cash and due from financial institutions

   W 3,844,958      W —        W 3,549,854      W 7,394,812  

Loans at amortized cost

     —          —          84,700,494        84,700,494  

Securities at amortized cost

     —          1,470,841        —          1,470,841  

Other financial assets

     —          —          1,264,338        1,264,338  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     3,844,958      W 1,470,841      W     89,514,686      W     94,830,485  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

           

Borrowings

   W —        W 8,101,113      W —        W 8,101,113  

Debentures

     —          81,619,978        —          81,619,978  

Other financial liabilities

     —          —          2,174,211        2,174,211  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W —        W     89,721,091      W 2,174,211      W 91,895,302  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(December 31, 2021)

 

     Level 1      Level 2      Level 3      Total  

Financial assets:

           

Cash and due from financial institutions

   W 3,146,957      W —        W 1,315,728      W 4,462,685  

Loans at amortized cost

     —          —          77,458,119        77,458,119  

Securities at amortized cost

     —          946,507        —          946,507  

Other financial assets

     —          —          838,645        838,645  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     3,146,957      W 946,507      W     79,612,492      W 83,705,956  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

           

Borrowings

   W —        W 5,583,498      W —        W 5,583,498  

Debentures

     —          77,379,590        —          77,379,590  

Other financial liabilities

     —          —          1,825,280        1,825,280  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W —        W     82,963,088      W 1,825,280      W     84,788,368  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

3)

Fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

     Level 1      Level 2      Level 3      Total  

Financial assets:

           

Financial assets at FVTPL

   W —        W 2,934,034      W 1,348,307      W 4,282,341  

Hedging derivative assets

     —          123,483        —          123,483  

Financial assets at FVOCI

     324,204        2,936,925        8,744,926        12,006,055  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
   W        324,204      W       5,994,442      W     10,093,233      W     16,411,879  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

           

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

   W —        W 1,444,665      W 632,062      W 2,076,727  

Hedging derivative liabilities

     —          1,537,871        487,160        2,025,031  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
   W —        W 2,982,536      W 1,119,222      W 4,101,758  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Level 1      Level 2      Level 3      Total  

Financial assets:

           

Financial assets at FVTPL

   W —        W 1,745,970      W 852,234      W 2,598,204  

Hedging derivative assets

     —          546,296        15,615        561,911  

Financial assets at FVOCI

     125,625        2,776,225        8,912,213        11,814,063  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
   W        125,625      W       5,068,491      W       9,780,062      W     14,974,178  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

           

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

   W —        W 516,985      W 251,130      W 768,115  

Hedging derivative liabilities

     —          527,610        133,447        661,057  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
   W —        W 1,044,595      W 384,577      W 1,429,172  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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4)

The valuation techniques and input variables of Level 2 financial instruments subsequently not measured at fair value as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

     Fair value      Valuation
techniques
     Input variables  

Financial assets

        

Financial assets at amortized cost Debt securities

   W 1,470,841        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial liabilities

        

Borrowings

     8,101,113        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Debentures

         81,619,978        DCF Model        Discount rate  

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Fair value      Valuation
techniques
     Input variables  

Financial assets

        

Financial assets at amortized cost Debt securities

   W 946,507        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial liabilities

        

Borrowings

     5,583,498        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Debentures

         77,379,590        DCF Model        Discount rate  

 

5)

The valuation techniques and input variables of Level 3 financial instruments subsequently not measured at fair value as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

     Fair value      Valuation
techniques
     Input variables  

Financial assets

        

Cash and due from financial Institutions

   W 3,549,854        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Loans at amortized cost

         84,700,494        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Other financial assets

     1,264,338        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial liabilities

        

Other financial liabilities

     2,174,211        DCF Model        Discount rate  

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Fair value      Valuation
techniques
     Input variables  

Financial assets

        

Cash and due from financial Institutions

   W 1,315,718        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Loans at amortized cost

         77,458,119        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Other financial assets

     838,645        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial liabilities

        

Other financial liabilities

     1,825,280        DCF Model        Discount rate  

 

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6)

The valuation techniques and input variables of Level 2 financial instruments, measured at fair value after initial recognition, as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

     Fair value      Valuation
techniques
     Input variables  

Financial assets

        

Financial assets at FVTPL:

        

Debt securities

   W     1,866,808        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Derivative assets for trading

     1,067,226        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Hedging derivative assets

     123,483        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial assets at FVOCI:

        

Debt securities

     2,936,925        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial liabilities

        

Financial liabilities at FVTPL:

        

Derivative liabilities for trading

     1,444,665        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Hedging derivative liabilities

     1,537,871        DCF Model        Discount rate  

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Fair value      Valuation
techniques
     Input variables  

Financial assets

        

Financial assets at FVTPL:

        

Debt securities

   W     1,042,384        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Derivative assets for trading

     703,586        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Hedging derivative assets

     546,296        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial assets at FVOCI:

        

Debt securities

     2,776,225        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial liabilities

        

Financial liabilities at FVTPL:

        

Derivative liabilities for trading

     516,985        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Hedging derivative liabilities

     527,610        DCF Model        Discount rate  

 

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7)

The valuation techniques and input variables (significant but unobservable) of Level 3 financial instruments, measured at fair value after initial recognition, as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

    Fair value
(Korean won
in million)
    Valuation
techniques
    Significant
unobservable
input factors
    Range    

Relationship between

unobservable input factors
and fair value estimates

Financial assets at FVTPL:

         

Unlisted stock

  W 5,488          

Beneficiary certificates

    543,193       NAV Methods       —         —       —  

Paid-in capital

    164,286          

Loans

    3,620      
LSMC
Simulation
 
 
    Volatility       25.81%    

If volatility is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Derivatives

    631,720      
Binomial
Model
 
 
   

Volatility

Correlation

 

 

   

22.31%

-0.8~1.0

 

 

 

If volatility is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Financial assets at FVOCI:

         

Unlisted stock

  W     8,718,042      


DCF Model

Binomial
Model

CCA Methods

NAV Methods

 

 
 

 

 

   

Discount rate
Growth rate
Volatility
 
 
 
   

10%~15.37%
0%
18.67%~25.29%
 
 
 
 

If discount rate is decreased (increased)/

if growth rate is increased (decreased)/

if volatility is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Paid-in capital

    26,884       NAV Methods       —         —  

Financial liabilities at FVTPL:

         

Derivatives

  W 632,062      


Binomial
Model

Hull-White
Model

 
 

 
 

   

Volatility

Correlation

 

 

   

22.31%

-0.8~1.0

 

 

 

If volatility is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Hedging derivative liabilities

         

Derivatives

  W 487,160      
Hull-White
Model
 
 
    Correlation       -0.8~1.0    

If correlation is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

 

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Table of Contents

(December 31, 2021)

 

    Fair value
(Korean won
in million)
    Valuation
techniques
    Significant
unobservable
input factors
    Range    

Relationship between

unobservable input factors
and fair value estimates

Financial assets at FVTPL:

         

Unlisted stock

  W 7,957          

Beneficiary certificates

    448,477       NAV Methods       —         —       —  

Paid-in capital

    139,430          

Loans

    5,505      
LSMC
Simulation
 
 
    Volatility       17.54%    

If volatility is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Derivatives

    250,865      


Binomial
Model

Hull-White
Model

 
 

 
 

   

Volatility

Correlation

 

 

   

22.62%

-0.8~1.0

 

 

 

If volatility is increased(decreased)/

if correlation is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Hedging derivative assets

         

Derivatives

  W 15,615      
Hull-White
Model
 
 
    Correlation       -0.8~1.0    

If correlation is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Financial assets at FVOCI:

       

Unlisted stock

  W 8,886,980      


DCF Model

Binomial
Model

CCA Methods

NAV Methods

 

 
 

 

 

   

Discount rate
Growth rate
Volatility
 
 
 
   

7.69%~15.41%

1%

22.62%~25.09%

 

 

 

 

If discount rate is decreased (increased)/

if growth rate is increased (decreased)/

if volatility is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Paid-in capital

    25,233       NAV Methods       —         —  

Financial liabilities at FVTPL:

         

Derivatives

  W 251,130      


Binomial
Model

Hull-White
Model

 
 

 
 

   

Volatility

Correlation

 

 

   

22.62%

-0.8~1.0

 

 

 

If volatility is increased(decreased)/

if correlation is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Hedging derivative liabilities

       

Derivatives

  W 133,447      
Hull-White
Model
 
 
    Correlation       -0.8~1.0    

If correlation is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

 

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Table of Contents
8)

Changes in Level 3 financial assets that are measured at fair value for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(Six months ended June 30, 2022)

 

    Beginning
balance
    Profit
(Loss)
    Other
comprehensive
income
(loss)
    Purchases /
Issues
    Sales /
Settlements
    Transfers
into Level 3 /
Transfers out
of Level 3
    Ending
balance
 

Financial assets

             

Securities at FVTPL

  W 595,864     W 32,097     W —       W 103,295     W (18,289   W —       W 712,967  

Loans at FVTPL

    5,505       (233     —         —         (1,652     —         3,620  

Derivative assets for trading

    250,865       375,977       —         5,267       (389     —         631,720  

Hedging derivative assets

    15,615       (14,877     —         —         (738     —         —    

Financial assets at FVOCI

    8,912,213       —         73,590       —         (240,877     —         8,744,926  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 9,780,062     W 392,964     W 73,590     W 108,562     W (261,945   W —       W 10,093,233  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Financial liabilities

             

Derivative liabilities for trading

  W 251,130     W 376,054     W —       W 5,267     W (389   W —       W 632,062  

Hedging derivative liabilities

    133,447       353,713       —         —         —         —         487,160  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 384,577     W 729,767     W —       W 5,267     W (389   W —       W 1,119,222  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(2021)

 

    Beginning
balance
    Profit
(Loss)
    Other
comprehensive
income
(loss)
    Purchases /
Issues
    Sales /
Settlements
    Transfers
into Level 3 /
Transfers out
of Level 3
    Ending
balance
 

Financial assets

             

Securities at FVTPL

  W 435,683     W 23,294     W —       W 174,683     W (37,796   W —       W 595,864  

Loans at FVTPL

    10,423       505       —         5,000       (10,423     —         5,505  

Derivative assets for trading

    77,995       84,501       —         89,495       (1,126     —         250,865  

Hedging derivative assets

    74,547       (45,424     —         —         (13,508     —         15,615  

Financial assets at FVOCI

    8,433,866       —         170,286       380,521       (72,460     —         8,912,213  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 9,032,514     W 62,876     W 170,286     W 649,699     W (135,313   W —       W 9,780,062  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Financial liabilities

             

Derivative liabilities for trading

  W 66,053     W 96,708     W —       W 89,495     W (1,126   W —       W 251,130  

Hedging derivative liabilities

    52,758       58,888       —         21,801       —         —         133,447  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 118,811     W 155,596     W —       W 111,296     W (1,126   W —       W 384,577  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents
9)

In relation to changes in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, total gains or losses recognized in profit or loss for the period and total gains or losses for financial instruments held at the end of the reporting period in the separate statements of comprehensive income for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

    Net gain (loss) from
financial investments
 
    Six months ended
June 30, 2022
    2021  

Total gains (losses) on financial assets held at the end of the period

  W 392,964     W 62,876  

Total gains (losses) on financial liabilities held at the end of the period

    729,767       155,596  
 

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total gains (losses) included in profit or loss for the period

    1,122,731       218,472  
 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

10)

The sensitivity of fair value analysis for the Level 3 financial instruments

The Bank performed the sensitivity analysis for the Level 3 financial instruments for which fair value would be measured differently upon reasonably possible alternative assumptions. The Bank classified the effect from changes upon the alternative assumptions into favorable effect and unfavorable effect and presented the most favorable effect or the most unfavorable effect in the table hereunder. Stocks are the financial instruments subject to sensitivity analysis, which are classified as Level 3 and of which changes in fair value are recognized as other comprehensive income. Meanwhile, equity instruments, which are recognized as cost among the financial instruments and are classified as Level 3 are excluded from the sensitivity analysis.

Sensitivity analysis details per market risk variable of each Level 3 financial instrument held and measured at fair value as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

Details(*1)

   Profit(loss)      Other comprehensive income (loss)  
   Favorable      Unfavorable      Favorable      Unfavorable  

Financial assets:

           

Loans at FVTPL (*2)

   W —        W —        W —        W —    

Derivative assets for trading (*2)

     —          —          —          —    

Financial assets at FVOCI (*2,3)

     —          —          83,617        (61,768
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W —        W —        W 83,617      W (61,768
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

           

Derivative liabilities for trading (*2)

   W —        W —        W —        W —    

(December 31, 2021)

 

Details(*1)

   Profit(loss)     Other comprehensive income (loss)  
   Favorable      Unfavorable     Favorable      Unfavorable  

Financial assets:

          

Loans at FVTPL (*2)

   W —        W —       W —        W —    

Derivative assets for trading (*2)

     53        (57     —          —    

Financial assets at FVOCI (*2,3)

     —          —         24,258        (21,722
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 53      W (57   W 24,258      W (21,722
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

          

Derivative liabilities for trading (*2)

   W 15      W (14   W —        W —    

 

(*1)

Among the level 3 financial instruments, W1,763,732 million and W649,942 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively were excluded at the above sensitivity analysis effected by input variables, since it is practically impossible to perform.

 

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(*2)

Changes in fair value are computed by increasing or decreasing the volatility of the underlying asset by 10%, which are unobservable inputs.

(*3)

Changes in fair value of stocks are computed by increasing or decreasing growth rate by 0.5% and discount rate by 1%, which are unobservable inputs.

5-2. Classification by categories of financial instruments

The carrying amounts of each category of financial assets and financial liabilities as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

    Financial assets
at FVTPL
    Financial assets
at amortized cost
    Financial
assets
at FVOCI
    Hedging
derivative assets
    Total  

Financial assets:

         

Cash and due from financial institutions

  W —       W 7,394,812     W —       W —       W 7,394,812  

Financial assets at FVTPL

    4,282,341       —         —         —         4,282,341  

Hedging derivative assets

    —         —         —         123,483       123,483  

Loans at amortized cost

    —         86,125,277       —         —         86,125,277  

Financial investments

    —         1,560,126       12,006,055       —         13,566,181  

Other financial assets

    —         1,264,338       —         —         1,264,338  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 4,282,341     W 96,344,553     W 12,006,055     W 123,483     W 112,756,432  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

    Financial liabilities
at FVTPL
    Financial liabilities
at amortized cost
    Hedging derivative
liabilities
    Total  

Financial liabilities:

       

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

  W 2,076,727     W —       W —       W 2,076,727  

Hedging derivative liabilities

    —         —         2,025,031       2,025,031  

Borrowings

    —         8,055,264       —         8,055,264  

Debentures

    —         85,074,372       —         85,074,372  

Other financial liabilities

    —         2,174,211       —         2,174,211  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 2,076,727     W 95,303,847     W 2,025,031     W 99,405,605  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(December 31, 2021)

 

    Financial assets
at FVTPL
    Financial assets
at amortized cost
    Financial assets
at FVOCI
    Hedging
derivative assets
    Total  

Financial assets:

         

Cash and due from financial institutions

  W —       W 4,462,685     W —       W —       W 4,462,685  

Financial assets at FVTPL

    2,598,204       —         —         —         2,598,204  

Hedging derivative assets

    —         —         —         561,911       561,911  

Loans at amortized cost

    —         77,458,119       —         —         77,458,119  

Financial investments

    —         931,296       11,814,063       —         12,745,359  

Other financial assets

    —         838,645       —         —         838,645  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 2,598,204     W 83,690,745     W 11,814,063     W 561,911     W   98,664,923  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents
    Financial liabilities
at FVTPL
    Financial liabilities
at amortized cost
    Hedging derivative
liabilities
    Total  

Financial liabilities:

       

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

  W 768,115     W —       W —       W 768,115  

Hedging derivative liabilities

    —         —         661,057       661,057  

Borrowings

    —         5,576,909       —         5,576,909  

Debentures

    —         76,486,053       —         76,486,053  

Other financial liabilities

    —         1,825,280       —         1,825,280  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W    768,115     W 83,888,242     W    661,057     W 85,317,414  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

5-3. Offset of financial instruments

The bank holds the financial instruments which grant it the rights to offset in case of default, insolvency, or bankruptcy of the counterparties though it does not meet the criteria for offsetting of K-IFRS No. 1032. Cash collaterals do not meet the offsetting criteria in K-IFRS No. 1032, but they can be set off with net amounts of financial instruments.

The effects of netting agreements as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

    Gross amounts
of recognized
financial assets
(liabilities)
    Gross amounts
of recognized
financial
liabilities
(assets) to be
setoff
    Net amounts of
financial assets
(liabilities) presented
in the separate
statements  of
financial position
    Amount that is not offset
in the separate statements
of financial position
    Net amount  
  Financial
instruments
    Cash
collateral
 

Financial assets:

           

Derivatives

  W 1,822,429     W —       W 1,822,429     W (996,195   W (8,494   W 817,740  

Financial investments

    967,447       —         967,447       (932,153     —         35,294  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 2,789,876     W —       W 2,789,876     W (1,928,348   W (8,494   W 853,034  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

           

Derivatives

  W 4,101,759     W —       W 4,101,759     W (996,195   W (1,265,404   W 1,840,160  

Securities sold under repurchase agreement

    932,153       —         932,153       (932,153     —         —    
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 5,033,912     W —       W 5,033,912     W (1,928,348   W (1,265,404   W 1,840,160  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Gross amounts
of recognized
financial assets
(liabilities)
     Gross amounts
of recognized
financial
liabilities
(assets) to be
setoff
     Net amounts of
financial assets
(liabilities) presented
in the separate
statements of
financial position
     Amount that is not offset
in the separate statements
of financial position
    Net amount  
   Financial
instruments
    Cash
collateral
 

Financial assets:

               

Derivatives

   W 1,515,937      W —        W 1,515,937      W (551,646   W (267,064   W 697,227  

Receivable spot exchange

     619,798        —          619,798        (590,003     —         29,795  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W 2,135,735      W —        W 2,135,735      W (1,141,649   W (267,064   W 727,022  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

               

Derivatives

   W 1,428,482      W —        W 1,428,482      W (551,646   W (261,248   W 615,588  

Securities sold under repurchase agreement

     590,003        —          590,003        (590,003     —         —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W 2,018,485      W —        W 2,018,485      W (1,141,649   W    (261,248   W    615,588  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

5-4. Transfer of financial assets

The Bank continues to recognize the financial assets related to repurchase agreements on the statements of financial position since those transactions are not qualified for derecognition even though the Bank transfers the financial assets. Since financial assets sold under repurchase agreements is sold to be repurchased at fixed prices, the Bank retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset. Details of carrying amounts of assets transferred and relevant liabilities as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     June 30, 2022      December 31, 2021  
     Carrying
amount of
transferred
assets
     Carrying
amount of
relevant
liabilities
     Carrying
amount of
transferred
assets
     Carrying
amount of
relevant
liabilities
 

Securities sold under repurchase agreement

   W 967,447      W 932,153      W 619,798      W 590,003  

 

6.

OPERATING SEGMENT:

Though the Bank conducts business activities related to financial services, in accordance with relevant laws, such as the Export-Import Bank of Korea Act, it does not report separate segment information, as management considers the Bank to be operating under one core business.

 

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Table of Contents
7.

CASH AND DUE FROM FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS:

 

(1)

Cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

Detail

   Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  

Due from financial institutions in local currency

   W 689,628      W 550,348  

Due from financial institutions in foreign currencies

     6,705,184        3,912,337  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     7,394,812        4,462,685  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Restricted due from financial institutions

     (2,867,030      (770,103

Due from financial institutions with original maturities of more than three months at acquisition date

     (682,824      (545,625
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     (3,549,854      (1,315,728
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total (*1)

   W 3,844,958      W 3,146,957  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(*1)

Equal to the cash and due from financial institutions as presented on the separate statements of cash flows.

 

(2)

Details of due from financial institutions as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  

Detail

   Amount      Interest
(%)
     Amount      Interest
(%)
 

Due from financial institutions in local currency:

           

Demand deposits

   W 1,255        0.00~0.10      W 1,076        —    

Time deposits

     627,200        1.53~2.21        490,000        0.89~2.08  

Certificate of deposits

     55,625        1.10        55,625        1.10  

Others

     5,400        0.95        3,500        0.85  

Margin for derivatives

     148        —          147        —    
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

Subtotal

     689,628           550,348     
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

Due from financial institutions in foreign currencies:

           

Demand deposits

     50,391        0.00~0.01        463,732        0.10~3.00  

On demand

     3,748,707        0.00~1.46        2,570,107        1.50~4.50  

Offshore demand deposits

     39,204        0.00~1.46        108,542        —    

Others

     1,722,980        0.00~1.58        302,748        —    

Margin for derivatives

     1,080,964        —          467,208        —    

Margin for repurchase agreement

     62,938        —          —       
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

Subtotal

     6,705,184           3,912,337     
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

Total

   W 7,394,812         W 4,462,685     
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

 

(3)

Restricted due from financial institutions as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

Detail

  

Financial Institution

   Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021     

Reason for restriction

Others

   DEUTSCHE BANK TRUST COMPANY AMERICAS and others    W 2,867,030      W 770,103      Credit Support Annex (CSA) for derivative transactions

 

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8.

FINANCIAL ASSETS AT FVTPL:

Details of financial assets at FVTPL as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31 2021  

Debt securities in local currency

     

Paid-in capital

   W 152,601      W 128,230  

Beneficiary certificates

     2,148,807        1,264,654  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     2,301,408        1,392,884  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Debt securities in foreign currencies

     

Paid-in capital

     11,685        11,200  

Beneficiary certificates

     261,194        226,207  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     272,879        237,407  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Equity securities in foreign currency stocks

     

Stocks

     5,488        7,957  

Loans at FVTPL

     

Privately placed corporate bonds

     3,620        5,505  

Derivative assets for trading

     

Equity related

     —          425  

Interest rates related

     801,835        578,475  

Foreign currencies related

     897,099        375,551  

Others

     12        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     1,698,946        954,451  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W   4,282,341      W   2,598,204  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

9.

FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS:

Details of financial investments as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31 2021  

Financial assets at FVOCI

     

Debt securities in local currency

     

National bond

   W 1,034,209      W 1,043,724  

Equity securities in local currency

     

Stocks

     9,042,246        9,012,604  

Paid-in capital

     26,884        25,233  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     9,069,130        9,037,837  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Debt securities in foreign currencies

     

Corporate bonds and etc. (*1)

     1,902,716        1,732,502  

Securities at amortized cost

     

Debt securities in local currencies

     

National bond

     245,616        100,349  

Financial bonds

     269,355        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     514,971        100,349  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Debt securities in foreign currencies

     

Corporate bonds and etc. (*1)

     1,045,155        830,947  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 13,566,181      W 12,745,359  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(*1)

It includes debt securities, which are pledged as collateral amounting to W1,129,608 million and W826,064 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

 

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10.

LOANS AT AMORTIZED COST:

Loans as presented below exclude loan valuation adjustment related to fair value hedging amounting to W(8,009) million and W(2,723) million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

 

(1)

Details of loans as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

    

Detail

   Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  

Loans in local currency

   Loans for export    W 18,230,197      W 15,845,235  
  

Loans for foreign investments

     2,821,740        2,684,185  
  

Loans for import

     5,166,984        4,704,973  
  

Troubled Debt Restructuring

     828,725        838,370  
  

Others

     170,506        164,590  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Subtotal

     27,218,152        24,237,353  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 

Loans in foreign currencies

   Loans for export      24,847,433        23,126,917  
  

Loans for foreign investments

     29,246,894        26,718,798  
  

Loans for rediscounted trading notes

     995,533        71,130  
  

Loans for import

     1,837,582        1,074,175  
  

Overseas funding loans

     810,795        595,170  
   Others      28,829        27,059  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Subtotal

     57,767,066        51,613,249  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 

Others

   Domestic usance bills      330,534        342,594  
  

Foreign-currency bills bought

     698,120        966,183  
  

Advance payments on acceptances and guarantees

     67,241        190,325  
  

Call loans

     1,963,610        1,337,100  
  

Interbank loans in foreign currencies

     38,787        1,066,950  
  

Private placement corporate bonds in local currency

     208,000        240,800  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Subtotal

     3,306,292        4,143,952  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Total

     88,291,510        79,994,554  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net deferred origination fees and costs

     (344,357      (368,209

Allowance for loan losses

     (1,813,867      (2,165,503
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Total

   W 86,133,286      W 77,460,842  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(2)

Changes in allowance for loan losses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(Six months ended June 30, 2022)

 

     12 month
expected
credit
losses
    Lifetime
expected
credit losses
    Credit-
impaired
financial
assets
    Total  

Beginning balance

   W 330,018     W    597,885     W 1,237,600     W 2,165,503  

- Transfer to 12 month expected credit losses

     7,639       (7,153     (486     —    

- Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses

     (2,222     4,581       (2,359     —    

- Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets

     (804     (965     1,769       —    

Written-off

     —         —         (7,860     (7,860

Collection

     —         —         410       410  

Loan-for-equity swap

     —         —         (421,058     (421,058

Others

     (6     —         —         (6

Unwinding effect

     —         —         (2,842     (2,842

Foreign exchange translation

     14,268       25,129       51,735       91,132  

Additional provisions (Reversal of provisions)

     (904     (39,932     29,424       (11,412
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Ending balance (*1)

   W 347,989     W 579,545     W 886,333     W 1,813,867  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(2021)

 

     12 month
expected
credit
losses
    Lifetime
expected
credit losses
    Credit-
impaired
financial
assets
    Total  

Beginning balance

   W 321,298     W 1,116,426     W 1,063,671     W 2,501,395  

- Transfer to 12 month expected credit losses

     60,430       (657     (59,773     —    

- Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses

     (9,586     59,601       (50,015     —    

- Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets

     (3,255     (212,903     216,158       —    

Written-off

     —         —         (13,459     (13,459

Collection

     —         —         13,711       13,711  

Loan-for-equity swap

     —         —         (463,894     (463,894

Others

     (28,201     (398,336     —         (426,537

Unwinding effect

     —         —         (9,775     (9,775

Foreign exchange translation

     10,049       40,174       25,167       75,390  

Additional provisions (Reversal of provisions)

     (20,717     (6,420     515,809       488,672  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Ending balance (*1)

   W 330,018     W 597,885     W 1,237,600     W 2,165,503  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(*1)

Includes additional allowance for loan losses to cover the losses due to economic downturn caused by the spread of the COVID-19.

 

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11.

INVESTMENTS IN ASSOCIATES AND SUBSIDIARIES:

 

(1)

Details of investments in associates and subsidiaries as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

Company

  Detail     Location     Business     Year-end     Ownership
(%)
    Net asset (*1)     Carrying
amount
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

    Subsidiary       United Kingdom       Financial service       December       100.00     W 144,379     W 138,312  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

    Subsidiary       Vietnam       Financial service       December       100.00       77,233       57,755  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

    Subsidiary       Indonesia       Financial service       December       85.00       23,747       25,270  

KEXIM Asia Limited

    Subsidiary       Hong Kong       Financial service       December       100.00       206,067       167,839  

KEXIM Global (Singapore) Ltd.

    Subsidiary       Singapore       Financial service       December       100.00       387,870       372,510  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

    Subsidiary       Korea       Service       December       100.00       1,635       950  

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund (*2)

    Associate       Philippines       Financial service       December       14.97       241,989       197,820  

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

    Associate       Korea       Financial service       December       25.00       6,493       7,232  

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

    Associate       Korea       Manufacturing       December       26.41       353,477       968,744  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd (*3)

    Associate       Korea       Shipbuilding       December       —         —         —    
             

 

 

 

Total

              W 1,936,432  
             

 

 

 

(December 31, 2021)

 

Company

  Detail     Location     Business     Year-end     Ownership
(%)
    Net asset (*1)     Carrying
amount
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

    Subsidiary       United Kingdom       Financial service       December       100.00     W 152,401     W 138,312  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

    Subsidiary       Vietnam       Financial service       December       100.00       70,499       57,755  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

    Subsidiary       Indonesia       Financial service       December       85.00       22,338       25,270  

KEXIM Asia Limited

    Subsidiary       Hong Kong       Financial service       December       100.00       198,150       167,839  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

    Subsidiary       Korea       Service       December       100.00       1,180       950  

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund (*2)

    Associate       Philippines       Financial service       December       15.07       230,767       197,820  

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

    Associate       Korea       Financial service       December       25.00       7,677       8,463  

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

    Associate       Korea       Manufacturing       December       26.41       335,227       968,744  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd (*3)

    Associate       Korea       Shipbuilding       December       —         —         —    
             

 

 

 

Total

              W 1,565,153  
             

 

 

 

 

(*1)

In cases of associates, the amounts represent net asset after considering account percentage of ownership.

(*2)

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the entity is classified into an associate because the Bank has significant influence in the way of representation on the board of directors or equivalent governing body of the investee.

(*3)

This entity is not an associate with the current ownership. However, considering potential voting rights, the Bank has classified the entity as an associate. The Bank holds convertible bonds issued by the entity amounting to W2,332,832 million.

 

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(2)

Changes in investments in associates and subsidiaries for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(Six months ended June 30, 2022)

 

Company

  Detail     Beginning
balance
    Acquisitions     Disposals     Impairment
loss
    Ending
balance
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

    Subsidiary     W 138,312     W —       W —       W —       W 138,312  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

    Subsidiary       57,755       —         —         —         57,755  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

    Subsidiary       25,270       —         —         —         25,270  

KEXIM Asia Limited

    Subsidiary       167,839       —         —         —         167,839  

KEXIM Global (Singapore) Ltd.

    Subsidiary       —         372,510       —         —         372,510  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

    Subsidiary       950       —         —         —         950  

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund

    Associate       197,820       —         —         —         197,820  

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

    Associate       8,463       —         (1,231     —         7,232  

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

    Associate       968,744       —         —         —         968,744  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

    Associate       —         —         —         —         —    
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

    W 1,565,153     W 372,510     W (1,231   W —       W 1,936,432  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(2021)

 

           

Company

  Detail     Beginning
balance
    Acquisitions     Disposals     Impairment
loss
    Ending
balance
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

    Subsidiary     W 138,312     W —       W —       W —       W 138,312  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

    Subsidiary       57,755       —         —         —         57,755  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

    Subsidiary       25,270       —         —         —         25,270  

KEXIM Asia Limited

    Subsidiary       167,839       —         —         —         167,839  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

    Subsidiary       950       —         —         —         950  

Korea Asset Management Corporation

    Associate       380,520       —         (380,520     —         —    

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund

    Associate       171,359       26,461       —         —         197,820  

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

    Associate       8,463       —         —         —         8,463  

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

    Associate       968,744       —         —         —         968,744  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

    Associate       —         —         —         —         —    
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

    W 1,919,212     W 26,461     W (380,520   W —       W 1,565,153  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(3)

Summarized financial information of associates and subsidiaries as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

Company

  Assets     Liabilities     Operating
income (loss)
    Profit (Loss)
for the period
    Total
comprehensive
income (loss)
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

  W 737,414     W 593,035     W 1,841     W 1,326     W (8,022

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

    272,580       195,347       598       331       6,734  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

    176,316       152,568       374       326       1,408  

KEXIM Asia Limited

    846,684       640,618       3,367       2,806       7,916  

KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd.

    387,870       —         —         —         —    

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

    2,462       828       438       455       455  

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund

    1,737,209       120,716       23,739       16,311       75,349  

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

    26,071       97       233       233       233  

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

    6,278,165       4,913,176       73,660       86,933       87,040  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

    12,022,459       10,474,078       (569,614     (667,880     (669,202

 

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(December 31, 2021)

 

Company

  Assets     Liabilities     Operating
income (loss)
    Profit (Loss)
for the period
    Total
comprehensive
income (loss)
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

  W 616,064     W 463,664     W 2,651     W (22   W 8,281  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

    252,008       181,509       1,614       1,400       7,133  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

    167,815       145,477       590       (86     1,449  

KEXIM Asia Limited

    735,531       537,381       5,756       4,515       18,221  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

    2,004       824       179       164       164  

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund

    1,646,972       115,668       35,749       33,329       116,076  

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

    30,806       97       (99     (99     (99

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

    5,866,555       4,569,344       57,795       53,040       82,427  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

    10,623,210       8,405,626       (1,754,651     (1,699,829     (1,650,289

 

12.

TANGIBLE ASSETS:

Changes in tangible assets for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(Six months ended June 30, 2022)

 

Detail

   Beginning
balance
     Acquisitions      Disposals      Depreciation      Others      Ending
balance
 

Lands

   W 190,807      W —        W —        W —        W —        W 190,807  

Buildings

     58,645        —          —          (962      —          57,683  

Leasehold improvements

     1,148        161        —          (157      —          1,152  

Vehicles

     1,129        461        —          (274      (43      1,273  

Furniture and fixture

     17,096        4,517        (1      (2,709      —          18,903  

Construction in progress

     1,542        744        —          —          —          2,286  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 270,367      W 5,883      W (1    W (4,102    W (43    W 272,104  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(2021)

 

Detail

   Beginning
balance
     Acquisitions      Disposals      Depreciation      Others      Ending
balance
 

Lands

   W 190,807      W —        W —        W —        W —        W 190,807  

Buildings

     60,570        —          —          (1,925      —          58,645  

Leasehold improvements

     172        1,192        —          (216      —          1,148  

Vehicles

     1,258        323        —          (447      (5      1,129  

Furniture and fixture

     9,825        11,793        (54      (4,468      —          17,096  

Construction in progress

     455        1,087        —          —          —          1,542  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 263,087      W 14,395      W (54    W (7,056    W (5    W 270,367  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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13.

INTANGIBLE ASSETS:

Changes in intangible assets for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(Six months ended June 30, 2022)

 

Detail

   Beginning
balance
     Acquisitions      Disposals      Amortization      Reversal of
(Additional)
impairment
     Ending
balance
 

Computer software

   W 11,389      W 2,594      W —        W (1,599    W —        W 12,384  

System development fees

     19,407        5,929        —          (3,490      —          21,846  

Memberships

     3,656        92        (76      —          —          3,672  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 34,452      W 8,615      W (76    W (5,089    W —        W 37,902  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(2021)

 

Detail

   Beginning
balance
     Acquisitions      Disposals      Amortization      Reversal of
(Additional)
impairment
     Ending
balance
 

Computer software

   W 8,484      W 6,665      W —        W (3,760    W —        W 11,389  

System development fees

     15,942        10,463        —          (6,998      —          19,407  

Memberships

     3,656        —          —          —          —          3,656  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 28,082      W 17,128      W —        W (10,758    W —        W 34,452  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

14.

OTHER ASSETS:

 

(1)

Details of other assets as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  

Other financial assets:

     

Guarantee deposits

   W 47,489      W 47,909  

Accounts receivable

     247,870        34,738  

Accrued income

     984,191        763,984  

Receivable spot exchange

     53        48  

Allowances for loan losses on other assets

     (15,265      (8,034
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     1,264,338        838,645  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Other assets:

     

Advance payments

     67        57  

Prepaid expenses

     47,777        9,863  

Current income tax asset

     1,163        8,782  

Sundry assets

     8,864        9,351  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     57,871        28,053  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 1,322,209      W 866,698  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(2)

Changes in allowances for loan losses on other assets for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     2021  

Beginning balance

   W 8,034      W 29,592  

Collection

     —          71  

Additional provisions (Reversal of provisions)

     7,231        (22,356

Others

     —          727  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 15,265      W 8,034  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

15.

BORROWINGS:

 

(1)

Details of borrowings as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

Detail

  

Lender

  

Interest rate (%)

   Amount  

Sales of repurchase agreement:

        

Sales of repurchase agreement

  

STANDARD CHARTERED BANK (HONG KONG) LIMITED

   0.95~1.31    W 932,153  

Borrowings in foreign currencies:

        

Borrowings from the Government

  

MINISTRY OF ECONOMY
AND FINANCE

  

LIBOR 3M+0.65 ~

LIBOR 3M+0.78

     827,559  

Short term borrowings
from foreign financial institutions

  

MUFG BANK, LTD SEOUL BRANCH(JP) and others

   LIBOR 3M+0.09 2.2%      426,657  

Short term borrowings
from domestic financial institutions

  

INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL BANK OF CHINA SEOUL BRANCH

   3.61~3.63      122,826  

Long term borrowings
from foreign financial institutions

  

MUFG BANK LTD SEOUL BRANCH(JP)

   USD Term SOFR 3M+0.69      387,870  

Discount on borrowings

        

Commercial papers denominated
in foreign currencies

  

CITIBANK N.A., HONG KONG(US) and others

   (-)0.49~3.57      4,644,164  

Offshore commercial papers denominated in foreign currencies

  

BARCLAYS BANK PLC(GB) and others

   (-)0.35~1.62      367,727  

Others (Foreign banks)

  

DBS BANK LTD and others

   0.06 ~ 0.35      330,535  

Others (CSA)

  

BANK OF AMERICA (VM) and others

   0.07      15,773  
        

 

 

 

Subtotal

           7,123,111  
        

 

 

 

Total

         W 8,055,264  
        

 

 

 

 

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(December 31, 2021)

 

Detail

  

Lender

  

Interest rate (%)

   Amount  

Call money:

        

call money dominated in foreign currencies

  

WOORI BANK and others

   0.19 ~0.25    W 652,025  

Offshore call money dominated in foreign currencies

  

KEB HANA BANK

   0.27      118,550  
        

 

 

 

Subtotal

           770,575  
        

 

 

 

Sales of repurchase agreement:

        

Sales of repurchase agreement

  

STANDARD CHARTERED BANK (HONG KONG) LIMITED

   0.11      590,003  

Borrowings in foreign currencies:

        

Borrowings from the Government

  

MINISTRY OF ECONOMY
AND FINANCE

  

LIBOR 3M+0.64 ~

LIBOR 3M+0.78

     947,309  

Long term borrowings
from foreign financial institutions

  

BANK OF AMERICA, N.A, SEOUL BR. (US) and others

  

LIBOR 3M+0.47 ~

LIBOR 3M+0.55

     474,200  

Discount on borrowings

        

Commercial papers denominated
in foreign currencies

  

CITIBANK N.A., HONG KONG(US) and others

   0.21 ~ 0.35      1,689,338  

Offshore commercial papers denominated in foreign currencies

  

CITIBANK N.A., HONG KONG(US) and others

   (-)0.57 ~ 0.25      305,785  

Others (Foreign banks)

  

DBS BANK LTD and others

   0.05 ~ 0.35      342,594  

Others (CSA)

  

BANK OF AMERICA (VM) and others

   0.07      457,105  
        

 

 

 

Subtotal

           4,216,331  
        

 

 

 

Total

         W 5,576,909  
        

 

 

 

 

(2)

Details of the borrowings from other financial institutions as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

Type

   Call-money      Sales of
repurchase
agreement
     Borrowings in
foreign
currencies
     Total  

Commercial banks

   W        —        W 932,153      W 6,295,552      W 7,227,705  

(December 31, 2021)

 

Type

   Call-money      Sales of
repurchase
agreement
     Borrowings in
foreign
currencies
     Total  

Commercial banks

   W 770,575      W 590,003      W 3,269,022      W 4,629,600  

 

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16.

DEBENTURES:

Details of debentures as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun 30, 2022     Dec. 31, 2021  

Detail

   Interest rate (%)      Amount     Interest rate (%)      Amount  

Local currency:

          

Floating rate

    

31-Day CD-0.09~

31-Day CD+0.25

 

 

   W 5,180,000      

31-Day CD+0.06~

31-Day CD+0.12

 

 

   W 3,100,000  

Fixed rate

     0.85 ~ 4.70        21,880,000       0.75 ~ 4.70        19,810,000  
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Subtotal

        27,060,000          22,910,000  
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Fair value hedging adjusting

        (163,049        (63,620

Discount on debentures

        (66,090        (47,322
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Subtotal

        26,830,861          22,799,058  
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Foreign currencies:

          

Floating rate

    

Libor 3M+0.39

~Libor 3M+1.35

 

 

     10,118,310      

Libor3M+0.20

~Libor3M+1.35

 

 

     9,766,115  

Fixed rate

     0.00 ~ 12.30        50,404,972       0.00 ~ 11.09        43,801,187  
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Subtotal

        60,523,282          53,567,302  
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Fair value hedging adjusting

        (2,180,729        205,544  

Discount on debentures

        (99,042        (85,851
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Subtotal

        58,243,511          53,686,995  
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Total

      W 85,074,372        W 76,486,053  
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

 

17.

PROVISIONS:

 

(1)

Details of provisions as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  

Provisions for acceptances and guarantees

   W 527,697      W 380,983  

Provisions for unused loan commitments

     241,518        239,482  

Provisions for legal proceedings

     1,003        1,002  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 770,218      W 621,467  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(2)

Changes in provisions for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(Six months ended June 30, 2022)

 

     Acceptances and guarantees  
     12 month
expected
credit losses
    Lifetime
expected
credit losses
    Credit-impaired
financial assets
    Total  

Beginning balance

   W 52,984     W 311,291     W 16,708     W 380,983  

- Transfer to 12 month expected credit losses

     22,024       (22,024     —         —    

- Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses

     (44     44       —         —    

- Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets

     —         —         —         —    

Foreign exchange translation

     5,427       22,961       665       29,053  

Additional provisions (Reversal of provisions)

     (14,845     135,472       (2,966     117,661  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 65,546     W 447,744     W 14,407     W 527,697  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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     Unused loan commitments  
     12 month
expected
credit losses
    Lifetime
expected
credit losses
    Credit-impaired
financial assets
    Total  

Beginning balance

   W 37,640     W 199,789     W    2,053     W 239,482  

- Transfer to 12 month expected credit losses

     1,900       (1,900     —         —    

- Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses

     (11     127       (116     —    

- Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets

     —         —         —         —    

Foreign exchange translation

     1,305       —         —         1,305  

Additional provisions (Reversal of provisions)

     2,395       (11     (1,653     731  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W   43,229     W 198,005     W 284     W  241,518  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(2021)

 

     Acceptances and guarantees  
     12 month
expected
credit losses
    Lifetime
expected
credit losses
    Credit-impaired
financial assets
    Total  

Beginning balance

   W 42,507     W 272,431     W 72,089     W 387,027  

- Transfer to 12 month expected credit losses

     11,480       (6,935     (4,545     —    

- Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses

     (10     10       —         —    

- Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets

     (717     —         717       —    

Foreign exchange translation

     2,349       12,463       626       15,438  

Additional provisions (Reversal of provisions)

     (2,625     33,322       (52,179     (21,482
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 52,984     W 311,291     W 16,708     W 380,983  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

     Unused loan commitments  
     12 month
expected
credit losses
    Lifetime
expected
credit losses
     Credit-impaired
financial assets
    Total  

Beginning balance

   W 34,073     W 188,718      W 16,793     W 239,584  

- Transfer to 12 month expected credit losses

     15,000       —          (15,000     —    

- Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses

     —         —          —         —    

- Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets

     (2     —          2       —    

Foreign exchange translation

     1,026       —          41       1,067  

Additional provisions (Reversal of provisions)

     (12,457     11,071        217       (1,169
  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W   37,640     W 199,789      W 2,053     W 239,482  
  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

18.

RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLAN:

The Bank operates both defined benefit plan and defined contribution plan.

 

(1)

Defined benefit plan

The Bank operates defined benefit plans, which have the following characteristics:

 

   

The entity has the obligation to pay the agreed benefits to all its current and past employees.

 

   

The entity is liable for actuarial risk (excess of actual payment against expected amount) and investment risk.

The present value of the defined benefit obligation recognized in the separate statements of financial position is calculated annually by independent actuaries in accordance with actuarial valuation method. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is calculated using the projected unit credit method (“PUC”).

 

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The data used in the PUC, such as interest rates, future salary increase rate, mortality rate, consumer price index and expected return on plan asset, are based on observable market data and historical data, which are annually updated.

Actuarial assumptions may differ from actual results due to change in the market, economic trend and mortality trend, which may affect defined benefit obligation liabilities and future payments. Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in the period incurred through other comprehensive income or loss.

 

(2)

Details of defined benefit obligation as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

    

 Jun. 30, 2022 

    

Dec. 31, 2021

 

Present value of defined benefit obligations

   W 121,013      W 119,697  

Fair value of plan assets

     (129,546      (133,302
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net defined benefit liabilities (assets)

   W (8,533    W (13,605
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(3)

Changes in net defined benefit obligations for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(Six months ended June 30, 2022)

 

     Present value
of the defined
benefit
obligations
     Plan assets      Net
defined
benefit
liabilities
(assets)
 

Beginning balance

   W 119,697      W (133,302    W (13,605

Contributions from the employer

     —          —          —    

Current-service cost

     5,686        —          5,686  

Interest expense (income)

     2,117        (2,388      (271

Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in demographic assumptions

     —          —          —    

Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in financial assumptions

     —          —          —    

Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments

     —          —          —    

Management fees on plan assets

     —          —          —    

Benefits paid

     (6,487      6,144        (343
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 121,013      W (129,546    W (8,533
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(2021)

 

     Present value
of the defined
benefit
obligations
     Plan assets      Net
defined
benefit
liabilities
(assets)
 

Beginning balance

   W 111,011      W (115,812    W (4,801

Contributions from the employer

     —          (20,500      (20,500

Current-service cost

     11,407        —          11,407  

Interest expense (income)

     3,465        (3,640      (175

Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in demographic assumptions

     512        —          512  

Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in financial assumptions

     (8,839      1,603        (7,236

Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments

     (2,524      —          (2,524

Past-service cost

     9,502        —          9,502  

Management fees on plan assets

     —          206        206  

Benefits paid

     (4,837      4,841        4  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 119,697      W (133,302    W (13,605
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(4)

Details of plan assets as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  

Cash and cash equivalent

   W 50,326      W 49,707  

Others

     79,220        83,595  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W  129,546       W  133,302   
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(5)

Retirement benefit costs incurred from the defined contribution plan for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Retirement benefits

   W 860      W 2,342  

 

19.

OTHER LIABILITIES:

 

(1)

Details of other liabilities as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun. 30,
2022
     Dec. 31,
2021
 

Other financial liabilities:

     

Financial guarantee contract liabilities

   W 1,161,118      W 1,140,299  

Foreign exchanges payable

     83        8  

Accounts payable

     261,923        23,806  

Accrued expenses

     750,733        660,814  

Guarantee deposit received

     354        353  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     2,174,211        1,825,280  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Other liabilities:

     

Allowance for credit loss in derivatives

     —          39,670  

Unearned income

     96,531        101,831  

Current tax payable

     9,679        —    

Sundry liabilities

     10,849        18,339  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     117,059        159,840  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 2,291,270      W 1,985,120  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(2)

Changes in financial guarantee contract liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     2021  

Beginning balance

   W 1,140,299      W 1,182,101  

Foreign exchange translation

     61,886        58,185  

Reversal of financial guarantee contract liabilities

     (20,745      (75,587

Others(*1)

     (20,322      (24,400
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 1,161,118      W 1,140,299  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(*1)

Others are the effects of the change due to newly occurrence and the arrival of maturity of financial guarantee contracts evaluated by fair value the first time and the changes in discount rates.

 

20.

DERIVATIVES:

The Bank operates derivatives both for trading and hedging purposes. Derivatives held for trading purpose are included in financial assets and liabilities at FVTPL.

 

(1)

Fair value hedge

Fair value hedge is a hedge of the exposure to changes in fair value of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment, or an identified portion of such an asset, liability or firm commitment, that is attributable to a particular risk and could affect profit or loss. When applying fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk shall adjust the carrying amount of the hedged item and be recognized in profit or loss.

The Bank shall discontinue prospectively the fair value hedge if the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting or the Bank revokes the designation. Any adjustment arising from the gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk to the carrying amount of a hedged financial instrument for which the effective interest method is used shall be amortized to profit or loss.

The Bank uses interest rate swaps for hedging changes of fair values in hedged items arising from changes in interest rates. The Bank also uses currency swaps for hedging changes of fair values in hedged items arising from changes in foreign exchange rates.

 

(2)

Cash flow hedge

Cash flow hedge is a hedge of the exposure to variability in cash flows that is attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability (such as all or some future interest payments on variable rate debt) or a highly probable forecast transaction and could affect profit or loss. When applying cash flow hedge, the portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is determined to be an effective hedge shall be recognized in other comprehensive income; and the ineffective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument are recognized in profit or loss. If a hedge of a forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a financial asset or a financial liability, the associated gains or losses that were recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment in the same period or periods during which the hedged forecast cash flows affect profit or loss.

The Bank shall discontinue prospectively the cash flow hedge if hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting or the Bank revokes the designation. The forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, any related cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument that has been recognized in other comprehensive income from the period when the hedge was effective are reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment.

 

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The Bank uses interest rate swaps for hedging changes of cash flows in hedged items arising from changes in interest rates. The Bank also uses currency swaps for hedging changes of cash flows in hedged items arising from changes in foreign exchange.

 

(3)

Details of derivative assets and liabilities as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

                                                                                                        
            Derivative assets (*1)  

Detail

   Notional      Fair value
hedge
     Cash flow
hedge
     Trading      Total  

Interest:

              

Interest rate swaps

   W 69,207,784      W 137      W —        W 801,835      W 801,972  

Currency:

              

Currency forwards

     5,655,341        —          —          202,138        202,138  

Currency swaps

     26,842,045        143,744        9,085        694,961        847,790  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     32,497,386        143,744        9,085        897,099        1,049,928  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Stock:

              

Stock options

     46,952        —          —          —          —    

Other:

              

Other derivatives

     —          —          —          12        12  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 101,752,122      W    143,881      W 9,085      W 1,698,946      W 1,851,912  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(*1)

Credit risk adjustment amount related to derivatives is excluded.

 

                                                                                                        
            Derivative liabilities  

Detail

   Notional      Fair value
hedge
     Cash flow
hedge
     Trading      Total  

Interest:

              

Interest rate swaps

   W 69,207,784      W 784,545      W —        W 1,143,094      W 1,927,639  

Currency:

                            

Currency forwards

     5,655,341        —          —          171,574        171,574  

Currency swaps

     26,842,045        1,240,486        —          761,153        2,001,639  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     32,497,386        1,240,486        —          932,727        2,173,213  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Stock:

              

Stock options

     46,952        —          —          906        906  

Other:

              

Other derivatives

     —          —          —          —          —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 101,752,122      W 2,025,031      W —        W 2,076,727      W 4,101,758  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(December 31, 2021)

 

                                                                                                        
            Derivative assets  

Detail

   Notional
amount
     Fair value
hedge
     Cash flow
hedge
     Trading      Total  

Interest:

              

Interest rate swaps

   W 47,235,133      W 275,487      W —        W 578,475      W 853,962  

Currency:

              

Currency forwards

     5,871,649        —          —          57,739        57,739  

Currency swaps

     26,112,779        282,508        3,916        317,812        604,236  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     31,984,428        282,508        3,916        375,551        661,975  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Stock:

              

Stock options

     46,952        —          —          425        425  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W   79,266,513      W    557,995      W 3,916      W    954,451      W 1,516,362  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

                                                                                                        
            Derivative liabilities  

Detail

   Notional
amount
     Fair value
hedge
     Cash flow
hedge
     Trading      Total  

Interest:

              

Interest rate swaps

   W 47,235,133      W 147,373      W —        W 367,018      W 514,391  

Currency:

                            

Currency forwards

     5,871,649        —          —          40,909        40,909  

Currency swaps

     26,112,779        513,684        —          359,498        873,182  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     31,984,428        513,684        —          400,407        914,091  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Stock:

              

Stock options

     46,952        —          —          690        690  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W   79,266,513      W    661,057      W —        W    768,115      W 1,429,172  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(4)

Gains and losses from fair value hedging instruments and hedged items attributable to the hedged risk for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Fair value hedge – hedged items

   W 2,481,037      W 644,570  

Fair value hedge – hedging instruments

     (2,709,813      (760,324

 

(5)

As a result of cash flow hedge, the Bank recognized W5,168 million and W970 million as other comprehensive income (before tax effect) for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and there is no ineffectiveness recognized in relation to cash flow hedge for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.

 

(6)

Hedge accounting

 

1)

Purpose and strategy of risk avoidance

The Bank transacts with derivative financial instruments to hedge its interest rate risk and currency risk arising from the assets and liabilities of the Bank. The Bank applies the fair value hedge accounting for the changes in the market interest rates of the financial debentures in Korean won and foreign currency and the loans in foreign currency and cash flow hedge accounting for interest rate swaps and currency swaps to hedge cash flow risk due to interest rates of the debentures in Korean won and currency risk due to the loans in foreign currency.

 

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2)

Nominal values and average hedge ratio for derivatives as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

    Within
1 year
    1 to
2 years
    2 to
3 years
    3 to
4 years
    4 to
5 years
    Over
5 years
    Total  

Fair value hedges

             

Nominal amount of hedged items

  W 6,933,126     W 10,621,507     W 10,135,372     W 6,754,103     W 5,618,233     W 7,990,676     W 48,053,017  

Nominal amount of hedging instruments

    6,919,415       10,626,513       9,165,697       6,754,103       5,618,233       8,036,862       47,120,823  

Average hedge ratio

    99.80%       100.05%       90.43%       100.00%       100.00%       100.58%       98.06%  

Cash flow hedges

             

Nominal amount of hedged items

  W 64,645     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 64,645  

Nominal amount of hedging instruments

    64,645       —         —         —         —         —         64,645  

Average hedge ratio

    100.00%       —         —         —         —         —         100.00%  

(December 31, 2021)

 

    Within
1 year
    1 to
2 years
    2 to
3 years
    3 to
4 years
    4 to
5 years
    Over
5 years
    Total  

Fair value hedges

             

Nominal amount of hedged items

  W 6,662,420     W   6,872,921     W   9,069,369     W 7,143,818     W 5,552,558     W 7,382,156     W 42,683,242  

Nominal amount of hedging instruments

    6,649,848       6,872,921       9,072,215       6,254,693       5,552,558       7,433,170       41,835,405  

Average hedge ratio

    99.81%       100.00%       100.03%       87.55%       100.00%       100.69%       98.01%  

Cash flow hedges

             

Nominal amount of hedged items

  W 59,275     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 59,275  

Nominal amount hedging instruments

    59,275       —         —         —         —         —         59,275  

Average hedge ratio

    100.00%       —         —         —         —         —         100.00%  

 

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3)

Effect of hedge accounting on statements of financial position, statements of comprehensive income, statements of changes in equity

 

Effect of hedging instruments on statements of financial position, statements of comprehensive income, statements of changes in equity as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

                                                                                   

Detail

   Nominal
amount
     Carrying
amount

of assets (*1)
     Carrying
amount
of

liabilities
     Changes of
fair value

in the year
 

Fair value hedges

           

Interest swap

   W 33,098,960      W 137      W (784,545    W (908,401

Currency swap

     14,021,863        143,744        (1,240,486      (888,268
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     47,120,823        143,881        (2,025,031      (1,796,669
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Cash flow hedges

     64,645        9,085        —          5,168  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 47,185,468      W 152,966      W (2,025,031    W (1,791,501
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(*1)

Credit risk adjustment amount related to derivatives is excluded.

(December 31, 2021)

 

                                                                                   

Detail

   Nominal
amount
     Carrying
amount

    of  assets    
     Carrying
amount
of

liabilities
     Changes of
fair value

in the year
 

Fair value hedges

           

Interest swap

   W 28,537,438      W 275,487      W 147,373      W (797,378

Currency swap

     13,297,967        282,508        513,684        (791,844
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     41,835,405        557,995            661,057         (1,589,222
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Cash flow hedges

     59,275        3,916        —          3,916  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 41,894,680      W 561,911      W 661,057      W (1,585,306
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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Effect of fair value hedged items on statements of financial position, statements of comprehensive income, statements of changes in equity as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

                                                                                                        
     Statement financial position      Accumulated adjustment of
fair value hedging
       

Detail

   Loan      Debenture      Asset     Liability     Changes of
fair value
in the year
 

Interest:

            

Discontinuation of risk hedging

            

Loans in foreign currencies

   W 26,317      W —        W 999     W —       W (591

Debentures in local currency

     —          610,571        —         (163,049     99,429  

Debentures in foreign currencies

     —          31,434,882        —         (1,800,127     809,499  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

     26,317        32,045,453        999       (1,963,176     908,337  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Currency:

            

Loans in foreign currencies

     155,773        —          (8,868     —         (4,696

Discontinuation of risk hedging

            

Loans in foreign currencies

     14,122        —          (84     —         16  

Debentures in foreign currencies

     —          13,503,206        —         (378,712     366,829  

Discontinuation of risk hedging

            

Debentures in foreign currencies

     —          18,656        —         (1,889     (48
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

     169,895        13,521,862        (8,952     (380,601     362,101  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W 196,212      W 45,567,315      W (7,953   W (2,343,777   W 1,270,438  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(December 31, 2021)

 

                                                                                                        
     Statement financial position      Accumulated adjustment of
fair value hedging
       

Detail

   Loan      Debenture      Asset     Liability     Changes of
fair value
in the year
 

Interest:

            

Discontinuation of risk hedging

            

Loans in foreign currencies

   W 32,243      W —        W 1,533     W —       W (1,268

Debentures in local currency

     —          680,000        —         (63,620     31,817  

Debentures in foreign currencies

     —          28,930,459        —         215,758       816,305  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

     32,243        29,610,459        1,533       152,138       846,854  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Currency:

            

Loans in foreign currencies

     148,898        —          (4,156     —         (4,156

Discontinuation of risk hedging

            

Loans in foreign currencies

     14,402        —          (100     —         (16

Debentures in foreign currencies

     —          12,923,885        —         (8,277     287,476  

Discontinuation of risk hedging

            

Debentures in foreign currencies

     —          16,190        —         (1,937     (98
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

     163,300        12,940,075        (4,256     (10,214     283,206  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W 195,543      W 42,550,534      W (2,723   W 141,924     W 1,130,060  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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Effect of cash flow hedged items on statement of financial position, statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

Detail

   Statements of
Financial
position
     Accumulated
adjustment of
cash flow hedging
     Changes of
fair value
in the year
 

Currency:

        

Loans in foreign currencies

   W 64,645      W 6,886      W (5,088

(December 31, 2021)

 

Detail

   Statements of
Financial
position
     Accumulated
adjustment of
cash flow hedging
     Changes of
fair value
in the year
 

Currency:

        

Loans in foreign currencies

   W 59,275      W 2,968      W (4,024

 

4)

Gains (losses) on hedged items and hedging instruments attributable to the hedged ineffectiveness for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(Six months ended June 30, 2022)

 

                                                              
     Gains on
hedged items
    Losses on
hedging
instruments
    Hedge
ineffectiveness
recognized
in profit
 

Fair value hedges

   W 2,468,452     W (2,218,984   W 249,468  

Cash flow hedges

     (5,088     5,168       —    
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W 2,463,364     W (2,213,816   W 249,468  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(Six months ended June 30, 2021)

 

                                                              
     Losses on
hedged items
    Gains on
hedging
instruments
    Hedge
ineffectiveness
recognized
in profit
 

Fair value hedges

   W 601,274     W (555,830   W 45,444  

Cash flow hedges

     (1,161                970        —    
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W    600,113     W (554,860   W   45,444  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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(7)

Interest Rate Benchmark Reform

The hedging relationship to which the Bank applies fair value hedge and cash flow hedge is affected by the interest rate benchmark, which is related with the reform. The interest rate benchmarks that the hedging relationship is exposed to, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

Interest rate benchmark

   Carrying amount of
hedged items (assets)
     Carrying amount of
hedged items (liabilities)
     Nominal amount
of hedging instruments
 

KRW CD 3M

   W —        W 121,224      W 160,000  

KRW CMS 10Y

     —          88,220        110,000  

USD LIBOR 3M(*1)

     151,616        22,803,648        23,158,737  

USD LIBOR 6M(*1)

     —          5,020,259        5,452,125  

EUR LIBOR 3M

     —          194,023        202,508  

EUR LIBOR 6M

     —          4,972,404        5,123,440  

EUR CMS 20Y

     —          197,220        250,000  

EUR CMS 30Y

     —          140,287        190,000  

BBSW 3M

     —          1,412,721        1,423,232  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 151,616      W 34,950,006      W 36,070,042  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(*1)

Hedged items and hedging instruments due before June 30, 2023, when the LIBOR interest rate will be ceased being published, are excluded.

 

21.

CAPITAL STOCK:

As of June 30, 2022, the authorized capital and paid-in capital of the Bank are W15,000,000 million and W12,773,254 million, respectively. The Bank does not issue share certificates.

Changes in capital stock for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     2021  

Beginning balance

   W 12,748,254      W 12,449,456  

Paid-in capital increase

     25,000        298,798  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 12,773,254       W 12,748,254  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

22.

OTHER COMPONENTS OF EQUITY:

 

(1)

Details of other components of equity as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

        Jun. 30, 2022          Dec. 31, 2021  

Gain (loss) on equity securities at FVOCI

   W 908,093      W 842,816  

Gain (loss) on debt securities at FVOCI

     (170,804      18,020  

Gain (loss) on valuation of cash flow hedge

     6,886        2,968  

Remeasurement of net defined benefit liabilities

     18,865        18,865  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W      763,040      W      882,669  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(2)

Changes in other components for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(Six months ended June 30, 2022)

 

     Beginning
Balance
     Increase
(decrease)
     Tax effect      Ending
balance
 

Gain (loss) on equity securities at FVOCI

   W 842,816      W 86,118      W (20,841    W 908,093  

Gain (loss) on debt securities at FVOCI

     18,020        (249,108      60,284        (170,804

Gain (loss) on valuation of cash flow hedge

     2,968        5,168        (1,250      6,886  

Remeasurement of net defined benefit liabilities

     18,865        —          —          18,865  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 882,669      W (157,822    W 38,193      W 763,040  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(2021)

 

     Beginning
Balance
     Increase
(decrease)
     Tax effect      Ending
balance
 

Gain (loss) on equity securities at FVOCI

   W 773,104      W 91,968      W (22,256    W  842,816  

Gain (loss) on debt securities at FVOCI

     18,355        (442      107        18,020   

Gain (loss) on valuation of cash flow hedge

     3        3,913        (948      2,968  

Remeasurement of net defined benefit liabilities

     11,855        9,248        (2,238      18,865  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 803,317      W  104,687      W (25,335    W 882,669  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

23.

RETAINED EARNINGS:

 

(1)

Details of retained earnings as of as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  

Legal reserve(*1)

   W 500,991      W 446,237  

Voluntary reserve(*2)

     923,767        712,729  

Regulatory reserve for loan losses

     239,710        149,219  

Unappropriated retained earnings

     485,661        547,539  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 2,150,129      W 1,855,724  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

  (*1)

Pursuant to the EXIM Bank Act, the Bank appropriates 10% of separate profit for each accounting period as legal reserve, until the accumulated reserve equals to its paid-in capital.

  (*2)

The Bank appropriates the remaining balance of profit for the year, after the appropriation of regulatory reserve for loan losses and declaration of dividends, to voluntary reserve.

 

(2)

Changes in retained earnings for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     2021  

Beginning balance

   W 1,855,724      W 1,348,944  

Profit for the period(year)

     485,661        547,539  

Dividends

     (191,256      (40,759
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 2,150,129      W 1,855,724  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(3)

Regulatory reserve for loan losses

Regulatory reserve for loan losses is calculated and disclosed according to Article 29 (1) and (2), Regulation on Supervision of Banking Business. In accordance with Regulation on Supervision of Banking Business, etc., if the estimated allowance for credit loss determined by K-IFRS for the accounting purpose is lower than those for the regulatory purpose required by Regulation on Supervision of Banking Business, the Bank should reserve such difference as the regulatory reserve for loan losses. Due to the fact that regulatory reserve for loan losses is a voluntary reserve, the amounts that exceed the existing regulatory reserve for loan losses over the compulsory regulatory reserve for loan losses at the period-end date are reversed in profit. In case of accumulated deficit, the Bank should recommence setting aside regulatory reserve for loan losses at the time when accumulated deficit is reduced to zero.

 

1)

Regulatory reserve for loan losses

Details of regulatory reserve for loan losses as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  

Accumulated regulatory reserve for loan losses

   W 239,710      W 149,219  

Provision for regulatory reserve for loan losses

     244,416        90,491  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Regulatory reserve for loan losses

   W 484,126      W 239,710  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

2)

Provision for regulatory reserve for loan losses and profit for the period after adjusting regulatory reserve for loan losses

Details of regulatory reserve for loan losses and profit for the period after adjusting the reserve for six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Profit for the period

   W 485,661      W 523,342  

Provision for (Reversal of) regulatory reserve for loan losses

     (244,416      27,315  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Profit after adjusting the regulatory reserve for loan losses (*1)

   W 241,245      W 550,657  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

  (*1)

Adjusted profit considering regulatory reserve for loan losses as above is calculated by assuming that the provision in regulatory reserve for loan losses before income tax is reflected in profit for the period.

 

(4)

Details of dividends for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

The Government

   W 131,463      W 27,711  

Bank of Korea

     17,478        3,814  

Korea Development Bank

     42,315        9,234  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 191,256      W 40,759  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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24.

NET INTEREST INCOME:

Net interest income is the amount after deduction of interest expenses from interest income, and the details are as follows:

 

(1)

Details of interest income for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Interest of due from financial institutions:

     

Due from financial institutions in local currency

   W 7,976      W 3,932  

Due from financial institutions in foreign currencies

     8,775        3,440  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     16,751        7,372  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Interest of financial assets at FVTPL:

     

Interest of securities at FVTPL

     —          17  

Interest of loans at FVTPL

     —          75  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     —          92  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Interest of financial investments:

     

Interest of securities at FVOCI

     21,165        15,691  

Interest of securities at amortized cost

     9,276        6,264  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     30,441        21,955  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Interest of loans:

     

Interest of loans in local currency

     305,714        266,252  

Interest of loans in foreign currencies

     692,743        568,372  

Interest of bills bought

     5,667        4,252  

Interest of call loans

     3,654        1,346  

Interest of interbank loans

     303        1,374  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     1,008,081        841,596  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Other interest income

     —          234  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 1,055,273      W 871,249  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(2)

Details of interest expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Interest of borrowings:

     

Interest of borrowings in foreign currencies

   W 24,292      W 17,715  
     2,925        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     27,217        17,715  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Interest of call-money

     1,147        333  

Interest of debentures:

     

Interest of debentures in local currency

     192,870        120,905  

Interest of debentures in foreign currencies

     319,452        255,715  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     512,322        376,620  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Other interest expense

     591        371  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 541,277      W 395,039  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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25.

NET COMMISSION INCOME:

Net commission income is the amount after deduction of commission expenses from commission income, and the details are as follows.

 

(1)

Details of commission income for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Commission income in local currency:

     

Commission income on management of EDCF (*1)

   W 10,691      W 10,410  

Commission income on management of IKCF (*2)

     1,085        1,100  

Sundry commissions received from local currencies revenue

     693        980  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     12,469        12,490  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Commission income in foreign currencies:

     

Commission income on letters of credit

     1,754        1,157  

Commission income on confirmation on export letter of credit

     —          13  

Commission income on loan commitments

     18,272        12,302  

Management fees

     214        —    

Arrangement fees

     3,265        965  

Advisory fees

     1,895        197  

Advance redemption fees

     455        1,680  

Sundry commission income on foreign exchange

     39        265  

Brokerage fees for foreign currencies exchange funds

     53        116  

Sundry commissions received from foreign currencies revenue

     2,249        985  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     28,196        17,680  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Others:

     

Other commission income

     3,175        8,632  

Guarantee fees in foreign currencies:

     

Guarantee fees in foreign currencies

     75,724        60,393  

Premium for guarantee

     41,623        40,066  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     117,347        100,459  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 161,187      W 139,261  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

  (*1)

Economic Development Cooperation Fund

  (*2)

Inter Korean Cooperation Fund

 

(2)

Details of commission expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Commission expenses in local currency:

     

Commission expenses on domestic transactions

   W 268      W 141  

Commission expenses in foreign currencies:

     

Commission expenses on borrowings in foreign currencies

     2,055        1,431  

Sundry commission expenses on foreign exchange

     2,878        1,857  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     4,933        3,288  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Others:

     

Other commission expenses

     4,927        5,565  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 10,128      W 8,994  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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26.

DIVIDEND INCOME:

Details of dividend income for six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Financial assets at FVOCI

   W 51,524      W 38,493  

Investments in associates (*1)

     5,232        10,931  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 56,756      W 49,424  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

  (*1)

Classified as net gain on investments in associates and subsidiaries

 

27.

GAIN (LOSS) ON FINANCIAL ASSETS AT FVTPL:

Details of gain (loss) on financial assets at FVTPL for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Securities at FVTPL:

     

Gain on valuation

   W 23,245      W 1,368  

Loss on valuation

     (10,666      (11,064

Gain on disposal

     11,271        5,344  

Loss on disposal

     (1,285      (446

Others

     7,482        7,109  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     30,047        2,311  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Loans at FVTPL:

     

Gain on valuation

     —          3,662  

Loss on disposal

     (119      —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     (119      3,662  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Trading derivatives:

     

Gain on valuation

     1,270,639        416,376  

Loss on valuation

     (1,835,306      (557,372

Gain on transaction

     664,181        502,540  

Loss on transaction

     (220,490      (339,211
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     (120,976      22,333  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W (91,048    W 28,306  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

28.

GAIN (LOSS) ON HEDGING DERIVATIVES:

Details of gain (loss) on hedging derivatives for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Gain on hedging instruments

   W 221,600      W 159,935  

Loss on hedging instruments

     (2,931,413      (920,198
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W (2,709,813    W (760,263
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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29.

GAIN (LOSS) ON FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS:

Details of gain (loss) on financial investments for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Financial assets at FVOCI:

     

Gain on disposal

   W             97      W     1,530   

Loss on disposal

     (144      —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W (47    W 1,530  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

30.

OTHER OPERATING INCOME (EXPENSES):

Details of other operating income (expenses) for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Other operating income:

     

Gain on sale of loans at amortized cost

   W —        W 2,709  

Gain on fair value hedged items

     2,564,231        674,246  

Reversal of derivatives’ credit risk provision

     10,849        18,578  

Others

     360        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     2,575,440        695,533  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Other operating expenses:

     

Loss on fair value hedged items

     (83,194      (29,676

Contribution to miscellaneous funds

     (2,304      (2,376

Transfer of other provisions

     —          (3,950

Transfer to derivatives’ credit risk provision

     (663      (4,200

Others

     (337      (303
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     (86,498      (40,505
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 2,488,942      W 655,028  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

31.

ADDITIONAL (REVERSAL OF) IMPAIRMENT LOSS ON CREDIT:

Details of additional (reversal of) impairment loss on credit for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Loans at amortized cost

   W (11,412    W   40,457  

Other financial assets

     7,231        (20,366

Guarantees

     117,661        (61,485

Unused loan commitments

     731        (17,683

Financial guarantee contract

     (20,744      (15,675

Financial assets at FVOCI

     518        561  

Securities at amortized cost

     85        26  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W      94,070      W (74,165
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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32.

GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES:

Details of general and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

    

Detail

   Six months ended
June 30, 2022
    Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

General and administrative

   Short-term salaries    W 57,493     W 55,539  

Other expenses in financing department

   Office expenses      38,085       33,019  
     

 

 

   

 

 

 
  

Subtotal

     95,578       88,558  
     

 

 

   

 

 

 

Office expenses of EDCF

        918       502  

General and
administrative—Others

  

Retirement benefits (defined contributions)

     860       2,342  
  

Retirement benefits (defined benefits)

     5,416       5,617  
  

Depreciation of tangible assets

     4,102       3,516  
  

Amortization of intangible assets

     5,089       5,401  
  

Taxes and dues

     9,298       5,265  
  

Donations and contributions

     —         2,000  
     

 

 

   

 

 

 
  

Subtotal

     24,765       24,141  
     

 

 

   

 

 

 
  

Total

   W 121,261             W 113,201   
     

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

33.

NON-OPERATING INCOME (EXPENSES):

Details of non-operating income (expenses) for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

    

Detail

   Six months ended
June 30, 2022
    Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Gain on investments in associates and subsidiaries

  

Dividend income

   W     5,232             W   10,931  

Other incomes

  

Gain on disposal of tangible assets

     80       23  
  

Rent income

     149       50  
  

Damages paid for breach of contracts

     2       —    
  

Interest on other loans

     55       34  
  

Revenue on research project

     3,602       2,765  
  

Other miscellaneous income

     586       247  
     

 

 

   

 

 

 
  

Subtotal

     4,474       3,119  
     

 

 

   

 

 

 

Other expenses

  

Loss on disposal of tangible assets

     (1     (1
  

Loss on disposal of intangible assets

     (1     —    
  

Expenses for donation

     (1,984     (2,405
  

Court cost

     (362     (90
  

Expenses on research project

     (2,893     (2,758
  

Other miscellaneous expenses

     (346     (428
     

 

 

   

 

 

 
  

Subtotal

     (5,587     (5,682
     

 

 

   

 

 

 
  

Total

   W 4,119     W 8,368  
     

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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34.

INCOME TAX EXPENSE:

 

(1)

Details of income tax expenses (benefit) for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Current income tax payable

   W 13,880      W 136,161  

Adjustments recognized in the period for current tax of prior years

     17,322        (8,364

Changes in deferred income taxes due to temporary differences

     81,462        142,764  

Changes in deferred income taxes directly reflected in equity

     70,582        (104,160
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Income tax expense

   W    183,246      W 166,401  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(2)

Details of the reconciliation between profit before income tax and income tax expense (benefit) for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
    Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Profit before income tax expense

   W 668,907     W 689,743  

Income tax calculated at statutory tax rate (11% up to W200 million, 22% over W200 million to W20 billion, 24.2% over W20 billion to W300 billion, and 27.5% over W300 billion)

     178,768       179,317  

Adjustments:

    

Effect on non-taxable income

     —         —    

Effect on non-deductible expense

     158       140  

Others

     (13,002     (4,692
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

     (12,844     (4,552
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Adjustments recognized in the period for current tax of prior years

     17,322       (8,364
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Income tax expense

   W    183,246     W 166,401  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Effective tax rate from operations

     27.39     24.13

 

35.

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS:

Details of significant noncash investing and financing transactions for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Loan-for-equity swap of loans

   W    421,058      W 409,110   

Gain on valuation of financial assets at FVOCI

     223,811        428,696  

Transfers investments in associates to financial assets at FVOCI

     —          380,520  

Written-off

     7,860        309  

 

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36.

CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS:

 

(1)

Details of contingent liabilities and commitments as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

                                               

                               Detail                              

   Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  

Guarantees

  Confirmed    W 34,369,104      W 30,068,697  
  Unconfirmed      12,695,537        10,162,786  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

     47,064,641        40,231,483  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Loan commitments

 

Local currency, foreign currencies, offshore loan commitments

     29,151,252        30,217,694  
  Others      3,088,540        2,399,537  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

     32,239,792        32,617,231  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
 

Total

   W 79,304,433      W 72,848,714  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(2)

Details of guarantees that have been provided for others as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

                                                                       

            Detail             

   Jun. 30, 2022      Dec. 31, 2021  

Confirmed guarantees

  Local currency:      
 

Performance of contracts

   W 75,088      W 75,088  
 

Repayment of advances

     76,999        76,183  
 

Others

     39,014        38,742  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

     191,101        190,013  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
  Foreign currencies:      
 

Performance of contracts

     7,966,594        7,214,218  
 

Repayment of advances

     12,139,774        9,117,665  
 

Acceptances of imported goods

     —          1,902  
 

Acceptances of import letter of credit outstanding

     273,824        237,980  
 

Foreign liabilities

     10,473,150        10,009,388  
 

Others

     3,324,661        3,297,531  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

     34,178,003        29,878,684  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Unconfirmed guarantees

  Foreign liabilities      962,349        1,040,401  
  Repayment of advances      11,636,908        9,047,096  
  Issuance of import letter of credit      96,245        75,254  
  Others      35        35  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

     12,695,537        10,162,786  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
 

Total

   W 47,064,641      W 40,231,483  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(3)

Details of guarantees classified by country as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

    Confirmed guarantees     Unconfirmed guarantees     Total  

Detail

  Amount     Ratio (%)     Amount     Ratio (%)     Amount     Ratio (%)  

Asia

  Korea   W 22,246,107       64.73     W 11,732,409       92.42     W 33,978,516       72.20  
 

China

    166,511       0.48       —         —         166,511       0.35  
 

Saudi Arabia

    1,243,302       3.62       —         —         1,243,302       2.64  
 

India

    628,960       1.83       —         —         628,960       1.34  
 

Indonesia

    786,317       2.29       260,433       2.05       1,046,750       2.22  
 

Vietnam

    1,225,909       3.57       402,922       3.17       1,628,831       3.46  
 

Australia

    203,166       0.59       —         —         203,166       0.43  
 

Qatar

    222,250       0.65       —         —         222,250       0.47  
 

Singapore

    182,622       0.53       —         —         182,622       0.39  
 

Oman

    563,213       1.64       9,973       0.08       573,186       1.22  
 

Uzbekistan

    336,997       0.98       —         —         336,997       0.72  
 

Others

    1,798,717       5.23       121,474       0.96       1,920,191       4.08  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    29,604,071       86.14       12,527,211       98.68       42,131,282       89.52  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Europe

  United Kingdom     63,029       0.18       —         —         63,029       0.13  
 

France

    236,648       0.69       —         —         236,648       0.50  
 

Others

    1,843,765       5.36       126,955       1.00       1,970,720       4.19  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    2,143,442       6.23       126,955       1.00       2,270,397       4.82  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

America

  United States     866,281       2.52       16,808       0.13       883,089       1.88  
 

Brazil

    435,957       1.27       —         —         435,957       0.93  
 

Mexico

    425,760       1.24       —         —         425,760       0.90  
 

Bermuda

    —         —         —         —         —         —    
 

Others

    545,190       1.59       24,563       0.19       569,753       1.21  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    2,273,188       6.62       41,371       0.32       2,314,559       4.92  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Africa

  Madagascar     95,576       0.28       —         —         95,576       0.20  
 

Others

    252,827       0.73       —         —         252,827       0.54  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    348,403       1.01       —         —         348,403       0.74  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Total

  W 34,369,104       100.00     W 12,695,537       100.00     W 47,064,641       100.00  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents

(December 31, 2021)

 

    Confirmed guarantees     Unconfirmed guarantees     Total  

Detail

  Amount     Ratio (%)     Amount     Ratio (%)     Amount     Ratio (%)  

Asia

  Korea   W 18,382,248       61.13     W 9,121,271       89.75     W 27,503,519       68.36  
 

China

    174,668       0.58       —         —         174,668       0.43  
 

Saudi Arabia

    1,226,580       4.08       —         —         1,226,580       3.05  
 

India

    587,733       1.95       —         —         587,733       1.46  
 

Indonesia

    716,448       2.38       304,695       3.00       1,021,143       2.54  
 

Vietnam

    1,100,647       3.66       433,889       4.27       1,534,536       3.81  
 

Australia

    207,027       0.69       —         —         207,027       0.51  
 

Qatar

    218,227       0.73       —         —         218,227       0.54  
 

Singapore

    135,957       0.45       —         —         135,957       0.34  
 

Oman

    506,487       1.68       37,498       0.37       543,985       1.35  
 

Uzbekistan

    330,123       1.10       —         —         330,123       0.82  
 

Others

    1,694,809       5.65       134,339       1.32       1,829,148       4.56  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    25,280,954       84.08       10,031,692       98.71       35,312,646       87.77  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Europe

  United Kingdom     57,793       0.19       —         —         57,793       0.14  
 

France

    249,712       0.83       —         —         249,712       0.62  
 

Others

    1,816,658       6.04       77,274       0.76       1,893,932       4.71  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    2,124,163       7.06       77,274       0.76       2,201,437       5.47  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

America

  United States     966,069       3.22       13,041       0.13       979,110       2.43  
 

Brazil

    400,481       1.33       —         —         400,481       1.00  
 

Mexico

    406,125       1.35       —         —         406,125       1.01  
 

Bermuda

    —         —         —         —         —         —    
 

Others

    509,126       1.69       40,779       0.40       549,905       1.37  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    2,281,801       7.59       53,820       0.53       2,335,621       5.81  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Africa

  Madagascar     87,636       0.29       —         —         87,636       0.22  
 

Others

    294,143       0.98       —         —         294,143       0.73  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    381,779       1.27       —         —         381,779       0.95  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Total

  W 30,068,697       100.00     W 10,162,786       100.00     W 40,231,483       100.00  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(4)

Details of guarantees classified by industry as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

     Confirmed guarantees      Unconfirmed guarantees      Total  

Detail

   Amount      Ratio (%)      Amount      Ratio (%)      Amount      Ratio (%)  

Manufacturing

   W 19,039,059        55.40      W 11,666,766        91.90      W 30,705,825        65.24  

Transportation

     2,169,373        6.31        —          —          2,169,373        4.61  

Financial institution

     844,143        2.46        779        0.01        844,922        1.80  

Wholesale and retail

     826,233        2.40        34,403        0.27        860,636        1.83  

Real estate business

     41,771        0.12        48,835        0.38        90,606        0.19  

Construction

     5,934,674        17.27        102,585        0.81        6,037,259        12.83  

Public sector and others

     5,513,851        16.04        842,169        6.63        6,356,020        13.50  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 34,369,104        100.00      W 12,695,537        100.00      W 47,064,641        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(December 31, 2021)

 

     Confirmed guarantees      Unconfirmed guarantees      Total  

Detail

   Amount      Ratio (%)      Amount      Ratio (%)      Amount      Ratio (%)  

Manufacturing

   W 15,695,679        52.20      W 8,938,321        87.95      W 24,634,000        61.22  

Transportation

     2,226,005        7.40        —          —          2,226,005        5.53  

Financial institution

     904,286        3.01        1,114        0.01        905,400        2.25  

Wholesale and retail

     734,150        2.44        43,915        0.43        778,065        1.93  

Real estate business

     42,562        0.14        48,556        0.48        91,118        0.23  

Construction

     5,250,974        17.46        78,279        0.77        5,329,253        13.25  

Public sector and others

     5,215,041        17.35        1,052,601        10.36        6,267,642        15.59  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 30,068,697        100.00      W 10,162,786        100.00      W 40,231,483        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(5)

Global Medium-Term Note Program and CP programs

The Bank has been establishing the following programs regarding the issue of foreign currencies bonds and CPs:

 

  1)

Established on August 1, 1991, initially, and annually renewed, U.S. Shelf Registration to issue foreign bonds under the Securities and Exchange Commission rule of the United States of America with an issuance limit of USD 55 billion.

 

  2)

Established on May 14, 1997, and May 16, 1997, initially, and annually renewed, CP program to issue CPs with issuance limits of USD 6 billion and USD 2 billion, respectively.

 

  3)

Established on November 6, 1997, initially, and annually renewed, Global Medium-Term Note Program to issue mid-to-long-term foreign currencies bonds with an issuance limit of USD 27.5 billion.

 

  4)

Established on February 2, 2012, initially, and renewed every year, MYR MTN program to issue Malaysian Ringgit-denoted bonds with issuance limits of MYR 1 billion.

 

  5)

Established in 1995, initially, and every other yearly renewed, Yen Shelf Registration to issue Samurai bond with an issuance limit of JPY 500 billion.

 

  6)

Established on May 31, 2010, Australian Domestic Debt Issuance Program to issue Kangaroo bond with limit of AUD 6 billion.

 

  7)

Established on January 17, 2011, and renewed every two years, Uridashi Shelf Registration to issue Uridashi bond with an issuance limit of JPY 500 billion.

 

(6)

Litigations

As of June 30, 2022, 10 lawsuits (aggregated claim amount: W73,044 million) were filed as a plaintiff and 8 pending litigations as a defendant were filed (aggregated claim amount: W29,366 million). The Bank’s management expects that there is no significant impact on the financial statements due to these lawsuits but it is possible to make additional loss to the Bank due to the results of future litigation.

 

(7)

Written-off loans

The Bank manages written-off loans that have claims on debtors due to the statute of limitations, uncollected after write-off, etc. The written-off loans as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are W2,091,315 million and W2,053,343 million, respectively.

 

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(8)

Significant events during the interim reporting period

The proliferation of COVID-19 has had a negative impact on the global economy, which may have a greater impact than the expected credit loss and potential impairment of assets in a particular portfolio, negatively impacting the profit generation capability of the Bank as follows:

 

   

Uncertainty may arise about the credit risk of a borrower that could be affected by COVID-19.

 

   

Uncertainty may arise about forward-looking macroeconomic information related to expected credit losses.

 

   

Korean won may depreciate against major foreign currencies. This may result in an increase in principal and interest payments on liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, and losses on foreign exchange transactions.

 

   

Possible significant decrease in the fair value of an entity affected by COVID-19 pandemic, in which the bank invested, may occur.

Meanwhile, the impact of COVID-19 on expected credit losses is described in note 10. Loans at Amortized Cost.

 

(9)

International sanctions are being imposed on Russia in relation to the Ukraine crisis that occurred in February 2022. The sanctions may affect companies, industries and economies doing business with Russia directly or indirectly. The bank continues to monitor and manage the impact of the Ukraine crisis.

 

37.

TRANSACTIONS AND BALANCES WITH RELATED PARTIES:

Related parties consist of entities related to the Bank, postemployment benefits, a key management personnel and a close member of that person’s family, an entity controlled or jointly controlled and an entity influenced significantly.

 

(1)

Details of related parties as of June 30, 2022 are as follows:

 

Detail

   Relationship      Ownership-
percentage (%)
 

Parent:

     

Korean government

     Parent        68.80  

Subsidiaries and Associates:

     

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

     Subsidiary        100.00  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     Subsidiary        85.00  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     Subsidiary        100.00  

KEXIM Asia Limited

     Subsidiary        100.00  

KEXIM Global(Singapore) Ltd

     Subsidiary        100.00  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

     Subsidiary        100.00  

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund

     Associate        14.97  

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

     Associate        25.00  

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

     Associate        26.41  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

     Associate        —    

 

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(2)

Significant balances of receivables, payables and guarantees with the related parties

 

  1)

Significant balances of receivables and payables with the related parties as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

Detail

   Receivables      Allowance /
Provisions
     Payables  

Subsidiaries:

        

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W 334,877      W —        W —    

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     149,087        287        —    

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     147,809        175        —    

KEXIM Asia Limited

     180,329        95        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     812,102        557        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Associates:

        

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.(*1)

     2,696,539        801,662        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 3,508,641      W 802,219      W —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

  (*1)

It includes W2,106,015 million of convertible bonds acquired through loan conversion.

(December 31, 2021)

 

Detail

   Receivables      Allowance /
Provisions
     Payables  

Subsidiaries:

        

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W 177,709      W —        W —    

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     143,543        267        —    

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     144,256        315        1  

KEXIM Asia Limited

     129,953        81        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     595,461        663        1  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Associates:

        

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.(*1)

     2,524,098        433,756        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 3,119,559      W 434,419      W 1  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

  (*1)

It includes W1,966,870 million of convertible bonds acquired through loan conversion.

 

2)

Guarantees provided to the related parties as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(June 30, 2022)

 

Detail

   Confirmed
guarantees
     Unconfirmed
guarantees
     Loan
commitments
     Other
commitments
 

Subsidiaries:

           

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W —        W —        W 117,179      W —    

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     —          —          45,252        —    

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     —          779        107,274        —    

KEXIM Asia Limited

     —          —          165,534        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     —          779        435,239        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Associates:

           

Daewoo Shipbuilding 
& Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

     3,904,670        3,641,156        1,450,000        2,415,394  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 3,904,670      W 3,641,935      W 1,885,239      W 2,415,394  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents

(December 31, 2021)

 

Detail

   Confirmed
guarantees
     Unconfirmed
guarantees
     Loan
commitments
     Other
commitments
 

Subsidiaries:

           

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W —        W —        W 232,365      W —    

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     —          —          34,380        —    

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     —          1,114        89,888        —    

KEXIM Asia Limited

     —          —          192,153        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     —          1,114        548,786        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Associates:

           

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

     2,822,425        2,379,492        1,450,000        1,665,958  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 2,822,425      W 2,380,606      W 1,998,786      W 1,665,958  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(3)

Profit and loss transactions with related parties

Profit and loss transactions with related parties for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(Six months ended June 30, 2022)

 

     Revenue      Bad debt
expenses
     Expenses  

Subsidiaries:

        

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W 633      W —        W —    

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     651        17        —    

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     680        (146      —    

KEXIM Asia Limited

     1,019        12        —    

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

     —          —          3,396  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     2,983        (117      3,396  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Associates:

        

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

     50,479        139,141        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 53,462      W 139,024      W 3,396  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(Six months ended June 30, 2021)

 

     Revenue      Bad debt
expenses
     Expenses  

Subsidiaries:

        

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W 209      W —        W —    

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     309        9        —    

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     271        12        —    

KEXIM Asia Limited

     341        (72      —    

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

     —          —          3,205  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     1,130        (51      3,205  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Associates:

        

DAESUN Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd. (*1)

     4,564        —          —    

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

     36,697        (58,046      —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     41,261        (58,046      —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 42,391      W (58,097    W 3,205  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

  (*1)

As the company was excluded from related parties during for the six months ended June 30, 2021, the transaction records are recorded until excluded from related parties.

 

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(4)

Loan transactions with related parties

Loan transactions with related parties for six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021 is as follows (Korean won in millions):

(Six months ended June 30, 2022)

 

     Financing transaction  

Detail

   Loan      Collection  

Subsidiaries:

     

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W 620,759      W 475,668  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     283,793        291,079  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     296,557        305,852  

KEXIM Asia Limited

     150,542        114,632  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 1,351,651      W 1,187,231  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

(2021)

 

     Financing transaction  

Detail

   Loan      Collection  

Subsidiaries:

     

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W 353,591      W 354,388  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     288,237        294,080  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     273,001        252,213  

KEXIM Asia Limited

     110,055        153,988  

Associates:

     

DAESUN Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd.(*1)

     84,259        506,111  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 1,109,143      W 1,560,780  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

  (*1)

As the company was excluded from related parties during for the year ended December 31, 2021, the transaction records are recorded until excluded from related parties.

 

(5)

Details of compensation for key executives for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

Detail

   Six months ended
June 30, 2022
     Six months ended
June 30, 2021
 

Short-term employee benefits

   W 1,347      W 1,276  

Retirement benefits

     107        277  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     1,454      W     1,553  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

The Economy

Gross Domestic Product

Based on preliminary data, GDP growth in the first nine months of 2022 was 3.1% at chained 2015 year prices, primarily due to an increase in aggregate private and general government consumption expenditures by 4.8% and an increase in exports of goods and services by 4.8%, the effects of which were offset in part by an increase in imports of goods and services by 7.8%, each compared with the corresponding period of 2021.

Principal Sectors of the Economy

Prices, Wages and Employment

Based on preliminary data, the inflation rate was 5.0% and the unemployment rate was 2.5% in the first nine months of 2022.

The Financial System

Securities Markets

The Korea Composite Stock Price Index was 2,332.6 on June 30, 2022, 2,451.5 on July 29, 2022, 2,472.1 on August 31, 2022, 2,155.5 on September 30, 2022, 2,293.6 on October 31, 2022, 2,472.5 on November 30, 2022, and 2,236.4 on December 29, 2022.

Monetary Policy

Interest Rates

The Bank of Korea raised its policy rate from 1.75% to 2.25% on July 13, 2022, 2.50% on August 25, 2022, 3.00% on October 12, 2022, and 3.25% on November 24, 2022 in response to rising levels of household debt and inflationary pressures.

Foreign Exchange

The market average exchange rate between the Won and the U.S. Dollar (in Won per one U.S. Dollar) as announced by the Seoul Money Brokerage Service Ltd. was Won 1,292.9 to US$1.00 on June 30, 2022, Won 1,304.0 to US$1.00 on July 29, 2022, Won 1,347.5 to US$1.00 on August 31, 2022, Won 1,434.8 to US$1.00 on September 30, 2022, Won 1,419.3 to US$1.00 on October 31, 2022, Won 1,331.5 to US$1.00 on November 30, 2022 and Won 1,267.3 to US$1.00 on December 30, 2022.

Balance of Payments and Foreign Trade

Balance of Payments

Based on preliminary data, the Republic recorded a current account surplus of US$24.1 billion in the first nine months of 2022. The current account surplus in the first nine months of 2022 decreased from the current account surplus of US$67.4 billion in the corresponding period of 2021, primarily due to decreases in surpluses from the goods account and the income account, which were offset in part by a decrease in deficit from the services account.

Trade Balance

Based on preliminary data, the Republic recorded a trade deficit of US$28.9 billion in the first nine months of 2022. Exports increased by 12.2% to US$524.7 billion in the first nine months of 2022 from US$467.7 billion

 

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in the corresponding period of 2021, primarily due to an improvement in the domestic economic conditions of the Republic’s major trading partners. Imports increased by 25.0% to US$553.5 billion in the first nine months of 2022 from US$442.7 billion in the corresponding period of 2021, primarily due to an increase in energy and commodity prices, which also led to increased unit prices of other major raw materials.

Foreign Currency Reserves

The amount of the Government’s foreign currency reserves was US$416.1 billion as of November 30, 2022.

 

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DESCRIPTION OF THE NOTES

The following is a description of some of the terms of the Notes we are offering. Since it is only a summary, we urge you to read the fiscal agency agreement described below and the form of global note before deciding whether to invest in the Notes. We have filed a copy of these documents with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission as exhibits to the registration statement no. 333-265869.

The general terms of our Notes are described in the accompanying prospectus. The description in this prospectus supplement further adds to that description or, to the extent inconsistent with that description, replaces it.

Governed by Fiscal Agency Agreement

We will issue the Notes under the fiscal agency agreement, dated as of August 1, 1991, between us and The Bank of New York Mellon (formerly known as The Bank of New York) (as successor to JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.), as fiscal agent, as amended or supplemented from time to time (the “Fiscal Agency Agreement”). The fiscal agent will maintain a register for the Notes.

Payment of Principal and Interest

20                     Notes

The 20                     Notes are initially limited to US$                     aggregate principal amount. The 20                     Notes will mature on January                     , 20                     (the “20                     Note Maturity Date”). The 20                     Notes will bear interest at a rate of                     % per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January                      and July                      of each year (each a “20                     Note Interest Payment Date”). The first interest payment on the 20                     Notes will be made on July                     , 2023 in respect of the period from (and including) January                     , 2023 to (but excluding) July                     , 2023.

Interest on the 20                     Notes will accrue from January                     , 2023. If any 20                     Note Interest Payment Date or the 20                     Note Maturity Date falls on a day that is not a business day (as defined below), then payment will not be made on such date but will be made on the next succeeding day that is a business day, with the same force and effect as if made on such 20                     Note Interest Payment Date or the 20                     Note Maturity Date (as the case may be), and no interest shall be payable in respect of such delay. The term “business day” as used herein means a day other than a Saturday, a Sunday, or any other day on which banking institutions in The City of New York, London or Seoul are authorized or required by law or executive order to remain closed.

We will pay interest to the person who is registered as the owner of a 20                     Note at the close of business on the fifteenth day (whether or not a business day) preceding such Interest Payment Date. Interest on the 20                     Notes will be computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. We will make principal and interest payments on the 20                     Notes in immediately available funds in U.S. dollars.

20                     Notes

The 20                     Notes are initially limited to US$                     aggregate principal amount. The 20                     Notes will mature on January                     , 20                     (the “20                     Note Maturity Date”). The 20                     Notes will bear interest at a rate of                     % per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January                      and July                      of each year (each a “20                     Note Interest Payment Date”). The first interest payment on the 20                     Notes will be made on July                     , 2023 in respect of the period from (and including) January                     , 2023 to (but excluding) July                     , 2023.

 

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Interest on the 20                     Notes will accrue from January                     , 2023. If any 20                     Note Interest Payment Date or the 20                     Note Maturity Date falls on a day that is not a business day (as defined below), then payment will not be made on such date but will be made on the next succeeding day that is a business day, with the same force and effect as if made on such 20                     Note Interest Payment Date or the 20                     Note Maturity Date (as the case may be), and no interest shall be payable in respect of such delay. The term “business day” as used herein means a day other than a Saturday, a Sunday, or any other day on which banking institutions in The City of New York, London or Seoul are authorized or required by law or executive order to remain closed.

We will pay interest to the person who is registered as the owner of a 20                     Note at the close of business on the fifteenth day (whether or not a business day) preceding such Interest Payment Date. Interest on the 20                     Notes will be computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. We will make principal and interest payments on the 20                     Notes in immediately available funds in U.S. dollars.

20                     Blue Notes

The 20                     Blue Notes are initially limited to US$                     aggregate principal amount. The 20                     Blue Notes will mature on January                     , 20                     (the “20                     Blue Note Maturity Date”). The 20                     Blue Notes will bear interest at a rate of                     % per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on January                      and July                      of each year (each a “20                     Blue Note Interest Payment Date”). The first interest payment on the 20                     Blue Notes will be made on July                     , 2023 in respect of the period from (and including) January                     , 2023 to (but excluding) July                     , 2023.

Interest on the 20                     Blue Notes will accrue from January                     , 2023. If any 20                     Blue Note Interest Payment Date or the 20                     Blue Note Maturity Date falls on a day that is not a business day (as defined below), then payment will not be made on such date but will be made on the next succeeding day that is a business day, with the same force and effect as if made on such 20                     Blue Note Interest Payment Date or the 20                     Blue Note Maturity Date (as the case may be), and no interest shall be payable in respect of such delay. The term “business day” as used herein means a day other than a Saturday, a Sunday, or any other day on which banking institutions in The City of New York, London or Seoul are authorized or required by law or executive order to remain closed.

We will pay interest to the person who is registered as the owner of a 20                     Blue Note at the close of business on the fifteenth day (whether or not a business day) preceding such Interest Payment Date. Interest on the 20                     Blue Notes will be computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. We will make principal and interest payments on the 20                     Blue Notes in immediately available funds in U.S. dollars.

Denomination

The Notes will be issued in minimum denominations of US$200,000 principal amount and integral multiples of US$1,000 in excess thereof.

Redemption

We may not redeem the Notes prior to maturity. At maturity, we will redeem the Notes at par.

Form and Registration

The Notes will be represented by one or more fully registered global notes, which will be deposited with a custodian for, and registered in the name of a nominee of, DTC. Except as described in the accompanying

 

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prospectus under “Description of the Securities—Description of Debt Securities—Global Securities,” the global notes will not be exchangeable for Notes in definitive registered form, and will not be issued in definitive registered form. Financial institutions, acting as direct and indirect participants in DTC, will represent your beneficial interests in the global notes. These financial institutions will record the ownership and transfer of your beneficial interest through book-entry accounts. You may hold your beneficial interests in the Notes through Euroclear or Clearstream if you are a participant in such systems, or indirectly through organizations that are participants in such systems. Any secondary market trading of book-entry interests in the Notes will take place through DTC participants, including Euroclear and Clearstream. See “Clearance and Settlement—Transfers Within and Between DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream.”

The fiscal agent will not charge you any fees for the Notes, other than reasonable fees for the replacement of lost, stolen, mutilated or destroyed Notes. However, you may incur fees for the maintenance and operation of the book-entry accounts with the clearing systems in which your beneficial interests are held.

For so long as the Notes are listed on the SGX-ST and the rules of the SGX-ST so require, in the event that a global note is exchanged for Notes in definitive form, we will appoint and maintain a paying agent in Singapore, where the Notes may be presented or surrendered for payment or redemption. In addition, in the event that a global note is exchanged for Notes in definitive form, an announcement of such exchange will be made by or on behalf of us through the SGX-ST and such announcement will include all material information with respect to the delivery of the Notes in definitive form, including details of the paying agent in Singapore.

Further Issues

We may from time to time, without the consent of the holders of the Notes, create and issue additional debt securities with the same terms and conditions as any series of the Notes in all respects so that such further issue shall be consolidated and form a single series with the relevant series of the Notes. We will not issue any such additional debt securities unless the issuance would constitute a “qualified reopening” for U.S. federal income tax purposes or such additional debt securities would otherwise be part of the same “issue” for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Notices

While the Notes are represented by the global note deposited with the custodian for DTC, notices to holders may be given by delivery to DTC, and such notices will be deemed to be given on the date of delivery to DTC. The fiscal agent may also mail notices by first-class mail, postage prepaid, to each registered holder’s last known address as it appears in the security register that the fiscal agent maintains. The fiscal agent will only mail these notices to the registered holder of the Notes. You will not receive notices regarding the Notes directly from us unless we reissue the Notes to you in fully certificated form.

Neither the failure to give any notice to a particular holder, nor any defect in a notice given to a particular holder, will affect the sufficiency of any notice given to another holder.

 

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CLEARANCE AND SETTLEMENT

We have obtained the information in this section from sources we believe to be reliable, including DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream. We accept responsibility only for accurately extracting information from such sources. DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream are under no obligation to perform or continue to perform the procedures described below, and they may modify or discontinue them at any time. Neither we nor the registrar will be responsible for DTC’s, Euroclear’s or Clearstream’s performance of their obligations under their rules and procedures. Nor will we or the registrar be responsible for the performance by direct or indirect participants of their obligations under their rules and procedures.

Introduction

The Depository Trust Company

DTC is:

 

   

a limited-purpose trust company organized under the New York Banking Law;

 

   

a “banking organization” under the New York Banking Law;

 

   

a member of the Federal Reserve System;

 

   

a “clearing corporation” under the New York Uniform Commercial Code; and

 

   

a “clearing agency” registered under Section 17A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

DTC was created to hold securities for its participants and facilitate the clearance and settlement of securities transactions between its participants. It does this through electronic book-entry changes in the accounts of its direct participants, eliminating the need for physical movement of securities certificates. DTC is owned by a number of its direct participants and by the New York Stock Exchange Inc., the American Stock Exchange, Inc. and the National Association of Securities Dealers Inc.

Euroclear and Clearstream

Like DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream hold securities for their participants and facilitate the clearance and settlement of securities transactions between their participants through electronic book-entry changes in their accounts. Euroclear and Clearstream provide various services to their participants, including the safekeeping, administration, clearance and settlement and lending and borrowing of internationally traded securities. Participants in Euroclear and Clearstream are financial institutions such as underwriters, securities brokers and dealers, banks and trust companies. Some of the underwriters participating in this offering are participants in Euroclear or Clearstream. Other banks, brokers, dealers and trust companies have indirect access to Euroclear or Clearstream by clearing through or maintaining a custodial relationship with a Euroclear or Clearstream participant.

Ownership of the Notes through DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream

We will issue the Notes in the form of one or more fully registered global notes, registered in the name of a nominee of DTC. Financial institutions, acting as direct and indirect participants in DTC, will represent your beneficial interests in the global notes. These financial institutions will record the ownership and transfer of your beneficial interests through book-entry accounts. You may hold your beneficial interests in the Notes through Euroclear or Clearstream, if you are a DTC participant in such systems, or indirectly through organizations that are DTC participants in such systems. Euroclear and Clearstream will hold their Euroclear/Clearstream participants’ beneficial interests in the global notes in their customers’ securities accounts with their depositaries. These depositaries of Euroclear and Clearstream in turn will hold such interests in their customers’ securities accounts with DTC.

 

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We and the fiscal agent generally will treat the registered holder of the Notes, initially Cede & Co., as the absolute owner of the Notes for all purposes. Once we and the fiscal agent make payments to the registered holder, we and the fiscal agent will no longer be liable on the Notes for the amounts so paid. Accordingly, if you own a beneficial interest in the global notes, you must rely on the procedures of the institutions through which you hold your interests in the Notes, including DTC, Euroclear, Clearstream and their respective participants, to exercise any of the rights granted to holders of Notes. Under existing industry practice, if you desire to take any action that Cede & Co., as the holder of the global notes, is entitled to take, then Cede & Co. would authorize the DTC participant through which you own your beneficial interest to take such action. The DTC participant would then either authorize you to take the action or act for you on your instructions.

DTC may grant proxies or authorize its DTC participants, or persons holding beneficial interests in the Notes through such DTC participants, to exercise any rights of a holder or take any actions that a holder is entitled to take under the fiscal agency agreement or the Notes. Euroclear’s or Clearstream’s ability to take actions as holder under the Notes or the fiscal agency agreement will be limited by the ability of their respective depositaries to carry out such actions for them through DTC. Euroclear and Clearstream will take such actions only in accordance with their respective rules and procedures.

The fiscal agent will not charge you any fees for the Notes, other than reasonable fees and indemnity satisfactory to the fiscal agent for the replacement of lost, stolen, mutilated or destroyed Notes. However, you may incur fees for the maintenance and operation of the book-entry accounts with the clearing systems in which your beneficial interests are held.

Transfers Within and Between DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream

Trading Between DTC Purchasers and Sellers

DTC participants will transfer interests in the Notes among themselves in the ordinary way according to DTC rules. Participants will pay for such transfers by wire transfer. The laws of some states require certain purchasers of securities to take physical delivery of the securities in definitive form. These laws may impair your ability to transfer beneficial interests in the global notes to such purchasers. DTC can act only on behalf of its direct participants, who in turn act on behalf of indirect participants and certain banks. Thus, your ability to pledge a beneficial interest in the global notes to persons that do not participate in the DTC system, and to take other actions, may be limited because you will not possess a physical certificate that represents your interest.

Trading Between Euroclear and/or Clearstream Participants

Participants in Euroclear and Clearstream will transfer interests in the Notes among themselves according to the rules and operating procedures of Euroclear and Clearstream.

Trading Between a DTC Seller and a Euroclear or Clearstream Purchaser

When the Notes are to be transferred from the account of a DTC participant to the account of a Euroclear or Clearstream participant, the purchaser must first send instructions to Euroclear or Clearstream through a participant at least one business day prior to the settlement date. Euroclear or Clearstream will then instruct its depositary to receive the Notes and make payment for them. On the settlement date, the depositary will make payment to the DTC participant’s account and the Notes will be credited to the depositary’s account. After settlement has been completed, DTC will credit the Notes to Euroclear or Clearstream, Euroclear or Clearstream will credit the Notes, in accordance with its usual procedures, to the participant’s account, and the participant will then credit the purchaser’s account. These securities credits will appear the next day (European time) after the settlement date. The cash debit from the account of Euroclear or Clearstream will be back-valued to the value date, which will be the preceding day if settlement occurs in New York. If settlement is not completed on the intended value date (i.e., the trade fails), the cash debit will instead be valued at the actual settlement date.

 

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Participants in Euroclear and Clearstream will need to make funds available to Euroclear or Clearstream to pay for the Notes by wire transfer on the value date. The most direct way of doing this is to pre-position funds (i.e., have funds in place at Euroclear or Clearstream before the value date), either from cash on hand or existing lines of credit. Under this approach, however, participants may take on credit exposure to Euroclear and Clearstream until the Notes are credited to their accounts one day later.

As an alternative, if Euroclear or Clearstream has extended a line of credit to a participant, the participant may decide not to pre-position funds, but to allow Euroclear or Clearstream to draw on the line of credit to finance settlement for the Notes. Under this procedure, Euroclear or Clearstream would charge the participant overdraft charges for one day, assuming that the overdraft would be cleared when the Notes were credited to the participant’s account. However, interest on the Notes would accrue from the value date. Therefore, in many cases the interest income on the Notes which the participant earns during that one-day period will substantially reduce or offset the amount of the participant’s overdraft charges. Of course, this result will depend on the cost of funds (i.e., the interest rate that Euroclear or Clearstream charges) to each participant.

Since the settlement will occur during New York business hours, a DTC participant selling an interest in the Notes can use its usual procedures for transferring global securities to the depositories of Euroclear or Clearstream for the benefit of Euroclear or Clearstream participants. The DTC seller will receive the sale proceeds on the settlement date. Thus, to the DTC seller, a cross-market sale will settle no differently than a trade between two DTC participants.

Finally, day traders who use Euroclear or Clearstream and who purchase the Notes from DTC participants for credit to Euroclear participants or Clearstream participants should note that these trades will automatically fail unless one of three steps is taken:

 

   

borrowing through Euroclear or Clearstream for one day, until the purchase side of the day trade is reflected in the day trader’s Euroclear or Clearstream account, in accordance with the clearing system’s customary procedures;

 

   

borrowing the Notes in the United States from DTC participants no later than one day prior to settlement, which would allow sufficient time for the Notes to be reflected in the Euroclear or Clearstream account in order to settle the sale side of the trade; or

 

   

staggering the value dates for the buy and sell sides of the trade so that the value date for the purchase from the DTC participant is at least one day prior to the value date for the sale to the Euroclear or Clearstream participant.

Trading Between a Euroclear or Clearstream Seller and a DTC Purchaser

Due to time-zone differences in their favor, Euroclear and Clearstream participants can use their usual procedures to transfer the Notes through their depositaries to a DTC participant. The seller must first send instructions to Euroclear or Clearstream through a participant at least one business day prior to the settlement date. Euroclear or Clearstream will then instruct its depositary to credit the Notes to the DTC participant’s account and receive payment. The payment will be credited in the account of the Euroclear or Clearstream participant on the following day, but the receipt of the cash proceeds will be back-valued to the value date, which will be the preceding day if settlement occurs in New York. If settlement is not completed on the intended value date (i.e., the trade fails), the receipt of the cash proceeds will instead be valued at the actual settlement date.

If the Euroclear or Clearstream participant selling the Notes has a line of credit with Euroclear or Clearstream and elects to be in debit for the Notes until it receives the sale proceeds in its account, then the back-valuation may substantially reduce or offset any overdraft charges that the participant incurs over that period.

Settlement in other currencies between DTC and Euroclear and Clearstream is possible using free-of-payment transfers to move the Notes, but funds movement will take place separately.

 

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TAXATION

Korean Taxation

For a discussion of Korean tax considerations that may be relevant to you if you invest in the Notes, please refer to the section “Taxation—Korean Taxation” in the accompanying prospectus.

United States Tax Considerations

For a discussion of U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be relevant to you if you invest in the Notes and are a U.S. holder, see “Taxation—United States Tax Considerations” in the accompanying prospectus.

 

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UNDERWRITING

Relationship with the Underwriters

We and the underwriters named below (the “Underwriters” and each an “Underwriter”) have entered into a Terms Agreement dated January                     , 2023 (the “Terms Agreement”) with respect to the Notes relating to the Underwriting Agreement—Standard Terms (together with the Terms Agreement, the Underwriting Agreement) filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Underwriting Agreement, we have agreed to sell to each of the Underwriters, severally, and each of the Underwriters has severally agreed to purchase, the following principal amount of the Notes set out opposite its name below:

 

Names of the Underwriters

  Principal Amount
of the 20                    
Notes
    Principal Amount
of the 20                     
Notes
    Principal Amount
of the 20                      Blue
Notes
 

Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited

  US$                               US$                               US$                            

BNP Paribas

                                                                                

BofA Securities, Inc.

                                                                                

Citigroup Global Markets Inc.

                                                                                

The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited

                                                                                

KB Securities Co., Ltd.

                                                                                

Morgan Stanley & Co. International plc

                                                                                
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  US$                           US$                           US$                        
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

KB Securities Co., Ltd. has agreed not to offer or sell any Notes in the United States or to any U.S. persons.

Under the terms and conditions of the Underwriting Agreement, if the Underwriters take any Notes of a series, then the Underwriters are obligated to take and pay for all of the Notes of such series.

The Underwriters initially propose to offer the Notes directly to the public at the offering prices described on the cover page. After the initial offering of the Notes, the Underwriters may from time to time vary the offering prices and other selling terms.

If a jurisdiction requires that the offering be made by a licensed broker or dealer and the Underwriters or any affiliate of the Underwriters is a licensed broker or dealer in that jurisdiction, the offering shall be deemed to be made by that Underwriter or its affiliate on behalf of us in such jurisdiction.

Certain of the underwriters are expected to make offers and sales both inside and outside the United States through their respective selling agents. Any offers or sales in the United States will be conducted by broker-dealers registered with the SEC.

The Notes are a new class of securities with no established trading market. Applications will be made to the SGX-ST for the listing and quotation of the Notes on the SGX-ST. In addition, application for listing of the Notes will be made to the International Securities Market of the London Stock Exchange. The Underwriters have advised us that they intend to make a market in the Notes. However, they are not obligated to do so and they may discontinue any market making activities with respect to the Notes at any time without notice. Accordingly, we cannot assure you as to the liquidity of any trading market for the Notes.

We have agreed to indemnify the Underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or to contribute to payments which the Underwriters may be required to make in respect of any such liabilities.

 

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In connection with this offering, any of the Underwriters appointed and acting in its capacity as stabilizing manager (the “Stabilizing Managers”) or any person acting on their behalf may purchase and sell the Notes in the open market. These transactions may include over-allotment, covering transactions and stabilizing transactions. Over-allotment involves sales of the Notes in excess of the principal amount of the Notes to be purchased by the Underwriters in this offering, which creates a short position for the Underwriters. Covering transactions involve purchases of the Notes in the open market after the distribution has been completed in order to cover short positions. Stabilizing transactions consist of certain bids or purchases of the Notes made for the purpose of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the Notes while the offering is in progress. Any of these activities may have the effect of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the Notes. They may also cause the price of the Notes to be higher than the price that otherwise would exist in the open market in the absence of these transactions. The Stabilizing Managers may conduct these transactions in the over-the-counter market or otherwise. If the Stabilizing Managers commence any of these transactions, they may discontinue such transactions at any time, and must discontinue them after a limited period.

The amount of net proceeds of the 20                     Notes, the 20                     Notes and the 20                     Blue Notes is US$                    , US$                     and US$                    , respectively, after deducting underwriting discounts but not estimated expenses. Our expenses associated with the Notes offering are estimated to be US$                    . The Underwriters have agreed to pay certain of our expenses incurred in connection with the offering of the Notes.

The Underwriters and certain of their affiliates may have performed certain commercial banking, investment banking and advisory services for us and/or our affiliates from time to time for which they have received customary fees and expenses and may, from time to time, engage in transactions with and perform services for us and/or our affiliates in the ordinary course of their business.

The Underwriters or certain of their affiliates may purchase Notes and be allocated Notes for asset management and/or proprietary purposes but not with a view to distribution. The Underwriters or their respective affiliates may purchase Notes for its or their own account and enter into transactions, including credit derivatives, such as asset swaps, repackaging and credit default swaps relating to Notes and/or other securities of us or our subsidiaries or affiliates at the same time as the offer and sale of Notes or in secondary market transactions. Such transactions would be carried out as bilateral trades with selected counterparties and separately from any existing sale or resale of Notes to which this prospectus supplement relates (notwithstanding that such selected counterparties may also be purchasers of Notes).

Notice to capital market intermediaries and prospective investors pursuant to paragraph 21 of the Hong Kong SFC Code of Conduct—Important Notice to CMIs (including private banks)

This notice to CMIs (including private banks) is a summary of certain obligations the SFC Code imposes on CMIs, which require the attention and cooperation of other CMIs (including private banks). Certain CMIs may also be acting as OCs for this offering and are subject to additional requirements under the SFC Code.

Prospective investors who are the directors, employees or major shareholders of the Issuer, a CMI or its group companies would be considered under the SFC Code as having an Association with the Issuer, the CMI or the relevant group company. CMIs should specifically disclose whether their investor clients have any Association when submitting orders for the Notes. In addition, private banks should take all reasonable steps to identify whether their investor clients may have any Associations with the Issuer or any CMI (including its group companies) and inform the Underwriters accordingly.

CMIs are informed that the marketing and investor targeting strategy for this offering includes institutional investors, sovereign wealth funds, pension funds, hedge funds, family offices and high net worth individuals, in each case, subject to the selling restrictions and any UK MiFIR product governance language set out elsewhere in this prospectus supplement.

 

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CMIs should ensure that orders placed are bona fide, are not inflated and do not constitute duplicated orders (i.e., two or more corresponding or identical orders placed via two or more CMIs). CMIs should enquire with their investor clients regarding any orders which appear unusual or irregular. CMIs should disclose the identities of all investors when submitting orders for the Notes (except for omnibus orders where underlying investor information may need to be provided to any OCs when submitting orders). Failure to provide underlying investor information for omnibus orders, where required to do so, may result in that order being rejected. CMIs should not place “X-orders” into the order book.

CMIs should segregate and clearly identify their own proprietary orders (and those of their group companies, including private banks as the case may be) in the order book and book messages.

CMIs (including private banks) should not offer any rebates to prospective investors or pass on any rebates provided by the Issuer. In addition, CMIs (including private banks) should not enter into arrangements which may result in prospective investors paying different prices for the Notes.

The SFC Code requires that a CMI disclose complete and accurate information in a timely manner on the status of the order book and other relevant information it receives to targeted investors for them to make an informed decision. In order to do this, those Underwriters in control of the order book should consider disclosing order book updates to all CMIs.

When placing an order for the Notes, private banks should disclose, at the same time, if such order is placed other than on a “principal” basis (whereby it is deploying its own balance sheet for onward selling to investors). Private banks who do not provide such disclosure are hereby deemed to be placing their order on such a “principal” basis. Otherwise, such order may be considered to be an omnibus order pursuant to the SFC Code. Private banks should be aware that placing an order on a “principal” basis may require the Underwriters to apply the “proprietary orders” of the SFC Code to such order and will require the Underwriters to categorize it as a proprietary order and apply the “proprietary orders” requirements of the SFC Code to such order.

In relation to omnibus orders, when submitting such orders, CMIs (including private banks) that are subject to the SFC Code should disclose underlying investor information in respect of each order constituting the relevant omnibus order (failure to provide such information may result in that order being rejected). Underlying investor information in relation to omnibus orders should consist of:

 

   

The name of each underlying investor;

 

   

A unique identification number for each investor;

 

   

Whether an underlying investor has any “Associations” (as used in the SFC Code);

 

   

Whether any underlying investor order is a “Proprietary Order” (as used in the SFC Code);

 

   

Whether any underlying investor order is a duplicate order.

Underlying investor information in relation to omnibus order should be sent to: hkbondsyndicate@anz.com, dl.asia.syndicate@asia.bnpparibas.com, bofa_dcm_syndicate_pb_orders@bofa.com, DCM.Omnibus@citi.com, hk_syndicate_omnibus@hsbc.com.hk, hannah.kim@kbfg.com, jh.p@kbfg.com, arlin.jung@kbfg.com, ssg@kbsec.hk, andrew.park@kbsec.hk, kexim2023_ms@morganstanley.com

To the extent information being disclosed by CMIs and investors is personal and/or confidential in nature, CMIs (including private banks) agree and warrant: (A) to take appropriate steps to safeguard the transmission of such information to any OCs; and (B) that they have obtained the necessary consents from the underlying investors to disclose such information to any OCs. By submitting an order and providing such information to any OCs, each CMI (including private banks) further warrants that they and the underlying investors have understood and consented to the collection, disclosure, use and transfer of such information by any OCs and/or any other third parties as may be required by the SFC Code, including to the Issuer, relevant regulators and/or any other

 

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third parties as may be required by the SFC Code, for the purpose of complying with the SFC Code, during the bookbuilding process for this offering. CMIs that receive such underlying investor information are reminded that such information should be used only for submitting orders in this offering. The Underwriters may be asked to demonstrate compliance with their obligations under the SFC Code, and may request other CMIs (including private banks) to provide evidence showing compliance with the obligations above (in particular, that the necessary consents have been obtained). In such event, other CMIs (including private banks) are required to provide the Underwriters with such evidence within the timeline requested.

Delivery of the Notes

We expect to make delivery of the Notes, against payment in same-day funds on or about January                     , 2023, which we expect will be the                      business day following the date of this prospectus supplement. Under Rule 15c6-l promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, U.S. purchasers are generally required to settle trades in the secondary market in two business days, unless they and the other parties to any such trade expressly agree otherwise. Accordingly, if you wish to trade in the Notes on any day prior to the second business day before the settlement date, because the Notes will initially settle in T+                    , you may be required to specify an alternate settlement cycle at the time of your trade to prevent a failed settlement. Purchasers in other countries should consult with their own advisors.

Foreign Selling Restrictions

Each Underwriter has agreed to the following selling restrictions in connection with the offering with respect to the following jurisdictions:

Korea

Each Underwriter has severally represented and agreed that (i) it has not offered, sold or delivered and will not offer, sell or deliver, directly or indirectly, any Notes in Korea or to, or for the account or benefit of, any resident of Korea, except as permitted by applicable Korean laws and regulations; and (ii) any securities dealer to whom it sells Notes will agree that it will not offer any Notes, directly or indirectly, in Korea or to any resident of Korea, except as permitted by applicable Korean laws and regulations, or to any dealer who does not so represent and agree.

European Economic Area

In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area, each Underwriter has severally represented and agreed that it has not made and will not make an offer of Notes which are the subject of the offering contemplated by this prospectus supplement to the public in that Member State other than:

(a) to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined in the Prospectus Regulation;

(b) to fewer than 150 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined in the Prospectus Regulation), subject to obtaining the prior consent of the relevant Underwriter or Underwriters nominated by us for any such offer; or

(c) in any other circumstances falling within Article 1(4) of the Prospectus Regulation,

provided that no such offer of Notes shall require us or any Underwriter to publish a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Regulation.

For the purposes of this provision, the expression an “offer of Notes to the public” in relation to any Notes in any Member State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and the Notes to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe for the Notes and the expression “Prospectus Regulation” means Regulation (EU) 2017/1129, as amended.

 

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United Kingdom

Each Underwriter has severally represented and agreed that it has not made and will not make an offer of Notes which are the subject of the offering contemplated by this prospectus supplement to the public in the United Kingdom other than:

(a) to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined in Article 2 of the UK Prospectus Regulation;

(b) to fewer than 150 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined in Article 2 of the UK Prospectus Regulation) in the United Kingdom, subject to obtaining the prior consent of the relevant Underwriter or Underwriters nominated by us for any such offer; or

(c) in any other circumstances falling within section 86 of the FSMA, provided that no such offer of Notes shall require us or any Underwriter to publish a prospectus pursuant to section 85 of the FSMA.

For the purposes of this provision, the expression an “offer of Notes to the public” in relation to any Notes means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and the Notes to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe for the Notes and the expression “UK Prospectus Regulation” means Regulation (EU) 2017/1129, as it forms part of domestic law by virtue of the EUWA.

Each Underwriter has severally represented and agreed that:

(a) it has only communicated or caused to be communicated and will only communicate or cause to be communicated an invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of Section 21 of the FSMA) received by it in connection with the issue or sale of the Notes in circumstances in which Section 21(1) of the FSMA does not apply to us; and

(b) it has complied and will comply with all applicable provisions of the FSMA with respect to anything done by it in relation to the Notes in, from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom.

Japan

Each Underwriter has severally represented and agreed that the Notes have not been and will not be registered under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act of Japan (Act No. 25 of 1948, as amended, the “Financial Instruments and Exchange Act”). Accordingly, each Underwriter has severally represented and agreed that it has not, directly or indirectly, offered or sold and will not, directly or indirectly, offer or sell any Notes in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any resident of Japan (which term as used herein means any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan) or to others for re-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any resident of Japan except pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with, the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act and other relevant laws and regulations of Japan.

Hong Kong

Each Underwriter has severally represented and agreed that:

 

   

it has not offered or sold and will not offer or sell in Hong Kong, by means of any document, any Notes other than (a) to “professional investors” as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) of Hong Kong (the “SFO”) and any rules made under the SFO; or (b) in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a “prospectus” as defined in the Companies (Winding Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance (Cap. 32) of Hong Kong (the “C(WUMP)O”) or which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of the C(WUMP)O; and

 

   

it has not issued or had in its possession for the purposes of issue, and will not issue or have in its possession for the purposes of issue, whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere, any advertisement, invitation

 

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or document relating to the Notes, which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public of Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to Notes which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to “professional investors” as defined in the SFO and any rules made under the SFO.

Singapore

Each Underwriter has acknowledged that this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus have not been and will not be registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore under the Securities and Futures Act 2001 of Singapore (the “SFA”). Accordingly, each Underwriter has severally represented and agreed that it has not offered or sold any Notes or caused the Notes to be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase and will not offer or sell any Notes or cause the Notes to be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, and has not circulated or distributed, nor will it circulate or distribute, this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus or any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of the Notes, whether directly or indirectly, to any person in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the SFA; (ii) to a relevant person pursuant to Section 275(1) of the SFA, or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A) of the SFA, and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275 of the SFA and (where applicable) Regulation 3 of the Securities and Futures (Classes of Investors) Regulations 2018 of Singapore; or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA.

Where the Notes are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 of the SFA by a relevant person which is:

(a) a corporation (which is not an accredited investor (as defined in Section 4A of the SFA)) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or

(b) a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary of the trust is an individual who is an accredited investor,

securities or securities-based derivatives contracts (each term as defined in the SFA) of that corporation or the beneficiaries’ rights and interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferred within six months after that corporation or that trust has acquired the Notes pursuant to an offer made under Section 275 of the SFA except:

(i) to an institutional investor or to a relevant person defined in Section 275(2) of the SFA or to any person arising from an offer referred to in Section 275(1A) or Section 276(4)(c)(ii) of the SFA;

(ii) where no consideration is or will be given for the transfer;

(iii) where the transfer is by operation of law;

(iv) as specified in Section 276(7) of the SFA; or

(v) as specified in Regulation 37A of the Securities and Futures (Offers of Investments) (Securities and Securities-based Derivatives Contracts) Regulations 2018 of Singapore.

Italy

The offering of the Notes has not been registered with the Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa (“CONSOB”) pursuant to Italian securities legislation and, accordingly, no Notes may be offered, sold or delivered, nor may copies of this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus or of any other document relating to any Notes be distributed in the Republic of Italy (“Italy”), except, in accordance with any Italian securities, tax and other applicable laws and regulations.

 

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Each Underwriter has severally represented and agreed that it has not offered, sold or delivered, and will not offer, sell or deliver any Notes or distribute any copy of this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus or any other document relating to the Notes in Italy except:

(a) to qualified investors (investitori qualificati), as defined pursuant to Article 100 of Legislative Decree no. 58 of February 24, 1998 (the “Financial Services Act”) and Article 34-ter, paragraph 1, letter (b) of CONSOB regulation No. 11971 of May 14, 1999 (the “Issuers Regulation”), all as amended from time to time; or

(b) in other circumstances which are exempted from the rules on public offerings pursuant to Article 100 of the Financial Services Act and Issuers Regulation.

In any event, any offer, sale or delivery of the Notes or distribution of copies of this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus or any other document relating to the Notes in Italy under paragraphs (a) or (b) above must be:

(i) made by an investment firm, bank or financial intermediary permitted to conduct such activities in Italy in accordance with the Financial Services Act, Legislative Decree No. 385 of September 1, 1993 (the “Banking Act”) and CONSOB Regulation No. 20307 of February 15, 2018, all as amended from time to time;

(ii) in compliance with Article 129 of the Banking Act, as amended from time to time, and the implementing guidelines of the Bank of Italy, as amended from time to time; and

(iii) in compliance with any other applicable laws and regulations, including any limitation or requirement which may be imposed from time to time by CONSOB or the Bank of Italy or other competent authority.

Canada

The Notes may be sold only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions or subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument 31-103 Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the Notes must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable securities laws.

Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.

Pursuant to section 3A.3 of National Instrument 33-105 Underwriting Conflicts (NI 33-105), the Underwriters are not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI 33-105 regarding underwriter conflicts of interest in connection with this offering.

Switzerland

The offering of the Notes in Switzerland is exempt from the requirement to prepare and publish a prospectus under the Swiss Financial Services Act (“FinSA”). The Notes will not be admitted to trading on any trading venue (exchange or multilateral trading facility) in Switzerland. This prospectus supplement does not constitute a prospectus pursuant to the FinSA, and no such prospectus has been or will be prepared for or in connection with the offering of the Notes.

 

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LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the Notes is being passed upon for us by Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, New York, New York, and by Bae, Kim & Lee LLC, Seoul, Korea. Certain legal matters will also be passed upon for the Underwriters by Linklaters LLP, Seoul, Korea. In giving their opinions, Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP and Linklaters LLP, Seoul, Korea may rely as to matters of Korean law upon the opinion of Bae, Kim & Lee LLC.

OFFICIAL STATEMENTS AND DOCUMENTS

Our Chairman and President, in his official capacity, has supplied the information set forth in this prospectus supplement under “Recent Developments—The Export-Import Bank of Korea.” Such information is stated on his authority. The documents identified in the portion of this prospectus supplement captioned “Recent Developments—The Republic of Korea” as the sources of financial or statistical data are derived from official public documents of the Republic and of its agencies and instrumentalities.

GENERAL INFORMATION

We were established in 1976 as a special governmental financial institution pursuant to the Export-Import Bank of Korea Act, as amended. Our corporate registry number is 111235-0000158. Our authorized share capital is W15,000 billion. As of September 30, 2022, our paid-in capital was W12,773 billion.

Our board of directors can be reached at the address of our registered office: c/o 38 Eunhaeng-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07242, The Republic of Korea.

The issue of the Notes has been authorized by our Chairman and President on December 7, 2022. On December 26, 2022, our report on the proposed issuance of the Notes has been accepted by the Ministry of Economy and Finance of Korea.

The registration statement with respect to us and the Notes has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in Washington, D.C. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Additional information concerning us and the Notes is contained in the registration statement and post-effective amendments to such registration statement, including their various exhibits, which may be inspected at the public reference facilities maintained by the Securities and Exchange Commission at Room 1580, 100 F Street N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, United States.

The Notes have been accepted for clearance through DTC, Euroclear and Clearstream:

 

     CUSIP      ISIN  

20                      Notes

     302154 DU0        US302154DU05  

20                      Notes

     302154 DV8        US302154DV87  

20                      Blue Notes

     302154 DW6        US302154DW60  

 

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PROSPECTUS

 

LOGO

$8,093,998,627

The Export-Import Bank of Korea

Debt Securities

Warrants to Purchase Debt Securities

The Republic of Korea

Guarantees

 

 

We will provide the specific terms of these securities in supplements to this prospectus. You should read this prospectus and any prospectus supplement carefully before you invest.

 

 

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

This prospectus is dated July 27, 2022


Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

     Page  

Certain Defined Terms and Conventions

     1  

Use of Proceeds

     2  

The Export-Import Bank of Korea

     3  

Overview

     3  

Capitalization

     4  

Business

     5  

Selected Financial Statement Data

     7  

Operations

     9  

Description of Assets and Liabilities

     15  

Debt

     25  

Credit Policies, Credit Approval and Risk Management

     27  

Capital Adequacy

     28  

Overseas Operations

     29  

Property

     30  

Management and Employees

     30  

Tables and Supplementary Information

     32  

Financial Statements and the Auditors

     41  

The Republic of Korea

     134  

Land and History

     134  

Government and Politics

     136  

The Economy

     139  

Principal Sectors of the Economy

     147  

The Financial System

     154  

Monetary Policy

     159  

Balance of Payments and Foreign Trade

     163  

Government Finance

     170  

Debt

     174  

Tables and Supplementary Information

     177  

Description of the Securities

     180  

Description of Debt Securities

     180  

Description of Warrants

     186  

Terms Applicable to Debt Securities and Warrants

     187  

Description of Guarantees

     188  

Limitations on Issuance of Bearer Debt Securities and Bearer Warrants

     189  

Taxation

     190  

Korean Taxation

     190  

United States Tax Considerations

     192  

Plan of Distribution

     201  

Legal Matters

     202  

Authorized Representatives in the United States

     202  

Official Statements and Documents

     202  

Experts

     202  

Forward-Looking Statements

     203  

Further Information

     205  


Table of Contents

CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS AND CONVENTIONS

All references to the “Bank”, “we”, “our” or “us” mean The Export-Import Bank of Korea. All references to “Korea” or the “Republic” contained in this prospectus mean The Republic of Korea. All references to the “Government” mean the government of Korea.

Unless otherwise indicated, all references to “won”, “Won” or “W” contained in this prospectus are to the currency of Korea, references to “U.S. dollars”, “Dollars”, “USD”, “$” or “US$” are to the currency of the United States of America, references to “Canadian Dollar” or “CAD” are to the currency of Canada, references to “Euro”, “EUR” or “€” are to the currency of the European Union, references to “Japanese Yen”, “JPY” or “¥” are to the currency of Japan, references to “Chinese Yuan” or “CNY” are to the currency of the People’s Republic of China, references to “Swiss Franc” or “CHF” are to the currency of Switzerland, references to “British Pound” or “GBP” are to the currency of the United Kingdom, references to “Hong Kong Dollar” or “HKD” are to the currency of Hong Kong, S.A.R., references to “Singapore dollar” or “SGD” are to the currency of Singapore, references to “Brazilian Real” or “BRL” are to the currency of Federative Republic of Brazil, references to “Mexican Peso” or “MXN” are to the currency of the United Mexican States, references to “New Zealand Dollar” or “NZD” are to the currency of New Zealand, references to “Thai Baht” or “THB” are to the currency of Thailand, references to “Australian Dollar” or “AUD” are to the currency of Australia, references to “Indian Rupee” or “INR” are to the currency of India, references to “Indonesian Rupiah” or “IDR” are to the currency of Indonesia, references to “Swedish Krona” or “SEK” are to the currency of Sweden, references to “South African Rand” or “ZAR” are to the currency of South Africa, references to “Norwegian Krone” or “NOK” are to the currency of Norway, references to “Peruvian Sol” or “PEN” are to the currency of Peru, references to “Polish Zloty” or “PLN” are to the currency of Poland and references to “Czech Koruna” or “CZK” are to the currency of the Czech Republic.

In this prospectus, where information has been prepared in thousands, millions or billions of units, amounts may have been rounded up or down. Accordingly, actual numbers may differ from those contained herein due to rounding. All discrepancies in any table between totals and the sums of the amounts listed are due to rounding.

Our separate financial statements and information included in this prospectus were prepared under International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by Korea (“Korean IFRS” or “K-IFRS”). References in this prospectus to “separate” financial statements and information are to financial statements and information prepared on a non-consolidated basis. Unless specified otherwise, our financial and other information included in this prospectus is presented on a separate basis in accordance with Korean IFRS and does not include such information with respect to our subsidiaries.

 

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USE OF PROCEEDS

Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities for our general operations.

 

2


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THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA

Overview

We were established in 1976 as a special governmental financial institution pursuant to the Export-Import Bank of Korea Act, as amended, or the KEXIM Act. Since our establishment, we have been promoting the export and competitiveness of Korean goods and services in international markets. To this end, we have introduced financing facilities and implemented lending policies that are responsive to the needs of Korean exporters.

Our primary purpose, as stated in the KEXIM Act, is to “promote the sound development of the national economy and economic cooperation with foreign countries by extending the financial aid required for export and import transactions, overseas investment and the development of natural resources abroad.” Over the years, we have developed various financing facilities and lending policies that are consistent with the Government’s overall economic policies. In the latter part of the 1980s, as a result of changing trade conditions and the increased internationalization of the Korean economy, overseas investment credits and import credits were promoted and began to constitute an important portion of our business. In recent years, we have focused on the development of new financing facilities, including structured financing for ships and project financing for the construction of industrial plants and the development of natural resources abroad.

As of December 31, 2021, we had W79,995 billion of outstanding loans, including W38,638 billion of outstanding export credits, W32,830 billion of outstanding overseas investment credits and W6,122 billion of outstanding import credits, as compared to W76,288 billion of outstanding loans, including W38,487 billion of outstanding export credits, W28,617 billion of outstanding overseas investment credits and W5,332 billion of outstanding import credits as of December 31, 2020.

Although our management has control of our day-to-day operations, our operations are subject to the close supervision of the Government. The Government’s determination each fiscal year regarding the amount of financial support to extend to us, in the form of contributions to capital or transfers of our income to reserves, plays an important role in determining our lending capacity. The Government has the power to appoint or dismiss our President, Deputy President, Senior Executive Directors and Auditor. Moreover, the Minister of Economy and Finance of the Republic has, on behalf of the Republic, signed the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

The Government supports our operations pursuant to Article 37 of the KEXIM Act. Article 37 of the KEXIM Act provides that “the annual net losses of the Export-Import Bank of Korea shall be offset each year by the reserve, and if the reserve be insufficient, the Government shall provide funds to cover the deficit.” As a result of the KEXIM Act, the Government is generally responsible for our operations and is legally obligated to replenish any deficit that arises if our reserves, consisting of our surplus and capital surplus items, are insufficient to cover any of our annual net losses. In light of the above, if we have insufficient funds to make any payment under any of our obligations, including the debt securities covered by this prospectus, the Government would take appropriate steps, such as by making a capital contribution, by allocating funds or by taking other action, to enable us to make such payment when due. The provisions of Article 37 do not, however, constitute a direct guarantee by the Government of our obligations, and the provisions of the KEXIM Act, including Article 37, may be amended at any time by action of the National Assembly.

In January 2014, the Government amended the KEXIM Act to:

 

   

increase our authorized capital from W8,000 billion to W15,000 billion;

 

   

expand our operation scope that enables us, among other things, to invest in (i) funds intended to support export and import transactions by small and medium-sized enterprises and (ii) special purpose companies that carry out value added overseas development projects in a flexible way; and

 

   

reduce restrictions on our financing and investment activities by providing additional flexibility to us to cope with changes in market conditions.

 

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In March 2016, the Government amended the KEXIM Act to strengthen its enforcement powers by allowing:

 

   

the Minister of Economy and Finance to impose any necessary sanctions against the officers of the Bank; and

 

   

the Financial Services Commission to request the Minister of Economy and Finance to apply sanctions against the employees of the Bank.

Capitalization

As of December 31, 2021, our authorized capital was W15,000 billion and our capitalization was as follows:

 

     December 31, 2021(1)  
     (billions of Won)  

Long-Term Debt (2)(3)(4)(5)(6):

  

Borrowings in Korean Won

   W —    

Borrowings in Foreign Currencies

     1,500  

Export-Import Financing Debentures

     63,281  
  

 

 

 

Total Long-Term Debt

   W 64,781  
  

 

 

 

Capital and Reserves:

  

Capital Stock(7)

   W 12,748  

Additional Paid-in-Capital

     —    

Capital Adjustments

     (134

Retained Earnings

     1,856  

Legal Reserve(8)

     446  

Voluntary Reserve(8)

     713  

Regulatory Reserve for Loan Losses(9)

     149  

Unappropriated Retained Earnings

     548  

Other Components of Equity(10)

     883  
  

 

 

 

Total Capital and Reserve

   W 15,353  
  

 

 

 

Total Capitalization

   W 80,134  
  

 

 

 

 

(1)

Except as described in this prospectus, there has been no material adverse change in our capitalization since December 31, 2021.

(2)

Consists of borrowings and debentures with maturities of more than a year remaining.

(3)

We have translated borrowings in foreign currencies as of December 31, 2021 into Won at the rate of W1,185.50 to US$1.00, which was the market average exchange rate as announced by the Seoul Money Brokerage Services Ltd., on December 31, 2021.

(4)

As of December 31, 2021, we had contingent liabilities totaling W40,231 billion, which consisted of W30,069 billion under outstanding guarantees and acceptances and W10,163 billion under contingent guarantees and acceptances issued on behalf of our clients. For further information relating to our contingent liabilities under outstanding guarantees as of December 31, 2021, see “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020—Note 36.”

(5)

As of December 31, 2021, we had entered into 342 interest rate related derivative contracts with a notional amount of W47,235 billion and 509 currency related derivative contracts with a notional amount of W31,984 billion in accordance with our policy to hedge interest rate and currency risks. See “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020—Note 20.”

(6)

See “—Description of Assets and Liabilities—Sources of Funding” for an explanation of these sources of funds. All our borrowings, whether domestic or international, are unsecured and unguaranteed.

(7)

As of December 31, 2021, our authorized ordinary share capital was W15,000 billion and issued fully-paid capital stock was W12,748 billion. See “—Business—Government Support and Supervision.”

(8)

See “—Business—Government Support and Supervision” for a description of the manner in which annual net income is transferred to the legal reserve and may be transferred to the voluntary reserve.

(9)

If the estimated allowance for credit loss determined by K-IFRS for the accounting purposes is lower than that for regulatory purposes as required by Regulation of Supervision of Banking Business, we reserve such difference as the

 

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  regulatory reserve for loan losses. See “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020—Note 23.”
(10)

See “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020—Note 22.”

Business

Purpose and Authority

We were established in 1976 as a special governmental financial institution pursuant to the KEXIM Act. The KEXIM Act, the Enforcement Decree of the KEXIM Act, or the KEXIM Decree, and our Articles of Incorporation, or the By-laws, define and regulate our powers and authority. We are treated as a special juridical entity under Korean law and are not subject to certain of the laws regulating activities of commercial banks.

We were established, as stated in the KEXIM Act, to “promote the sound development of the national economy and economic cooperation with foreign countries by extending the financial aid required for export and import transactions, overseas investment and the development of natural resources abroad.” As an instrument in serving the Government’s public policy objectives, we do not seek to maximize our profits. We do, however, strive to maintain an adequate level of profitability to strengthen our equity base in order to support the growth in the volume of our business.

Our primary purpose has been the provision of loans and guarantees to facilitate Korean companies’ exports and overseas investments and projects. Most of our activities have been carried out pursuant to this authority.

We have the authority to undertake a range of financial activities. These fall into four principal categories:

 

   

export credits;

 

   

overseas investment credits;

 

   

import credits; and

 

   

guarantee facilities.

Export credits include loans to facilitate Korean exports of capital and non-capital goods and technical and non-technical services. Overseas investment credits consist of loans to finance Korean overseas investments and projects. Import credits include the extension of loans to finance Korean imports of essential materials and natural resources. Guarantee facilities are made available to support the obligations of Korean exporters and importers.

We also have the authority to administer, on behalf of the Government, the Government’s Economic Development Cooperation Fund and the Inter-Korea Cooperation Fund, formerly known as South and North Korea Co-operation Fund.

We may also undertake other business activities incidental to the foregoing, including currency and interest rate swap transactions.

Government Support and Supervision

The Government’s determination each fiscal year, regarding the amount of financial support to extend to us, plays an important role in determining our lending capacity. Such support has included contributions to capital, loans and transfers of our income to reserves.

Our authorized capital was W30 billion when the Government enacted the KEXIM Act in 1969. The National Assembly amended the KEXIM Act and increased our authorized capital to W150 billion in 1974,

 

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W500 billion in 1977, W1,000 billion in 1986, W2,000 billion in January 1998, W4,000 billion in September 1998 and W8,000 billion in January 2009. In January 2014, the Government further increased our authorized capital to W15,000 billion.

As of December 31, 1996, the capital contribution from the Government was approximately W686 billion, all in cash. Since 1997, the Government has made capital contributions not only in cash but also in the form of shares of common stock of Government-affiliated entities. Recent examples include the Government’s contributions to our capital of (i) W10 billion, W935 billion, W10 billion, W65 billion, W26 billion, W30 billion, W578 billion, W110 billion, W29 billion and W160 billion in cash in July 2016, September 2016, October 2016, November 2016, May 2019, August 2019, July 2020, March 2021, April 2021 and June 2021, respectively, and (ii) W500 billion in the form of shares of Korea Aerospace Industries Ltd. in June 2016, W125 billion in the form of shares of Yeosu Gwangyang Port Authority in May 2017, W125 billion in the form of shares of Incheon Port Authority in May 2017 and W1,167 billion in the form of shares of Korea Aerospace Industries Ltd. in June 2017, in order to enhance our capacity to finance projects, including large-scale overseas development projects. Taking into account these capital contributions, our total capital stock was W12,748 billion as of December 31, 2021.

Pursuant to the KEXIM Act, only the Government, The Korea Development Bank, The Bank of Korea, certain designated domestic banking institutions, exporters’ associations and international financial organizations may contribute to our capital stock. As of December 31, 2021, the Government directly owned 69% of our capital stock and indirectly owned, through The Bank of Korea and The Korea Development Bank, 9% and 22%, respectively, of our capital stock. See “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020—Note 1.”

In addition to contributions to our capital, the Government provides funding for our financing activities. The Government has made loans available to us for our lending activities. See “—Description of Assets and Liabilities—Sources of Funding.”

The Government also supports our operation pursuant to Articles 36 and 37 of the KEXIM Act. Article 36 of the KEXIM Act and the By-laws provide that we shall apply our net income earned during each fiscal year, after deduction of depreciation expense for such fiscal year, in the following manner and in order of priority:

 

   

first, at least 10% of such net income is transferred to our legal reserve until the total amount of our legal reserve equals the total amount of our capital stock;

 

   

second, if the Minister of Economy and Finance approves such distribution, the balance of any such net income, after such transfer to the legal reserve, is distributed to the institutions, other than the Government, that have contributed to our capital (up to a maximum 15% annual dividend rate); and

 

   

third, the remaining balance of any such net income is distributed in whatever manner our Operations Committee determines and the Minister of Economy and Finance approves, such as additions to our voluntary reserve.

Article 37 of the KEXIM Act provides that “the annual net losses of the Export-Import Bank of Korea shall be offset each year by the reserve, and if the reserve be insufficient, the Government shall provide funds to cover the deficit.” As a result of the KEXIM Act, the Government is generally responsible for our operations and is legally obligated to replenish any deficit that arises if our reserves are insufficient to cover any of our annual net losses. In light of this provision, if we have insufficient funds to make any payment under any of our obligations, the Government would take appropriate steps by making a capital contribution, by allocating funds or by taking other action to enable us to make such payment when due. The provisions of Article 37 do not, however, constitute a direct guarantee by the Government of our obligations, and the provisions of the KEXIM Act, including Article 37, may be amended at any time by action of the National Assembly.

 

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The Government closely supervises our operations including in the following ways:

 

   

the President of the Republic appoints our President upon the recommendation of the Minister of Economy and Finance;

 

   

the Minister of Economy and Finance appoints our Deputy President and Senior Executive Directors upon the recommendation of our President;

 

   

the Minister of Economy and Finance appoints our Auditor;

 

   

one month prior to the beginning of each fiscal year, we must submit our proposed program of operations and budget for the fiscal year to the Minister of Economy and Finance for his approval and immediately after the approval of the Minister of Economy and Finance, we must report such program to the National Assembly;

 

   

the Minister of Economy and Finance must approve our operating manual, which sets out guidelines for all principal operating matters, including the range of permitted financings;

 

   

the Board of Audit and Inspection, a Government department, examines our settlement of accounts annually;

 

   

each of the Minister of Economy and Finance and the Financial Services Commission has broad authority to require reports from us on any matter and to examine our books, records and other documents. On the basis of the reports and examinations, the Minister of Economy and Finance may issue any orders it deems necessary to enforce the KEXIM Act or delegate examinations to the Financial Services Commission;

 

   

the Financial Services Commission may supervise our operations to ensure managerial soundness based upon the KEXIM Decree and the Supervisory Regulations of Banking Business legislated by the Financial Services Commission and may issue orders deemed necessary for such supervision;

 

   

we must submit our annual report to the Ministry of Economy and Finance within three months following the end of each fiscal year and, upon request from the National Assembly during its annual audit period, to the National Assembly within ten days from the date of the request from the National Assembly, outlining our operations and analyzing our activities during the relevant fiscal year; and

 

   

we may amend our By-laws and operating manual only with the approval of the Minister of Economy and Finance.

Selected Financial Statement Data

Except where expressly indicated otherwise in this prospectus, loans in Won and loans in foreign currencies (each before deducting allowance for loan losses) are collectively referred to as the “Loans”; bills bought, foreign exchange bought, advances for customers, call loans and interbank loans in foreign currencies (each before deducting allowance for loan losses) are collectively referred to as the “Other Loans”; Loans and Other Loans are collectively referred to as the “Loan Credits”; confirmed guarantees and acceptances are collectively referred to as the “Guarantees”; and Loan Credits and Guarantees are collectively referred to as the “Credit Exposure.”

 

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You should read the following selected financial statement data together with our separate financial statements and notes included in this prospectus.

 

     Year Ended December 31,  
     2019      2020      2021  
     (billions of Won)  

Income Statement Data

        

Total Interest Income

   W 3,095      W 2,289      W 1,746  

Total Interest Expense

     2,217        1,408        841  

Net Interest Income

     879        881        904  

Operating Income

     896        271        743  

Income before Income Tax

     470        140        746  

Income Tax Expense

     169        38        199  

Net Income

     302        102        548  

 

     As of December 31,  
     2020      2021  
     (billions of Won)  

Balance Sheet Data

     

Total Loan Credits(1)

   W 76,288      W 79,995  

Total Borrowings(2)

     78,718        82,063  

Total Assets

     97,590        101,452  

Total Liabilities

     83,121        86,099  

Total Shareholders’ Equity

     14,469        15,353  

 

(1)

Gross amount, including domestic usance bills, foreign currency bills bought, advance payments on acceptances and guarantees, call loans, interbank loans in foreign currency, private placement corporate bonds in local currency and others and before deducting allowance for loan losses and net deferred loan origination fees and costs. See “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020—Note 10.”

(2)

Includes debentures.

2021

We had net income of W548 billion in 2021 compared to net income of W102 billion in 2020. The principal factors for the increase in net income included:

 

   

a 56% decrease in impairment loss on credit to W368 billion in 2021 from W838 billion in 2020, primarily reflecting a general improvement in asset quality of our loan portfolios as well as our preemptive measures to account for a potential increase in expected impairment loss that could result from a deterioration in the overall asset quality of our loan portfolio due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, which was not repeated in 2021; and

 

   

a change in net gain (loss) on investments in associates and subsidiaries to a net gain of W11 billion in 2021 from a net loss of W125 billion in 2020, primarily as a result of impairment losses recognized in connection with our investments in Korea Aerospace Industries in 2020, which was not repeated in 2021.

These factors were partially offset by a more than four-fold increase in income tax expense to W199 billion in 2021 from W38 billion in 2020, primarily due to an increase in profit before income tax to W746 billion in 2021 from W140 billion in 2020.

As of December 31, 2021, our total assets increased by 4% to W101,452 billion from W97,590 billion as of December 31, 2020, primarily due to a 6% increase in loans at amortized cost to W77,458 billion as of December 31, 2021 from W73,407 billion as of December 31, 2020 and a 15% increase in financial investments to W12,745 billion as of December 31, 2021 from W11,042 billion as of December 31, 2020, the effects of

 

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which were offset in part by a 63% decrease in hedging derivative assets to W562 billion as of December 31, 2021 from W1,500 billion as of December 31, 2020 and a 25% decrease in financial assets at fair value through profit or loss to W2,598 billion as of December 31, 2021 from W3,478 billion as of December 31, 2020.

As of December 31, 2021, our total liabilities increased by 4% to W86,099 billion from W83,121 billion as of December 31, 2020, primarily due to a 5% increase in debentures to W76,486 billion as of December 31, 2021 from W72,642 billion as of December 31, 2020, the effect of which was offset in part by a 24% decrease in other assets to W1,985 billion as of December 31, 2021 from W2,603 billion as of December 31, 2020 and an 8% decrease in borrowings to W5,577 billion as of December 31, 2021 from W6,077 billion as of December 31, 2020.

As of December 31, 2021, our total shareholders’ equity increased by 6% to W15,353 billion from W14,469 billion as of December 31, 2020, primarily due to increases in retained earnings and capital stock.

2020

We had net income of W102 billion in 2020 compared to net income of W302 billion in 2019. The principal factors for the decrease in net income was a 134% increase in net loss on foreign exchange transaction to W1,069 billion in 2020 from W456 billion in 2019, mainly as a result of increased exchange rate volatility caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and a 160% increase in impairment loss on credit to W838 billion in 2020 from W323 billion in 2019, mainly as a result of an increase in loan credits provided to borrowers in need of financing in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. These factors were partially offset by a 28% increase in net gain on hedging derivative assets to W1,794 billion in 2020 from W1,406 billion in 2019, primarily due to increased volatility in exchange rates and interest rates, a 70% decrease in net loss on investments in associates and subsidiaries to W125 billion in 2020 from W415 billion in 2019, mainly as a result of a decrease in our impairment loss recognized in connection with our investments in Korea Aerospace Industries, and a 17% decrease in other net operating loss to W798 billion in 2020 from W956 billion in 2019, primarily due to a decrease in net loss on fair value hedged items relating to increased volatility in exchange rates and interest rates.

As of December 31, 2020, our total assets increased by 6% to W97,590 billion from W92,254 billion as of December 31, 2019, primarily due to a 3% increase in loans at amortized cost to W73,407 billion as of December 31, 2020 from W71,577 billion as of December 31, 2019, a 19% increase in financial investments to W11,042 billion as of December 31, 2020 from W9,314 billion as of December 31, 2019 and a 90% increase in financial assets at fair value through profit or loss to W3,478 billion as of December 31, 2020 from W1,834 billion as of December 31, 2019.

As of December 31, 2020, our total liabilities increased by 6% to W83,121 billion from W78,562 billion as of December 31, 2019, primarily due to an 8% increase in debentures to W72,642 billion as of December 31, 2020 from W67,138 billion as of December 31, 2019.

As of December 31, 2020, our total shareholders’ equity increased by 6% to W14,469 billion from W13,692 billion as of December 31, 2019, primarily due to an increase in capital stock resulting from the Government’s W578 billion contribution in cash in July 2020.

Operations

Loan Operations

Our primary objective since our establishment has been to promote the export and competitiveness of Korean goods and services in international markets. To this end, we have introduced various financing facilities and implemented lending policies that are responsive to the needs of Korean exporters and foreign importers. Over the years, we have also developed financing facilities and lending policies that are consistent with the

 

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Government’s overall economic policies. In the latter part of the 1980s, as a result of changing trade conditions and the increased internationalization of the Korean economy, overseas investment credits and import credits were promoted and began to constitute an important portion of our business. Our lending programs include (1) export credits to Korean exporters or foreign buyers of Korean goods and services, (2) overseas investment credits to Korean firms and (3) import credits to Korean importers.

Before approving a credit, we consider:

 

   

economic benefits to the Republic;

 

   

the industry’s rank in the order of priorities established by the Government’s export-import policy;

 

   

credit risk associated with the loans to be extended; and

 

   

the goal of diversifying our lending activities.

The KEXIM Act and the By-laws provide that we may extend credit only where repayment “is considered probable.” Accordingly, we carefully investigate the financial position of each prospective borrower and the technical and financial aspects of the project to be financed, and a loan is made only if we believe there is reasonable assurance of repayment. See “—Credit Policies, Credit Approval and Risk Management—Credit Approval.”

In 2021, we provided Loans of W60,413 billion, a decrease of 5% from the previous year, and our commitments of Loans amounted to W60,359 billion, a decrease of 8% from the previous year. The decreases in disbursements and commitments for Loans were primarily attributable to decreased demand from the industrial plant-related industries.

The following table sets out the total amounts of our outstanding Loan Credits, categorized by type of credit:

 

     As of December 31,      As % of
2021 Total
 
     2020      2021  
     (billions of Won)  

Export Credits

     

Industrial Plants

   W 14,270      W 13,480        17

Shipbuilding

     8,475        6,517        8

Ferrous & nonferrous metal products

     2,210        2,492        3

Petrochemical products

     1,981        2,732        3

Automobiles

     2,560        2,568        3

Electronic machineries

     2,688        3,218        4

Others(1)

     6,302        7,631        10
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Sub-total

     38,487        38,638        48
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Overseas Investment Credits

     28,617        32,830        41

Import Credits

     5,332        6,122        8

Others(2)

     3,845        2,399        3

Present Value Premium/Discount

     7        6        0
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total Loan Credits

   W 76,288      W 79,995        100
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Includes general machinery, service sector, etc.

(2)

Includes call loans, loans for Inter-bank loans in foreign currency, advances for customers, etc.

Source: Internal accounting records

 

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The following table sets out our new loan commitments, categorized by type of credit:

New Loan Credit Commitments by Type of Credit

 

     As of December 31,      As % of
2021 Total
 
     2020      2021  
     (billions of Won)  

Export Credits

     

Industrial Plants

   W 4,406      W 576        1

Shipbuilding

     6,094        3,960        7

Ferrous & nonferrous metal products

     2,826        2,427        4

Petrochemical products

     5,490        4,941        8

Automobiles

     5,066        3,449        6

Electronic machineries

     4,125        4,959        8

Others(1)

     9,540        9,775        16
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Sub-total

     37,547        30,088        50
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Overseas Investment Credits

     18,837        18,003        30

Import Credits

     9,043        12,198        20

Others

     —          70        0
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 65,427      W 60,359        100
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Includes general machinery, service sector, etc.

Source: Internal accounting records

Export Credits

We offer export credits to either domestic suppliers or foreign buyers to finance export transactions.

Export Credits to domestic suppliers include:

 

   

export loans to Korean exporters that export capital goods such as ships, industrial plants and machinery;

 

   

pre-shipment credit to Korean exporters or manufacturers producing export products;

 

   

technical service credit to Korean companies that export technical services abroad, including overseas construction projects;

 

   

short-term trade financing to Korean exporters that manufacture export goods under short-term export contracts;

 

   

small business export credit to small and medium-sized enterprises that manufacture export goods or supply materials needed by their primary exporters;

 

   

rediscount on trade bills to domestic commercial banks for exporters;

 

   

forfaiting to Korean exporters by discounting trade bills under the usance line of credit from export transactions on a non-recourse basis; and

 

   

export factoring to Korean exporters by discounting trade receivables that occurs from open account export transactions on credit on a non-recourse basis.

Export credits to foreign buyers include:

 

   

direct loans to foreign buyers that purchase Korean goods and services;

 

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project finance to foreign companies that intend to import industrial plants, facilities and technical services from Korea for large-scale projects, of which the cash flows from such projects are the main source for repayment;

 

   

structured finance to foreign shipping companies that purchase ships from Korean shipyards, of which the repayment usually depends on the cash flows generated by the operation of ships; and

 

   

interbank export loans to creditworthy banks in foreign countries to help foreign buyers obtain credit for the purchase of goods and services of Korean origin.

As of December 31, 2021, export credits in the amount of W38,638 billion represented 48% of our total outstanding Loan Credits. Our disbursements of export credits in 2021 amounted to W33,224 billion, a decrease of 12% from the previous year, primarily due to decreased demand from the industrial plant-related industries. Our commitments of export credits in 2021 amounted to W30,088 billion, a decrease of 20% from the previous year.

We offer export credits to Korean companies in order to provide them with the funds required for the manufacture or construction of capital and non-capital goods and readying of technical services designated in our operating manual for export. Capital goods eligible for export credit financings currently include ships, industrial plants, industrial machinery and overseas construction projects. With respect to eligible items supported by our export credits, ships as well as industrial plants have traditionally had some of the largest shares of our export credit operations.

We offer export loans and technical service credits to domestic suppliers at fixed (no less than the Commercial Interest Reference Rate under the OECD Arrangement (as defined below)) or floating rates of interest with maturities of up to 12 years for ships and maturities of varying terms, from two to 18 years, for financings of other eligible items. We typically require a minimum down payment of 20% of the contract amount for ship export financings and a minimum down payment of 15% for financings of other eligible items. When the credit rating of a prospective borrower does not meet our internal rating criteria, these export credits are secured by promissory notes issued in connection with the relevant transaction, or letters of guarantees or letters of credit issued or confirmed by a creditworthy international bank or the importer’s government or central bank. Other terms and conditions under such export credit facilities must be in accordance with the Arrangement on Guidelines for Officially Supported Export Credits by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or the OECD Arrangement. We offer direct loans to foreign buyers, project finance to project companies and structured finance for ships to foreign shipping companies under similar terms and conditions as export credit financings to domestic suppliers. We offer interbank export loans to overseas banks to facilitate imports by foreign importers of Korean manufactured goods. Interbank export loans are offered at fixed or floating rates of interest with maturities of up to ten years.

Overseas Investment Credits

We extend overseas investment credits to either Korean companies or foreign companies in which a Korean company has an equity share, to finance investments in eligible overseas businesses and projects. Such financing programs include:

 

   

overseas investment credit to Korean companies that invest abroad in the form of capital subscription, acquisition of stocks and long-term credit;

 

   

overseas project credit to Korean companies or their overseas subsidiaries engaging in businesses outside Korea;

 

   

major resources development credit to Korean companies for development of natural resources and acquisition of mining rights abroad; and

 

   

overseas business credit to foreign companies in which Korean companies have an equity stake, in the form of funds for purchasing equipment or working capital.

 

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As of December 31, 2021, overseas investment credits amounted to W32,830 billion, representing 41% of our total outstanding Loan Credits. Our commitments of overseas investment credits in 2021 amounted to W18,003 billion, a decrease of 4% from the previous year. Our disbursements of overseas investment credits in 2021 amounted to W16,799 billion, a decrease of 3% from the previous year. The decreases in new commitments and disbursements for overseas investment credits were primarily due to decreased demand in overseas investment and project credits.

Proposals for overseas investment credits to finance the acquisition of important materials or the development of natural resources for the Korean economy, as determined by the Government, are given priority, together with projects that promote the export of Korean goods and services. As a result, projects financed by our overseas investment credit program have been mainly in the fields of manufacturing or development of natural resources.

We offer overseas investment credits at either fixed or floating rates of interest with maturities up to 30 years. Such facilities may require security in the form of a bank guarantee, pledge or mortgage on the borrower’s local assets. Depending upon the size of the borrower, we will provide up to 100% of the financing required for the overseas investment project.

Import Credits

We offer import credits to Korean companies that directly import essential materials, natural resources and high-technology materials whose stable and timely supply is required for the national economy, or to Korean companies that import such items after developing them overseas. Import credits are extended for importation of eligible items, including nuclear fuels, aircraft, mineral ores, crude oil, lumber, wood pulp, grains, cotton, sugar, and equipment and machinery for research and development, and for use in advanced technological industries.

As of December 31, 2021, import credits in the amount of W6,122 billion represented 8% of our total outstanding Loan Credits. Disbursements and new commitments of import credits amounted to W10,390 billion and W12,198 billion, respectively, in 2021, an increase of 17% and 35%, respectively, from the previous year, primarily due to an increase in demand for financing for raw materials used for export and domestic consumption.

We offer import credits at either fixed or floating rates of interest with maturities up to ten years for equipment and machinery and shorter maturities of up to two years for other items, which may require security in the form of a bank guarantee, pledge or mortgage on the borrower’s local assets. We generally provide up to 80% of the import contract amount, but provide up to 90% of the import contract amount in the case of small and medium-sized enterprises and up to 100% for transactions with a letter of credit opened by a bank.

Guarantee Operations

We provide guarantees in favor of Korean commercial banks and foreign banks or foreign importers in respect of the obligations of Korean exporters in order to facilitate export and import financings. Such guarantee programs for Korean exporters and importers include (1) financial guarantees to co-financing banks that provide loans for transactions that satisfy our eligibility requirements and (2) project-related guarantees to foreign importers for the performance of Korean exporters on eligible projects in the form of bid bonds, advance payment bonds, performance bonds and retention bonds. Guarantee commitments as of December 31, 2021 increased to W40,231 billion from W34,703 billion as of December 31, 2020. Guarantees we had confirmed as of December 31, 2021 increased to W30,069 billion from W27,961 billion as of December 31, 2020.

We mainly issue project-related guarantees, which include:

 

   

advance payment guarantees that are issued to overseas importers of Korean goods and services to support obligations to refund down payments made to Korean exporters in the event of a failure to deliver the goods to be exported; and

 

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performance guarantees that are issued to foreign importers to support the performance by Korean exporters of their contractual obligations.

In 2021, we issued project-related confirmed guarantees in the amount of W8,314 billion, an increase of 49% from the previous year.

We also issue letters of credit to foreign exporters to assist in the financing of projects approved in connection with import credit loans, and to Korean exporters to assist in the financing of projects approved in connection with export credit loans.

For further information regarding our guarantee and letter of credit operations, see “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020—Note 36.”

Government Account Operations

Economic Development Cooperation Fund

In 1987, the Government established the Economic Development Cooperation Fund, or the EDCF, to provide loans, at concessional interest rates, to governments or agencies of developing countries for projects that contribute to industrial development or economic stabilization of such countries. We administer the EDCF on behalf of the Government and are responsible for project appraisal, documentation and administrative work relating to the EDCF Loans. The EDCF business accounts are maintained separately from our own account on behalf of the Government, and we derive no separate income or expenditures from our operation of the EDCF business. Government contributions constitute the primary funding source of the EDCF. Loan disbursements by the EDCF in 2021 amounted to W1,227 billion for 102 projects in 34 countries, an increase of 36% from the previous year. As of December 31, 2021, the total outstanding loans extended by the EDCF was W9,760 billion, an increase of 13% from the previous year.

Inter-Korea Cooperation Fund

In 1991, the Government established the Inter-Korea Cooperation Fund, or the IKCF, to promote mutual exchanges and cooperation between the Republic and North Korea by engaging in funding and financing activities to support family reunions, cultural events, academic seminars, trade and economic cooperation between the two countries. We administer the IKCF under the initiative and policy coordination of the Ministry of Unification. The IKCF accounts are maintained separately from our own account on behalf of the Government. Government contributions are the major funding source of the IKCF. The IKCF disbursements during 2021 amounted to W31 billion for 43 projects, and cumulative total disbursements as of December 31, 2021 were W7,107 billion, an increase of 0.4% from W7,076 billion as of December 31, 2020.

Other Operations

We engage in various other activities related to our financing activities.

Activities in which we currently engage include:

 

   

country information services performed by the Overseas Economic Research Institute, which conducts country studies and country risk evaluation to assist in the efficient utilization of our financial resources;

 

   

export credit advisory services, which are aimed at bringing about a larger share of overseas bidding by giving Korean exporters a wide range of knowledge on the country, industry, market and financial situation of the importing country in the early stage of the tendering process or contract negotiations;

 

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consulting services by in-house professionals including lawyers, accountants and regional experts who consult on international transactions; and

 

   

management of Korea’s foreign direct investment database.

Description of Assets and Liabilities

Total Credit Exposure

We extend credits to support export and import transactions, overseas investment projects and other relevant products in various forms including loans and guarantees.

The following table sets out our Credit Exposure as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, categorized by type of exposure extended:

 

         As of December 31,  
         2020     2021  
         (billions of Won, except for percentages)  
A    Loans in Won   W 23,643       23   W 24,238       22
B    Loans in Foreign Currencies     46,840       46       51,613       48  
C    Loans (A+B)     70,483       69       75,851       70  
D    Other Loans     5,805       6       4,144       4  
E    Loan Credits (C+D)     76,288       75       79,995       74  
F    Allowances for Loan Losses     (2,501     (2     (2,166     (2
G    Loan Credits including allowance for loan losses (E-F)     73,787       73       77,829       72  
H    Guarantees     27,961       27       30,069       28  
I    Credit Exposure (G+H)     101,748       100       107,898       100  

Loan Credits by Geographic Area

The following table sets out the total amount of our outstanding Loan Credits as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, categorized by geographic area (1):

 

     As of December 31,(1)      As % of
2021 Total
 
     2020      2021  
     (billions of Won)  

Asia(2)

   W 60,933      W 61,373        77

Europe

     6,606        9,625        12  

America

     6,648        7,288        9  

Africa

     2,101        1,708        2  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 76,288      W 79,995        100
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

For purposes of this table, export credits have been allocated to the geographic areas in which the foreign buyers of Korean exports are located; overseas investment credits have been allocated to the geographic areas in which the overseas investments being financed are located; and import credits have been allocated to the geographic areas in which the sellers of the imported goods are located.

(2)

Includes Australia.

Source: Internal accounting records

Economic Sanctions

The U.S. government, including the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, administers and enforces certain laws and regulations, or U.S. direct sanctions, that impose prohibitions or restrictions on dealings with or related to certain designated countries and territories, governments, entities and

 

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individuals, and entities majority-owned by such parties, that take place within U.S. jurisdiction. U.S. direct sanctions include territorial sanctions targeting specific countries and jurisdictions; blocking sanctions, which generally prohibit U.S. persons from engaging in transactions or other dealings with or involving blocked persons or the property or interests in property of blocked person; and non-blocking prohibitions and restrictions that target specific kinds of dealings, including, for example, dealings in debt or equity issued by certain designated parties issued after certain dates. For example, Iran currently is and has been subject to comprehensive U.S. sanctions. In addition, as a result of the ongoing conflict involving Ukraine and Russia, the United States, along with the European Union, the United Kingdom, Korea, Singapore and other major jurisdictions, has adopted new, additional and/or enhanced economic and trade sanctions and restrictions on Russia. Although U.S. direct sanctions generally are not applicable to non-U.S. persons (although certain U.S. direct sanctions programs do apply to non-U.S. subsidiaries of U.S. companies), non-U.S. persons can be held liable for violations of U.S. direct sanctions to the extent they participate in prohibited transactions within U.S. jurisdiction (including as a result of, for example, involving U.S. goods, services or technology, U.S. persons, or U.S. dollar payments that are cleared through the U.S. financial system). Violations of U.S. direct sanctions can result in substantial civil or criminal penalties.

In addition to U.S. direct sanctions, the United States maintains numerous secondary sanctions programs that give the U.S. government authority to impose a variety of sanctions on foreign parties that engage in certain dealings relating to Iran and Russia, as well as other U.S. sanctions targets/targeted activities regardless of whether such dealings are within U.S. jurisdiction. The imposition of U.S. secondary sanctions is not automatic, and instead requires specific action by the U.S. government. In practice, U.S. secondary sanctions are highly discretionary and may be strongly influenced by political considerations, and accordingly, are difficult to predict. Non-U.S. parties that engage in sanctionable activities are potentially subject to a number of sanctions, including, among other things, the blocking of any property within U.S. jurisdiction (including the possession or control of U.S. persons) in which the sanctioned party has an interest, which would include a prohibition on transactions or dealings within U.S. jurisdiction involving the securities of the sanctioned party, or, in the case of financial institutions, being prohibited or restricted from maintaining correspondent accounts in the United States. Our business and reputation could be adversely affected, for example, if the U.S. government were to determine that our activities, or the activities of any of our counterparties, involve sanctionable activity under U.S. secondary sanctions.

In addition, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Korea, Singapore and other major jurisdictions administer and enforce their own sanctions programs that target certain countries and territories, governments, entities and individuals in varying respects that we or certain of our dealings may be subject to.

Furthermore, we are aware, through press reports and other means, of initiatives by certain governmental entities and institutions in the United States, such as universities and pension funds, to adopt laws, regulations or policies prohibiting transactions with or investment in, or requiring divestment from, entities doing business with certain sanctioned countries, including Iran. For the reasons discussed below, it is possible that such initiatives may result in our being unable to gain or retain entities subject to such prohibitions as customers or as investors in our debt securities. In addition, our reputation may suffer due to our association with Iran and Russia. Such a result could have significant adverse effects on our business or the price of our debt securities.

Our business previously included activities related to Iran consisting solely of the extension of credit and financing provided in connection with the export of Korean goods and services to Iran and the disbursement of Iran-related credits directly to Korean suppliers or exporters. Such activities involved export-related credits to finance the export contracts of Korean exporters supplying goods and services to Iranian companies and Iranian financial institutions that may be subject to U.S. sanctions, including as a result of being indirectly owned or controlled by the Iranian government. None of these transactions involved U.S. persons, were conducted in U.S. dollars or involved U.S.-origin goods or services or any other U.S. jurisdictional nexus, and such transactions were subject to policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with applicable Korean laws and regulations. We currently have no active dealings related to Iran. We did not have any credit and financing

 

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arrangements related to Iran as of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 and did not derive any operating revenue from transactions with, involving, or related to Iran in 2019, 2020 and 2021.

We engage in business related to Russia, including limited dealings with the government of the Russian Federation and the extension of credit to two Russian financial institutions that have been recently designated for U.S. (but not Singaporean) sanctions (one of which has been designated for U.S. blocking sanctions and one of which has been designated for U.S. non-blocking sanctions). We do not have any other dealings with the government of the Russian Federation or any Russian Federation government stated-owned entities, VTB Bank Public Joint Stock Company, The Corporation Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs Vnesheconombank, Promsvyazbank Public Joint Stock Company or Bank Rossiya.

As of December 31, 2021, the government of the Russian Federation owed us approximately US$42 million pursuant to an existing loan arrangement. This is a legacy arrangement resulting from a commodity loan we extended to Vnesheconombank, formerly the Bank for Foreign Economic Affairs of the former Soviet Union and now the Russian Federation state development corporation, in the early 1990s. The loan was initially guaranteed by the government of the Soviet Union; the guarantee was subsequently assumed by the government of the Russian Federation. To date, the Russian Federation has paid back approximately 85.9% of the loan amount. Our dealings are formally with the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, which has been sanctioned by various sanctions authorities, including the United States. The loan is classified as precautionary in terms of asset quality (based on previous repayment activity and our internal credit rating system). The provisioning level we had established for that credit exposure as of December 31, 2021 was 0.2%, which has subsequently been increased to 17.5% as of March 31, 2022, in light of recent developments. These dealings with the government of the Russian Federation have historically included transactions conducted in U.S. dollars through U.S. financial institutions. Our transactions with the government of the Russian Federation have been conducted at all times in full compliance with applicable sanctions. In light of recent developments, we have paused all dealings with the government of the Russian Federation, meaning we have not engaged in any additional transactions with the government of the Russian Federation since February 2022 and we are currently unable to accept any payments from the government of the Russian Federation. We are continuing to evaluate our arrangements with the government of the Russian Federation in light of recent developments and will only engage in additional transactions with the government of the Russian Federation that are fully compliant with applicable sanctions.

Our arrangements with two Russian financial institutions, which involve the extension of credit and have historically included transactions conducted in U.S. dollars through U.S. financial institutions, were all in place prior to the recent Russia-related sanctions developments. As of December 31, 2021, the two Russian financial institutions owed us approximately US$200 million. The provisioning level we had established for that credit exposure as of December 31, 2021 was 0.2%, which has subsequently been increased to 37.5% as of March 31, 2022, in light of recent developments. Our transactions with the Russian financial institutions have been conducted at all times in full compliance with applicable sanctions. In light of recent developments, we have paused all dealings with the Russian financial institutions, meaning we have not engaged in any additional transactions with the Russian financial institutions since February 2022 (even if the contemplated transactions would not have been prohibited or restricted by applicable sanctions) and we are currently unable to accept any payments from the Russian financial institutions. We are continuing to evaluate our arrangements with the Russian financial institutions in light of recent developments and will only engage in additional transactions with the Russian financial institutions that are fully compliant with applicable sanctions.

Individual Exposure

The KEXIM Decree imposes limits on our aggregate credits extended to a single person or business group, with which requirements we are in compliance with as of the date hereof. However, our large exposure to various business groups in Korea means that we are also exposed to financial difficulties experienced by our borrowers as a result of, among other things, adverse economic conditions in Korea and globally. For example, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on the Korean economy, and the invasion of Ukraine by Russia and ensuing actions taken

 

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by the United States and other countries have had, and may continue to have, an adverse impact on the business, activities and operations of many of our borrowers, including large business groups, which in turn could have an adverse impact on the ability of our borrowers to meet existing payment or other obligations to us. See “The Republic of Korea—The Economy—Worldwide Economic and Financial Difficulties.” A continued deterioration in the financial condition of our borrowers could result in a deterioration in the quality of our loan portfolio, which in turn could result in an increase in delinquency ratios, increased charge-offs and higher provisioning, as well as an increase in impairment losses on such loans, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

As of December 31, 2021, our largest Credit Exposure was to Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd., or DSME, in the amount of W3,379 billion. As of December 31, 2021, our second largest and third largest Credit Exposures, respectively, were to Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. in the amount of W2,268 billion and to Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., or HHI, in the amount of W2,054 billion.

The following table sets out our five largest Credit Exposures as of December 31, 2021(1):

 

Rank

  

Name of Borrower

   Loan Credits      Guarantees      Total  
          (billions of Won)  
1    Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.    W    557      W 2,822      W 3,379  
2    Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.      355        1,913        2,268  
3    Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.      91        1,963        2,054  
4    SK hynix Inc.      1,845        0        1,845  
5    GS Engineering & Construction Corp.      719        797        1,516  

 

(1)

Excludes loans and guarantees extended to affiliates.

Source: Internal accounting records.

In recent years, DSME, one of the largest shipbuilding and offshore construction companies in Korea, suffered from financial difficulties primarily due to significant losses incurred in connection with the construction of offshore plants resulting from a prolonged slowdown in the global shipbuilding industry. In October 2015, we announced that we, along with The Korea Development Bank, plan to provide financial support to DSME, including provision of liquidity support of up to W4.2 trillion. In December 2016, in a bid to improve DSME’s capital structure, we exchanged a term loan in the amount of W1 trillion provided by us to DSME for perpetual bonds newly issued by DSME, while The Korea Development Bank engaged in debt-for-equity swaps amounting to W1.8 trillion. In March 2017, we and The Korea Development Bank announced a second joint plan to provide an additional W2.9 trillion in financial support to DSME, which was approved by the other creditors in April 2017. Based on such plan, we exchanged a term loan in the amount of W1.28 trillion provided by us to DSME for perpetual bonds issued by DSME and The Korea Development Bank provided additional debt-to-equity swaps of W0.3 trillion in June 2017. Other creditors also provided debt-to-equity swaps for up to 80% of their debt with DSME and rescheduled the maturities of the remainder. In March 2019, as part of a plan by HHI to acquire DSME, The Korea Development Bank entered into an agreement to transfer all of its shares in DSME to Korea Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd., or KSOE, a newly established sub-holding company spun off from HHI to control its shipbuilding companies, in return for an equity stake in KSOE. In January 2022, however, the European Commission announced that it would not grant approval for such acquisition due to anti-competition concerns for LNG carriers, which decision HHI has since appealed, and the transfer agreement was terminated in March 2022.

Asset Quality

The Supervisory Regulation of Banking Business, or the Supervisory Regulation, legislated by the Financial Services Commission requires banks, including us, to analyze and classify their credits into one of five categories as normal, precautionary, substandard, doubtful or estimated loss by taking into account borrowers’ repayment capacity as well as a number of other factors including the financial position, profitability, transaction history of

 

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the relevant borrower and the value of any collateral or guarantee taken as security for the extension of credit. Categorizations are applied to all loans except call loans and interbank loans, which are classified as normal. Credit categorizations are as follows:

 

Normal

  Credits extended to customers which, in consideration of their business and operations, financial conditions and future cash flows, do not raise concerns regarding their ability to repay the credits.

Precautionary

  Credits extended to customers (1) which, in consideration of their business and operations, financial conditions and future cash flows, are judged to have potential risks with respect to their ability to repay the credits in the future, although there have not occurred any immediate risks of default in repayment; or (2) which are in arrears for one month or more but less than three months.

Substandard

  (1) Credits extended to customers, which in consideration of their business and operations, financial conditions and future cash flows, are judged to have incurred considerable risks for default in repayment as the customers’ ability to repay has deteriorated; or (2) that portion which is expected to be collected of total credits (a) extended to customers which have been in arrears for three months or more, (b) extended to customers which are judged to have incurred serious risks due to the occurrence of final refusal to pay their promissory notes, liquidation or bankruptcy proceedings, or closure of their businesses or (c) of “Doubtful Customers” or “Estimated-loss Customers” (each as defined below).

Doubtful

  That portion of credits in excess of the amount expected to be collected of total credits extended to (1) customers, or Doubtful Customers, which, in consideration of their business and operations, financial conditions and future cash flows, are judged to have incurred serious risks of default in repayment due to noticeable deterioration in their ability to repay; or (2) customers which have been in arrears for three months or more but less than twelve months.

Estimated Loss

  That portion of credits in excess of the amount expected to be collected of total credits extended to (1) customers, or Estimated-loss Customers, which, in consideration of their business and operations, financial conditions and future cash flows, are judged to have to be accounted as a loss as the inability to repay became certain due to serious deterioration in their ability to repay; (2) customers which have been in arrears for twelve months or more; or (3) customers which are judged to have incurred serious risks of default in repayment due to the occurrence of final refusal to pay their promissory notes, liquidation or bankruptcy proceedings, or closure of their businesses.

Under K-IFRS, we establish provisions for credit losses with respect to loans using either a case-by-case or collective approach. We assess individually significant loans on a case-by-case basis and other loans on a collective basis. In addition, if we determine that no objective evidence of impairment exists for a loan, it includes such loan in a group of loans with similar credit risk characteristics and assesses them collectively for impairment regardless of whether such loan is significant. If there is objective evidence that an impairment loss has been incurred for individually significant loans, the amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the financial asset’s carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted at such asset’s original effective interest rate. Future cash flows are estimated through a case-by-case analysis of individually assessed assets, which takes into account the benefit of any guarantee or other collateral held. The value and timing of future cash flow receipts are based on available estimates in conjunction with facts available at the time of review and reassessed on a periodic basis as new information becomes available. For collectively assessed loans, we base the level of provisions for credit losses on a portfolio basis in light of the homogenous nature of the assets included in each portfolio. The provisions are determined based on a quantitative review of the relevant portfolio, taking into account such factors as the level of arrears, the value of any security, and historical and projected cash recovery trends over the recovery period. For more detailed information regarding

 

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our loan loss provisioning policy, see “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020—Note 3(7).”

Asset Classifications

The following table provides information on our loan loss reserves:

 

     As of December 31, 2020      As of December 31, 2021  
     Loan
Amount(1)
     Loan
Loss
Reserve(2)(3)
     Loan
Amount(1)
     Loan
Loss
Reserve(2)(3)
 
     (billions of Won)  

Normal

   W 122,165      W 1,006      W 138,298      W 779  

Precautionary

     9,367        1,270        9,667        797  

Sub-standard

     102        58        263        140  

Doubtful

     1,099        920        1,074        855  

Estimated Loss

     429        313        621        579  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 133,162      W 3,568      W 149,923      W 3,151  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

These figures include loans (excluding interbank loans and call loans), domestic usance bills, bills bought, notes bought, advances for customers, confirmed and unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees and unused loan commitments, among others.

(2)

Consists of (i) allowance for loan losses, (ii) provisions for confirmed and unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees and (iii) certain financial guarantee contract liabilities.

(3)

These figures include present value discount.

Reserves for Credit Losses

Non-performing assets, or NPAs, are defined as assets that are classified as substandard or below.

The following table sets out our 10 largest non-performing assets as of December 31, 2021:

 

Borrower

   Loans      Guarantees      Total  
     (billions of Won)  

EGYPTIAN REFINING COMPANY S.A.E.

   W 652      W 193      W 846  

Acwa Guc Elektrik Isletme Ve Yonetim Sanayi Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi

     104        49        153  

SEADRILL JUPITER LTD.

     120        —          120  

SEADRILL SATURN LTD.

     120        —          120  

SEADRILL NEPTUNE HUNGARY KFT.

     120        —          120  

SEADRILL TELLUS LTD.

     89        —          89  

DYNATEC MADAGASCAR S.A.

     —          88        88  

GAZIANTEP HASTANE SAGLIK HIZMETLERI ISLETME YATIRIM A.S.

     45        43        87  

RECAUDO BOGOTA S.A.S.

     30        —          30  

ELK Corporation

     15        —          15  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 1,295      W 373      W 1,668  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

We cannot provide any assurance that our current level of exposure to non-performing assets will continue in the future or that any of our borrowers (including our largest borrowers as described above) is not currently facing, or in the future will not face, material financial difficulties.

As of December 31, 2021, the amount of our non-performing assets was W1,958 billion, an increase of 20% from W1,631 billion as of December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2021, our non-performing asset ratio was 1.3%, compared to 1.2% as of December 31, 2020.

 

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The following table sets forth our reserves for possible credit losses as of December 31, 2020 and 2021:

 

     As of December 31,  
     2020     2021  
     (billions of Won,
except for percentages)
 

Loan Loss Reserve (A)(1)

   W 3,568     W 3,151  

NPA (B)(2)

     1,631       1,958  

Total Shareholders’ Equity (C)

     14,469       15,353  

Reserve to NPA (A/B)

     219     161

Equity at Risk (B-A)/C

     —         —    

 

  (1)

Consists of allowance for loan losses and provisions for confirmed acceptances and guarantees, excluding the regulatory reserve for loans and guarantees.

  (2)

Non-performing assets, which are defined as assets that are classified as substandard or below.

Source: Internal accounting records

The following table sets forth our actual loan loss reserve ratios as of December 31, 2020 and 2021:

 

Classification of Loans

   Actual Reserve Coverage
(as of December 31, 2020)
    Actual Reserve Coverage
(as of December 31, 2021)
 

Normal

     0.8     0.6

Precautionary

     13.6     8.2

Substandard

     57.2     53.3

Doubtful

     83.7     79.6

Estimated Loss

     73.0     93.2

Investments

Under the KEXIM Decree, we are not allowed to hold stocks or securities of more than three years’ maturity in excess of 60% of our equity capital. However, investment in the following securities is not subject to this restriction:

 

   

Government bonds;

 

   

BOK currency stabilization bonds;

 

   

securities acquired via contributions by the Government; and

 

   

securities acquired through investment approved by the Minister of Economy and Finance, for research related to our operations, for our financing or pursuant to Korean statutes.

As of December 31, 2021, our total investment in securities amounted to W14,310 billion, representing 14% of our total assets. Our securities portfolio consists primarily of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income, or FVOCI. Financial assets at FVOCI mainly consist of marketable securities (including equity securities in Industrial Bank of Korea which was recapitalized by the Government through us) and non-marketable securities (including equity securities in Korea Expressway Corporation and Korea Land & Housing Corporation). From 2019 to 2021, we sold our holdings of common stock in KG Dongbu Steel Co., Ltd. (formerly, Dongbu Steel Co., Ltd.), which amounted to an aggregate of 2,363,685 shares of common stock, for a total of W32 billion.

 

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The following table sets out the composition of our securities as of December 31, 2020 and 2021:

 

     As of
December 31, 2020
    As of
December 31, 2021
 

Type of Investment Securities

   Amount      %     Amount      %  
     (billions of Won, except for percentages)  

Financial Assets at FVOCI

   W 10,537        81   W 11,814        83

Financial Assets at Amortized Cost

     506        4       931        7  

Investments in Associates and Subsidiaries

     1,919        15       1,565        11  
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 12,962        100   W 14,310        100
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

For further information relating to the classification guidelines and methods of valuation of our financial instruments (including securities), see “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to separate financial statements and of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020—Notes 3 and 5.”

Guarantees and Acceptances and Contingent Liabilities

We have credit risk factors that are not reflected on the balance sheet, which include risks associated with guarantees and acceptances. Guarantees and acceptances do not appear on the balance sheet, but rather are recorded as an off-balance sheet item in the notes to the financial statements. Guarantees and acceptances include financial guarantees, project-related guarantees, such as bid bond, advance payment bond, performance bond or retention bond, and acceptances and advances relating to trade financings such as letters of credit or import freight. Contingent liabilities, for which the guaranteed amounts were not finalized, appear as unconfirmed guarantees and acceptance items in the notes to the financial statements as off-balance sheet items.

As of December 31, 2021, we had issued a total amount of W30,069 billion in confirmed guarantees and acceptances, of which W26,696 billion, representing 89% of the total amount, was classified as normal, W2,983 billion, representing 10% of the total amount, was classified as precautionary, and W390 billion, representing 1% of the total amount, was classified as substandard or below.

Derivatives

The objective in our strategy and policies on derivatives is to actively manage and minimize our foreign exchange and interest rate risks. It is our policy to hedge all currency and interest rate risks wherever possible (taking into consideration the cost of hedging). We use various hedging instruments, including foreign exchange forwards and options, interest rate swaps, and cross currency swaps.

Under our internal trading rules that have been submitted to the Financial Supervisory Service, our policy is to engage in derivative transactions mainly for hedging our own position. As part of our total exposure management system, we monitor our exposure to derivatives and may make real-time inquiries, which enables our Risk Management Department to check our exposure on a regular basis. Under the guidelines set by the Financial Supervisory Service, we are required to submit reports on our derivatives exposure to the Financial Supervisory Service on a quarterly basis. As a measure to reduce the risk of intentional manipulation or error, we have separated responsibility for different functions such as initiation, authorization, approval, recording, monitoring and reporting to the Financial Supervisory Service. The Risk Management Department conducts regular reviews of derivative transactions to monitor any breach of compliance with the relevant regulatory requirements.

As of December 31, 2021, our outstanding loans made at floating rates of interest totaled W53,308 billion, whereas our outstanding borrowings made at floating rates of interest totaled W56,752 billion, including those raised in Australian Dollar, Euro, British Pound, and Brazil Real and swapped into U.S. dollar floating rate borrowings. As a result, we are exposed to possible interest rate risks to the extent that the amount of our

 

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borrowings made at floating rates of interest exceeds the amount of our loans made at floating rates of interest. Foreign exchange risk arises because a majority of our assets and liabilities are denominated in non-Won currencies. In order to match our currency and interest rate structure, we generally enter into swap transactions.

The following table shows the unsettled notional amounts and estimated fair values of derivatives we held as of the dates indicated.

 

     As of December 31,  
     2020      2021  
     Unsettled
Notional
Amount
     Fair Value
of Assets
     Fair
Value of
Liabilities
     Unsettled
Notional
Amount
     Fair Value
of Assets
     Fair
Value of
Liabilities
 
     (billions of Won)  

Currency forwards

   W 5,111      W 96      W 157      W 5,872      W 58      W 41  

Currency swaps

     27,596        1,249        722        26,113        604        873  

Interest rate swaps

     39,330        1,166        291        47,235        854        514  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 72,037      W 2,511      W 1,170      W 79,220      W 1,516      W 1,428  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

As of December 31, 2021, we had entered into 509 currency related derivative contracts with a notional amount of W31,984 billion and had entered into 342 interest rate related derivative contracts with a notional amount of W47,235 billion. See “—Financial Statements and the Auditors—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020—Note 20.”

Sources of Funding

We obtain funds primarily through borrowings from the issuance of bonds in both domestic and international capital markets, borrowings from domestic and foreign financial institutions, capital contributions and internally generated funds. Internally generated funds result from various activities we carry on and include principal and interest payments on our loans, fees from guarantee operations and other services, and income from marketable securities we hold.

We raised a net total of W67,611 billion (new borrowings plus loan repayments by our clients less repayment of our existing debt) during 2021, an 8% decrease compared with the previous year’s W73,168 billion. The total loan repayments, including prepayments by our clients, during 2021 amounted to W59,912 billion, an increase of 0.4% from W59,649 billion during 2020.

Since our establishment, the Government has, from time to time, provided us with loans to support our lending to Korean exporters and provide liquidity to us. As of December 31, 2021, our outstanding borrowings from the Government amounted to W947 billion. We also issued Won-denominated domestic bonds in the aggregate amounts of W11,310 billion, W22,370 billion and W17,170 billion during 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively.

We have diversified our funding sources by borrowing from various overseas sources and issuing long-term floating-rate notes and fixed-rate debentures in the international capital markets. These issues were in foreign currencies, including the U.S. dollar, Thai Baht, Australian Dollar, Euro, Hong Kong Dollar, Singapore Dollar, Swiss Franc, Brazilian Real, Mexican Peso, Peruvian Sol, Indian Rupee, Indonesian Rupiah, Chinese Yuan, New Zealand Dollar, Philippine Peso, South African Rand, Danish Krone, Swedish Krona, Czech Koruna, Norwegian Krone, British Pound, Canadian Dollar and Polish Zloty and have original maturities ranging from one to thirty years.

During 2021, we issued Eurobonds in the aggregate principal amount of US$5,280 million in various types of currencies under our existing medium term notes program, a 15% increase from US$4,574 million in 2020.

 

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These bond issues consisted of offerings of US$2,930 million, HKD 3,745 million, BRL 3,796 million, CNY 2,611 million, AUD 180 million and ZAR 715 million. In addition, we issued global bonds during 2021 in the aggregate amount of US$3,500 million under our U.S. shelf registration statement, or the U.S. Shelf Program, compared with EUR 500 million and US$1,400 million in 2020. As of December 31, 2021, the outstanding amounts of our notes and debentures were US$30,463 million, HKD 7,538 million, BRL 3,907 million, EUR 4,739 million, THB 7,880 million, CHF 1,250 million, AUD 3,776 million, INR 37,604 million, CNY 6,373 million, IDR 10,733,000 million, NZD 574 million, ZAR 2,615 million, NOK 2,250 million, GBP 35 million, CAD 65 million, SEK 250 million, MXN 12,000 million, SGD 200 million, CZK 3,420 million and PLN 194 million.

We also borrow from foreign financial institutions in the form of loans that are principally made by syndicates of commercial banks at floating or fixed interest rates and in foreign currencies, with original maturities ranging from one to five years. As of December 31, 2021, the outstanding amount of such borrowings from foreign financial institutions was US$400 million.

Our capital stock has increased from time to time since our establishment. From January 1998 to December 2021, the Government contributed W11,878 billion to our capital. As of December 31, 2021, our total capital stock amounted to W12,748 billion, and the Government, The Bank of Korea and The Korea Development Bank owned 69%, 9% and 22%, respectively, of our capital stock.

In connection with our fund raising activities, we have from time to time sold third parties promissory notes, including related guarantees, acquired as collateral in connection with export credit financings.

The KEXIM Act provides that the aggregate outstanding principal amount of all of our borrowings, including the total outstanding export-import financing debentures we issued in accordance with the KEXIM Decree, may not exceed an amount equal to thirty times the sum of our capital stock plus our reserves. As of December 31, 2021, the aggregate outstanding principal amount of our borrowings (including export-import financing debentures), which was W80,694 billion, was equal to 20.4% of the authorized amount of W394,980 billion.

We are not permitted to accept demand or time deposits.

Each year we must submit to the Government for its approval an operating plan which includes our target levels for different types of funding. The following table is the part of the operating plan dealing with fund-raising for 2022:

 

Sources of Fund

   (billions of Won)  

Capital Contribution

     —    

Borrowings

     31,015  

Net Collection of Loans

     24,985  

Collection of Loans

     54,382  

Repayment of Debts

     (29,397

Others

     —    
  

 

 

 

Total

   W 56,000  
  

 

 

 

 

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Debt

Debt Repayment Schedule

The following table sets out the principal repayment schedule for our outstanding debt (consisting of borrowings and debentures) as of December 31, 2021:

Debt Principal Repayment Schedule

 

     Maturing on or before December 31,  

Currency(1)

   2022      2023      2024      2025      Thereafter  
     (billions of Won)  

Won

   W 18,010      W 7,500      W 1,780      W 320      W 1,610  

Foreign(2)

     16,366        10,084        10,473        7,381        14,840  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total Won Equivalent

   W 34,376      W 17,584      W 12,253      W 7,701      W 16,450  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Borrowings and debentures in foreign currency have been translated into Won at the market average exchange rates on December 31, 2021, as announced by the Seoul Money Brokerage Services Ltd.

(2)

This figure includes debentures, bank loans, commercial papers and repurchase agreements.

Normally we determine the level of our foreign currency reserves based upon an estimate, at any given time, of aggregate loan disbursements to be made over the next two to three months. Our average foreign currency reserves in 2020 and 2021 were approximately US$5,434 million and US$3,882 million, respectively.

Although we currently believe that such reserves, together with additional borrowings available under our uncommitted short-term backup credit facilities and commercial paper programs, will be sufficient to repay our outstanding debt as it becomes due, there can be no assurance that we will continue to be able to borrow under such credit facilities, or that the devaluation of the Won will not adversely affect our ability to access funds sufficient to repay our foreign currency denominated indebtedness in the future. In addition to maintaining sufficient foreign currency reserves, we monitor the maturity profile of our foreign currency assets and liabilities to ensure that there are sufficient maturing assets to meet our liabilities as they become due.

As of December 31, 2021, our foreign currency assets maturing within three months, six months and one year exceeded our foreign currency liabilities coming due within such periods by US$2,751 million, US$3,317 million and US$3,042 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, our total foreign currency liabilities exceeded our total foreign currency assets by US$271 million.

Internal and External Debt of the Bank

The following table summarizes, as of December 31 of the years indicated, the outstanding internal debt of the Bank:

Internal Debt of the Bank

 

     (billions of Won)  

2017

     14,120  

2018

     14,665  

2019

     15,405  

2020

     22,805  

2021

     22,910  

 

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The following table sets out, by currency and the equivalent amount in U.S. Dollars, the outstanding external debt of the Bank as of December 31, 2021:

External Debt of the Bank

 

     Amount in
Original
Currency
     Equivalent
Amount in
U.S. Dollars(1)
 
     (billions)  

US$

   US$ 34.0      US$ 34.0  

Euro (EUR)

   EUR 4.8        5.4  

Brazilian real (BRL)

   BRL 4.3        0.8  

Australian Dollars (AUD)

   AUD 3.8        2.7  

British Pound (GBP)

   GBP 0.0        0.0  

Thai Baht (THB)

   THB 7.9        0.2  

Hong Kong dollar (HKD)

   HKD 7.5        1.0  

Swiss franc (CHF)

   CHF 1.3        1.4  

Swedish Krona (SEK)

   SEK 0.3        0.0  

Indonesian rupiah (IDR)

   IDR  10,733.0        0.8  

Chinese Yuan (CNY)

   CNY  6.4        1.0  

Norwegian Krone (NOK)

   NOK 2.3        0.3  

Mexican Peso (MXN)

   MXN 12.0        0.6  

New Zealand Dollar (NZD)

   NZD 0.6        0.4  

Indian Rupee (INR)

   INR 37.6        0.5  

South African Rand (ZAR)

   ZAR 2.6        0.2  

Peru Nuevo sol (PEN)

   PEN 0.5        0.1  

Canadian Dollar (CAD)

   CAD 0.1        0.1  

Singapore Dollar (SGD)

   SGD 0.2        0.2  

Czech Koruna (CZK)

   CZK 3.4        0.2  

Polish Zloty (PLN)

   PLN 0.2        0.0  
     

 

 

 
      US$ 49.8  
     

 

 

 

 

(1)

Amounts expressed in currencies other than U.S. dollar are converted to U.S. dollar at the exchange rate announced by the Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd. in effect on December 31, 2021 or the prevailing market rate on December 31, 2021.

The following table summarizes, as of December 31 of the years indicated, the outstanding external debt of the Bank:

External Debt of the Bank

 

     (billions of Won)  

2017

     52,710  

2018

     56,594  

2019

     57,899  

2020

     54,677  

2021

     59,144  

For further information on the outstanding indebtedness of the Bank, see “—Tables and Supplementary Information.”

Debt Record

We have never defaulted in the payment of principal of, or interest on, any of our obligations.

 

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Credit Policies, Credit Approval and Risk Management

Credit Policies

The Credit Policy Department functions as our centralized policy-making and planning division with respect to our lending activities. The Credit Policy Department formulates and revises our internal regulations on loan programs, sets basic lending guidelines on a country basis and gathers data from our various operating groups and produces various internal and external reports.

Credit Approval

We have multiple levels of loan approval authority, depending on the loan amount and other factors such as the nature of the credit, the conditions of the transaction, and whether the loan is secured. Our Board of Directors can approve loans of any amount. The Chief Executive Credit Committee, Credit Committee, Loan Officer Committee, Director Generals and Directors each have authority to approve loans up to a specified amount. The amount differs depending on the type of loan and certain other factors, for example, whether a loan is collateralized or guaranteed.

At each level of authority, loan applications are reviewed on the basis of the feasibility of the project from a technical, financial and economic point of view in addition to evaluating the probability of recovery. In conducting such a review, the following factors are considered:

 

   

eligibility of the transaction under our financing criteria;

 

   

country risk of the country of the borrower and the country in which the related project is located;

 

   

credit risk of the borrower;

 

   

a supplier’s ability to perform under the related supply contract;

 

   

legal disputes over the related project and supply contract; and

 

   

availability of collateral.

When the credit rating of a prospective borrower does not meet our internal rating criteria, our policy is to ensure that the loans are either guaranteed or made on a partially or fully secured basis. As of December 31, 2021, approximately 8% of our total outstanding loans were guaranteed or made on a partially or fully secured basis.

Risk Management

Our overall risk management policy is set by the Risk Management Committee, which meets on a quarterly basis and from time to time to establish tolerance limits for various exposures, whereas the overall risk management is overseen by the Risk Management Department, which is responsible for monitoring risk exposure.

The Risk Management Department reports our loan portfolio to the Financial Supervisory Service on a quarterly basis. The Risk Management Department also monitors our operating groups’ compliance with internal guidelines and procedures. To manage liquidity risk, we review the strategy for the sources and uses of funds, with each division submitting projected sources and uses to the Treasury Group. The Risk Management Department and the Treasury Group continually monitor our overall liquidity and the Treasury Group prepares both weekly and monthly cash flow forecasts. Our policy is to maintain a liquidity level, which can cover loan disbursements for a period of two to three months going forward. We protect ourselves from potential liquidity squeezes by maintaining sufficient amount of liquid assets with additional back-up of short-term credit lines.

Our core lending activities expose us to market risk, mostly in the form of interest rate and foreign currency risks. The Risk Management Department reports interest rate and foreign exchange gap positions to the Risk

 

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Management Committee on a quarterly basis. We also monitor changes in, and matches of, foreign currency assets and liabilities in order to reduce exposure to currency fluctuations. Recently, in light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic as well as the conflict involving Ukraine and Russia and the related economic and trade sanctions and restrictions adopted by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Korea, Singapore and other major jurisdictions, we have closely monitored foreign currency risks that could result from the depreciation of the Won against major foreign currencies (including the U.S. dollar), which in turn may increase our cost in servicing our foreign currency denominated debt and result in foreign exchange losses.

The Risk Management Department monitors various market indicators related to foreign currency liquidity on a regular basis and has been cooperating with other departments including the Treasury Group to effectively address any potential liquidity risk which may be associated with the conflict involving Ukraine and Russia.

One of the key components of our risk management policy, which also affects our fund-raising efforts, is to monitor matches of asset maturities and liability maturities. The average maturity as of December 31, 2021 for our Won- and foreign currency-denominated loans was 18 months and 47 months, respectively, and for Won- and foreign currency-denominated liabilities was 12 months and 34 months, respectively.

Our Risk Management Department also monitors and manages various operational risks that we face from time to time. For example, in light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we are currently focused on monitoring and managing risks associated with disruption in the normal course of our business resulting from the potential contraction of the COVID-19 infection by our employees, which may necessitate our employees to be quarantined and/or our offices to be temporarily shut down, or disruption resulting from the necessity for social distancing, including implementation of temporary adjustment of work arrangements requiring employees to work remotely, which may lead to a reduction in labor productivity.

In managing our risks, we follow an overall risk management process where we:

 

   

determine the risk management objectives;

 

   

identify key exposures;

 

   

measure key risks; and

 

   

monitor risk management results.

Our risk management system is a continuous system that is frequently evaluated and updated on an ongoing basis.

Capital Adequacy

Under the Financial Supervisory Service’s guidelines on risk-adjusted capital which were introduced in consideration of the standards set by the Bank for International Settlements, all banks in Korea, including us, are required to maintain a capital adequacy ratio (Tier I and Tier II) of at least 8% on a consolidated basis. To the extent that we fail to maintain this ratio, the Korean regulatory authorities may require corrective measures ranging from management improvement recommendations to emergency measures such as disposal of assets.

The current capital adequacy requirements of the Financial Services Commission are derived from a new set of bank capital measures, referred to as Basel III, which the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision initially introduced in 2009 and began phasing in starting from 2013. Commencing in July 2013, the Financial Services Commission promulgated a series of amended regulations implementing Basel III, pursuant to which Korean banks, including us, were required to maintain a minimum ratio of Tier I common equity capital (which principally includes equity capital, capital surplus and retained earnings less reserve for credit losses) to risk-weighted assets of 3.5% and Tier I capital to risk-weighted assets of 4.5% from December 1, 2013, which minimum ratios were increased to 4.0% and 5.5%, respectively, from January 1, 2014 and increased further to

 

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4.5% and 6.0%, respectively, from January 1, 2015. Such requirements are in addition to the pre-existing requirement for a minimum ratio of Tier I and Tier II capital (less any capital deductions) to risk-weighted assets of 8.0%, which remains unchanged. The amended regulations also require an additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% in 2021 and 2022, as well as a potential counter-cyclical capital buffer of up to 2.5%, which is determined on a quarterly basis by the Financial Services Commission. Presently, the Financial Services Commission has set the counter-cyclical capital buffer at 0%. As of December 31, 2021, our capital adequacy ratio, on a consolidated basis, was 14.8%, a decrease from 15.1% as of December 31, 2020, which was primarily due to an increase in credit risk-weighted assets.

The following table sets forth our capital base and capital adequacy ratios (on a consolidated basis) reported as of December 31, 2020 and 2021:

 

     As of December 31,  
     2020     2021  
     (billions of Won,
except for percentages)
 

Tier I

   W 14,482     W 15,185  

Capital stock (including capital surplus and capital adjustments)

     12,317       12,615  

Retained Earnings(1)

     1,472       1,919  

Accumulated other comprehensive income

     760       878  

Others

     2       2  

Deductions from Tier I Capital

     (69     (229

Capital Adjustments

     —         —    

Deferred Tax Asset

     —         —    

Others

     (69     (229

Tier II (General Loan Loss Reserves)

     1,821       1,788  

Total Capital

     16,303       16,973  

Risk Adjusted Assets

     108,052       114,401  

Capital Adequacy Ratios

    

Tier I common equity

     13.4     13.3

Tier I

     13.4     13.3

Tier I and Tier II

     15.1     14.8

 

(1)

Net amount after deducting regulatory reserve for loan losses.

Source: Internal accounting records

Overseas Operations

We maintain an international presence through 24 overseas representative offices, which are located in New York City, Tokyo, Beijing, São Paolo, Paris, Washington D.C., Shanghai, New Delhi, Dubai, Moscow, Mexico City, Tashkent, Hanoi, Manila, Jakarta, Yangon, Bogota, Istanbul, Dar es Salaam, Dhaka, Accra, Phnom Penh, Addis Ababa and Colombo.

We also have three wholly-owned subsidiaries: KEXIM Bank (UK) Ltd. in London, KEXIM (Asia) Ltd. in Hong Kong and KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co., Ltd. in Ho Chi Minh City. These subsidiaries are engaged in the merchant banking and lease financing businesses, and assist us in raising overseas financing. We also own 85% of P.T. Koexim Mandiri Finance, a subsidiary in Jakarta, which is primarily engaged in the business of lease financing.

 

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The table below sets forth brief details of our subsidiaries as of December 31, 2021:

 

   

Principal Place
of Business

 

Type of Business

  Book Value     Bank’s Holding  
            (billions of Won)     (%)  

Kexim Bank (UK) Ltd.

  United Kingdom   Commercial Banking   W 138       100

KEXIM (Asia) Ltd.

  Hong Kong   Commercial Banking     168       100  

P.T. Koexim Mandiri Finance

  Indonesia   Leasing and Factoring     25       85  

Kexim Vietnam Leasing Co., Ltd.

  Vietnam   Leasing and Lending     58       100  

Property

Our head office is located at 38 Eunhaeng-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07242, Korea, a 45,715 square meter building on a site of 9,110 square meters and owned by us. In addition to the head office, we own a staff training center located near Seoul on a site of 47,881 square meters and a marine finance center, a 4,423 square meter building, located in Busan on a site of 556 square meters. We also maintain 13 branches in Busan, Gwangju, Daegu, Changwon, Daejeon, Suwon, Incheon, Ulsan, Cheongju, Jeonju, Gumi, Yeosu and Wonju. Our domestic branch offices and overseas representative offices are located in facilities held under long-term leases.

Management and Employees

Management

Our governance and management is the responsibility of our Board of Directors, which has authority to decide important matters relating to our business. The Board of Directors is chaired by our President and is comprised of seven members: the Chairman and President, the Vice Chairman and Chief Operating Officer, the Executive Director and four Non-standing Executive Directors. The Auditor may attend and state his/her opinion at the meetings of the Board of Directors. The President of Korea appoints our President upon the recommendation of the Minister of Economy and Finance. The Minister of Economy and Finance appoints the Vice Chairman and all Executive Directors upon the recommendation of our President. The Minister of Economy and Finance appoints the Auditor. All Board members and the Auditor serve for three years and are eligible for re-appointment for successive terms of office.

The members of the Board of Directors are currently as follows:

 

Name

  

Board Member Since

  

Position

Woo-seog Kwon

   May 15, 2021    Vice Chairman and Chief Operating Officer

Tae-soo Kim

   May 15, 2021    Executive Director

Bok-hwan Yu

   January 6, 2020    Non-standing Executive Director

Tammy Chung

   January 6, 2020    Non-standing Executive Director

Jaimin Lee

   September 18, 2021    Non-standing Executive Director

Tae-ho Yun

   September 18, 2021    Non-standing Executive Director

Mr. Moon-kyu Bang resigned from his post as our Chairman and President in June 2022. His successor is expected to be appointed in the latter half of 2022.

Our basic policy guidelines for activities are established by the Operations Committee. According to the By-laws, the Operations Committee is composed of officials nominated as follows:

 

   

President of KEXIM;

 

   

official of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, nominated by the Minister of Economy and Finance;

 

   

official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, nominated by the Minister of Foreign Affairs;

 

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official of the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, nominated by the Minister of Trade, Industry & Energy;

 

   

official of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, nominated by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport;

 

   

official of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, nominated by the Minister of Oceans and Fisheries;

 

   

official of the Financial Services Commission, nominated by the Chairman of the Financial Services Commission;

 

   

executive director of The Bank of Korea, nominated by the Governor of The Bank of Korea;

 

   

executive director of the Korea Federation of Banks, nominated by the Chairman of the Korea Federation of Banks;

 

   

representative of an exporters’ association (Korea International Trade Association), nominated by the Minister of Economy and Finance after consultation with the Minister of Trade, Industry & Energy;

 

   

executive director of the Korea Trade Insurance Corporation established under the Trade Insurance Act, nominated by the Chairman and President of the Korea Trade Insurance Corporation; and

 

   

up to two persons who have extensive knowledge and experience in international economic cooperation work, recommended by our President and appointed by the Minister of Economy and Finance.

The members of the Operations Committee are currently as follows:

 

Name

  

Member Since

  

Position

Il Young Park

   February 23, 2022    Deputy Minister for International Affairs, Ministry of Economy and Finance

Seong-Deok Yun

   February 28, 2022    Deputy Minister for Economic Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Dong-min Moon

   March 26, 2021    Deputy Minister for International Trade and Investment, Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy

Hyuk Jin Kwon

   July 10, 2020    Assistant Minister for Infrastructure Affairs, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

Jae-Woo Jun

   February 9, 2021    Director General of Shipping and Logistics Bureau, Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries

Se-Hoon Lee

   July 30, 2021    Secretary General, Financial Services Commission

SangHyeong Lee

   July 22, 2021    Deputy Governor, The Bank of Korea

Ho Hyoung Lee

   March 9, 2020    Senior Executive Director, Korea Federation of Banks

Kwan Sup Lee

   February 26, 2021    Executive Vice Chairman, Korea International Trade Association

Ho Ill Kim

   March 22, 2022    Deputy President, Korea Trade Insurance Corporation

Taeyoon Sung

   May 4, 2021    Professor, Yonsei University

Hae Sun Park

   February 16, 2022    Professor, Konkuk University

Employees

As of December 31, 2021, we had 1,194 employees, among whom 966 employees were members of our labor union. We have never experienced a work stoppage of a serious nature. Every two years, the management and union negotiate and enter into a collective bargaining agreement. The most recent collective bargaining agreement was entered into in September 2020.

 

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Tables and Supplementary Information

A. External Debt of the Bank

(1) External Bonds of the Bank

 

Currency

   Original
Principal
Amount
     Interest Rate (%)      Issue Date      Maturity Date     Principal Amount
Outstanding as of
December 31, 2021
 

USD

     1,000,000,000        5        January 11, 2012        April 11, 2022             1,000,000,000  

USD

     100,000,000        6.78        January 27, 2012        January 27, 2027       100,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000                          4.369        August 27, 2013        February 27, 2025       50,000,000  

USD

     25,000,000        3.81        October 30, 2013        October 30, 2023       25,000,000  

USD

     45,000,000        3.81        October 30, 2013        October 30, 2023       45,000,000  

USD

     49,000,000        3.81        October 30, 2013        October 30, 2023       49,000,000  

USD

     20,000,000        3.9        October 30, 2013        October 30, 2023       20,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.66        November 06, 2013        November 06, 2023       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.87        November 06, 2013        November 06, 2025       50,000,000  

USD

     20,000,000        3.67        November 06, 2013        November 06, 2023       20,000,000  

USD

     40,000,000        4        November 07, 2013        November 07, 2025       40,000,000  

USD

     40,000,000        3.73        November 07, 2013        November 07, 2023       40,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.91        November 07, 2013        November 07, 2025       50,000,000  

USD

     20,000,000        3.71        November 07, 2013        November 07, 2023       20,000,000  

USD

     20,000,000        4.03        November 08, 2013        November 08, 2025       20,000,000  

USD

     30,000,000        4.03        November 08, 2013        November 08, 2025       30,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        4.03        November 08, 2013        November 08, 2025       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.76        November 08, 2013        November 08, 2023       50,000,000  

USD

     30,000,000        4.03        November 12, 2013        November 12, 2025       30,000,000  

USD

     35,000,000        3.786        November 12, 2013        November 12, 2023       35,000,000  

USD

     750,000,000        4        January 14, 2014        January 14, 2024       750,000,000  

USD

     220,000,000        3.95        January 27, 2014        January 27, 2024       220,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        4.14        January 28, 2014        January 28, 2026       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        4.14        February 03, 2014        February 03, 2026       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        4.14        February 03, 2014        February 03, 2026       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        4.07        February 04, 2014        February 04, 2026       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        4.06        February 04, 2014        February 04, 2026       50,000,000  

USD

     20,000,000        4.02        February 05, 2014        February 05, 2026       20,000,000  

USD

     30,000,000        4        February 13, 2014        February 13, 2026       30,000,000  

USD

     30,000,000        4        February 18, 2014        February 18, 2026       30,000,000  

USD

     40,000,000        4.04        February 19, 2014        February 19, 2026       40,000,000  

USD

     30,000,000        3.3        July 07, 2014        July 07, 2024       30,000,000  

USD

     500,000,000        3.25        August 12, 2014        August 12, 2026       500,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.409        October 24, 2014        October 24, 2029       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.409        October 24, 2014        October 24, 2029       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.402        October 29, 2014        October 29, 2029       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.23        October 30, 2014        October 30, 2026       50,000,000  

USD

     30,000,000        3.463        October 31, 2014        October 31, 2029       30,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.5        November 06, 2014        November 06, 2029       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.5        November 19, 2014        November 19, 2029       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.53        November 20, 2014        November 20, 2029       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.5        November 25, 2014        November 26, 2029       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.35        November 28, 2014        November 28, 2026       50,000,000  

USD

     1,250,000,000        2.875        January 21, 2015        January 21, 2025       1,250,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.62        February 27, 2015        February 27, 2023       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.02        March 04, 2015        March 04, 2030       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.02        March 04, 2015        March 04, 2030       50,000,000  

USD

     30,000,000        3.044        March 06, 2015        March 06, 2030       30,000,000  

USD

     30,000,000        3.044        March 06, 2015        March 06, 2030       30,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.81        March 06, 2015        March 06, 2025       50,000,000  

USD

     40,000,000        3.087        March 10, 2015        March 10, 2030       40,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.845        March 10, 2015        March 10, 2025       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.8        March 17, 2015        March 17, 2025       50,000,000  

 

32


Table of Contents

Currency

   Original
Principal
Amount
     Interest Rate (%)      Issue Date      Maturity Date     Principal Amount
Outstanding as of
December 31, 2021
 

USD

     50,000,000        2.7        April 01, 2015        April 01, 2027       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.4075        May 08, 2015        May 08, 2023       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.41        May 11, 2015        May 11, 2023       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.4125        May 12, 2015        May 12, 2023       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.675        May 27, 2015        May 27, 2023       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.552        May 27, 2015        May 27, 2023       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.62        May 28, 2015        May 28, 2023       50,000,000  

USD

     400,000,000        3.25        June 30, 2015        August 12, 2026       400,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.45        August 04, 2015        August 04, 2030       50,000,000  

USD

     30,000,000        3.33        August 04, 2015        August 04, 2027       30,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.047        September 01, 2015        September 01, 2025       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.32        September 03, 2015        September 03, 2030       50,000,000  

USD

     1,000,000,000        3.25        November 10, 2015        November 10, 2025               1,000,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.95        January 21, 2016        January 21, 2031       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.95        January 21, 2016        January 21, 2031       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.94        February 11, 2016        February 11, 2031       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.94        February 11, 2016        February 11, 2031       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.83        February 16, 2016        February 16, 2031       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.6        February 25, 2016        February 25, 2026       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.6        February 25, 2016        February 25, 2026       50,000,000  

USD

     1,000,000,000        2.625        May 26, 2016        May 26, 2026       1,000,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.38        July 01, 2016        July 01, 2026       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.52        July 22, 2016        July 22, 2031       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.085        July 22, 2016        July 22, 2026       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.09        August 02, 2016        August 02, 2031       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.205        August 02, 2016        August 02, 2026       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.29        August 03, 2016        August 03, 2026       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.1        August 09, 2016        August 09, 2031       50,000,000  

USD

     30,000,000        2.27        August 16, 2016        August 16, 2026       30,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.29        August 17, 2016        August 17, 2026       50,000,000  

USD

     45,000,000        3.25        August 19, 2016        August 19, 2031       45,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.01        August 30, 2016        August 30, 2024       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.08        September 30, 2016        September 30, 2031       50,000,000  

USD

     700,000,000        2.375        October 21, 2016        April 21, 2027       700,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.74        November 17, 2016        November 17, 2028       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.23        December 12, 2016        December 12, 2028       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.2        December 14, 2016        December 14, 2028       50,000,000  

USD

     30,000,000        3.42        January 06, 2017        January 06, 2029       30,000,000  

USD

     30,000,000        3.42        January 06, 2017        January 06, 2029       30,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.47        January 12, 2017        January 12, 2032       50,000,000  

USD

     30,000,000        3.4        January 18, 2017        January 18, 2032       30,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.38        January 18, 2017        January 18, 2032       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.33        January 19, 2017        January 19, 2032       50,000,000  

USD

     500,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.875        January 25, 2017        January 25, 2022     500,000,000  

USD

     500,000,000        2.75        January 25, 2017        January 25, 2022     500,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.475        February 17, 2017        February 17, 2032       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.475        February 17, 2017        February 17, 2032       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.72        March 23, 2017        March 23, 2022     50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.54        April 24, 2017        April 26, 2032       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.25        April 24, 2017        April 24, 2029       50,000,000  

USD

     400,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.80        July 05, 2017        July 05, 2022       400,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.58        August 17, 2017        August 17, 2037       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.56        August 18, 2017        August 18, 2037       50,000,000  

USD

     200,000,000        LIBOR 3M+4.10        October 11, 2017        October 11, 2047       200,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.65        October 25, 2017        October 25, 2047       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.65        October 25, 2017        October 25, 2047       50,000,000  

USD

     600,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.925        November 01, 2017        November 01, 2022       600,000,000  

USD

     1,000,000,000        3        November 01, 2017        November 01, 2022       1,000,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.55        November 08, 2017        November 08, 2037       50,000,000  

 

33


Table of Contents

Currency

   Original
Principal
Amount
     Interest Rate (%)      Issue Date      Maturity Date     Principal Amount
Outstanding as of
December 31, 2021
 

USD

     50,000,000        3.55        November 08, 2017        November 08, 2037       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.65        November 17, 2017        November 17, 2047       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.65        November 17, 2017        November 17, 2047       50,000,000  

USD

     20,000,000        3.72        November 17, 2017        November 17, 2047       20,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.72        November 17, 2017        November 17, 2047       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.65        November 27, 2017        November 27, 2047       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.7        December 06, 2017        December 06, 2047       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.92        February 05, 2018        February 05, 2048       50,000,000  

USD

     30,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.60        March 20, 2018        March 20, 2023       30,000,000  

USD

     400,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.74        March 22, 2018        March 22, 2023       400,000,000  

USD

     700,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.775        June 01, 2018        June 01, 2023       700,000,000  

USD

     1,400,000        2.8        July 13, 2018        July 21, 2022       1,400,000  

USD

     30,200,000        3.09        November 05, 2018        November 08, 2023       30,200,000  

USD

     500,000,000        3.625        November 27, 2018        November 27, 2023       500,000,000  

USD

     150,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.44        January 28, 2019        January 28, 2022     150,000,000  

USD

     21,900,000        2.64        February 27, 2019        February 22, 2024       21,900,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.39        March 14, 2019        March 14, 2022     50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.39        March 15, 2019        March 15, 2022     50,000,000  

USD

     500,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.525        June 25, 2019        June 25, 2022                500,000,000  

USD

     500,000,000        2.375        June 25, 2019        June 25, 2024       500,000,000  

USD

     21,200,000        1.3        August 29, 2019        August 28, 2024       21,200,000  

USD

     45,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.39        September 6, 2019        September 6, 2022       45,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.40        September 9, 2019        September 9, 2022       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.42        October 8, 2019        October 7, 2022       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.42        October 10, 2019        October 11, 2022       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.34        October 11, 2019        February 11, 2022     50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.34        October 11, 2019        February 11, 2022     50,000,000  

USD

     40,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.42        October 31, 2019        October 31, 2022       40,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.45        November 12, 2019        November 12, 2022       50,000,000  

USD

     500,000,000        1.88        February 12, 2020        February 12, 2025       500,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.30        March 11, 2020        March 11, 2022     50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.30        March 11, 2020        March 11, 2022     50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.36        March 17, 2020        March 17, 2022     50,000,000  

USD

     425,000,000        1.38        March 20, 2020        March 20, 2025       425,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+1.35        April 24, 2020        July 24, 2025       50,000,000  

USD

     700,000,000        LIBOR 3M+1.20        April 27, 2020        April 27, 2023       700,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.94        June 2, 2020        June 2, 2025       50,000,000  

USD

     100,000,000        1.22        June 5, 2020        June 5, 2024       100,000,000  

USD

     100,000,000        1.33        June 5, 2020        June 5, 2025       100,000,000  

USD

     100,000,000        0.71        July 24, 2020        July 24, 2022       100,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        0.65        July 28, 2020        July 28, 2022       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.40        August 3, 2020        February 3, 2022     50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        0.64        August 5, 2020        August 5, 2022       50,000,000  

USD

     150,000,000        0.62        August 12, 2020        August 12, 2022       150,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        LIBOR 3M+0.52        August 12, 2020        August 12, 2023       50,000,000  

USD

     100,000,000        0.83        August 19, 2020        August 19, 2024       100,000,000  

USD

     400,000,000        0.75        September 21, 2020        September 21, 2025       400,000,000  

USD

     500,000,000        1.25        September 21, 2020        September 21, 2030       500,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        0.00        October 29, 2020        October 29, 2050       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        0.00        December 15, 2020        December 15, 2050       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        0.00        December 7, 2020        December 7, 2050       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        0.00        December 7, 2020        December 7, 2050       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        0.52        November 2, 2020        November 2, 2022       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        0.50        November 2, 2020        November 2, 2022       50,000,000  

USD

     300,000,000        0.60        November 16, 2020        November 16, 2023       300,000,000  

USD

     200,000,000        0.38        January 4, 2021        January 4, 2022     200,000,000  

USD

     500,000,000        0.375        February 9, 2021        February 9, 2024       500,000,000  

USD

     200,000,000        0.625        February 9, 2021        February 9, 2026       200,000,000  

USD

     300,000,000        1.375        February 9, 2021        February 9, 2031       300,000,000  

 

34


Table of Contents

Currency

   Original
Principal
Amount
     Interest Rate (%)      Issue Date      Maturity Date     Principal Amount
Outstanding as of
December 31, 2021
 

USD

     500,000,000        0.625        February 9, 2021        February 9, 2026       500,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        1.375        March 9, 2021        March 20, 2025       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        0.45        March 15, 2021        March 15, 2024       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        0.45        March 15, 2021        March 15, 2024       50,000,000  

USD

     240,000,000        USD SOFR ON + 0.3        March 11, 2021        March 11, 2024       240,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        1.375        March 18, 2021        March 20, 2025       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        0.39        March 19, 2021        March 19, 2023       50,000,000  

USD

     300,000,000        1.125        March 24, 2021        March 24, 2026       300,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        0.62        April 8, 2021        April 8, 2024       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        0.65        April 13, 2021        April 12, 2024       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        USD SOFR ON + 0.22        April 14, 2021        October 14, 2022       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        3.07        April 16, 2021        April 16, 2051       50,000,000  

USD

     400,000,000        USD SOFR ON + 0.32        April 29, 2021        April 29, 2024       400,000,000  

USD

     200,000,000        USD SOFR ON + 0.47        May 6, 2021        May 6, 2026       200,000,000  

USD

     200,000,000        USD SOFR ON + 0.37        May 27, 2021        April 27, 2024       200,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.95        June 10, 2021        June 10, 2051       50,000,000  

USD

     750,000,000        0.625        June 29, 2021        June 29, 2024       750,000,000  

USD

     750,000,000        1.125        June 29, 2021        December 29, 2026       750,000,000  

USD

     500,000,000        2.5        June 29, 2021        June 29, 2041       500,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        1.375        July 13, 2021        March 20, 2025       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        USD SOFR Index+0.25        August 5, 2021        August 5, 2024       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        USD SOFR Index+0.25        August 5, 2021        August 5, 2024       50,000,000  

USD

     300,000,000        0.16        September 7, 2021        September 7, 2022       300,000,000  

USD

     300,000,000        0.19        September 9, 2021        September 9, 2022       300,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        0.915        September 9, 2021        September 9, 2025       50,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        1.125        September 10, 2021        March 24, 2026       50,000,000  

USD

     40,000,000        2.8        September 16, 2021        September 16, 2051       40,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.8        October 1, 2021        October 2, 2051       50,000,000  

USD

     700,000,000        1.75        October 19, 2021        October 19, 2028       700,000,000  

USD

     300,000,000        1.75        October 19, 2021        October 19, 2028       300,000,000  

USD

     50,000,000        2.9        October 27, 2021        October 27, 2051       50,000,000  

USD

     100,000,000        0.0        December 9, 2021        September 9, 2022       100,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     USD 33,325,463,200  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(1)     W 39,507,336,623,600  
       

 

 

 

HKD

     300,000,000        2.28        April 13, 2015        April 13, 2022     300,000,000  

HKD

     233,000,000        2.1        November 03, 2016        November 03, 2023       233,000,000  

HKD

     252,000,000        2.405        October 26, 2017        October 26, 2022       252,000,000  

HKD

     243,000,000        2.69        December 14, 2017        December 14, 2022       243,000,000  

HKD

     235,000,000        2.87        February 27, 2018        February 27, 2023       235,000,000  

HKD

     325,000,000        3.13        April 26, 2018        April 26, 2023       325,000,000  

HKD

     380,000,000        2.0775        September 25, 2019        September 25, 2024       380,000,000  

HKD

     390,000,000        2.05        September 26, 2019        September 26, 2024       390,000,000  

HKD

     320,000,000        2.34        March 26, 2020        March 26, 2025       320,000,000  

HKD

     385,000,000        2.22        April 14, 2020        April 14, 2025       385,000,000  

HKD

     380,000,000        HIBOR 3M+0.70        June 2, 2020        June 2, 2022     380,000,000  

HKD

     350,000,000        HIBOR 3M+0.70        June 1, 2020        June 1, 2022     350,000,000  

HKD

     380,000,000        0.50        April 16, 2021        October 16, 2023       380,000,000  

HKD

     380,000,000        0.50        April 16, 2021        October 16, 2023       380,000,000  

HKD

     1,000,000,000        0.52        April 27, 2021        January 26, 2024       1,000,000,000  

HKD

     380,000,000        0.2725        June 1, 2021        June 1, 2023       380,000,000  

HKD

     310,000,000        0.70        July 20, 2021        July 20, 2025       310,000,000  

HKD

     310,000,000        0.97        July 21, 2021        July 21, 2026       310,000,000  

HKD

     345,000,000        0.90        August 13, 2021        August 13, 2026       345,000,000  

HKD

     320,000,000        0.98        August 18, 2021        August 18, 2026       320,000,000  

HKD

     320,000,000        1.00        August 19, 2021        August 19, 2026       320,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     HKD 7,538,000,000  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(2)     W 1,146,002,140,000  
       

 

 

 

 

35


Table of Contents

Currency

   Original
Principal
Amount
     Interest Rate (%)      Issue Date      Maturity Date     Principal Amount
Outstanding as of
December 31, 2021
 

MXN

     7,000,000,000        7.93        August 8, 2019        July 30, 2026       7,000,000,000  

MXN

     5,000,000,000        MXN TIIE 28D+0.20        January 26, 2021        January 20, 2026       5,000,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     MXN 12,000,000,000  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(3)     W 695,040,000,000  
       

 

 

 

BRL

     131,400,000        8        July 13, 2018        August 03, 2022       131,400,000  

BRL

     200,000,000        3.73        November 3, 2020        December 23, 2022       200,000,000  

BRL

     170,000,000        3.79        November 3, 2020        December 23, 2022       170,000,000  

BRL

     250,000,000        4.525        March 18, 2021        September 20, 2022       250,000,000  

BRL

     240,000,000        4.58        March 19, 2021        September 20, 2022       240,000,000  

BRL

     274,500,000        4.83        April 30, 2021        December 15, 2022       274,500,000  

BRL

     250,000,000        6.42        July 19, 2021        December 15, 2022       250,000,000  

BRL

     250,000,000        6.45        July 26, 2021        December 15, 2022       250,000,000  

BRL

     1,041,500,000        6.405        July 29, 2021        January 20, 2023       1,041,500,000  

BRL

     850,000,000        7.149        August 11, 2021        February 3, 2023       850,000,000  

BRL

     390,000,000        10.93        November 26, 2021        November 25, 2022       390,000,000  

BRL

     250,000,000        11.09        November 30, 2021        November 30, 2023       250,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     BRL 4,297,400,000  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(4)     W 914,357,798,000  
       

 

 

 

EUR

     117,000,000        3.875        July 12, 2012        July 12, 2032       117,000,000  

EUR

     30,000,000        3.6        July 19, 2012        July 19, 2027       30,000,000  

EUR

     750,000,000        0.5        May 30, 2017        May 30, 2022     750,000,000  

EUR

     750,000,000        0.625        July 11, 2018        July 11, 2023       750,000,000  

EUR

     25,000,000        1.64        August 06, 2018        August 06, 2030       25,000,000  

EUR

     25,000,000        1.64        August 06, 2018        August 06, 2030       25,000,000  

EUR

     30,000,000        1.53        August 13, 2018        August 13, 2028       30,000,000  

EUR

     20,000,000        1.54        August 23, 2018        August 23, 2028       20,000,000  

EUR

     750,000,000        0.375        March 26, 2019        March 26, 2024       750,000,000  

EUR

     150,000,000        0.137        December 16, 2019        December 16, 2024       150,000,000  

EUR

     700,000,000        0.83        April 27, 2020        April 27, 2025       700,000,000  

EUR

     500,000,000        0.00        September 21, 2020        September 21, 2023       500,000,000  

EUR

     42,000,000        EURIBOR 3M+0.80        November 5, 2020        November 7, 2022       42,000,000  

EUR

     850,000,000        0.00        October 19, 2021        October 19, 2024       850,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     EUR 4,799,000,000  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(5)     W 6,441,889,660,000  
       

 

 

 

THB

     1,500,000,000        3.9        August 27, 2012        August 27, 2022       1,500,000,000  

THB

     2,800,000,000        4.34        March 11, 2013        March 11, 2023       2,800,000,000  

THB

     500,000,000        4.78        July 31, 2013        July 31, 2025       500,000,000  

THB

     1,500,000,000        4.78        July 31, 2013        July 31, 2025       1,500,000,000  

THB

     1,580,000,000        1.06        June 9, 2020        June 9, 2025       1,580,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     THB 7,880,000,000  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(6)     W 280,291,600,000  
       

 

 

 

CHF

     45,000,000        2.1        September 05, 2013        December 30, 2023       45,000,000  

CHF

     5,000,000        2.1        September 06, 2013        December 30, 2023       5,000,000  

CHF

     250,000,000        0.17        July 18, 2017        July 18, 2025       250,000,000  

CHF

     150,000,000        0.253        March 06, 2018        March 06, 2023       150,000,000  

CHF

     350,000,000        0.253        March 06, 2018        March 06, 2023       350,000,000  

CHF

     300,000,000        0.3825        July 11, 2018        July 11, 2024       300,000,000  

CHF

     150,000,000        0.0        November 27, 2019        May 27, 2025       150,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     CHF 1,250,000,000  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(7)     W 1,621,837,500,000  
       

 

 

 

 

36


Table of Contents

Currency

   Original
Principal
Amount
     Interest Rate (%)      Issue Date      Maturity Date     Principal Amount
Outstanding as of
December 31, 2021
 

AUD

     20,000,000        6.8        April 11, 2012        April 11, 2022     20,000,000  

AUD

     22,000,000        5.975        August 08, 2013        August 08, 2023       22,000,000  

AUD

     21,000,000        5.15        November 24, 2014        November 24, 2029       21,000,000  

AUD

     200,000,000        4        December 07, 2016        June 07, 2027       200,000,000  

AUD

     50,000,000        4        December 15, 2016        June 07, 2027       50,000,000  

AUD

     100,000,000        4        February 14, 2017        June 07, 2027       100,000,000  

AUD

     250,000,000        BBSW 3M+1.17        February 14, 2017        February 14, 2022     250,000,000  

AUD

     150,000,000        3.5        February 14, 2017        February 14, 2022     150,000,000  

AUD

     60,000,000        3.98        October 10, 2017        October 10, 2027       60,000,000  

AUD

     40,000,000        3.4        December 08, 2017        December 08, 2024       40,000,000  

AUD

     500,000,000        BBSW 3M+0.95        October 30, 2018        October 30, 2023       500,000,000  

AUD

     91,800,000        2.6        November 05, 2018        November 08, 2023       91,800,000  

AUD

     33,800,000        2.2        February 27, 2019        February 22, 2024       33,800,000  

AUD

     500,000,000        BBSW 3M+0.85        May 23, 2019        May 23, 2024       500,000,000  

AUD

     34,100,000        0.93        August 29, 2019        August 28, 2024       34,100,000  

AUD

     400,000,000        BBSW 3M+0.8        October 08, 2019        October 08, 2024       400,000,000  

AUD

     72,600,000        1.525        November 15, 2019        November 15, 2022       72,600,000  

AUD

     142,900,000        2.51        December 06, 2019        December 06, 2049       142,900,000  

AUD

     208,000,000        3.00        April 14, 2020        April 16, 2035       208,000,000  

AUD

     500,000,000        BBSW 3M+1.07        May 29, 2020        May 29, 2023       500,000,000  

AUD

     200,000,000        1.31        May 29, 2020        May 29, 2023       200,000,000  

AUD

     65,000,000        2.65        April 7, 2021        April 7, 2036       65,000,000  

AUD

     55,000,000        BBSW 3M +0.8        November 22, 2021        November 22, 2031       55,000,000  

AUD

     60,000,000        2.7        December 22, 2021        December 22, 2036       60,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     AUD 3,776,200,000  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(8)     W 3,243,340,418,000  
       

 

 

 

INR

     3,175,000,000        6.9        February 07, 2018        February 07, 2023       3,175,000,000  

INR

     1,900,000,000        6.75        February 09, 2018        August 09, 2022       1,900,000,000  

INR

     3,200,000,000        6.75        February 09, 2018        August 09, 2022       3,200,000,000  

INR

     3,175,000,000        6.9        February 12, 2018        February 07, 2023       3,175,000,000  

INR

     3,200,000,000        6.9        March 09, 2018        February 07, 2023       3,200,000,000  

INR

     3,200,000,000        6.75        April 03, 2018        August 09, 2022       3,200,000,000  

INR

     3,250,000,000        7.15        April 18, 2018        April 18, 2025       3,250,000,000  

INR

     16,504,000,000        4.89        August 9, 2021        August 9, 2023       16,504,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     INR 37,604,000,000  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(9)     W 599,031,720,000  
       

 

 

 

CNY

     120,000,000        4.55        August 23, 2013        August 23, 2023       120,000,000  

CNY

     300,000,000        4.5        November 06, 2013        November 06, 2023       300,000,000  

CNY

     500,000,000        4.5        January 27, 2014        January 27, 2024       500,000,000  

CNY

     500,000,000        4.2        February 26, 2015        February 26, 2022     500,000,000  

CNY

     200,000,000        5.535        March 17, 2017        March 17, 2022     200,000,000  

CNY

     200,000,000        4.765        May 31, 2018        May 31, 2023       200,000,000  

CNY

     200,000,000        4.14        September 04, 2018        September 04, 2023       200,000,000  

CNY

     200,000,000        3.58        April 23, 2019        April 23, 2024       200,000,000  

CNY

     302,000,000        2.60        July 29, 2020        July 29, 2023       302,000,000  

CNY

     280,000,000        2.60        July 30, 2020        July 30, 2023       280,000,000  

CNY

     345,000,000        2.65        August 3, 2020        August 3, 2023       345,000,000  

CNY

     345,000,000        2.80        August 13, 2020        August 13, 2022       345,000,000  

CNY

     270,000,000        3.05        November 5, 2020        November 5, 2025       270,000,000  

CNY

     1,500,000,000        2.8        March 3, 2021        March 3, 2024       1,500,000,000  

CNY

     300,000,000        2.85        March 16, 2021        March 16, 2022     300,000,000  

CNY

     300,000,000        2.85        March 25, 2021        March 25, 2024       300,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     CNY 6,373,000,000  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(10)     W 1,187,034,980,000  
       

 

 

 

 

37


Table of Contents

Currency

   Original
Principal
Amount
     Interest Rate (%)      Issue Date      Maturity Date     Principal Amount
Outstanding as of
December 31, 2021
 

IDR

     670,000,000,000        7.25        December 07, 2017        December 07, 2024       670,000,000,000  

IDR

     630,000,000,000        7.25        January 19, 2018        December 07, 2024       630,000,000,000  

IDR

     625,000,000,000        7.25        February 05, 2018        December 07, 2024       625,000,000,000  

IDR

     677,500,000,000        6.36        February 14, 2018        February 14, 2023       677,500,000,000  

IDR

     685,500,000,000        6.5        March 07, 2018        March 07, 2025       685,500,000,000  

IDR

     645,000,000,000        7.25        March 07, 2018        December 07, 2024       645,000,000,000  

IDR

     645,000,000,000        7.25        March 12, 2018        December 07, 2024       645,000,000,000  

IDR

     640,000,000,000        7.25        April 16, 2018        December 07, 2024       640,000,000,000  

IDR

     635,000,000,000        7.25        April 19, 2018        December 07, 2024       635,000,000,000  

IDR

     700,000,000,000        8        February 28, 2019        May 15, 2024       700,000,000,000  

IDR

     675,000,000,000        8        April 03, 2019        May 15, 2024       675,000,000,000  

IDR

     700,000,000,000        6.65        September 25, 2019        May 15, 2023       700,000,000,000  

IDR

     700,000,000,000        6.71        November 25, 2019        November 25, 2024       700,000,000,000  

IDR

     705,000,000,000        6.7        December 02, 2019        December 02, 2024       705,000,000,000  

IDR

     700,000,000,000        5.75        March 5, 2021        March 5, 2024       700,000,000,000  

IDR

     700,000,000,000        5.10        April 21, 2021        April 21, 2023       700,000,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     IDR 10,733,000,000,000  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(11)     W 891,912,300,000  
       

 

 

 

PEN

     61,000,000        6.875        September 07, 2010        September 07, 2022       61,000,000  

PEN

     47,000,000        6.875        July 08, 2011        September 07, 2022       47,000,000  

PEN

     20,000,000        6.875        July 19, 2011        September 07, 2022       20,000,000  

PEN

     15,000,000        6.875        August 05, 2011        September 07, 2022       15,000,000  

PEN

     54,500,000        7.25        October 25, 2011        October 25, 2041       54,500,000  

PEN

     13,600,000        7.15        November 04, 2011        November 04, 2041       13,600,000  

PEN

     54,500,000        6.875        November 21, 2011        September 07, 2022       54,500,000  

PEN

     105,000,000        4.14        November 21, 2019        November 21, 2024       105,000,000  

PEN

     102,000,000        4.15        December 10, 2019        December 10, 2024       102,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     PEN 472,600,000  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(12)     W 140,390,556,000  
       

 

 

 

SGD

     200,000,000        2.318        September 27, 2017        September 27, 2022       200,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     SGD 200,000,000  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(13)     W 175,428,000,000  
       

 

 

 

NZD

     400,000,000        4        March 09, 2017        March 09, 2022     400,000,000  

NZD

     54,000,000        2.645        June 8, 2021        June 8, 2031       54,000,000  

NZD

     60,000,000        2.62        September 15, 2021        September 15, 2031       60,000,000  

NZD

     60,000,000        3.085        November 24, 2021        November 24, 2026       60,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     NZD 574,000,000  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(14)     W 464,733,360,000  
       

 

 

 

ZAR

     700,000,000        8.5        May 28, 2019        May 28, 2025       700,000,000  

ZAR

     600,000,000        8.43        November 27, 2019        November 27, 2026       600,000,000  

ZAR

     600,000,000        8.20        March 19, 2020        March 19, 2030       600,000,000  

ZAR

     715,000,000        8.05        September 28, 2021        September 28, 2031       715,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     ZAR 2,615,000,000  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(15)     W 194,529,850,000  
       

 

 

 

CAD

     65,000,000        3.16        February 16, 2017        February 16, 2032       65,000,000  
             

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency     CAD 65,000,000  
       

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(16)     W 60,489,650,000  
       

 

 

 

NOK

     250,000,000        4.55        June 26, 2013        June 26, 2025       250,000,000  

NOK

     250,000,000        4.55        June 26, 2013        June 26, 2025       250,000,000  

NOK

     250,000,000        4.55        June 26, 2013        June 26, 2025       250,000,000  

 

38


Table of Contents

Currency

   Original
Principal
Amount
     Interest Rate (%)      Issue Date      Maturity Date      Principal Amount
Outstanding as of
December 31, 2021
 

NOK

     300,000,000        4.5075        September 09, 2013        September 11, 2023        300,000,000  

NOK

     300,000,000        4.5075        September 10, 2013        September 11, 2023        300,000,000  

NOK

     300,000,000        4.5075        September 11, 2013        September 11, 2023        300,000,000  

NOK

     300,000,000        4.5075        September 12, 2013        September 11, 2023        300,000,000  

NOK

     300,000,000        4.5075        September 13, 2013        September 11, 2023        300,000,000  
              

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency      NOK 2,250,000,000  
        

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(17)      W 302,152,500,000  
        

 

 

 

GBP

     35,000,000        1.2        November 15, 2019        November 15, 2022        35,000,000  
              

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency      GBP 35,000,000  
        

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(18)      W 56,008,750,000  
        

 

 

 

SEK

     250,000,000        1.28        December 11, 2017        December 11, 2024        250,000,000  
              

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency      SEK 250,000,000  
        

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(19)      W 32,760,000,000  
        

 

 

 

CZK

     1,140,000,000        1.52        November 6, 2019        November 6, 2024        1,140,000,000  

CZK

     1,140,000,000        1.55        November 06, 2019        November 06, 2024        1,140,000,000  

CZK

     1,140,000,000        1.54        November 14, 2019        November 14, 2024        1,140,000,000  
              

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency      CZK 3,420,000,000  
        

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(20)      W 184,611,600,000  
        

 

 

 

PLN

     194,000,000        2.12        October 25, 2019        October 25, 2024        194,000,000  
              

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Original Currency      PLN 194,000,000  
        

 

 

 
        Subtotal in Equivalent Amount of Won(21)      W 56,661,580,000  
        

 

 

 
     Total External Bonds of the Bank in Equivalent Amount of Won      W 58,344,512,585,600  
        

 

 

 

 

*

Repaid on the respective maturity dates.

(1)

U.S. dollar amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of US$1.00 to Won 1,185.50, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(2)

Hong Kong Dollar amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of HKD 1.00 to Won 152.03, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(3)

Mexican Peso amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of MXN 1.00 to Won 57.94, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(4)

Brazilian Real amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of BRL 1.00 to Won 212.78, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(5)

Euro amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of EUR 1.00 to Won 1,342.34, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(6)

Thai Baht amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of THB 1.00 to Won 35.57, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(7)

Swiss Franc amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of CHF 1.00 to Won 1,297.47, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(8)

Australian Dollar amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of AUD 1.00 to Won 858.89, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(9)

Indian Rupee amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of INR 1.00 to Won 15.93, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(10)

Chinese Yuan amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of CNY 1.00 to Won 186.26, the prevailing market rate on December 31, 2021.

(11)

Indonesian Rupiah amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of IDR 100.00 to Won 8.31, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(12)

Peruvian Sol amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of PEN 1.00 to Won 297.06, the prevailing market rate on December 31, 2021.

(13)

Singapore Dollar amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of SGD 1.00 to Won 877.14, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

 

39


Table of Contents
(14)

New Zealand Dollar amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of NZD 1.00 to Won 809.64, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(15)

South African Rand amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of ZAR 1.00 to Won 74.45, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(16)

Canadian Dollar amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of CAD 1.00 to Won 930.61, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(17)

Norwegian Krone amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of NOK 1.00 to Won 134.29, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(18)

British Pound amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of GBP 1.00 to Won 1,600.25, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(19)

Swedish Krona amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of SEK 1.00 to Won 131.04, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(20)

Czech Koruna amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of CZK 1.00 to Won 53.98, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(21)

Polish Zloty amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of PLN 1.00 to Won 292.11, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(2) External Borrowings of the Bank

 

Lender

 

Classifications

  Range of Interest Rates     Range of
Years of
Issue
    Range of
Years of
Maturity
    Principal
Amount
Outstanding as
of December 31,
2021
(1)
 
        (%)                 (millions of Won)  

Bank of America, N.A.

 

Borrowings from

BofA

    LIBOR 3M+0.55       2019       2022       237,100  

Mizuho Bank, Seoul

 

Borrowings from

Mizuho

    LIBOR 3M+0.47       2020       2022       237,100  
         

 

 

 

Long-term Borrowings from Foreign
Financial Institution

          W 474,200  
         

 

 

 

Compulsory Loan

      LIBOR 3M + 0.64 ~ 0.78       2014       2024     W 947,309  

Foreign Currency CP

      -0.45 ~ 2.33       2020       2021     W 1,995,123  

Others (including foreign banks and Credit Support Annexes)

          W 799,699  
         

 

 

 

Total External Borrowings of the Bank

 

  W 4,216,331  
 

 

 

 

 

(1)

Converted to Won amounts at the relevant market average exchange rates in effect on December 31, 2021 as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

B. Internal Debt of the Bank

 

Title

   Range of
Interest Rates
     Range of
Years of Issue
     Range of
Years
of Original
Maturity
     Principal
Amounts
Outstanding as
of December 31,
2021
 
     (%)                    (millions of Won)  

Bonds

           

Short-term Won-denominated domestic bonds

     0.75~1.72        2021        2022      W 11,030,000  

Long-term Won-denominated domestic bonds

     0.76~4.70        2015~2021        2022~2041        11,880,000  
           

 

 

 

Total Bonds

     0.75~4.70        2015~2021        2022~2041        22,910,000  
           

 

 

 

Total Internal Debt

 

   W 22,910,000  

 

40


Table of Contents

Financial Statements and the Auditors

The Minister of Economy and Finance appoints our internal Auditor who is responsible for examining our financial operations and auditing our financial statements and accounting records. The present internal Auditor is Kim, Jong-cheol, who was appointed for a three-year term on January 25, 2021.

We prepare our financial statements annually for submission to the Minister of Economy and Finance, accompanied by an opinion of the Auditor. Although we are not legally required to have financial statements audited by external auditors, an independent public accounting firm has audited our separate financial statements since 1983 and consolidated financial statements since 1998. As of the date of this prospectus, our independent auditor is KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp., located at 27th Floor, Gangnam Finance Center, 152 Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06236, Korea, which has audited our separate financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 included in this prospectus.

Our separate financial statements and information included in this prospectus were prepared under K-IFRS. For a summary of financial statement preparation and significant accounting policies, see “—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020—Note 2.” These principles and procedures differ in certain material respects from generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.

We recognize interest income on loans and debt securities using the effective interest method. See “—Notes to Separate Financial Statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020—Note 3(15).”

We classify a non-derivative financial asset as held for trading if either it is acquired for the purpose of selling it in the near term, or it is part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit taking. We classify debt securities with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturities, and which we intend to hold to maturity, as held-to-maturity securities. We classify investments that are categorized as neither trading securities nor held-to-maturity securities as available-for-sale securities. We record our trading and available-for-sale securities at fair value. However, investments in available-for-sale securities that do not have readily determinable fair values are recognized at cost. We record held-to-maturity securities at amortized cost. We recognize impairment losses on securities in current operations when the recoverable amounts are less than the carrying amount of equity securities or amortized cost of debt securities.

We record debenture issuance costs as discounts on debentures and amortize them over the maturity period of the debentures using the effective interest method.

Our financial statements are separate financial statements prepared in accordance with the requirements of K-IFRS 1027 Separate Financial Statements, in which a parent, or an investor with joint control of, or significant influence over, an investee accounts for the investments based on the cost method or valuation methods in accordance with K-IFRS 1109 Financial Instruments.

Since we initially adopted K-IFRS in 2013, our premises and equipment on the statements of financial position as of January 1, 2013 have been measured at their fair value in accordance with IFRS 1 paragraph 30(b), and we have chosen to apply the cost model to the premises and equipment in accordance with IAS 16 paragraph 29.

K-IFRS 1109, Financial Instruments, which is aimed at improving and simplifying the accounting treatment of financial instruments, is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018 and replaces K-IFRS 1039, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. We have applied the new accounting standard, K-IFRS 1109, which requires all financial assets to be classified and measured on the basis of an entity’s business model for managing financial assets and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial assets, in our separate financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 included in this Offering Circular.

 

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Table of Contents

K-IFRS 1116, Leases, which was enacted on May 22, 2017, is aimed at facilitating a more faithful representation of, and improving the transparency of information relating to, lease-related assets and liabilities, and is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019. K-IFRS 1116, which replaces K-IFRS 1017, Leases, requires a lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset representing the lessee’s right to use the underlying leased asset and a lease liability representing the present value of the lessee’s obligation to make future lease payments. We have applied K-IFRS 1116 in our separate financial statements beginning with the year ended December 31, 2019.

 

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Table of Contents

Independent Auditors’ Report

The Board of Directors and Shareholders of

The Export-Import Bank of Korea:

Opinion

We have audited the accompanying separate financial statements of the Export-Import Bank of Korea (the “Bank”), which comprise the separate statements of financial position as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the separate statements of comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and notes, comprising significant accounting policies and other explanatory information.

In our opinion, the accompanying separate financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the separate financial position of the Bank as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and its separate financial performance and its separate cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with Korean International Financial Reporting Standards (“K-IFRS”).

Basis for Opinion

We conducted our audits in accordance with Korean Standards on Auditing (KSAs). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Separate Financial Statements section of our report. We are independent of the Bank in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the separate financial statements in the Republic of Korea, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

Emphasis of matter

As a matter that does not affect our audit opinion, we draw attention to the following matter.

As described in note 36. (8) to the separate financial statements, the proliferation of COVID-19 has had a negative impact on the global economy, which may have a greater impact than the expected credit loss and potential impairment of assets in a particular portfolio, negatively impacting the profit generation capability of the Bank. Our opinion is not modified in respect of this matter.

Other Matter

The procedures and practices utilized in the Republic of Korea to audit such separate financial statements may differ from those generally accepted and applied in other countries.

Responsibilities of Management and Those Charged with Governance for the Separate Financial Statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the separate financial statements in accordance with K-IFRS, and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of separate financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the separate financial statements, management is responsible for assessing the Bank’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless management either intends to liquidate the Bank or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so.

Those charged with governance are responsible for overseeing the Bank’s financial reporting process.

 

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Table of Contents

Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Separate Financial Statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the separate financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditors’ report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with KSAs will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these separate financial statements.

As part of an audit in accordance with KSAs, we exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit. We also:

 

   

Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the separate financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control.

 

   

Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Bank’s internal control.

 

   

Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used in the preparation of the separate financial statements and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by management.

 

   

Conclude on the appropriateness of management’s use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Bank’s ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditors’ report to the related disclosures in the separate financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditors’ report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Bank to cease to continue as a going concern.

 

   

Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the separate financial statements, including the disclosures, and whether the separate financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.

We communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit.

/s/ KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp.

KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp.

Seoul, Korea

April 1, 2022

 

This report is effective as of April 1, 2022, the audit report date. Certain subsequent events or circumstances, which may occur between the audit report date and the time of reading this report, could have a material impact on the accompanying separate financial statements and notes thereto. Accordingly, the readers of the audit report should understand that the above audit report has not been updated to reflect the impact of such subsequent events or circumstances, if any.

 

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Table of Contents

THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA

SEPARATE STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2021 AND 2020

 

     December 31,
2021
    December 31,
2020
 
     (Korean won in millions)  

ASSETS:

  

Cash and due from financial institutions (Notes 4, 5 and 7)

   W 4,462,685     W 4,025,737  

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”) (Notes 4, 5, 8 and 20)

     2,598,204       3,478,402  

Hedging derivative assets (Notes 4, 5 and 20)

     561,911       1,499,766  

Loans at amortized cost (Notes 4, 5, 10 and 37)

     77,458,119       73,407,381  

Financial investments (Notes 4, 5 and 9)

     12,745,359       11,042,411  

Investments in associates and subsidiaries (Note 11)

     1,565,153       1,919,212  

Tangible assets, net (Note 12)

     270,367       263,087  

Intangible assets, net (Note 13)

     34,452       28,082  

Deferred tax assets (Note 34)

     875,099       1,107,370  

Retirement benefit assets, net (Note 18)

     13,605       4,801  

Other assets (Notes 4, 5, 14 and 37)

     866,698       813,786  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
   W 101,451,652     W 97,590,035  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

    

LIABILITIES:

    

Financial liabilities at FVTPL (Notes 4, 5 and 20)

   W 768,115     W 753,442  

Hedging derivative liabilities (Notes 4, 5 and 20)

     661,057       418,970  

Borrowings (Notes 4, 5 and 15)

     5,576,909       6,076,631  

Debentures (Notes 4, 5 and 16)

     76,486,053       72,641,777  

Provisions (Note 17)

     621,467       626,611  

Other liabilities (Notes 4, 5, 19 and 37)

     1,985,120       2,603,158  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     86,098,721       83,120,589  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:

  

Capital stock (Note 1 and 21)

     12,748,254       12,449,456  

Capital adjustments

     (133,716     (132,271

Other components of equity (Notes 20 and 22)

     882,669       803,317  

Retained earnings (Note 23)

    

(Regulatory reserve for loan losses as of December 31, 2021 and 2020: 149,219 million and 338,574 million)

     1,855,724       1,348,944  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     15,352,931       14,469,446  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
   W 101,451,652     W 97,590,035  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

See accompanying notes to separate financial statements.

 

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Table of Contents

THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA

SEPARATE STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021 AND 2020

 

     2021     2020  
     (Korean won in millions)  

OPERATING INCOME:

    

Net interest income (Notes 24 and 37):

    

Interest income

   W 1,745,510     W 2,288,725  

Interest expenses

     (841,107     (1,408,010
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     904,403       880,715  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net commission income (Notes 25 and 37):

    

Commission income

     309,947       375,494  

Commission expenses

     (21,105     (13,935
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     288,842       361,559  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Dividend income (Note 26)

     49,889       47,184  

Net gain (loss) on financial assets at FVTPL (Note 27)

     126,987       123,455  

Net gain (loss) on hedging derivative assets (Notes 20 and 28)

     (1,556,271     1,793,681  

Net gain (loss) on financial investments (Note 29)

     3,381       984  

Net gain (loss) on foreign exchange transaction

     355,702       (1,068,897

Net other operating income (expenses) (Note 30)

     1,191,183       (797,524

Reversal of (Additional) impairment loss on credit (Note 31 and 37)

     (368,469     (838,485

General and administrative expenses (Note 32)

     (252,846     (232,078
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total operating income

     742,801       270,594  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

NON-OPERATING INCOME (Note 33):

    

Net gain (loss) on investments in associates and subsidiaries

     10,931       (125,334

Net other non-operating income (expenses)

     (7,608     (5,128
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     3,323       (130,462
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

PROFIT BEFORE INCOME TAX

     746,124       140,132  

INCOME TAX EXPENSES (Note 34)

     (198,585     (37,722
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

PROFIT FOR THE YEAR

     547,539       102,410  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

(Profit for the year adjusted for regulatory reserve for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020: 457,048 million and 291,765 million) (Note 23)

    

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) FOR THE PERIOD (Note 22)

    

Items not reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:

    

Net gain (loss) on equity securities at FVOCI

     91,968       263,872  

Remeasurement of net defined benefit liabilities

     9,248       (4,272

Income tax effect

     (24,495     (62,823

Items that are or may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:

    

Net gain (loss) on debt securities at FVOCI

     (442     16,001  

Net gain (loss) on valuation of cash flow hedge

     3,913       4  

Income tax effect

     (840     (3,873
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     79,352       208,909  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR

   W 626,891     W 311,319  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

See accompanying notes to separate financial statements

 

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Table of Contents

THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA

SEPARATE STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021 AND 2020

 

                  Other components of equity              
     Capital
stock
     Capital
adjustments
    Gain (loss) on
valuation of
financial assets at
FVOCI
     Gain (loss) on
valuation of cash-
flow hedge
     Remeasurement,
net of defined
benefit liabilities
    Gain (loss) on
disposal of
financial assets at
FVOCI
    Retained
earnings
    Total  
     (Korean won in millions)  

January 1, 2020

   W 11,871,143      W (129,487   W 642,729      W —        W 15,094     W (63,415   W 1,355,571     W 13,691,635  

Payment of dividends

     —          —         —          —          —         —         (109,037     (109,037

Paid-in Capital Increase

     578,313        (2,784     —          —          —         —         —         575,529  

Total comprehensive Income

                      311,319  

Profit for the year

     —          —         —          —          —         —         102,410       102,410  

Other comprehensive income (loss):

                      208,909  

Net loss on valuation of financial assets at FVOCI, net of tax

     —          —         210,834        —          —         —         —         210,834  

Net loss on valuation of cash flow hedge, net of tax

     —          —         —          3        —         —         —         3  

Remeasurement elements of defined benefit plans, net of tax

     —          —         —          —          (3,239     —         —         (3,239

Net loss on disposal of financial assets at FVOCI, net of tax

     —          —         —          —          —         1,311       —         1,311  
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

December 31, 2020

   W 12,449,456      W (132,271   W 853,563      W 3      W 11,855     W (62,104   W 1,348,944     W 14,469,446  
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

January 1, 2021

   W 12,449,456      W (132,271   W 853,563      W 3      W 11,855     W (62,104   W 1,348,944     W 14,469,446  

Payment of dividends

     —          —         —          —          —         —         (40,759     (40,759

Paid-in Capital Increase

     298,798        (1,445     —          —          —         —         —         297,353  

Total comprehensive Income

                      626,891  

Profit for the year

     —          —         —          —          —         —         547,539       547,539  

Other comprehensive income (loss):

                      79,352  

Net loss on valuation of financial assets at FVOCI, net of tax

     —          —         77,213        —          —         —         —         77,213  

Net loss on valuation of cash flow hedge, net of tax

     —          —         —          2,965        —         —         —         2,965  

Remeasurement elements of defined benefit plans, net of tax

     —          —         —          —          7,010       —         —         7,010  

Net loss on disposal of financial assets at FVOCI, net of tax

     —          —         —          —          —         (7,836     —         (7,836
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

December 31, 2021

   W 12,748,254      W (133,716   W 930,776      W 2,968      W 18,865     W (69,940   W 1,855,724     W 15,352,931  
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

See accompanying notes to separate financial statements.

 

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THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA

SEPARATE STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021 AND 2020

 

     2021     2020  
     (Korean won in millions)  

CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:

    

Profit for the year

   W 547,539     W 102,410  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Adjustments for:

    

Income tax expense

     198,585       37,722  

Interest income

     (1,745,510     (2,288,725

Interest expenses

     841,107       1,408,010  

Dividend and distribution income

     (65,705     (62,516

Dividend received from subsidiaries and associates

     (10,931     (16,913

Loss on financial assets at FVTPL

     12,951       4,892  

Loss on financial assets at FVOCI

     —         6  

Transfer to derivatives’ credit risk provision

     13,863       19,600  

Loss on foreign exchange transactions

     1,020,030       2,767,309  

Impairment loss on credit

     368,469       838,485  

Loss on investments in subsidiaries and associates

     —         142,246  

Loss on fair value hedged items

     10,284       939,102  

Depreciation and amortization

     17,814       18,853  

Loss on disposals of tangible, intangible and other assets

     51       1  

Loss on Redemption of Bonds

     —         64  

Loss on valuation of derivative assets for trading

     996,182       715,444  

Loss on valuation of derivative assets for hedging

     1,248,226       156,940  

Retirement benefits

     20,940       11,178  

Gain on financial assets at FVTPL

     (19,351     (15,134

Gain on financial assets at FVOCI

     (3,381     (990

Reversal of derivatives’ credit risk provision

     (11,958     (2,741

Gain on foreign exchange transactions

     (1,376,405     (1,699,123

Gain on fair value hedged items

     (1,242,036     (164,126

Gain on valuation of derivative assets for trading

     (856,142     (834,315

Gain on valuation of derivative assets for hedging

     (32,458     (1,423,598

Gain on disposals of tangible, intangible and other assets

     (119     (119
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     (615,494     551,552  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

    

Due from financial institutions

     (352,285     1,009,258  

Financial assets and liabilities at FVTPL

     774,772       (1,457,288

Hedging derivative net assets

     (31,913     (222,276

Loans at amortized cost

     (55,232     (5,402,682

Other assets

     (18,940     345,231  

Provisions

     (399,031     28,115  

Payment of retirement benefits

     (20,497     (15,968

Other liabilities

     (624,198     411,342  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     (727,324     (5,304,268
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Payment of income tax

     (1,560     (400,397

Interest received

     1,675,762       2,304,547  

Interest paid

     (698,358     (1,297,711

Dividend received

     76,636       79,429  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

     257,201       (3,964,438
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA

SEPARATE STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021 AND 2020

 

     2021     2020  
     (Korean won in millions)  

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:

    

Disposal of financial investments

   W 1,292,634     W 730,990  

Disposal of investments in associates and subsidiaries

     —         7,614  

Disposal of tangible assets

     44       121  

Acquisition of financial investments

     (2,350,334     (2,565,665

Acquisition of investments in associates and subsidiaries

     (26,461     (284,171

Acquisition of tangible assets

     (14,021     (5,407

Acquisition of intangible assets

     (17,128     (5,120
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net cash used in investing activities

     (1,115,266     (2,121,638
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

    

Increase in call money

     774,120       —    

Proceeds from borrowings

     3,521,006       13,246,426  

Proceeds from debentures

     15,724,020       31,315,417  

Paid-in capital increase

     298,798       578,313  

Increase in deposits

     192       2  

Repayment in call money

     —         (179,967

Repayment of borrowings

     (5,300,930     (13,181,831

Repayment of debentures

     (14,138,292     (24,453,497

Expense related to paid-in capital increases

     (1,445     (2,784

Payment of dividends

     (40,759     (109,037

Decrease in deposits

     —         (2
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

     836,710       7,213,040  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

NET INCREASE(DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

     (21,355     1,126,964  

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF THE YEAR

     3,071,235       2,913,676  

EFFECTS OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON THE BALANCE OF CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS IN FOREIGN CURRENCIES

     97,077       (969,405
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF THE YEAR (Note 7 and 35)

   W 3,146,957     W 3,071,235  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

See accompanying notes to separate financial statements.

 

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THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF KOREA

NOTES TO THE SEPARATE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

AS OF AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021 AND 2020

 

1.

GENERAL:

 

(1)

Summary of The Export-Import Bank of Korea

The Export-Import Bank of Korea (the “Bank”) was established in 1976 as a special financial institution under The Export-Import Bank of Korea Act (the “EXIM Bank Act”) to grant financial facilities for overseas trade (i.e., export and import), investments and resources development activities. As of December 31, 2021, the Bank operates a head office in Seoul, Marine Finance Center in Busan, a domestic subsidiary, ten domestic branches, three domestic offices, four overseas subsidiaries and twenty-four overseas offices.

The Bank’s authorized capital is 15,000,000 million, and through numerous capital increases since the establishment, its paid-in capital is 12,748,254 million as of December 31, 2021. The Government of the Republic of Korea (the “Government”), the Bank of Korea, and the Korea Development Bank hold 68.74%, 9.14%, and 22.12%, respectively, of the ownership of the Bank as of December 31, 2021.

The Bank, as a trustee of the Government, has managed the Economic Development Cooperation Fund (“EDCF”) since June 1987 and the Inter-Korean Cooperation Fund (“IKCF”) since March 1991. These funds are accounted for separately and are not included in the Bank’s separate financial statements. The Bank receives fees from the Government for the trustee services.

 

(2)

Summary of subsidiaries and associates

 

1)

Subsidiaries of the Bank as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

(December 31, 2021)

 

Subsidiaries

  

Location

  

Capital stock

    

Main

business

   Number of
shares owned
     Percentage
of owner-
ship (%)
     Financial
statements
as of
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   United Kingdom    GBP      81mil.      Finance      81,283,897        100.00        Dec. 31, 2021  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. (*1)

   Vietnam    USD      53mil.      Finance      —          100.00        Dec. 31, 2021  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

   Indonesia    IDR      52,000mil.      Finance      442        85.00        Dec. 31, 2021  

KEXIM Asia Limited

   Hong Kong    USD      130mil.      Finance      130,000,000        100.00        Dec. 31, 2021  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

   Korea    KRW      950mil.      Service      190,000        100.00        Dec. 31, 2021  

 

  (*1)

This entity does not issue share certificates.

(December 31, 2020)

 

Subsidiaries

  

Location

  

Capital stock

    

Main

business

   Number of
shares owned
     Percentage
of owner-
ship (%)
     Financial
statements
as of
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   United Kingdom    GBP      81mil.      Finance      81,283,897        100.00        Dec. 31, 2020  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co. (*1)

   Vietnam    USD      53mil.      Finance      —          100.00        Dec. 31, 2020  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

   Indonesia    IDR      52,000mil.      Finance      442        85.00        Dec. 31, 2020  

KEXIM Asia Limited

   Hong Kong    USD      130mil.      Finance      130,000,000        100.00        Dec. 31, 2020  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

   Korea    KRW      950mil.      Service      190,000        100.00        Dec. 31, 2020  

 

  (*1)

This entity does not issue share certificates.

 

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2)

Associates of the Bank as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

(December 31, 2021)

 

Associates

 

Location

 

Capital stock

   

Main business

  Number of
shares owned
    Percentage
of owner-
ship (%)
    Financial
statements
as of
 

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund

  Philippines   USD     1,137mil.     Financial service     171,400,000       15.07       Dec. 31, 2021  

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

  Korea   KRW     33,850mil.     Financial service     8,462,558,125       25.00       Dec. 31, 2021  

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

  Korea   KRW     487,376mil.     Manufacturing     25,745,964       26.41       Dec. 31, 2021  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

  Korea   KRW     541,453mil.     Shipbuilding     —         —         Dec. 31, 2021  

(December 31, 2020)

 

Associates

 

Location

 

Capital stock

   

Main business

  Number of
shares owned
    Percentage
of owner-
ship (%)
    Financial
statements
as of
 

Korea Asset Management Corporation

  Korea   KRW     949,566mil.     Financial service     44,482,396       23.41       Dec. 31, 2020  

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund

  Philippines   USD     1,102mil.     Financial service     147,600,000       13.39       Dec. 31, 2020  

DAESUN Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd.

  Korea   KRW     6,262mil.     Shipbuilding     1,040,000       83.03       Dec. 31, 2020  

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

  Korea   KRW     33,850mil.     Financial service     8,462,558,125       25.00       Dec. 31, 2020  

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

  Korea   KRW     487,376mil.     Manufacturing     25,745,964       26.41       Dec. 31, 2020  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

  Korea   KRW     541,453mil.     Shipbuilding     —         —         Dec. 31, 2020  

 

2.

BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES:

 

(1)

Basis of Financial Statement Presentation

The Bank’s separate financial statements are prepared under K-IFRS.

 

(2)

Basis of measurement

The separate financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis, except for the following material items in the statement of financial position:

 

   

Derivative financial instruments measured at fair value

 

   

Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss

 

   

Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income

 

   

Financial assets and liabilities designated as hedged items in a fair value hedge accounting of which changes in fair value attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in profit or loss

 

   

Liabilities for defined benefit plans, which are recognized as net of the total present value of defined benefit obligations less the fair value of plan assets

 

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(3)

Functional and presentation currency

These separate financial statements are presented in Korean won, which is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Bank operates.

 

(4)

Significant Estimates and Judgments

The preparation of separate financial statements requires the application of accounting policies and certain critical accounting estimates and assumptions may have a significant impact on assets (liabilities) and income (expenses). The management’s estimate may differ from the actual outcome if the management’s estimate and assumption based on its best judgment at the reporting date are different from an actual environment.

Estimates and assumptions are continually evaluated and the change in an accounting estimate is recognized prospectively by including it in profit or loss in the period of the change, if the change affects that period only, or the period of the change and future periods, if the change affects both.

Uncertainty in estimates and assumptions with significant risk that will result in material adjustment are as follows:

 

1)

Fair value of financial instruments

The fair value of financial instruments where no active market exists or where quoted prices are not otherwise available are determined by using valuation techniques. Financial instruments that are not actively traded in the market and with less transparent market price, will have less objective fair value and will require judgment in liquidity, concentration, uncertainty in market factors and assumption in price determination and other risks.

As described in the significant accounting policies ‘Recognition and Measurement of Financial Instruments’ diverse valuation techniques are used to determine the fair value of financial instruments, from general market accepted valuation model to internally developed valuation model that incorporates various types of assumptions and variables.

 

2)

Provision of credit losses (allowances for loan losses, provisions for acceptances and guarantees, financial guarantee contracts and unused loan commitments)

The Bank recognizes credit loss allowance for expected credit losses on debt instruments, loans and receivables that are measured at amortized cost, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts in accordance with K-IFRS No. 1109 ‘Financial Instruments’. The allowance is determined by techniques, assumptions and input variables used by the Bank to measure expected future cash flows of individual financial instruments and to measure expected credit losses in a collective manner.

 

3)

Defined benefit obligation

The present value of defined benefit obligations is measured by the independent actuaries using projected unit credit method. It is determined by actuarial assumptions and variables such as future increases in salaries, rate of retirement, discount rate and others.

 

4)

Income taxes

The Bank has recognized current and deferred taxes that reflect tax consequences based on the best estimates in which the Bank expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities. However, actual income taxes in the future may not be identical to the recognized deferred tax assets and liabilities, and this difference can affect current and deferred tax at the period when the final tax effect is determined.

 

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5)

Hedging relationship

The Bank expects a high hedge effectiveness throughout the hedging period in designating the hedging relationship and it is probable that the hedged transaction will be highly probable in the cash flow hedge.

 

(5)

Changes in Accounting Policies

The Bank has adopted the same accounting policies that applied to the separate financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020, except for the application of the amended standards first effective from January 1, 2021, which are explained below.

 

1)

Amendments to K-IFRS No.1109, ‘Financial Instruments’, K-IFRS No.1039, ‘Financial Instrument – Recognition and Measurement, K-IFRS No.1107, ‘Financial Instruments: Disclosure’, K-IFRS No.1104, ‘Insurance Contracts’ and K-IFRS No.1116, ‘Leases’ – Interest rate indicator reform

In relation to interest rate benchmark reform, the amendments provide a practical expedient allowing entities to change the effective interest rate instead of changing the carrying amount and apply hedge accounting without discontinuance although the interest rate benchmark is replaced in hedging relationship. These amendments do not have a significant impact on the financial statements.

 

3.

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES:

 

(1)

General

The significant accounting policies applied in the preparation of these separate financial statements after transition to K-IFRS are set out below.

 

(2)

Investments in subsidiaries and associates

The accompanying separate financial statements have been prepared on a stand-alone basis in accordance with K-IFRS No.1027, ‘Separate Financial Statements’. The Bank’s investments in subsidiaries and associates are recorded at cost in accordance with K-IFRS No.1027. Dividend received from its subsidiaries and associates is recognized in profit or loss when the Bank is entitled to receive the dividend.

 

(3)

Foreign Currency

 

1)

Foreign currency transactions

In preparing the separate financial statements of the Bank, transactions in currencies other than the Bank’s functional currency (foreign currencies) are recorded by applying the rates of exchange at the dates of the transactions.

At the end of each reporting period foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate which is the spot exchange rate at the end of the reporting period. Non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the spot exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined and non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the spot exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at rates different from those at which they were translated on initial recognition during the period or in previous financial statements are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise. When gains or losses on a non-monetary item are recognized in other comprehensive income, any exchange component of those gains or losses are recognized in other comprehensive income. Conversely, when gains or losses on a non-monetary item are recognized in profit or loss, any exchange component of those gains or losses are recognized in profit or loss.

 

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2)

Foreign operations

The results and financial position of all foreign operations, whose functional currency differs from the Bank’s presentation currency, are translated into the Bank’s presentation currency using the following procedures;

Assets and liabilities for each statement of financial position presented are translated at the closing rate at the date of that statement of financial position. Income and expenses for statement of comprehensive income presented are translated at average exchange rates for the period.

Any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising from the acquisition of that foreign operation are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation. Thus, they are expressed in the functional currency of the foreign operation and are translated into the presentation currency at the closing rate.

On the disposal of a foreign operation, the cumulative amount of the exchange differences relating to that foreign operation, recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the separate component of equity, are reclassified from equity to profit or loss (as a reclassification adjustment) when the gains or losses on disposal are recognized. On the partial disposal of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, the Bank reattributes the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognized in other comprehensive income to the non-controlling interests in that foreign operation. In any other partial disposal of a foreign operation, the Bank reclassifies to profit or loss only the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognized in other comprehensive income.

 

(4)

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, foreign currency, and highly liquid short-term investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash, which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

 

(5)

Non-derivative Financial Assets

Financial assets are recognized when the Bank becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. In addition, a regular way purchase or sale (a purchase or sale of a financial asset under a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the market concerned) is recognized on the trade date

A financial asset is measured initially at its fair value plus, for an item not at Fair Value Through Profit or Loss (“FVTPL”), transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs on the financial assets at FVTPL that are directly attributable to the acquisition are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.

 

1)

Financial assets designated at FVTPL

Financial assets can be irrevocably designated as measured at FVTPL despite of classification standards stated below, if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognizing the gains or losses on them on different bases.

 

2)

Equity instruments

For the equity instruments that are not held for trading, at initial recognition, the Bank may make an irrevocable election to present subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income. Equity instruments that are not classified as financial assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income (“FVOCI”) are classified as financial assets at FVTPL.

 

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The Bank subsequently measures all equity investments at fair value. Valuation gains or losses of the equity instruments that are classified as financial assets at FVOCI previously recognized as other comprehensive income is not reclassified as profit or loss on derecognition. The Bank recognizes dividends in profit or loss when the Bank’s right to receive payments of the dividend is established.

Valuation gains or losses due to changes in fair value of the financial assets at FVTPL are recognized as gains or losses on financial assets at FVTPL. Impairment loss (reversal) on equity instruments at FVOCI is not recognized separately.

 

3)

Debt instruments

Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Bank’s business model in which the asset is managed and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the asset. Debt instruments are classified as financial assets at amortized cost, at FVOCI, or at FVTPL. Debt instruments are reclassified only when the Bank’s business model changes.

 

 

Financial assets at amortized cost

Assets that are held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortized cost. Impairment losses, and gains or losses on derecognition of the financial assets at amortized cost are recognized in profit or loss. Interest income on the effective interest method is included in the ‘Interest income’ in the separate statement of comprehensive income.

 

 

Financial assets at FVOCI

Assets that are held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets, where the assets’ cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest, are measured at FVOCI. Other than impairment losses, interest income amortized using effective interest method and foreign exchange differences, gains or losses of the financial assets at FVOCI are recognized as other comprehensive income in equity. On derecognition, gains or losses accumulated in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss. The interest income on the effective interest method is included in the ‘Interest income’ in the separate statement of comprehensive income. Foreign exchange differences and impairment losses are included in the ‘Net foreign currency transaction gain’ and ‘Impairment loss on credit’ in the separate statement of comprehensive income, respectively.

 

 

Financial assets at FVTPL

Debt securities other than financial assets at amortized costs or FVOCI are classified at FVTPL. Unless hedge accounting is applied, gains or losses from financial assets at FVTPL are recognized as profit or loss and are included in ‘Net gain on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss’ in the separate statement of comprehensive income.

 

4)

Embedded derivatives

Financial assets with embedded derivatives are classified regarding the entire hybrid contract, and the embedded derivatives are not separately recognized. The entire hybrid contract is considered when it is determined whether the contractual cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest.

 

5)

Derecognition of financial assets

The Bank derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows on the financial asset in a transaction in which

 

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substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred. Any interest in transferred financial assets that is created or retained by the Bank is recognized as a separate asset or liability.

If the Bank retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the transferred financial assets, the Bank continues to recognize the transferred financial assets and recognizes financial liabilities for the consideration received.

 

6)

Offsetting

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is presented in the separate statement of financial position only when the Bank currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts, and intends either to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

 

(6)

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value. Subsequent to initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value, and changes therein are accounted for as described below

 

1)

Hedge accounting

The Bank holds forward exchange contracts, interest rate swaps, currency swaps and other derivative contracts to manage interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk. The Bank designated derivatives as hedging instruments to hedge the risk of changes in the fair value of assets, liabilities or firm commitments (a fair value hedge) and foreign currency risk of highly probable forecasted transactions or firm commitments (a cash flow hedge).

On initial designation of the hedge, the Bank formally documents the relationship between the hedging instrument(s) and hedged item(s), including the risk management objectives and strategy in undertaking the hedge transaction, together with the methods that will be used to assess the effectiveness of the hedging relationship.

 

 

Fair value hedge

Changes in the fair value of a derivative hedging instrument designated as a fair value hedge are recognized in profit or loss. The gain or loss from remeasuring the hedging instrument at fair value for a derivative hedging instrument and the gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in profit or loss in the same line item of the separate statement of comprehensive income.

The Bank discontinues fair value hedge accounting if the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or if the hedge no longer meets the criteria. Any adjustment arising from G/L on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk is amortized to profit or loss from the date the hedge accounting is discontinued.

 

 

Cash flow hedge

When a derivative is designated to hedge the variability in cash flows attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a highly probable forecasted transaction that could affect profit or loss, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax, and presented in the hedging reserve in equity. Any ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized immediately in profit or loss.

If the hedging instrument no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, expires or is sold, terminated, exercised, or the designation is revoked, then hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively. The

 

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cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument that has been recognized in other comprehensive income is reclassified to profit or loss in the periods during which the forecasted transaction occurs. If the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, then the balance in other comprehensive income is recognized immediately in profit or loss.

 

 

Net investment hedge

The portion of the change in fair value of a financial instrument designated as a hedging instrument that meets the requirements for hedge accounting for a net investment in a foreign operation is recognized in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion of the hedge is recognized in profit or loss. The portion recognized as other comprehensive income that is effective as a hedge is recognized in the statement of comprehensive income as a result of reclassification adjustments in accordance with K-IFRS No. 1021, ‘Effect of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates’ at the time of disposing of its overseas operations or disposing of a portion of its overseas operations to profit or loss.

 

2)

Other derivative financial instruments

Changes in the fair value of other derivative financial instrument not designated as a hedging instrument are recognized immediately in profit or loss.

 

3)

Unobservable valuation differences at initial recognition

Any difference between the fair value of over the counter derivatives at initial recognition and the amount that would be determined at that date using a valuation technique in a situation in which the valuation is dependent on unobservable parameters is not recognized in profit or loss but is recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the instrument or immediately when the fair value becomes observable.

 

(7)

Impairment: Financial assets

The Bank measures expected credit loss and recognizes loss allowance at the end of the reporting period for financial assets measured at amortized cost and fair value through other comprehensive income with the exception of financial asset measured at fair value through profit or loss.

Expected credit losses are a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses (i.e. the present value of all cash shortfalls) over the expected life of the financial instrument. The Bank measures expected credit losses by reflecting reasonable and supportable information that is reasonably available at the reporting date without undue cost or effort, including information about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions.

The Bank uses the following three measurement techniques in accordance with Korean IFRS:

 

   

General approach: for financial assets and off-balance-sheet unused credit line that are not applied below two approaches

 

   

Credit-impaired approach: for purchased or originated credit-impaired financial assets

Different measurement approaches are applied depending on significant increase in credit risk. 12 months expected credit losses is recognized when credit risk has not significantly increased since initial recognition. A loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses is recognized when credit risk has significantly increased since initial recognition. Lifetime is presumed to be a period to the contractual maturity date of a financial asset (the expected life of the financial asset).

One or more of the following items is deemed significant increase in credit risk. When the contractual cash flows of a financial asset are renegotiated or otherwise modified, the Bank determines whether the credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition using the following information.

 

   

more than 30 days past due;

 

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decline in credit rating at period end by more than certain notches as compared to that at initial recognition;

 

   

the soundness of the assets is under precautionary from the grade table by Korean Financial Supervisory service

The Bank generally deems one or more of the following items credit-impaired:

 

   

no less than 90 days past due

 

   

legal proceedings related to collection

 

   

a borrower that has received a credit-warning from Korea Credit Information Services

 

   

corporate borrowers that are considered impaired (internally rating S, D, or F)

 

   

a borrower with the external auditor’s opinion that is qualified or disclaimer

 

   

negative capital and

 

   

debt restructuring.

 

1)

Forward-looking information

The Bank uses forward-looking information, when it measures expected credit losses.

The Bank assumes ‘probability of default’(PD), which is one of the risk components, has a certain correlation with the business cycle and calculates the expected credit loss by reflecting the forward-looking information with macroeconomic variables on the measurement inputs.

 

2)

Measuring expected credit losses on financial assets at amortized cost

The amount of the loss on financial assets at amortized cost is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate.

The Bank estimates expected future cash flows for financial assets that are individually significant (individual assessment of impairment).

For financial assets that are not individually significant, the Bank collectively estimates expected credit loss by grouping loans with homogeneous credit risk profile (collective assessment of impairment).

 

 

Individual assessment of impairment

Individual assessment of impairment losses is calculated using management’s best estimate on present value of expected future cash flows. The Bank uses all the available information including operating cash flow of the borrower and net realizable value of any collateral held.

 

 

Collective assessment of impairment

Collective assessment of loss allowance involves historical loss experience along with incorporation of forward-looking information. Such process incorporates factors such as type of collateral, product and borrowers, credit rating, size of portfolio and recovery period and applies ‘probability of default’(PD) on a group of assets and ‘loss given default’(LGD) by type of recovery method. Also, the expected credit loss model involves certain assumption to determine input based on loss experience and forward-looking information. These models and assumptions are periodically reviewed to reduce gap between loss estimate and actual loss experience.

 

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Lifetime expected credit loss as at the end of the reporting period is calculated by product based on the carrying amount net of expected repayment, PD for each period and LGD adjusted by change in carrying amount.

 

3)

Measuring expected credit losses on financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income Measuring method of expected credit losses on financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income is equal to the method of financial assets at amortized cost, except for loss allowances that are recognized as other comprehensive income. Amounts recognized in other comprehensive income for sale or repayment of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss.

 

(8)

Tangible assets

 

1)

Recognition and measurement

All property and equipment that qualify for recognition as an asset are measured at their cost and subsequently carried at their cost less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.

The cost of property and equipment includes any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management and the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.

Subsequent expenditures are capitalized only when they prolong the useful life or enhance values of the assets but the costs of the day-to-day servicing of the assets such as repair and maintenance costs are recognized in profit or loss as incurred. If part of an item of an asset has a useful life different from that of the entire asset, it is recognized as a separate asset.

 

2)

Depreciation

Land is not depreciated whereas other property and equipment are depreciated using the method that reflects the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Bank. The depreciable amount of an asset is determined after deducting its residual value.

The depreciation method is straight-line and estimated useful lives of the assets are as follows.

 

Property and equipment

   Estimated useful lives
Buildings and structures    10–60 years
Leasehold Improvements    5 years
Vehicles    4 years
Tools, furniture and fixtures    4–20 years

The residual value, the useful life and the depreciation method applied to an asset are reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates or if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the changes are accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate.

 

(9)

Intangible assets

Intangible assets are measured initially at cost and subsequently carried at its cost less any accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses.

 

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Intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method with no residual value over their estimated useful economic life since the assets are available for use.

 

Intangible assets

   Estimated useful lives
Software    5 years
System development costs    5 years

The amortization period and the amortization method for intangible assets with a definite useful life are reviewed at least at each financial year-end. The useful life of an intangible asset that is not being amortized is reviewed each period to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life assessment for that asset. If there is any change, it is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate.

 

(10)

Impairment of non-financial assets

The Bank assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is any indication that a non-financial asset, except for deferred tax assets, assets arising from employee benefits and non-current assets (or group of assets to be sold) classified as held for sale, may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the Bank estimates the recoverable amount of the asset. However, irrespective of whether there is any indication of impairment, the Bank tests goodwill acquired in a business combination, an intangible asset with an indefinite useful life and an intangible asset not yet available for use for impairment annually by comparing its carrying amount with its recoverable amount.

The recoverable amount is estimated for the individual asset. If it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of the individual asset, the Bank determines the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs (the asset’s cash-generating unit).

The recoverable amount of an asset is the higher of its fair value less costs to sell and its value in use. If the recoverable amount of an asset is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to its recoverable amount and such impairment loss is recognized immediately in profit or loss.

 

(11)

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

Financial liabilities at FVTPL include contingent consideration that may be paid by an acquirer as part of a business combination to which K-IFRS No.1103, ‘Business Combination’ applies, short-term financial liabilities and financial liabilities recognized as financial liabilities at FVTPL initially. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are stated at fair value, with any gains or losses arising on remeasurement recognized in profit or loss. Otherwise, the transaction cost is recognized in current profit or loss.

 

(12)

Provisions

A provision is recognized if the Bank has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of the past event and it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. The risks and uncertainties that inevitably surround many events and circumstances are taken into account in reaching the best estimate of a provision, and where the effect of the time value of money is material, the amount of a provision is the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation.

Provisions on confirmed and unconfirmed acceptances and guarantees, and unused credit line of corporate loans are recognized using valuation model that applies the credit conversion factor, default rates, and loss given default. Provisions are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, the provisions are reversed.

 

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(13)

Financial guarantee contracts

A financial guarantee contract is a contract that requires the issuer (the Bank) to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payments when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument.

Financial guarantee contracts are initially recognized at fair value and are amortized over the life of the contract. After initial recognition, financial guarantee contracts are measured at the greater of:

 

   

The amount determined in accordance with K-IFRS No.1109, ‘Financial Instruments’ and

 

   

The initial amount recognized, less, when appropriate, cumulative amortization recognized in accordance with K-IFRS No.1115, ‘Revenue from Contracts with Customers’

 

(14)

Equity and Reserve

Equity and Reserve are any contract or agreement that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities

 

(15)

Interest income and expenses

Interest income and expenses are recognized using the effective interest method. Effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial asset or a financial liability (or groups of financial assets or financial liabilities) and of allocating the interest income or interest expenses over the relevant period.

The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts or payments through the expected life of the financial instrument or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Bank estimates cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument but does not consider future credit losses. The calculation includes all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs, and all other premiums or discounts. In those rare cases when it is not possible to estimate reliably the cash flows or the expected life of a financial instrument (or group of financial instruments), the Bank uses the contractual cash flows over the full contractual term of the financial instrument (or group of financial instruments).

Interest on impaired financial assets is recognized using the rate of interest used to discount the future cash flows for the purpose of measuring the impairment loss.

 

(16)

Fee and commission income

The Bank recognizes financial service fee in accordance with the accounting standard of the financial instrument related to the fees earned.

 

1)

Fees that are an integral part of the effective interest of a financial instrument

Such fees are generally treated as adjustments of effective interest. Such fees may include compensation for activities such as evaluating the borrower’s financial condition, evaluating and recording guarantees, collateral and other security arrangements, negotiating the terms of the instrument, preparing and processing documents and closing the transaction and origination fees received on issuing financial liabilities measured at amortized cost. However, fees relating to the creation or acquisition of a financial asset at FVTPL are recognized as revenue immediately

 

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2)

Fees earned as services are provided

Such fees are recognized as revenue as the services are provided.

 

3)

Fees that are earned on the execution of a significant act

Such fees are recognized as revenue when the significant act has been completed.

 

(17)

Dividend income

Dividend income is recognized in profit or loss when the right to receive payment is established. Dividend income from financial assets at FVTPL and financial investments is recognized in profit or loss as part of dividend income in the separate statements of comprehensive income.

 

(18)

Employee compensation and benefits

 

1)

Defined contribution plans

When employees render service related to defined contribution plans, contributions related to employees services are recognized in current profit or loss without contributions included in cost of assets. Contributions which are supposed to be paid are recognized in accrued expenses after deducting any amount already paid. Also, if contributions already paid exceed contributions which would be paid at the end of period, the amount of excess is recognized in prepaid expenses.

 

2)

Defined benefit plans

The Bank’s net obligation in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated separately for each plan by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in the current and prior periods, discounting that amount and deducting the fair value of any plan assets.

The calculation of defined benefit obligations is performed annually by a qualified actuary using the projected unit credit method. When the calculation results in a potential asset for the Bank, the recognized asset is limited to the present value of economic benefits available in the form of any future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan. To calculate the present value of economic benefits, consideration is given to any applicable minimum funding requirements.

Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding interest) and the effect of the asset ceiling (if any, excluding interest), are recognized immediately in OCI. The Bank determines the net interest expense (income) on the net defined benefit liability (asset) for the period by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation at the beginning of the annual period to the then-net defined benefit liability (asset), taking into account any changes in the net defined benefit liability (asset) during the period as a result of contributions and benefit payments. Net interest expense and other expenses related to defined benefit plans are recognized in profit or loss.

When the benefits of a plan are changed or when a plan is curtailed, the resulting change in benefit that relates to past service or the gain or loss on curtailment is recognized immediately in profit or loss. The Bank recognizes gains and losses on the settlement of a defined benefit plan when the settlement occurs.

 

3)

Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefits are employee benefits that are due to be settled within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service.

Short-term employee benefits are recognized in current profit and loss when employees render the related service. Short-term employee benefits are not discounted.

 

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(19)

Income taxes

Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax and is recognized as profit or loss, except for taxes directly adjusted in equity or other comprehensive income and loss and for taxes that arise from business combination.

 

1)

Current tax

Current income tax is the amount of income taxes payable (recoverable) in respect of the taxable profit (tax loss) for a period. The difference between the taxable profit and accounting profit may arise when income or expenses are included in accounting profit in one period, but is included in taxable profit in a different period, and if there is revenue that is exempt from taxation, expenses that are not deductible in determining taxable profit (tax loss). Current income tax liabilities (assets) for the current and prior periods are measured at the amount expected to be paid to (recovered from) the taxation authorities, using the tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

The Bank offsets current income tax assets and current income tax liabilities if, and only if, the Bank has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

 

2)

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognized, using the asset-liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax base amount of assets and liabilities and their carrying amount in the financial statements. Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences and deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary difference can be utilized. However, deferred tax liabilities are not recognized if they arise from the initial recognition of goodwill; deferred tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss.

Deferred tax is provided on temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, except for deferred tax liabilities which the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference is controlled by the Bank and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

The carrying amount of a deferred tax asset is reviewed at the end of each reporting period. The Bank reduces the carrying amount of a deferred tax asset to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow the benefit of part or all of the deferred tax asset to be utilized.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Bank expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

The Bank offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities when the Bank has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities; and the deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity; or different taxable entity which intend either to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered.

 

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(20)

New standards and interpretations not yet adopted

The following new standards and amendments to existing standards have been published and are mandatory for the Bank to adopt for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022, and the Bank has not early adopted them.

The following new standards and amendments to existing standards are not expected to significantly affect the Bank:

 

1)

Amendments to Korean IFRS No.1116 Leases – COVID-19-Related Rent Concessions, etc. beyond June 30, 2021

The application of the practical expedient, a lessee may elect not to assess whether a rent concession occurring as a direct consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic is a lease modification, is extended to lease payments originally due on or before 30 June 2022. A lessee shall apply the practical expedient consistently to eligible contracts with similar characteristics and in similar circumstances. The amendments should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after April 1, 2021, and earlier application is permitted. The Bank does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the financial statements.

 

2)

Amendments to Korean IFRS No.1016 Property, Plant and Equipment – Proceeds Before Intended Use

The amendments prohibit an entity from deducting from the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment any proceeds from selling items produced while the entity is preparing the asset for its intended use. Instead, the entity will recognize the proceeds from selling such items, and the costs of producing those items, as profit or loss. The amendments should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022, and earlier application is permitted. The Bank does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the financial statements.

 

3)

Amendments to Korean IFRS No.1103 Business Combination – Reference to the Conceptual Framework

The amendments update a reference of definition of assets and liabilities to qualify for recognition in revised Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. However, the amendments add an exception for the recognition of liabilities and contingent liabilities within the scope of Korean IFRS No.1037 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, and Korean IFRS No.2121 Levies. The amendments also confirm that contingent assets should not be recognized at the acquisition date. The amendments should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022, and earlier application is permitted. The Bank does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the financial statements.

 

4)

Amendments to Korean IFRS No.1037 Provisions, Contingent liabilities and Contingent assets – Onerous Contracts: Cost of Fulfilling a Contract

The amendments clarify that the direct costs of fulfilling a contract include both the incremental costs of fulfilling the contract and an allocation of other costs directly related to fulfilling contracts when assessing whether the contract is onerous. The amendments should be applied for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022, and earlier application is permitted. The Bank does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the financial statements.

 

4.

RISK MANAGEMENT:

 

4-1.

Summary

 

(1)

Overview of Risk Management Policy

The financial risks that the Bank is exposed to are credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, interest risk, credit concentration risk, strategy/reputational risk, outsourcing risk, settlement risk and others. Credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, and operational risk have been recognized as the Bank’s key risks.

 

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The Bank’s risk management system focuses on increasing transparency, developing risk management environment and preemptive response to risks due to rapid changes in financial environment to support the Bank’s long-term strategy and business decision efficiently.

The note regarding financial risk management provides information about the risks that the Bank is exposed to, the objective, policies and process for managing the risk, the methods used to measure the risk and capital adequacy. Additional quantitative information is disclosed throughout the separate financial statements.

 

(2)

Risk Management Group

 

1)

Risk Management Committee

The Risk Management Committee establishes risk management strategies in accordance with the directives of the board of directors and determines the Bank’s target risk appetite, approves significant risk matters and reviews the level of risks that the Bank is exposed to and the appropriateness of the Bank’s risk management operations as an ultimate decision-making authority.

 

2)

Risk Management Council

The Risk Management Council is a consultative group that reviews and makes decisions on matters delegated by the Risk Management Committee and discusses the detailed issues relating to the Bank’s risk management.

 

3)

Risk Management Practices Committee

The Risk Management Practices Committee assists the Risk Management Committee and the Risk Management Council. It performs practical work process relating to risk management plan, including targeted Bank for International Settlements (“BIS”) ratio, risk management strategy, risk measurement, risk analysis, economic capital limit and others.

4-2. Credit risk

 

(1)

Overview of Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk of possible losses in an asset portfolio in the events of counterparty’s default, breach of contract and deterioration in the credit quality of the counterparty. For the risk management reporting purposes, the individual borrower’s default risk, country risk, specific risks and other credit risk exposure components are considered as a whole.

 

(2)

Credit Risk Management

The Bank controls the credit concentration risk exposure by applying and managing total exposure limits to prevent the excessive risk concentration to specific industry and specific borrowers. The Bank maintains allowances for loan losses associated with credit risk on loans and receivables to manage its credit risk.

 

(3)

Maximum exposure to credit risk

 

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The Bank’s maximum exposure of financial instruments to credit risk as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, is as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  

Cash and due from financial institutions

   W 4,462,685      W 4,025,737  

Financial assets at FVTPL (*1)

     2,450,817        3,351,187  

Hedging derivative assets

     561,911        1,499,766  

Loans at amortized cost (*2)

     77,460,842        73,421,763  

Financial investments (*3)

     3,707,673        2,440,468  

Other financial assets

     846,679        792,202  

Acceptances and guarantee contracts

     40,231,483        34,702,514  

Commitments (*4)

     32,101,482        26,024,757  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     161,823,572      W     146,258,394  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(*1)

Financial assets at FVTPL exclude paid-in capital classified as debt securities.

 

(*2)

Loans at amortized cost exclude loans valuation adjustment related to fair value hedging and allowances for loan losses.

 

(*3)

Allowances for loan losses for securities at amortized cost is excluded.

 

(*4)

Commitments exclude commitments on purchase of beneficiary certificates which are included in other commitments in Note 36.

 

(4)

Credit risk of loans

The Bank maintains allowances for loan losses associated with credit risk on loans to manage its credit risk. Impairment loss on loans can be directly from the carrying amount of the asset or deducted using an allowance account.

The Bank measures the credit risk inherent in financial assets classified as loans and presents it in financial statements as Allowance for loan losses in the form of deduction from the carrying amount of the assets. The Bank writes off on non-profitable loans, non-recoverable loans, loans classified as estimated loss by asset quality category, loans requested to be written off by Financial Supervisory Service (“FSS”) and others upon approval of Loan Management Committee.

 

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Loans categorized as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

     12 months
expected credit
losses
     Lifetime
expected credit
losses
     Credit-impaired
financial assets
     Total  

Collective assessment:

           

Best

   W 25,780,685      W 1,846      W 10,011      W 25,792,542  

Outstanding

     27,937,616        —          5,000        27,942,616  

Good

     21,359,536        1,590,455        63,234        23,013,225  

Below normal

     —          385,669        81,028        466,697  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     75,077,837        1,977,970        159,273        77,215,080  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Individual assessment:

           

Best

     —          —          3,991        3,991  

Outstanding

     —          —          —          —    

Good

     —          709,590        7,406        716,996  

Below normal

     —          757,796        1,300,691        2,058,487  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     —          1,467,386        1,312,088        2,779,474  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     75,077,837      W     3,445,356      W     1,471,361      W     79,994,554  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net deferred loan origination fees and costs

              (368,209

Allowances

              (2,165,503
           

 

 

 

Total

            W 77,460,842  
           

 

 

 

(December 31, 2020)

 

     12 months
expected credit
losses
     Lifetime
expected credit
losses
     Credit-impaired
financial assets
     Total  

Collective assessment:

           

Best

   W 22,586,463      W 4,534      W 4,601      W 22,595,598  

Outstanding

     22,639,881        —          —          22,639,881  

Good

     24,329,178        1,713,345        4,894        26,047,417  

Below normal

     —          516,491        86,999        603,490  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     69,555,522        2,234,370        96,494        71,886,386  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Individual assessment:

           

Best

     —          —          3,663        3,663  

Outstanding

     —          —          —          —    

Good

     —          2,062,518        25,677        2,088,195  

Below normal

     —          1,116,284        1,193,484        2,309,768  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     —          3,178,802        1,222,824        4,401,626  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     69,555,522      W     5,413,172      W     1,319,318      W     76,288,012  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net deferred loan origination fees and costs

              (364,854

Allowances

              (2,501,395
           

 

 

 

Total

            W 73,421,763  
           

 

 

 

The above carrying amounts exclude loan valuation adjustment related to fair value hedging amounting to W(2,723) million and W(14,382)million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

 

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(5)

Credit quality of Financial investments (debt securities)

Financial investments (debt securities) exposed to credit risk as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

     12 months
expected
credit losses
     Lifetime
expected
credit
losses
     Credit-
impaired
financial assets
     Total  

Grade 1

   W 3,707,673      W —        W —        W 3,707,673  

Grade 2

     —          —          —          —    

Grade 3

     —          —          —          —    

Grade 4

     —          —          —          —    

Grade 5

     —          —          —          —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     3,707,673      W     —        W     —        W     3,707,673  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(December 31, 2020)

 

     12 months
expected
credit losses
     Lifetime
expected
credit
losses
     Credit-
impaired
financial assets
     Total  

Grade 1

   W 2,440,468      W —        W —        W 2,440,468  

Grade 2

     —          —          —          —    

Grade 3

     —          —          —          —    

Grade 4

     —          —          —          —    

Grade 5

     —          —          —          —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     2,440,468      W     —        W     —        W     2,440,468  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(6)

Concentration of credit risk

The amounts disclosed below exclude loan valuation adjustment related to fair value hedging amounting to W(2,723) million and W(14,382) million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

 

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1)

Loans by country where the credit risk belongs to as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

    Loans in
local currency
    Loans in
foreign
currencies
    Others     Total     Ratio
(%)
    Deferred loan
origination
fees
    Allowances  

Asia:

             

Korea

  W     24,210,953     W     7,741,888     W     2,038,511     W     33,991,352       42.49     W (22,202   W     (713,282

China

    —         2,324,587       411,263       2,735,850       3.42       (1,531     (35,833

Saudi Arabia

    —         2,190,841       7,930       2,198,771       2.75       (24,914     (13,240

India

    —         2,322,922       20,219       2,343,141       2.93       (16,348     (3,099

Indonesia

    15,000       2,986,511       13,892       3,015,403       3.77       (42,164     (6,304

Uzbekistan

    —         4,068,879       161,045       4,229,924       5.29       (26,414     (46,057

Vietnam

    —         281,279       481       281,760       0.35       (16,307     (2,744

Australia

    —         15,458       —         15,458       0.02       (1     (637

Philippines

    —         509,196       —         509,196       0.64       (1,727     (2,914

Qatar

    —         579,042       23,013       602,055       0.75       (3,845     (520

Singapore

    —         1,170,554       —         1,170,554       1.46       (13,101     (14,849

Oman

    —         262,030       245,927       507,957       0.63       —         (1,024

Hong Kong

    —         4,597,422       9,904       4,607,326       5.76       (19,130     (2,329

The United Arab Emirates

    —         1,134,276       —         1,134,276       1.42       (8,870     (30,918

Others

    11,400       3,209,925       808,949       4,030,274       5.04       (83,450     (88,289
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    24,237,353       33,394,810       3,741,134       61,373,297       76.72       (280,004     (962,039
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Europe:

             

Russia

    —         348,174       —         348,174       0.44       (324     (1,074

United Kingdom

    —         1,778,473       164,964       1,943,437       2.43       (10,402     (427,599

France

    —         84,899       6,597       91,496       0.11       (630     (78

Netherlands

    —         —         15,396       15,396       0.02       —         (88

Greece

    —         1,937,778       —         1,937,778       2.42       (9,648     (2,844

Ireland

    —         53,802       —         53,802       0.07       (254     (117

Turkey

    —         1,343,317       16,570       1,359,887       1.70       (12,448     (118,579

Germany

    —         299,618       16,770       316,388       0.40       (343     (983

Ukraine

    —         60,128       —         60,128       0.08       (79     (116

Hungary

    —         1,333,943       —         1,333,943       1.67       (1,746     (1,929

Others

    —         2,025,612       139,083       2,164,695       2.69       (6,634     (18,829
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    —         9,265,744       359,380       9,625,124       12.03       (42,508     (572,236
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

America:

             

Panama

    —         1,054,208       27,034       1,081,242       1.35       (5,834     (1,740

United States

    —         2,743,778       16,404       2,760,182       3.45       (3,521     (15,001

The British Virgin Islands

    —         14,054       —         14,054       0.02       —         —    

Mexico

    —         337,718       —         337,718       0.42       (3,194     (1,912

Brazil

    —         1,713,043       —         1,713,043       2.14       (3,683     (5,718

Others

    —         1,381,962       —         1,381,962       1.73       (7,076     (14,117
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    —         7,244,763       43,438       7,288,201       9.11       (23,308     (38,488
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Africa:

             

Marshall Islands

    —         546,075       —         546,075       0.68       (2,577     (1,313

Liberia

    —         18,095       —         18,095       0.02       (324     (69

Nigeria

    —         348,377       —         348,377       0.44       (6,017     (6,443

Morocco

    —         96,955       —         96,955       0.12       (943     (127

Others

    —         698,430       —         698,430       0.88       (12,528     (584,788
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    —         1,707,932       —         1,707,932       2.14       (22,389     (592,740
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W     24,237,353     W     51,613,249     W     4,143,952     W     79,994,554       100.00     W     (368,209   W     (2,165,503
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

69


Table of Contents

(December 31, 2020)

 

    Loans in
local currency
    Loans in
foreign
currencies
    Others     Total     Ratio
(%)
    Deferred loan
origination
fees
    Allowances  

Asia:

             

Korea

  W     23,613,174     W     7,168,916     W     2,481,756     W     33,263,846       43.60     W (11,881   W (1,235,386

China

    —         2,054,071       389,330       2,443,401       3.20       (2,121     (27,196

Saudi Arabia

    —         2,373,563       315,958       2,689,521       3.53       (28,597     (10,531

India

    —         2,337,629       94,826       2,432,455       3.19       (17,974     (3,171

Indonesia

    17,000       3,069,737       6,217       3,092,954       4.05       (51,141     (12,867

Uzbekistan

    —         3,510,539       81,247       3,591,786       4.71       (24,260     (34,211

Vietnam

    —         325,312       524       325,836       0.43       —         (144

Australia

    —         63,299       —         63,299       0.08       (21     (763

Philippines

    —         550,527       —         550,527       0.72       (2,003     (3,028

Qatar

    —         504,408       292       504,700       0.66       (2,083     (792

Singapore

    —         1,005,790       52       1,005,842       1.32       (14,130     (8,464

Oman

    —         270,700       1,051,401       1,322,101       1.73       (107     (9,845

Hong Kong

    —         4,159,300       5,734       4,165,034       5.46       (19,862     (1,874

The United

    —         1,062,147       —         1,062,147       1.39       (9,929     (29,620

Others

    13,000       3,174,857       1,231,313       4,419,170       5.80       (92,654     (89,988
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    23,643,174       31,630,795       5,658,650       60,932,619       79.87           (276,763     (1,467,880
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Europe:

             

Russia

    —         114,835       —         114,835       0.15       —         (506

United Kingdom

    —         997,553       831       998,384       1.31       (8,941         (262,805

France

    —         87,201       5,384       92,585       0.12       (712     (147

Netherlands

    —         —         9,199       9,199       0.01       —         (53

Malta

    —         1,517,733       2,513       1,520,246       1.99       (10,349     (2,432

Greece

    —         46,710       —         46,710       0.06       (272     (102

Turkey

    —         1,043,559       8,087       1,051,646       1.38       (13,513     (54,237

Germany

    —         167,815       22,297       190,112       0.25       (265     (1,041

Ukraine

    —         30,464       —         30,464       0.04       —         (32

Hungary

    —         605,948       —         605,948       0.79       (390     (608

Others

    —         1,868,075       78,157       1,946,232       2.56       (7,294     (12,032
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    —         6,479,893       126,468       6,606,361       8.66       (41,736     (333,995
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

America:

             

Panama

    —         803,007       —         803,007       1.05       (3,656     (51,223

United States

    —         2,303,389       19,275       2,322,664       3.04       (4,065     (12,171

The British Virgin Islands

    —         29,865       —         29,865       0.04       (124     (14

Mexico

    —         459,154       —         459,154       0.60       (3,616     (1,944

Bermuda

    —         88,499       —         88,499       0.12       (652     —    

Brazil

    —         1,842,203       —         1,842,203       2.41       (4,074     (4,672

Others

    —         1,102,916       —         1,102,916       1.45       (4,106     (15,947
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    —         6,629,033       19,275       6,648,308       8.71       (20,293     (85,971
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Africa:

             

Marshall Islands

    —         549,415       —         549,415       0.72       (2,848     (9,384

Madagascar

    —         377,443       —         377,443       0.49       (1,123     (376,320)  

Nigeria

    —         392,252       —         392,252       0.51       (6,926     (7,395

Morocco

    —         114,195       —         114,195       0.15       (1,090     (150

Others

    —         667,294       125       667,419       0.89       (14,075     (220,300
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

    —         2,100,599       125       2,100,724       2.76       (26,062     (613,549
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 23,643,174     W 46,840,320     W 5,804,518     W 76,288,012       100.00     W (364,854   W (2,501,395
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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2)

Loans by industry as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Loans      Deferred loan
origination
fees
    Allowances  
     Loans
in local currency
     Loans in
foreign
currencies
     Others      Total      Ratio
(%)
 

Manufacturing

   W 12,800,359      W 24,571,341      W 791,091      W 38,162,791        47.71      W (176,107   W (1,401,287

Transportation

     1,295,966        6,976,031        245,434        8,517,431        10.65        (37,475     (137,338

Financial institutions

     8,289,003        5,583,824        2,845,411        16,718,238        20.90        (8,171     (23,955

Wholesale and retail

     887,494        830,269        66,748        1,784,511        2.23        (2,303     (14,175

Real estate

     —          331,210        527        331,737        0.41        (1,927     (44,164

Construction

     365,842        1,534,289        2,371        1,902,502        2.38        (26,505     (15,492

Public sector and others

     598,689        11,786,285        192,370        12,577,344        15.72        (115,721     (529,092
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W     24,237,353      W     51,613,249      W     4,143,952      W     79,994,554        100.00      W     (368,209   W     (2,165,503
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

(December 31, 2020)

 

     Loans            Allowances  
     Loans
in local currency
     Loans in
foreign
currencies
     Others      Total      Ratio
(%)
     Deferred loan
origination
fees
 

Manufacturing

   W 14,910,922      W 22,265,933      W 812,594      W 37,989,449        49.79      W (191,945   W (1,856,758

Transportation

     1,479,886        5,929,875        282,513        7,692,274        10.08        (32,280     (218,842

Financial institutions

     5,898,046        5,254,076        4,632,890        15,785,012        20.69        (3,227     (14,095

Wholesale and retail

     594,874        808,517        44,806        1,448,197        1.90        (1,942     (26,336

Real estate

     —          149,666        —          149,666        0.20        (1,680     (1,868

Construction

     240,814        965,852        12,463        1,219,129        1.60        (11,652     (46,831

Public sector and others

     518,632        11,466,401        19,252        12,004,285        15.74        (122,128     (336,665
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W     23,643,174      W     46,840,320      W     5,804,518      W     76,288,012        100.00      W     (364,854   W     (2,501,395
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

71


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3)

Concentration of credit risk of financial assets at FVTPL and financial investments (debt securities) by industry as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  
     Amount      Ratio (%)      Amount      Ratio (%)  

Financial Assets at FVTPL

           

Government and government sponsored institutions

   W 36,186        1.48      W 14,192        0.42  

Banking and insurance

     2,104,501        85.87        2,866,739        85.54  

Others

     310,130        12.65        470,256        14.04  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     2,450,817        100.00        3,351,187        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial Assets at FVOCI

           

Government and government sponsored institutions

     1,766,442        63.63        1,097,762        56.75  

Banking and insurance

     607,725        21.89        375,565        19.41  

Others

     402,059        14.48        461,170        23.84  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     2,776,226        100.00        1,934,497        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Securities at amortized cost

           

Government and government sponsored institutions

     594,569        63.83        331,116        65.44  

Banking and insurance

     124,797        13.40        133,108        26.31  

Others

     212,081        22.77        41,747        8.25  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     931,447        100.00        505,971        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Hedging derivative assets

           

Banking and insurance

     561,911        100.00        1,499,766        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     6,720,401         W     7,291,421     
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

 

4)

Concentration of credit risk of financial assets at FVTPL and financial investments (debt securities) by country as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  
     Amount      Ratio (%)      Amount      Ratio (%)  

Financial Assets at FVTPL

           

Korea

   W 1,927,706        78.66      W 2,629,890        78.48  

Others

     523,111        21.34        721,297        21.52  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     2,450,817        100.00        3,351,187        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial Assets at FVOCI

           

Korea

     1,377,709        49.63        1,230,720        63.62  

Others

     1,398,517        50.37        703,777        36.38  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     2,776,226        100.00        1,934,497        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Securities at amortized cost

           

Korea

     295,671        31.74        213,250        42.15  

Others

     635,776        68.26        292,721        57.85  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     931,447        100.00        505,971        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Hedging derivative assets

           

Korea

     180,630        32.15        451,793        30.12  

Others

     381,281        67.85        1,047,973        69.88  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     561,911        100.00        1,499,766        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     6,720,401         W     7,291,421     
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

 

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5)

Credit enhancement and its financial effect as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Loans (*1)      Acceptances
and guarantees
     Unused loan
commitments
     Total      Ratio
(%)
 

Maximum exposure to credit risk

   W 77,460,842      W 40,231,483      W 32,101,482      W 149,793,807        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Credit enhancement:

              

Deposits and savings

     370,372        92,230        20,650        483,252        0.32  

Export guarantee insurance

     377,225        —          2,270        379,495        0.25  

Guarantee

     1,869,125        2,438,289        79,876        4,387,290        2.93  

Securities

     116,172        54,379        3,000        173,551        0.12  

Real estate

     2,340,034        520,125        458,278        3,318,437        2.22  

Ships

     761,363        137,849        —          899,212        0.60  

Others

     42,743        —          —          42,743        0.02  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     5,877,034        3,242,872        564,074        9,683,980        6.46  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Exposure to credit risk after deducting credit enhancement

   W     71,583,808      W     36,988,611      W     31,537,408      W     140,109,827        93.54  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(December 31, 2020)

 

     Loans (*1)      Acceptances
and guarantees
     Unused loan
commitments
     Total      Ratio
(%)
 

Maximum exposure to credit risk

   W 73,421,763      W 34,702,514      W 26,024,757      W 134,149,034        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Credit enhancement:

              

Deposits and savings

     167,339        43,175        39,025        249,539        0.19  

Export guarantee insurance

     —          947,590        7,818        955,408        0.71  

Guarantee

     1,846,556        1,699,941        353,972        3,900,469        2.91  

Securities

     227,473        433,001        —          660,474        0.49  

Real estate

     2,632,355        476,773        19,210        3,128,338        2.33  

Ships

     697,744        175,893        41,237        914,874        0.68  

Others

     388,607        —          2,859        391,466        0.29  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     5,960,074        3,776,373        464,121        10,200,568        7.60  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Exposure to credit risk after deducting credit enhancement

   W     67,461,689      W     30,926,141      W     25,560,636      W     123,948,466        92.40  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(*1)

Loans exclude loans valuation adjustment related to fair value hedging.

4-3. Liquidity risk

 

(1)

Overview of liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Bank is unable to meet its payment obligations arising from financial liabilities as they become due. The Bank discloses all financial asset, financial liabilities and off-balance-sheet items, such as loan commitments and analysis of the contractual maturity, which are related to liquidity risk, into seven categories. The cash flows disclosed in the maturity analysis are undiscounted contractual amounts, including principal and future interest, which resulted in disagreement with the discounted cash flows included in the separate statements of financial position. However, for derivatives, each discounted cash flow consisting of current fair value is presented.

 

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(2)

Principles of the liquidity risk management

 

1)

Liquidity risk is managed with integration. The Bank measures, reports and controls liquidity risk by quantification with reasonable method.

 

2)

Liquidity risk reflects financing plans and fund-using plans, and the Bank reports the liquidity risk with preciseness, timeliness and consistency.

 

3)

The Bank establishes liquidity risk management strategy by analyzing liquidity maturity, liquidity gap structure and market environment.

 

(3)

Liquidity risk management

Risk management department monitors changes by liquidity risk sources and compliance of risk limits. It notifies related departments to prepare countermeasures in case the measured liquidity risk is close to risk limits. Also, it analyzes crisis situations and effects of the crisis situations and reports to the Risk Management Committee on a regular basis. Each related department monitors changes of liquidity risk sources and compliance of risk limits by itself and if exposure to new risk is expected, it discusses the matter with the head of risk management department.

 

(4)

Measurement of liquidity risk

The Bank measures liquidity ratio, liquidity gap ratio and others for local currency and foreign currencies and simulates analysis reflecting market environment, product features and the Bank’s strategies.

 

(5)

Analysis on remaining contractual maturity of financial liabilities and off-balance-sheet items

Remaining contractual maturity and amount of financial liabilities and off-balance-sheet items as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

    On demand     Within 1
month
    1 to 3
months
    3 to 6
months
    6 to 12
months
    1 year to
5 years
    Over
5 years
    Total  

Financial liabilities:

               

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

  W 768,115     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 768,115  

Hedging derivative liabilities

    —         —         23,753       8,085       85,607       369,482       174,130       661,057  

Borrowings

    —         1,141,327       1,729,423       1,210,033       878,151       629,597       —         5,588,531  

Debentures

    —         2,726,529       4,083,166       6,716,159       14,114,830       43,283,095       11,094,508       82,018,287  

Other financial liabilities

    —         684,629       1,695       161       8,305       94,195       1,036,295       1,825,280  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 768,115     W 4,552,485     W 5,838,037     W 7,934,438     W 15,086,893     W 44,376,369     W 12,304,933     W 90,861,270  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Off-balance sheet
items (*1):

               

Commitments

  W 32,101,482     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 32,101,482  

Financial guarantee contracts

    12,126,814       —         —         —         —         —         —         12,126,814  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 44,228,296     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 44,228,296  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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(December 31, 2020)

 

    On demand     Within 1
month
    1 to 3
months
    3 to 6
months
    6 to 12
months
    1 year to
5 years
    Over
5 years
    Total  

Financial liabilities:

               

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

  W 753,442     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 753,442  

Hedging derivative liabilities

    —         24,087       23,878       56,425       41,361       188,486       84,733       418,970  

Borrowings

    —         337,469       524,406       2,529,342       1,395,729       1,317,114       —         6,104,060  

Debentures

    —         2,530,630       5,546,667       6,642,817       12,260,797       37,380,189       12,202,465       76,563,565  

Other financial liabilities

    —         1,190,104       —         72       49,835       197,447       934,544       2,372,002  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 753,442     W 4,082,290     W 6,094,951     W 9,228,656     W 13,747,722     W 39,083,236     W 13,221,742     W 86,212,039  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Off-balance

sheet items (*1):

               

Commitments

  W 26,024,757     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 26,024,757  

Financial guarantee contracts

    12,097,063       —         —         —         —         —         —         12,097,063  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 38,121,820     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 38,121,820  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(*1)

Although financial guarantees and loan commitments provided by the Bank have maturities, the Bank should fulfill the obligation immediately when the counter party requests payments.

4-4. Market risk

 

(1)

Overview of market risk

 

1)

Definition of market risk

Market risk is the risk of possible losses that arise from the changes of market factors, such as interest rate, stock price, foreign exchange rate, commodity value. The Bank classifies exposures to market risk into either foreign exchange rate risk or interest rate risk. Foreign exchange risk is the possible losses on assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies due to changes of foreign exchange rate. Interest rate risk is the possible losses on assets and liabilities due to changes of interest rate.

 

2)

Market risk management group

The Bank operates the Risk Management Committee and the Risk Management Council for managing risks and risk limits. The Risk Management Practices Committee assists the Risk Management Committee and the Risk Management Council for practical matters, such as managing adequate assets and liabilities by analyzing foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk and effects by initiating new product. Market risk is managed by product and currency for minimizing segments exposed to changes of foreign exchange, interest rate and securities’ price. Foreign exchange risk is measured by definite method. Interest rate risk is measured by IRRBB standards, definite method and probabilistic method and definite method is used for limits management. Meanwhile, the Bank performs financial crisis analysis supposing exceptional, but possible events for evaluating latent weakness. The analysis is used for important decision making, such as risk mitigation, emergency plan development and limit setup. The results of the analysis are reported to the board of directors and management on a quarterly basis.

 

(2)

Foreign exchange risk

 

1)

Management of foreign exchange risk

Foreign exchange risk management limit is set up and a risk management division head monitors changes of foreign exchange risk by source and compliance of risk limits regularly. A finance division head also

 

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monitors changes of foreign exchange risk by source and compliance of risk limits. The finance division head needs to cooperate with the risk management division head in case it is expected that the Bank will be exposed to a new risk. The risk management division head orders related divisions to prepare countermeasures in case it is apprehended that foreign exchange risk exceeds risk limit. If foreign exchange risk exceeds the risk limit, the risk management division head orders related divisions to prepare countermeasures and reports to Risk Management Committee after resolving the exceeded limit problem.

 

2)

Measurement of foreign exchange risk

Foreign exchange risk is managed by foreign exchange VaR and foreign exchange position. Foreign exchange VaR is measured on a monthly basis and foreign exchange position is measured on a daily basis. It is measured separately by currency for assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies exceeding 5% of total assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies.

 

3)

Measurement method

 

LOGO

Value at Risk (VaR)

The Bank uses a yearly VaR to measure market risk. The yearly VaR is a statistically estimated maximum amount of loss that could occur in one year under normal distribution of financial variables. The Bank calculates VaR using equal weighted-average method based on historical changes in market rates, prices and volatilities over the previous five years data and measures VaR at a 99% single tail confidence level. VaR is a commonly used market risk management technique. However, the method has some shortcomings.

VaR estimates possible losses over a certain period at a particular confidence level using past market movement data. Past market movement, however, is not necessarily a good indicator of future events, as there may be conditions and circumstances in the future that the model does not anticipate. As a result, the timing and magnitude of the actual losses can be different, depending on the assumptions made at the time of calculation. In addition, the time periods used for the model, generally one day or 10 days are assumed to be a sufficient holding period before liquidating the relevant underlying positions. If these holding periods are not sufficient, or too long, the VaR results may understate or overstate the potential loss.

 

LOGO

Stress testing

The stress testing is carried out to analyze the abnormal market situation reflecting intrinsic volatility of foreign exchange that has significant influent on the value of portfolio.

 

LOGO

Results of measurement

Results of foreign exchange VaR as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  
     Average      Minimum      Maximum      Ending      Average      Minimum      Maximum      Ending  

Foreign exchange risk

   W 30,800      W 11,568      W 56,546      W 11,568      W 55,957      W 10,811      W 91,200      W 10,811  

 

(3)

Interest rate risk

 

1)

Management of interest rate risk

Interest rate risk management limit is set up and included in internal capital management limit. A risk management division head monitors changes of interest rate risk by source and compliance of risk limits regularly. A finance division head also monitors changes of interest rate risk by source and compliance of risk limits. The finance division head needs to cooperate with the risk management division head in case it is expected that the Bank will be exposed to a new risk. The risk management division head orders related divisions to prepare countermeasures in case it is apprehended that interest rate risk exceeds risk limit. If

 

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interest rate risk exceeds the risk limit, the risk management division head orders related divisions to prepare countermeasures and reports to Risk Management Committee after resolving the exceeded limit problem.

 

2)

Measurement of interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is managed by measuring ΔNII (Change in Net Interest Income) and ΔEVE (Change in Economic Value of Equity) and uses interest rate sensitivity gap and duration gap as supplementary index. ΔNII and ΔEVE are measured on a monthly basis, and interest rate sensitivity gap and duration gap are measured on a daily basis. The Bank simulates analysis reflecting market environment, product features and the Bank’s strategies.

 

3)

Measurement method

 

LOGO

Change in Economic Value of Equity (ΔEVE)

The Bank uses a yearly ΔEVE to measure interest rate risk. The yearly ΔEVE is the maximum amount of loss that could occur in one year under normal distribution of financial variables. The Bank calculates the yearly ΔEVE by using variance-covariance method at a 99% single tail confidence level based on the previous five years data using equal weighted-average method.

ΔEVE estimates possible losses over a certain period at a particular confidence level using past market movement data. Past market movement, however, is not necessarily a good indicator of future events, as there may be conditions and circumstances in the future that the model does not anticipate. As a result, the timing and magnitude of the actual losses can be different depending on the assumptions made at the time of calculation.

 

LOGO

Stress testing

The stress testing is carried out to analyze the abnormal market situation reflecting intrinsic volatility of interest rate that has significant influence on the value of portfolio and is performed at least once in every quarter.

 

LOGO

Results of measurement

Results of interest rate VaR as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  
     Average      Minimum      Maximum      Ending      Average      Minimum      Maximum      Ending  

Interest rate risk

     W29,584        W9,393        W75,882        W36,540        W29,669        W15,452        W47,859        W38,356  

 

(4)

Interest rate risk management

The Bank is closely monitoring the outputs of various industry groups and markets that manage the transition to the new interest rate benchmark, including announcements by IBOR regulation authority and various consultative bodies related to the transition to alternative interest rate. In response to these announcements, The Bank has completed most of the transition and replacement according to IBOR transition programs and plans consisting of major business areas such as finance, accounting, tax, legal, IT, and risk. The program is under the control of the CFO and related matters are reported to the board of directors. The purpose of the plan is to identify the impacts and risks associated with the index interest rate benchmark reform within the business, and to prepare and implement an action plan to facilitate the transition to alternative indicator interest rate. The bank aims to finalize its response plan by 2022.

 

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The carrying amount of financial instruments that have not been converted to alternative indicator interest rate as of December 31, 2021 is as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Exposure Amount(*1)  

Detail

   USD      EUR      GBP      Others  

Non-derivative financial assets

           

Securities at FVTPL

   W 100,422      W     —        W —        W     —    

Securities at FVOCI

     3,580        —          —          —    

Loans at amortized cost

         27,837,151        —          —          —    

Acceptances and guarantee contracts(*2)

     9,783,391        —          —          —    

Derivative(*2)

     43,657,624        —              523,226        —    

Non-derivative financial liabilities

           

Financial liabilities at amortized cost Borrowings

     341,424        —          —          —    

 

  (*1)

Exposure amount exclude financial instruments that will disappear before converting to alternative indicator interest rate.

  (*2)

Guarantees and derivatives are based on the nominal amount.

4-5. Capital risk

The Bank follows the standard of capital adequacy established by the Financial Services Commission. The standard is based on Basel III, which was established by Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in BIS. In Korea, this standard has been followed since December 2013. According to the standard, the Bank should maintain at least 8% or above of BIS capital ratio for risk-weighted asset, and quarterly report BIS capital ratio to the FSS.

According to Korean Banking Supervision rules for operations, the Bank’s capitals are mainly divided into two categories:

 

1)

Tier 1 capital (basic capital): Basic capital is composed of capital stock-common and other basic capital. Capital stock-common includes common stock satisfied with qualifications, capital surplus, retained earnings, accumulated other comprehensive income, other reserves and non-controlling interests among the common stock of consolidated subsidiaries. Other basic capital includes securities and capital surplus satisfied with qualifications

 

2)

Tier 2 capital (supplementary capital): Supplementary capital is composed of the securities and capital surplus satisfied with qualifications, non-controlling interests among the securities of consolidated subsidiaries and the amounts of less than below 1.25% of credit risk-weighted asset like allowance for credit losses in respect of credits classified as normal or precautionary.

The risk-weighted asset includes intrinsic risks in total assets, errors of internal operation processes and loss risk from external events. It indicates a size of assets reflecting the level of risks that the Bank bears. The Bank computes the risk-weighted asset by risks (credit risk, market risk and operational risk) and uses it for calculation of BIS capital ratio.

 

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5.

FINANCIAL ASSETS AND FINANCIAL LIABILITIES:

5-1. Classification and fair value

 

(1)

Carrying amounts and fair values of financial instruments as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  
     Carrying
amount
     Fair value      Carrying
amount
     Fair value  

Financial assets:

           

Cash and due from financial institutions

   W 4,462,685      W 4,462,685      W 4,025,737      W 4,025,686  

Financial assets at FVTPL

     2,598,204        2,598,204        3,478,402        3,478,402  

Hedging derivative assets

     561,911        561,911        1,499,766        1,499,766  

Loans at amortized cost

     77,458,119        77,458,119        73,407,381        74,065,894  

Financial assets at FVOCI

     11,814,063        11,814,063        10,536,535        10,536,535  

Securities at amortized cost

     931,296        946,507        505,876        515,610  

Other financial assets

     838,645        838,645        792,202        792,202  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 98,664,923      W 98,680,134      W 94,245,899      W 94,914,095  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

           

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

   W 768,115      W 768,115      W 753,442      W 753,442  

Hedging derivative liabilities

     661,057        661,057        418,970        418,970  

Borrowings

     5,576,909        5,583,498        6,076,631        6,071,603  

Debentures

     76,486,053        77,379,590        72,641,777        73,332,650  

Other financial liabilities

     1,825,280        1,825,280        2,372,002        2,372,002  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     85,317,414      W     86,217,540      W     82,262,822      W     82,948,667  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Fair value is the amount at which the assets could be exchanged, or the liabilities could be settled in transection between knowledgeable and willing independent parties. For each class of financial assets and financial liabilities, the Bank discloses the fair value of that class of assets and liabilities in a way that permits them to be compared with their carrying amount at the end of each reporting period. The best estimated fair value is the published price quotation in an active market.

Methods for measuring fair value of financial instruments are as follows:

 

Financial instruments

  

Method of measuring fair value

Loans and receivables   

As demand deposits and transferable deposits do not have maturity and are readily convertible to cash, the carrying amounts of these deposits approximate their fair values. Fair values of the deposits with the maturity of more than one year are determined by discounted cash flow model (“DCF model”).

DCF model is also used to determine the fair value of loans. Fair value is determined by discounting the cash flows expected from each contractual period by applying the discount rates for each period.

Investment securities    Financial assets and liabilities at FVTPL and financial assets at FVOCI are measured at fair value using a quoted market price in an active market. If a quoted market price is not available, they are measured by using a price quoted by a third party, such as a pricing service or broker with the DCF model.

 

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Table of Contents

Financial instruments

  

Method of measuring fair value

Derivatives    For exchange traded derivative, quoted price in active market is used to determine fair value and for OTC derivative, fair value is determined primarily using valuation techniques. The Bank uses internally developed valuation models using valuation techniques that are widely used by market participants to determine fair value of plain OTC derivatives including option, interest rate swap and currency swap based on observable market parameters. However, some complex financial instruments are valued using the results of independent pricing services, where part or all of the inputs are not observable in the market.
Borrowings    Fair value is determined using DCF model discounting contractual future cash flows by appropriate discount rate.
Debentures   

Fair value of debentures denominated in local currency is determined by using the valuation of independent third-party pricing services in accordance with the market prices that are quoted in active markets.

Fair value of debentures denominated in foreign currencies is determined by DCF model.

Fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities classified as fair value Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are determined by using the valuation of independent third-party pricing services. Meanwhile, carrying amounts of other financial assets and financial liabilities are regarded as an approximation of fair values.

 

(2)

Fair value hierarchy

 

1)

The Bank classifies financial instruments as three level of fair value hierarchy as below:

 

  Level 1:

Financial instruments measured at quoted prices from active markets are classified as fair value Level 1. This level includes listed equity securities, derivatives, and government bonds traded in an active exchange market.

 

  Level 2:

Financial instruments measured using valuation techniques where all significant inputs are observable market data are classified as Level 2. This level includes the majority of debt and general OTC derivatives such as swap, futures and options

 

  Level 3:

Financial instruments measured using valuation techniques where one or more significant inputs are not based on observable market data are classified as Level 3. This level includes unlisted equity securities, structured bonds and OTC derivatives.

 

2)

Fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities, which are not measured at fair value as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, is as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Level 1      Level 2      Level 3      Total  

Financial assets:

           

Cash and due from financial Institutions

   W 3,146,957      W —        W 1,315,728      W 4,462,685  

Loans at amortized cost

     —          —          77,458,119        77,458,119  

Securities at amortized cost

     —          946,507        —          946,507  

Other financial assets

     —          —          838,645        838,645  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     3,146,957      W 946,507      W     79,612,492      W     83,705,956  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

           

Borrowings

   W —        W 5,583,498      W —        W 5,583,498  

Debentures

     —          77,379,590        —          77,379,590  

Other financial liabilities

     —          —          1,825,280        1,825,280  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W —        W     82,963,088      W 1,825,280      W 84,788,368  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents

(December 31, 2020)

 

     Level 1      Level 2      Level 3      Total  

Financial assets:

           

Cash and due from financial institutions

   W 2,299,935      W —        W 1,725,751      W 4,025,686  

Loans at amortized cost

     —          —          74,065,894        74,065,894  

Securities at amortized cost

     —          515,610        —          515,610  

Other financial assets

     —          —          792,202        792,202  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     2,299,935      W 515,610      W     76,583,847      W 79,399,392  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

           

Borrowings

   W —        W 6,071,603      W —        W 6,071,603  

Debentures

     —          73,332,650        —          73,332,650  

Other financial liabilities

     —          —          2,372,002        2,372,002  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W —        W     79,404,253      W 2,372,002      W     81,776,255  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

3)

Fair value hierarchy of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2021, and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Level 1      Level 2      Level 3      Total  

Financial assets:

           

Financial assets at FVTPL

   W —        W 1,745,970      W 852,234      W 2,598,204  

Hedging derivative assets

     —          546,296        15,615        561,911  

Financial assets at FVOCI

     125,625        2,776,225        8,912,213        11,814,063  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
   W     125,625      W     5,068,491      W     9,780,062      W     14,974,178  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

           

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

   W —        W 516,985      W 251,130      W 768,115  

Hedging derivative liabilities

     —          527,610        133,447        661,057  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
   W —        W 1,044,595      W 384,577      W 1,429,172  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(December 31, 2020)

 

     Level 1      Level 2      Level 3      Total  

Financial assets:

           

Financial assets at FVTPL

   W —        W 2,954,301      W 524,101      W 3,478,402  

Hedging derivative assets

     —          1,425,219        74,547        1,499,766  

Financial assets at FVOCI

     168,171        1,934,498        8,433,866        10,536,535  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
   W     168,171      W     6,314,018      W     9,032,514      W     15,514,703  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

           

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

   W —        W 687,389      W 66,053      W 753,442  

Hedging derivative liabilities

     —          366,212        52,758        418,970  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
   W —        W 1,053,601      W 118,811      W 1,172,412  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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4)

The valuation techniques and input variables of Level 2 financial instruments subsequently not measured at fair value as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Fair value      Valuation
techniques
     Input variables  

Financial assets

        

Financial assets at amortized cost Debt securities

   W 946,507        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial liabilities

        

Borrowings

     5,583,498        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Debentures

         77,379,590        DCF Model        Discount rate  

(December 31, 2020)

 

     Fair value      Valuation
techniques
     Input variables  

Financial assets

        

Financial assets at amortized cost Debt securities

   W 515,610        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial liabilities

        

Borrowings

     6,071,603        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Debentures

         73,332,650        DCF Model        Discount rate  

 

5)

The valuation techniques and input variables of Level 3 financial instruments subsequently not measured at fair value as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Fair value      Valuation
techniques
     Input variables  

Financial assets

        

Cash and due from financial Institutions

   W 1,315,718        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Loans at amortized cost

         77,458,119        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Other financial assets

     838,645        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial liabilities

        

Other financial liabilities

     1,825,280        DCF Model        Discount rate  

(December 31, 2020)

 

     Fair value      Valuation
techniques
     Input variables  

Financial assets

        

Cash and due from financial Institutions

   W 1,725,751        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Loans at amortized cost

         74,065,894        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Other financial assets

     792,202        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial liabilities

        

Other financial liabilities

     2,372,002        DCF Model        Discount rate  

 

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6)

The valuation techniques and input variables of Level 2 financial instruments subsequently measured at fair value, as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Fair value      Valuation
techniques
     Input variables  

Financial assets

        

Financial assets at FVTPL:

        

Debt securities

   W     1,042,384        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Derivative assets for trading

     703,586        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Hedging derivative assets

     546,296        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial assets at FVOCI:

        

Debt securities

     2,776,225        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial liabilities

        

Financial liabilities at FVTPL:

        

Derivative liabilities for trading

     516,985        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Hedging derivative liabilities

     527,610        DCF Model        Discount rate  

(December 31, 2020)

 

     Fair value      Valuation
techniques
     Input variables  

Financial assets

        

Financial assets at FVTPL:

        

Debt securities

   W     2,019,807        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Derivative assets for trading

     934,494        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Hedging derivative assets

     1,425,219        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial assets at FVOCI:

        

Debt securities

     1,934,498        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Financial liabilities

        

Financial liabilities at FVTPL:

        

Derivative liabilities for trading

     687,389        DCF Model        Discount rate  

Hedging derivative liabilities

     366,212        DCF Model        Discount rate  

 

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Table of Contents
7)

The valuation techniques and significant unobservable input variables of Level 3 financial instruments subsequently measured at fair value as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

    Fair value
(Korean won in
million)
    Valuation
techniques
    Significant
unobservable
input factors
    Range    

Relationship between

unobservable input factors
and fair value estimates

Financial assets at FVTPL:

         

Unlisted stock

  W 7,957          

Beneficiary certificates

    448,477       NAV Methods       —         —       —  

Paid-in capital

    139,430          

Loans

    5,505      
LSMC
Simulation
 
 
    Volatility       17.54%    

If volatility is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Derivatives

    250,865      


Binomial
Model

Hull-White
Model

 
 

 
 

   

Volatility

Correlation

 

 

   

22.62%

-0.8~1.0

 

 

 

If volatility is increased(decreased)/

if correlation is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Hedging derivative assets

         

Derivatives

  W 15,615      
Hull-White
Model
 
 
    Correlation       -0.8~1.0    

If correlation is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Financial assets at FVOCI:

         

Unlisted stock

  W     8,886,980      


DCF Model

Binomial
Model

CCA Methods

NAV Methods

 

 
 

 

 

   



Discount
rate
Growth
rate
Volatility
 
 
 
 
 
   

7.69%~15.41%
1%
22.62%~25.09%
 
 
 
 

If discount rate is decreased (increased)/

if growth rate is increased (decreased)/

if volatility is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Paid-in capital

    25,233       NAV Methods       —         —  

Financial liabilities at FVTPL:

         

Derivatives

  W 251,130      


Binomial
Model

Hull-White
Model

 
 

 
 

   

Volatility

Correlation

 

 

   

22.62%

-0.8~1.0

 

 

 

If volatility is increased(decreased)/

if correlation is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Hedging derivative liabilities

         

Derivatives

  W 133,447      
Hull-White
Model
 
 
    Correlation       -0.8~1.0    

If correlation is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

 

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Table of Contents

(December 31, 2020)

 

    Fair value
(Korean won
in million)
    Valuation
techniques
    Significant
unobservable
input factors
  Range  

Relationship between

unobservable input factors
and fair value estimates

Financial assets at FVTPL:

         

Unlisted stock

  W 8,669          

Beneficiary certificates

    308,468       NAV Methods     —     —     —  

Paid-in capital

    118,546          

Loans

    10,423      
LSMC
Simulation
 
 
  Volatility   22.64%  

If volatility is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Derivatives

    77,995      


Binomial
Model

Hull-White
Model

 
 

 
 

  Volatility

Correlation

  22.84%

-0.8~1.0

 

If volatility is increased(decreased)/

if correlation is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Hedging derivative assets

         

Derivatives

  W 74,547      
Hull-White
Model
 
 
  Correlation   -0.8~1.0  

If correlation is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Financial assets at FVOCI:

       

Unlisted stock

  W 8,412,404      


DCF Model

Binomial
Model

CCA Methods

NAV Methods

 

 
 

 

 

  Discount rate
Growth rate
Volatility
  7.82%~15.29%

1%
22.84%~32.60%

 

If discount rate is decreased (increased)/

if growth rate is increased (decreased)/

if volatility is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Paid-in capital

    21,463       NAV Methods     —       —  

Financial liabilities at FVTPL:

         

Derivatives

  W 66,053      


Binomial
Model

Hull-White
Model

 
 

 
 

  Volatility

Correlation

  22.84%

-0.8~1.0

 

If volatility is increased(decreased)/

if correlation is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

Hedging derivative liabilities

Derivatives

  W 52,758      
Hull-White
Model
 
 
  Correlation   -0.8~1.0  

If correlation is increased(decreased),

fair value is increased (decreased).

 

85


Table of Contents
LOGO

Changes in Level 3 financial assets that are measured at fair value for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(2021)

 

    Beginning
balance
    Profit
(Loss)
    Other
comprehensive
income
(loss)
    Purchases /
Issues
    Sales /
Settlements
    Transfers
into Level 3 /
Transfers out
of Level 3
    Ending
balance
 

Financial assets

             

Securities at FVTPL

  W 435,683     W 23,294     W —       W 174,683     W (37,796   W —       W 595,864  

Loans at FVTPL

    10,423       505       —         5,000       (10,423     —         5,505  

Derivative assets for trading

    77,995       84,501       —         89,495       (1,126     —         250,865  

Hedging derivative assets

    74,547       (45,424     —         —         (13,508     —         15,615  

Financial assets at FVOCI

    8,433,866       —         170,286       380,521       (72,460     —         8,912,213  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 9,032,514     W 62,876     W 170,286     W 649,699     W (135,313   W —       W 9,780,062  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Financial liabilities

             

Derivative liabilities for trading

  W 66,053     W 96,708     W —       W 89,495     W (1,126   W —       W 251,130  

Hedging derivative liabilities

    52,758       58,888       —         21,801       —         —         133,447  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 118,811     W 155,596     W —       W 111,296     W (1,126   W —       W 384,577  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(2020)

 

    Beginning
balance
    Profit
(Loss)
    Other
comprehensive
income
(loss)
    Purchases /
Issues
    Sales /
Settlements
    Transfers
into Level 3 /
Transfers out
of Level 3
    Ending
balance
 

Financial assets

             

Securities at FVTPL

  W 329,105     W 1,474     W —       W 157,057     W (51,953   W —       W 435,683  

Loans at FVTPL

    11,074       191       —         —         (842     —         10,423  

Derivative assets for trading

    195,338       (52,212     —         18,250       (83,381     —         77,995  

Hedging derivative assets

    22,686       51,861       —         —         —           74,547  

Financial assets at FVOCI

    7,957,930       —         267,138       208,798       —         —         8,433,866  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 8,516,133     W 1,314     W 267,138     W 384,105     W (136,176   W —       W 9,032,514  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Financial liabilities

             

Derivative liabilities for trading

  W 190,902     W (59,718   W —       W 18,250     W (83,381   W —       W 66,053  

Hedging derivative liabilities

    58,298       (5,945     —         14,976       (14,571     —         52,758  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 249,200     W (65,663   W —       W 33,226     W (97,952   W —       W 118,811  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents
LOGO

In relation to changes in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, total gains or losses recognized in profit or loss for the year and total gains or losses for financial instruments held at the end of the reporting period in the separate statement of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Net gain (loss) from
financial investments
 
     2021      2020  

Total gains (losses) on financial assets held at the end of year

   W 62,876      W 1,314  

Total gains (losses) on financial liabilities held at the end of year

     155,596        (65,663
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total gains (losses) included in profit or loss for the year

   W 218,472      W (64,349
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

LOGO

The sensitivity of fair value analysis for the Level 3 financial instruments

The Bank performed the sensitivity analysis for the Level 3 financial instruments for which fair value would be measured differently upon reasonably possible alternative assumptions. The Bank classified the effect from changes upon the alternative assumptions into favorable effect and unfavorable effect and presented the most favorable effect or the most unfavorable effect in the table hereunder. Stocks are the financial instruments subject to sensitivity analysis, which are classified as Level 3 and of which changes in fair value are recognized as other comprehensive income. Meanwhile, equity instruments, which are recognized as cost among the financial instruments and are classified as Level 3 are excluded from the sensitivity analysis.

Sensitivity analysis details per market risk variable of each Level 3 financial instrument held and measured at fair value as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

Details(*1)

   Profit (loss)     Other comprehensive income (loss)  
   Favorable      Unfavorable     Favorable      Unfavorable  

Financial assets:

          

Loans at FVTPL (*2)

   W —        W —       W —        W —    

Derivative assets for trading (*2)

     53        (57     —          —    

Financial assets at FVOCI (*2,3)

     —          —         24,258        (21,722
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 53      W (57   W 24,258      W (21,722
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

          

Derivative liabilities for trading (*2)

   W 15      W (14   W —        W —    

(December 31, 2020)

 

Details(*1)

   Profit (loss)     Other comprehensive income (loss)  
   Favorable      Unfavorable     Favorable      Unfavorable  

Financial assets:

          

Loans at FVTPL (*2)

   W 43      W (30   W —        W —    

Derivative assets for trading (*2)

     4        (4     —          —    

Financial assets at FVOCI (*2,3)

     —          —         32,469        (28,467
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 47      W (34   W 32,469      W (28,467
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

          

Derivative liabilities for trading (*2)

   W 257      W (254   W —        W —    

 

(*1)

The above level 3 financial instruments exclude which are practically impossible to perform sensitivity analysis effected by input variables amounting to W(649,942) million and W(267,920)million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

 

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(*2)

Changes in fair value are computed by increasing or decreasing the volatility of the underlying asset by 10%, which are unobservable inputs.

(*3)

Changes in fair value of stocks are computed by increasing or decreasing growth rate by 0.5% and discount rate by 1%, which are unobservable inputs.

5-2. Classification by category of financial instruments

The carrying amounts of each category of financial assets and financial liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

    Financial assets
at FVTPL
    Financial assets
at amortized cost
    Financial
assets
at FVOCI
    Hedging
derivative assets
    Total  

Financial assets:

         

Cash and due from financial institutions

  W —       W 4,462,685     W —       W —       W 4,462,685  

Financial assets at FVTPL

    2,598,204       —         —         —         2,598,204  

Hedging derivative assets

    —         —         —         561,911       561,911  

Loans at amortized cost

    —         77,458,119       —         —         77,458,119  

Financial investments

    —         931,296       11,814,063       —         12,745,359  

Other financial assets

    —         838,645       —         —         838,645  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 2,598,204     W 83,690,745     W 11,814,063     W 561,911     W 98,664,923  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

    Financial liabilities
at FVTPL
    Financial liabilities
at amortized cost
    Hedging derivative
liabilities
    Total  

Financial liabilities:

       

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

  W 768,115     W —       W —       W 768,115  

Hedging derivative liabilities

    —         —         661,057       661,057  

Borrowings

    —         5,576,909       —         5,576,909  

Debentures

    —         76,486,053       —         76,486,053  

Other financial liabilities

    —         1,825,280       —         1,825,280  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 768,115     W 83,888,242     W 661,057     W 85,317,414  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(December 31, 2020)

 

    Financial assets
at FVTPL
    Financial assets
at amortized cost
    Financial
assets
at FVOCI
    Hedging
derivative assets
    Total  

Financial assets:

         

Cash and due from financial institutions

  W —       W 4,025,737     W —       W —       W 4,025,737  

Financial assets at FVTPL

    3,478,402       —         —         —         3,478,402  

Hedging derivative assets

    —         —         —         1,499,766       1,499,766  

Loans at amortized cost

    —         73,407,381       —         —         73,407,381  

Financial investments

    —         505,876       10,536,535       —         11,042,411  

Other financial assets

    —         792,202       —         —         792,202  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

  W 3,478,402     W 78,731,196     W 10,536,535     W 1,499,766     W 94,245,899  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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     Financial liabilities
at FVTPL
     Financial liabilities
at amortized cost
     Hedging derivative
liabilities
     Total  

Financial liabilities:

           

Financial liabilities at FVTPL

   W 753,442      W —        W —        W 753,442  

Hedging derivative liabilities

     —          —          418,970        418,970  

Borrowings

     —          6,076,631        —          6,076,631  

Debentures

     —          72,641,777        —          72,641,777  

Other financial liabilities

     —          2,372,002        —          2,372,002  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 753,442      W 81,090,410      W 418,970      W 82,262,822  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

5-3. Offset of financial instruments

The Bank holds the financial instruments, receivable and payable spot exchange which grant it the rights to offset in case of default, insolvency, or bankruptcy of the counterparties though it does not meet the criteria for offsetting of K-IFRS No. 1032. Cash collaterals do not meet the offsetting criteria in K-IFRS No. 1032, but they can be set off with net amounts of financial instruments, receivable and payable spot exchange.

The effects of netting agreements as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follow (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Gross amounts
of recognized
financial assets
(liabilities)
     Gross amounts
of recognized
financial
liabilities
(assets) to be
setoff
     Net amounts of
financial assets
(liabilities) presented
in the separate
statements of
financial position
     Amount that is not offset
in the separate statements
of financial position
    Net amount  
   Financial
instruments
    Cash
collateral
 

Financial assets:

               

Derivatives

   W 1,515,937      W —        W 1,515,937      W (551,646   W (267,064   W 697,227  

Receivable spot exchange

     619,798        —          619,798        (590,003     —         29,795  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W 2,135,735      W —        W 2,135,735      W (1,141,649   W (267,064   W 727,022  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

               

Derivatives

   W 1,428,482      W —        W 1,428,482      W (551,646   W (261,248   W 615,588  

Payable spot exchange

     590,003        —          590,003        (590,003     —         —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W 2,018,485      W —        W 2,018,485      W (1,141,649   W (261,248   W 615,588  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(December 31, 2020)

 

     Gross amounts
of recognized
financial assets
(liabilities)
     Gross amounts
of recognized
financial
liabilities
(assets) to be
setoff
     Net amounts of
financial assets
(liabilities) presented
in the separate
statements of
financial position
     Amount that is not offset in
the
separate statements
of financial position
    Net amount  
   Financial
instruments
    Cash
collateral
 

Financial assets:

               

Derivatives

   W 2,510,945      W —        W 2,510,945      W (699,981   W (878,186   W 932,778  

Receivable spot exchange

     10,860        —          10,860        (10,860     —         —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W 2,521,805      W —        W 2,521,805      W (710,841   W (878,186   W 932,778  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Financial liabilities:

               

Derivatives

   W 1,170,290      W —        W 1,170,290      W (699,981   W (115,544   W 354,765  

Payable spot exchange

     10,860        —          10,860        (10,860     —         —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W 1,181,150      W —        W 1,181,150      W (710,841   W (115,544   W 354,765  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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5-4. Transfer of financial assets

The Bank continues to recognize the financial assets related to repurchase agreements on the statement of financial position since those transactions are not qualified for derecognition even though the Bank transfers the financial assets. Financial asset is sold under a repurchase agreements to repurchase some asset at fixed price. Thus, the Bank retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset. Details of carrying amount of assets transferred and relevant liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  
     Carrying
amount of
transferred
assets
     Carrying
amount of
relevant
liabilities
     Carrying
amount of
transferred
assets
     Carrying
amount of
relevant
liabilities
 

Securities sold under repurchase agreement

   W 619,798      W 590,003      W —        W —    

 

6.

OPERATING SEGMENT:

Though the Bank conducts business activities related to financial services, in accordance with relevant laws, such as the Export-Import Bank of Korea Act, it does not report separate segment information, as management considers the Bank to be operating under one core business. As the Bank’s originating location for all transactions is in Korea, the geographical information for revenue and non-current assets is omitted.

 

7.

CASH AND DUE FROM FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS:

 

(1)

Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

Detail

   Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31,
2020
 

Due from financial institutions in local currency

   W 550,348      W 1,176,870  

Due from financial institutions in foreign currencies

     3,912,337        2,848,867  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     4,462,685        4,025,737  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Restricted due from financial institutions

     (770,103      (554,502

Due from financial institutions with original maturities of more than three months at acquisition date

     (545,625      (400,000
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     (1,315,728      (954,502
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total (*1)

   W 3,146,957      W 3,071,235  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(*1)

Equal to the cash and cash equivalents as presented on the separate statements of cash flows.

 

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(2)

Details of due from financial institutions as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  

Detail

   Amount      Interest
(%)
     Amount      Interest
(%)
 

Due from financial institutions in local currency:

           

Demand deposits

   W 1,076        —        W 1,061        —    

Time deposits

     490,000        0.89~2.08        948,301        0.72~0.94  

Certificate of deposits

     55,625        1.10        223,000        0.84  

Others

     3,500        0.85        3,500        0.35  

Margin for derivatives

     147        —          1,008        —    
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

Subtotal

     550,348           1,176,870     
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

Due from financial institutions in foreign currencies:

           

Demand deposits

     463,732        0.10~3.00        250,863        0.00~3.00  

On demand

     2,570,107        1.50~4.50        1,928,442        1.00~7.80  

Offshore demand deposits

     108,542        —          116,068        —    

Others

     302,748        —          190,940        —    

Margin for derivatives

     467,208        —          362,554        —    
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

Subtotal

     3,912,337           2,848,867     
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

Total

   W 4,462,685         W 4,025,737     
  

 

 

       

 

 

    

 

(3)

Restricted due from financial institutions as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

Detail

  

Financial Institution

   Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020     

Reason for restriction

Others

   DEUTSCHE BANK TRUST COMPANY AMERICAS and others    W 770,103      W 554,502      Credit Support Annex (CSA) for derivative transactions

 

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8.

FINANCIAL ASSETS AT FVTPL:

Details of financial assets at FVTPL as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31,
2021
     Dec. 31,
2020
 

Debt securities in local currency

     

Paid-in capital

   W 128,230      W 107,377  

Beneficiary certificates

     1,264,654        2,133,661  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     1,392,884        2,241,038  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Debt securities in foreign currencies

     

Bonds

     —          5,314  

Paid-in capital

     11,200        11,169  

Beneficiary certificates

     226,207        189,300  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     237,407        205,783  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Equity securities in foreign currency stocks

     

Stocks

     7,957        8,669  

Loans at FVTPL

     

Private placement corporate bonds

     5,505        10,423  

Derivative assets for trading

     

Equity related

     425        1,310  

Interest rates related

     578,475        529,715  

Foreign currencies related

     375,551        481,464  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     954,451        1,012,489  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 2,598,204      W 3,478,402  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

9.

FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS:

Details of financial investments as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31 2020  

Financial assets at FVOCI

     

Debt securities in local currency

     

National bond

   W 1,043,724      W 1,052,310  

Equity securities in local currency

     

Stocks

     9,012,604        8,580,575  

Paid-in capital

     25,233        21,463  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     9,037,837        8,602,038  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Debt securities in foreign currencies

     

Corporate bonds and etc. (*1)

     1,732,502        882,187  

Securities at amortized cost

     

Debt securities in local currencies

     

National bond

     100,349        100,732  

Debt securities in foreign currencies

     

Corporate bonds and etc. (*1)

     830,947        405,144  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 12,745,359      W 11,042,411  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(*1)

It includes debt securities, which are pledged as collateral amounting to W796,269 million and W125,457 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

 

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10.

LOANS AT AMORTIZED COST:

Loans as presented below exclude loan valuation adjustment related to fair value hedging amounting to W(2,723) million and W(14,382) million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

 

(1)

Details of loans as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

    

Detail

   Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  

Loans in local currency

   Loans for export    W 15,845,235      W 14,961,693  
  

Loans for foreign investments

     2,684,185        2,648,893  
  

Loans for import

     4,704,973        3,929,944  
  

Troubled Debt Restructuring

     838,370        1,812,100  
  

Others

     164,590        290,544  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Subtotal

     24,237,353        23,643,174  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 

Loans in foreign currencies

   Loans for export      23,126,917        22,022,802  
  

Loans for foreign investments

     26,718,798        22,624,489  
  

Loans for rediscounted trading notes

     71,130        467,840  
  

Loans for import

     1,074,175        1,206,460  
  

Overseas funding loans

     595,170        492,471  
   Others      27,059        26,258  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Subtotal

     51,613,249        46,840,320  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 

Others

   Domestic usance bills      342,594        195,732  
  

Foreign-currency bills bought

     966,183        1,407,927  
  

Advance payments on acceptances and guarantees

     190,325        42,266  
  

Call loans

     1,337,100        2,649,600  
  

Interbank loans in foreign currency

     1,066,950        1,206,593  
  

Private placement corporate bonds in local currency

     240,800        302,400  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Subtotal

     4,143,952        5,804,518  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Total

     79,994,554        76,288,012  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net deferred loan origination fees and costs

     (368,209      (364,854

Allowance for loan losses

     (2,165,503      (2,501,395
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Total

   W 77,460,842      W 73,421,763  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents
(2)

Loans classified by type of customers as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

   

Detail

  Loans in
local
currency
    Loans in
foreign currencies
    Others     Total     Ratio
(%)
 

Customer

 

Large enterprise

  W 9,260,632     W 32,241,314     W 898,326     W 42,400,272       61.73  
 

Small and medium sized enterprise

    6,722,318       6,074,773       249,534       13,046,625       18.99  
 

Public sector and others

    4,099,434       8,996,424       150,681       13,246,539       19.28  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    20,082,384       47,312,511       1,298,541       68,693,436       100.00  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Net deferred loan origination fees and costs

    (7,812     (358,586     —         (366,398  
 

Allowance for loan losses

    (514,718     (1,447,794     (190,211     (2,152,723  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   
 

Subtotal

    19,559,854       45,506,131       1,108,330       66,174,315    
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Financial
institution

 

Bank

    4,154,969       1,395,090       1,613,104       7,163,163       63.38  
 

Others

    —         2,905,648       1,232,307       4,137,955       36.62  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    4,154,969       4,300,738       2,845,411       11,301,118       100.00  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Net deferred loan origination fees and costs

    —         (1,811     —         (1,811  
 

Allowance for loan losses

    (334     (11,685     (761     (12,780  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   
 

Subtotal

    4,154,635       4,287,242       2,844,650       11,286,527    
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   
 

Total

  W 23,714,489     W 49,793,373     W 3,952,980     W 77,460,842    
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

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Table of Contents

(December 31, 2020)

 

   

Detail

   Loans in
local
currency
    Loans in
foreign currencies
    Others     Total     Ratio
(%)
 

Customer

 

Large enterprise

   W 11,187,035     W 28,144,549     W 919,613     W 40,251,197       62.18  
 

Small and medium sized enterprise

     6,892,693       5,269,741       243,374       12,405,808       19.17  
 

Public sector and others

     2,738,841       9,320,521       8,641       12,068,003       18.65  
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

     20,818,569       42,734,811       1,171,628       64,725,008       100.00  
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Net deferred loan origination fees and costs

     (7,075     (356,206     —         (363,281  
 

Allowance for loan losses

     (1,041,301     (1,404,259     (45,460     (2,491,020  
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   
 

Subtotal

     19,770,193       40,974,346       1,126,168       61,870,707    
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Financial
institution

 

Bank

     2,824,605       1,742,053       3,223,937       7,790,595       67.38  
 

Others

     —         2,363,456       1,408,953       3,772,409       32.62  
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

     2,824,605       4,105,509       4,632,890       11,563,004       100.00  
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Net deferred loan origination fees and costs

     —         (1,573     —         (1,573  
 

Allowance for loan losses

     (248     (9,595     (532     (10,375  
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   
 

Subtotal

     2,824,357       4,094,341       4,632,358       11,551,056    
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   
 

Total

   W 22,594,550     W 45,068,687     W 5,758,526     W 73,421,763    
    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

(3)

Changes in allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(2021)

 

     12 months
expected
credit
losses
    Lifetime
expected
credit losses
    Credit
-impaired
financial
assets
    Total  

Beginning balance

   W 321,298     W 1,116,426     W 1,063,671     W 2,501,395  

- Transfer to 12 months expected credit losses

     60,430       (657     (59,773     —    

- Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses

     (9,586     59,601       (50,015     —    

- Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets

     (3,255     (212,903     216,158       —    

Written-off

     —         —         (13,459     (13,459

Collection of written-off loans

     —         —         13,711       13,711  

Loan-for-equity swap

     —         —         (463,894     (463,894

Others

     (28,201     (398,336     —         (426,537

Unwinding effect

     —         —         (9,775     (9,775

Foreign exchange translation

     10,049       40,174       25,167       75,390  

Additional provisions

     (20,717     (6,420     515,809       488,672  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 330,018     W 597,885     W 1,237,600     W 2,165,503  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

95


Table of Contents

(2020)

 

     12 months
expected
credit losses
    Lifetime
expected
credit losses
    Credit-
impaired
financial
assets
    Total  

Beginning balance

   W 286,290     W 758,393     W 1,131,277     W 2,175,960  

- Transfer to 12 months expected credit losses

     4,272       (4,272     —         —    

- Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses

     (12,303     27,636       (15,333     —    

- Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets

     (1,826     (80,629     82,455       —    

Written-off

     —         —         (218,764     (218,764

Collection of written-off loans

     51,904       —         207       52,111  

Loan-for-equity swap

     —         —         (8,403     (8,403

Others

     (26,808     —         —         (26,808

Unwinding effect

     (69     (582     (13,198     (13,849

Foreign exchange translation

     (5,684     (37,818     (13,259     (56,761

Additional provisions

     25,522       453,698       118,689       597,909  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 321,298     W 1,116,426     W 1,063,671     W 2,501,395  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

11.

INVESTMENTS IN ASSOCIATES AND SUBSIDIARIES:

 

(1)

Details of investments in associates and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

Company

  Detail     Location     Business     Year-end     Ownership
(%)
    Net asset (*1)     Carrying
amount
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

    Subsidiary       United Kingdom       Financial service       December       100.00     W 152,401     W 138,312  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

    Subsidiary       Vietnam       Financial service       December       100.00       70,499       57,755  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

    Subsidiary       Indonesia       Financial service       December       85.00       22,338       25,270  

KEXIM Asia Limited

    Subsidiary       Hong Kong       Financial service       December       100.00       198,150       167,839  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

    Subsidiary       Korea       Service       December       100.00       1,180       950  

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund (*2)

    Associate       Philippines       Financial service       December       15.07       230,767       197,820  

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

    Associate       Korea       Financial service       December       25.00       7,677       8,463  

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

    Associate       Korea       Manufacturing       December       26.41       335,227       968,744  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd (*4)

    Associate       Korea       Shipbuilding       December       —         —         —    
             

 

 

 

Total

              W 1,565,153  
             

 

 

 

 

96


Table of Contents

(December 31, 2020)

 

Company

  Detail     Location     Business     Year-end     Ownership
(%)
    Net asset (*1)     Carrying
amount
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

    Subsidiary       United Kingdom       Financial service       December       100.00     W 144,182     W 138,312  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

    Subsidiary       Vietnam       Financial service       December       100.00       63,446       57,755  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

    Subsidiary       Indonesia       Financial service       December       85.00       20,890       25,270  

KEXIM Asia Limited

    Subsidiary       Hong Kong       Financial service       December       100.00       180,097       167,839  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

    Subsidiary       Korea       Service       December       100.00       1,016       950  

Korea Asset Management Corporation

    Associate       Korea       Financial service       December       23.41       473,327       380,520  

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund (*2)

    Associate       Philippines       Financial service       December       13.39       184,173       171,359  

DAESUN Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd. (*3)

    Associate       Korea       Shipbuilding       December       83.03       (333,211     —    

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

    Associate       Korea       Financial service       December       25.00       7,992       8,463  

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

    Associate       Korea       Manufacturing       December       26.41       315,473       968,744  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd (*4)

    Associate       Korea       Shipbuilding       December       —         —         —    
             

 

 

 

Total

              W 1,919,212  
             

 

 

 

 

(*1)

In cases of associates, the amounts represent net asset after considering percentage of ownership.

(*2)

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, this entity is classified into an associate because the Bank has significant influence in the way of representation on the board of directors or equivalent governing body of the investee.

(*3)

This entity was under the creditor-led work out programs. The Bank should have at least 75% of the total creditor’s loans to have a substantive control based on the creditor’s agreement. As the Bank had only 70.60% of the total creditor’s loans, this was classified into associates.

(*4)

This entity is not an associate with the current ownership; however, considering potential voting rights, the Bank has classified the entity as an associate. The Bank holds convertible bonds issued by the entity amounting to KRW 2,332,832 million.

 

(2)

Changes in investments in associates and subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(2021)

 

Company

  Detail     Beginning
balance
    Acquisitions     Disposals
(*1)
    Impairment
loss
    Ending
balance
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

    Subsidiary     W 138,312     W —       W —       W —       W 138,312  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

    Subsidiary       57,755       —         —         —         57,755  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

    Subsidiary       25,270       —         —         —         25,270  

KEXIM Asia Limited

    Subsidiary       167,839       —         —         —         167,839  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

    Subsidiary       950       —         —         —         950  

Korea Asset Management Corporation

    Associate       380,520       —         (380,520     —         —    

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund

    Associate       171,359       26,461       —         —         197,820  

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

    Associate       8,463       —         —         —         8,463  

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

    Associate       968,744       —         —         —         968,744  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

    Associate       —         —         —         —         —    
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

    W 1,919,212     W 26,461     W (380,520   W —       W 1,565,153  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents
(*1)

As the Bank did not participate in the Korea Asset Management Corporation’s paid-in capital increase and lost its significant influence over the Korea Asset Management Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2021 accordingly, it was reclassified from investments in associates to financial assets at FVOCI.

(2020)

 

Company

  Detail     Beginning
balance
    Acquisition     Disposals     Impairment
loss
    Ending
balance
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

    Subsidiary     W 48,460     W 89,852     W —       W —       W 138,312  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

    Subsidiary       10,275       47,480       —         —         57,755  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

    Subsidiary       25,270       —         —         —         25,270  

KEXIM Asia Limited

    Subsidiary       49,139       118,700       —         —         167,839  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

    Subsidiary       950       —         —         —         950  

Korea Asset Management Corporation

    Associate       380,520       —         —         —         380,520  

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund

    Associate       143,220       28,139       —         —         171,359  

DAESUN Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd.

    Associate       —         —         —         —         —    

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

    Associate       10,045       —         (1,582)       —         8,463  

KBS-KDB Private Equity Fund

    Associate       6,032       —         (6,032)       —         —    

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

    Associate       1,110,990       —         —         (142,246     968,744  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

    Associate       —         —         —         —         —    
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

    W 1,784,901     W 284,171     W (7,614)     W (142,246   W 1,919,212  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(3)

Summarized financial information of associates and subsidiaries as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

Company

  Assets     Liabilities     Operating
income (loss)
    Profit (Loss)
for the period
    Total
comprehensive
income (loss)
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

  W 616,064     W 463,664     W 2,651     W (22   W 8,281  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

    252,008       181,509       1,614       1,400       7,133  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

    167,815       145,477       590       (86     1,449  

KEXIM Asia Limited

    735,531       537,381       5,756       4,515       18,221  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

    2,004       824       179       164       164  

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund

    1,646,972       115,668       35,749       33,329       116,076  

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

    30,806       97       (99     (99     (99

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

    5,866,555       4,569,344       57,795       53,040       82,427  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

    10,623,210       8,405,626       (1,754,651     (1,699,829     (1,699,829

 

98


Table of Contents

(December 31, 2020)

 

Company

   Assets      Liabilities      Operating
income
(loss)
    Profit
(Loss) for
the year
    Total
comprehensive
income (loss)
 

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W 499,074      W 354,892      W 1,805     W 2,748     W 3,647  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     204,020        140,574        1,841       1,962       (3,314

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     160,964        140,074        (1,437     (5,948     (7,623

KEXIM Asia Limited

     544,995        364,898        4,224       3,547       (10,741

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

     1,950        934        166       162       162  

Korea Asset Management Corporation

     5,844,961        3,823,061        53,888       60,496       66,506  

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund

     1,470,605        95,156        27,655       7,367       (38,711

DAESUN Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd.

     385,557        786,871        (14,586     (21,702     (21,702

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

     32,273        305        1,334       1,334       1,334  

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

     5,137,550        3,904,310        141,988       71,274       88,098  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

     10,320,775        6,451,804        153,437       86,573       114,107  

 

12.

TANGIBLE ASSETS:

 

(1)

Details of tangible assets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

Detail

   Acquisition
cost
     Accumulated
depreciation
     Government
grants
     Carrying
amount
 

Lands

   W 190,807      W —        W —        W 190,807  

Buildings

     100,778        (42,116      (17      58,645  

Leasehold improvements

     1,409        (261      —          1,148  

Vehicles

     4,251        (3,118      (4      1,129  

Furniture and fixture

     56,296        (39,200      —          17,096  

Construction in progress

     1,542        —          —          1,542  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 355,083      W (84,695    W (21    W 270,367  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(December 31, 2020)

 

Detail

   Acquisition
cost
     Accumulated
depreciation
     Government
grants
     Carrying
amount
 

Lands

   W 190,807      W —        W —        W 190,807  

Buildings

     100,778        (40,191      (17      60,570  

Leasehold improvements

     218        (46      —          172  

Vehicles

     4,535        (3,277      —          1,258  

Furniture and fixture

     45,448        (35,623      —          9,825  

Construction in progress

     455        —          —          455  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 342,241      W (79,137    W (17    W 263,087  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

99


Table of Contents
(2)

Changes in tangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(2021)

 

Detail

   Beginning
balance
     Acquisitions      Disposals     Depreciation     Others     Ending
balance
 

Lands

   W 190,807      W —        W —       W —       W —       W 190,807  

Buildings

     60,570        —          —         (1,925     —         58,645  

Leasehold improvements

     172        1,192        —         (216     —         1,148  

Vehicles

     1,258        323        —         (447     (5     1,129  

Furniture and fixture

     9,825        11,793        (54     (4,468     —         17,096  

Construction in progress

     455        1,087        —         —         —         1,542  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W 263,087      W 14,395      W (54   W (7,056   W (5   W 270,367  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(2020)

 

Detail

   Beginning
balance
     Acquisitions      Disposals      Depreciation      Ending
balance
 

Lands

   W 190,807      W —        W —        W —        W 190,807  

Buildings

     62,496        —          —          (1,926      60,570  

Leasehold improvements

     145        60        —          (33      172  

Vehicles

     783        858        —          (383      1,258  

Furniture and fixture

     10,885        4,034        (2      (5,092      9,825  

Construction in progress

     —          455        —          —          455  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 265,116      W 5,407      W (2    W (7,434    W 263,087  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

13.

INTANGIBLE ASSETS:

 

(1)

Details of intangible assets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

Detail

   Acquisition
cost
     Accumulated
depreciation
     Accumulated
Impairment
losses
     Carrying
amount
 

Computer software

   W 34,750      W (23,361    W —        W 11,389  

System development fees

     65,192        (45,785      —          19,407  

Memberships

     3,822        —          (166      3,656  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 103,764      W (69,146    W (166    W 34,452  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(December 31, 2020)

 

Detail

   Acquisition
cost
     Accumulated
depreciation
     Accumulated
Impairment
losses
     Carrying
amount
 

Computer software

   W 28,084      W (19,600    W —        W 8,484  

System development fees

     54,729        (38,787      —          15,942  

Memberships

     3,822        —          (166      3,656  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 86,635      W (58,387    W (166    W 28,082  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

100


Table of Contents
(2)

Changes in intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(2021)

 

Detail

   Beginning
balance
     Acquisitions      Disposals      Amortization     Reversal of
(Additional)
impairment
     Ending
balance
 

Computer software

   W 8,484      W 6,665      W —        W (3,760   W —        W 11,389  

System development fees

     15,942        10,463        —          (6,998     —          19,407  

Memberships

     3,656        —          —          —         —          3,656  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 28,082      W 17,128      W —        W (10,758   W —        W 34,452  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

(2020)

 

Detail

   Beginning
balance
     Acquisitions      Disposals     Amortization     Reversal of
(Additional)
impairment
     Ending
balance
 

Computer software

   W 10,756      W 1,632      W (1   W (3,903   W —        W 8,484  

System development fees

     19,970        3,488        —         (7,516     —          15,942  

Memberships

     3,656        —          —         —         —          3,656  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 34,382      W 5,120      W (1   W (11,419   W —        W 28,082  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

14.

OTHER ASSETS:

 

(1)

Details of other assets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  

Other financial assets:

     

Guarantee deposits

   W 47,909      W 39,874  

Accounts receivable

     34,738        53,102  

Accrued income

     763,984        728,740  

Receivable spot exchange

     48        78  

Allowances for loan losses on other assets

     (8,034      (29,592
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     838,645        792,202  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Other assets:

     

Advance payments

     57        —    

Prepaid expenses

     9,863        11,440  

Current income tax asset

     8,782        2,570  

Sundry assets

     9,351        7,574  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     28,053        21,584  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 866,698      W 813,786  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(2)

Changes in allowances for loan losses on other assets for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021     2020  

Beginning balance

   W 29,592     W 7,888  

Collection

     71       116  

Additional provisions (Reversal of provisions)

     (22,356     21,980  

Others

     727       (392
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 8,034     W 29,592  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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15.

BORROWINGS:

 

(1)

Details of borrowings as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

Detail

  

Lender

  

Interest rate (%)

   Amount  

Call money:

        

call money dominated in foreign currencies

  

WOORI BANK and others

   0.19 ~ 0.25    W 652,025  

Offshore call money dominated in foreign currencies

  

KEB HANA BANK

   0.27      118,550  
        

 

 

 

Subtotal

           770,575  
        

 

 

 

Sales of repurchase agreement:

        

Sales of repurchase agreement

  

STANDARD CHARTERED BANK (HONG KONG) LIMITED

   0.11      590,003  

Borrowings in foreign currencies:

        

Borrowings from the Government

  

MINISTRY OF ECONOMY
AND FINANCE

  

LIBOR 3M+0.64 ~

LIBOR 3M+0.78

     947,309  

Long term borrowings
from foreign financial institutions

  

BANK OF AMERICA, N.A, SEOUL BR. (US) and others

  

LIBOR 3M+0.47 ~

LIBOR 3M+0.55

     474,200  

Discount on borrowings

        

Commercial papers denominated
in foreign currencies

  

CITIBANK N.A., HONG KONG(US) and others

   0.21 ~ 0.35      1,689,338  

Offshore commercial papers denominated in foreign currencies

  

CITIBANK N.A., HONG KONG(US) and others

   (-)0.57 ~ 0.25      305,785  

Others (Foreign banks)

  

DBS BANK LTD and others

   0.05 ~ 0.35      342,594  

Others (CSA)

  

BANK OF AMERICA (VM) and others

   0.07      457,105  
        

 

 

 

Subtotal

           4,216,331  
        

 

 

 

Total

         W 5,576,909  
        

 

 

 

 

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(December 31, 2020)

 

Detail

  

Lender

  

Interest rate (%)

   Amount  

Borrowings in foreign currencies:

        

Borrowings from the Government

  

MINISTRY OF ECONOMY
AND FINANCE

  

LIBOR 3M+0.64 ~

LIBOR 3M+0.78

   W 1,176,216  

Short term borrowings
from foreign financial institutions

  

THE BANK OF TOKYO-MITSUBISHI UFJ, LTD, SEOUL BRANCH

   LIBOR 3M+0.38      537,252  

Long term borrowings
from foreign financial institutions

  

CREDIT AGRICOLE CIB and others

  

LIBOR 3M+0.32 ~

LIBOR 3M+0.85

     1,686,400  

Discount on borrowings

           (131

Commercial papers denominated
in foreign currencies

  

MIZUHO SECURITIES ASIA LTD

and others

   0.21 ~ 2.33      911,744  

Offshore commercial papers denominated in foreign currencies

  

CITIBANK N.A., HONG KONG

And others

   (-)0.46 ~ 0.28      225,107  

Others (Foreign banks)

  

DBS BANK LTD and others

   0.06 ~ 0.20      195,732  

Others (CSA)

  

BANK OF AMERICA (VM) and others

   0.09      1,344,311  
        

 

 

 

Total

         W 6,076,631  
        

 

 

 
(2)

Details of the borrowings from other financial institutions as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

Type

   Call-money      Sales of
repurchase
agreement
     Borrowings in
foreign
currencies
     Total  

Commercial banks

   W 770,575      W 590,003      W 3,269,022      W 4,629,600  

(December 31, 2020)

 

Type

   Call-money      Borrowings in
foreign
currencies
     Total  

Commercial banks

   W —        W 4,900,546      W 4,900,546  

The above borrowings excluded the present value discounting effect.

 

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16.

DEBENTURES:

Details of debentures as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021     Dec. 31, 2020  

Detail

   Interest rate (%)      Amount     Interest rate (%)      Amount  

Local currencies:

          

Floating rate

    

31-Day+ CD0.06~

31-Day CD+0.12

 

 

   W 3,100,000      

31-Day CD-0.01~

31-Day CD+0.12

 

 

   W 1,340,000  

Fixed rate

     0.75~4.70        19,810,000       0.67~4.70        21,465,000  
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Subtotal

        22,910,000          22,805,000  
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Fair value hedging adjusting

        (63,620        (31,803

Discount on debentures

        (47,322        (47,141
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Subtotal

        22,799,058          22,726,056  
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Foreign currencies:

          

Floating rate

    

Libor3M+0.20~

Libor3M+1.35

 

 

     9,766,115      

Libor3M+0.30~

Libor3M+1.35

 

 

     10,543,268  

Fixed rate

     0.00 ~ 11.09        43,801,187       0.00 ~ 8.50        38,057,286  
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Subtotal

        53,567,302          48,600,554  
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Fair value hedging adjusting

        205,544          1,393,009  

Discount on debentures

        (85,851        (77,842
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Subtotal

        53,686,995          49,915,721  
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

Total

      W 76,486,053        W 72,641,777  
     

 

 

      

 

 

 

 

17.

PROVISIONS:

 

(1)

Details of provisions as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  

Provisions for acceptances and guarantees

   W 380,983      W 387,027  

Provisions for unused loan commitments

     239,482        239,584  

Other provisions

     1,002        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 621,467      W 626,611  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(2)

Changes in provisions for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(2021)

 

     Acceptances and guarantees  
     12 months
expected
credit losses
    Lifetime
expected
credit losses
    Credit-impaired
financial assets
    Total  

Beginning balance

   W 42,507     W 272,431     W 72,089     W 387,027  

- Transfer to 12 months expected credit losses

     11,480       (6,935     (4,545     —    

- Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses

     (10     10       —         —    

- Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets

     (717     —         717       —    

Foreign exchange translation

     2,349       12,463       626       15,438  

Additional provisions (Reversal of provisions)

     (2,625     33,322       (52,179     (21,482
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 52,984     W 311,291     W 16,708     W 380,983  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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    Unused loan commitments  
    12 months
expected
credit losses
    Lifetime
expected
credit losses
    Credit-impaired
financial assets
    Total  

Beginning balance

  W 34,073     W 188,718     W 16,793     W 239,584  

- Transfer to 12 months expected credit losses

    15,000       —         (15,000     —    

- Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses

    —         —         —         —    

- Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets

    (2     —         2       —    

Foreign exchange translation

    1,026       —         41       1,067  

Additional provisions (Reversal of provisions)

    (12,457     11,071       217       (1,169
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Ending balance

  W 37,640     W 199,789     W 2,053     W 239,482  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

(2020)

 

     Acceptances and guarantees  
     12 months
expected
credit
losses
    Lifetime
expected
credit losses
    Credit-
impaired
financial
assets
    Total  

Beginning balance

   W 48,514     W 209,840     W 48,087     W 306,441  

- Transfer to 12 months expected credit losses

     187       (187     —         —    

- Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses

     (4,107     4,107       —         —    

- Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets

     (40     —         40       —    

Foreign exchange translation

     (1,369     (10,113     (997     (12,479

Additional provisions (Reversal of provisions)

     (678     68,784       24,959       93,065  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 42,507     W 272,431     W 72,089     W 387,027  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

     Unused loan commitments  
     12 months
expected
credit
losses
    Lifetime
expected
credit losses
    Credit-
impaired
financial
assets
    Total  

Beginning balance

   W 23,771     W 200,695     W 8,474     W 232,940  

- Transfer to 12 months expected credit losses

     2,268       (2,268     —         —    

- Transfer to lifetime expected credit losses

     (45     474       (429     —    

- Transfer to credit-impaired financial assets

     (1     —         1       —    

Foreign exchange translation

     (382     (28     (38     (448

Additional provisions (Reversal of provisions)

     8,462       (10,155     8,785       7,092  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 34,073     W 188,718     W 16,793     W 239,584  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

18.

RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLAN:

The Bank operates both defined benefit plan and defined contribution plan.

 

(1)

Defined benefit plan

The Bank operates defined benefit plans, which have the following characteristics:

 

   

The entity has the obligation to pay the agreed benefits to all its current and past employees.

 

   

The entity is liable for actuarial risk (excess of actual payment against expected amount) and investment risk.

The present value of the defined benefit obligation recognized in the separate statements of financial position is calculated annually by independent actuaries in accordance with actuarial valuation method. The

 

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present value of the defined benefit obligation is calculated using the projected unit credit method (“PUC”). The data used in the PUC, such as interest rates, future salary increase rate, mortality rate, consumer price index and expected return on plan asset, are based on observable market data and historical data, which are annually updated.

Actuarial assumptions may differ from actual results due to change in the market, economic trend and mortality trend, which may affect defined benefit obligation liabilities and future payments. Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in the period incurred through other comprehensive income or loss.

 

(2)

Details of net defined benefit liabilities (assets) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  

Present value of defined benefit obligations

   W 119,697      W 111,011  

Fair value of plan assets

     (133,302      (115,812
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net defined benefit liabilities (assets)

   W (13,605    W (4,801
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(3)

Changes in net defined benefit obligations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(2021)

 

     Present value
of the defined
benefit
obligations
     Plan assets      Net
defined
benefit
liabilities
(assets)
 

Beginning balance

   W 111,011      W (115,812    W (4,801

Contributions from the employer

     —          (20,500      (20,500

Current-service cost

     11,407        —          11,407  

Interest expense (income)

     3,465        (3,640      (175

Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in demographic assumptions

     512        —          512  

Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in financial assumptions

     (8,839      1,603        (7,236

Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments

     (2,524      —          (2,524

Past-service cost

     9,502        —          9,502  

Management fees on plan assets

     —          206        206  

Benefits paid

     (4,837      4,841        4  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 119,697      W (133,302    W (13,605
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents

(2020)

 

     Present value
of the defined
benefit
obligations
     Plan assets      Net
defined
benefit
liabilities
(assets)
 

Beginning balance

   W 100,628      W (103,871    W (3,243

Contributions from the employer

     —          (14,700      (14,700

Current-service cost

     11,100        —          11,100  

Interest expense (income)

     3,045        (3,156      (111

Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in demographic assumptions

     1,945        —          1,945  

Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in financial assumptions

     (834      1,235        401  

Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments

     885        —          885  

Management fees on plan assets

     —          190        190  

Benefits paid

     (5,758      4,490        (1,268
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 111,011      W (115,812    W (4,801
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(4)

Details of fair value of plan assets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  

Cash and cash equivalent

   W 49,707      W 14,600  

Others

     83,595        101,212  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 133,302      W 115,812  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(5)

Actuarial assumptions used in retirement benefit obligations assessment as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

 

     Dec. 31, 2021     Dec. 31, 2020  

Discount rate

     3.64     3.19

Expected wage growth rate

     1.40     1.63

 

(6)

Assuming that all the other assumptions remain unchanged, the effect of changes in the significant actuarial assumptions which were made within the reasonable limit on retirement benefit obligations as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

Detail

   1%p Increase      1%p Decrease  

Change of discount rate

   W (11,774    W 13,924  

Change of future salary increase rate

     14,036        (11,162

(December 31, 2020)

 

Detail

   1%p Increase      1%p Decrease  

Change of discount rate

   W (11,748    W 13,979  

Change of future salary increase rate

     14,009        (12,032

The above sensitivity analysis does not present any actual changes in the retirement benefit obligations as there is no change in actuarial assumptions which is independently made due to the correlation among the assumptions. In addition, the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits in the sensitivity analysis is determined using the projected unit credit method, which is used in the calculation of the retirement benefit obligations in the separate financial statements.

 

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(7)

Retirement benefit cost incurred from the defined contribution plan for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Retirement benefits

   W 2,977      W 753  

 

19.

OTHER LIABILITIES:

 

(1)

Details of other liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31,
2021
     Dec. 31,
2020
 

Other financial liabilities:

     

Financial guarantee contract liabilities

   W 1,140,299      W 1,182,101  

Foreign exchanges payable

     8        543,678  

Accounts payable

     23,806        24,639  

Accrued expenses

     660,814        621,424  

Guarantee deposit received

     353        160  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     1,825,280        2,372,002  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Other liabilities:

     

Allowance for credit loss in derivatives

     39,670        37,765  

Unearned income

     101,831        148,608  

Current tax payable

     —          11,426  

Sundry liabilities

     18,339        33,357  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     159,840        231,156  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 1,985,120      W 2,603,158  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(2)

Changes in financial guarantee contract liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Beginning balance

   W 1,182,101      W 1,109,018  

Foreign exchange translation

     58,185        (39,192

Additional financial guarantee contract liabilities

(Reversal of financial guarantee contract liabilities)

     (75,587      117,983  

Others(*1)

     (24,400      (5,708
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 1,140,299      W 1,182,101  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(*1)

Others are the effects of the change due to newly occurrence and the arrival of maturity of financial guarantee contracts evaluated by fair value the first time and the changes in discount rates.

 

20.

DERIVATIVES:

The Bank operates derivatives both for trading and hedging purposes. Derivatives held for trading purpose are included in financial assets and liabilities at FVTPL.

 

(1)

Fair value hedge

Fair value hedge is a hedge of the exposure to changes in fair value of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment, or an identified portion of such an asset, liability or firm commitment, that is attributable to a particular risk and could affect profit or loss. When applying fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk shall adjust the carrying amount of the hedged item and be recognized in profit or loss.

 

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The Bank shall discontinue prospectively the fair value hedge if the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting or the Bank revokes the designation. Any adjustment arising from the gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk to the carrying amount of a hedged financial instrument for which the effective interest method is used shall be amortized to profit or loss.

The Bank uses interest rate swaps for hedging changes of fair values in hedged items arising from changes in interest rates. The Bank also uses currency swaps for hedging changes of fair values in hedged items arising from changes in foreign exchange rates

 

(2)

Cash flow hedge

Cash flow hedge is a hedge of the exposure to variability in cash flows that is attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability (such as all or some future interest payments on variable rate debt) or a highly probable forecast transaction and could affect profit or loss. When applying cash flow hedge, the portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is determined to be an effective hedge shall be recognized in other comprehensive income; and the ineffective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument are recognized in profit or loss. If a hedge of a forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a financial asset or a financial liability, the associated gains or losses that were recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment in the same period or periods during which the hedged forecast cash flows affect profit or loss.

The Bank shall discontinue prospectively the cash flow hedge if hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting or the Bank revokes the designation. The forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, any related cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument that has been recognized in other comprehensive income from the period when the hedge was effective are reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment.

The Bank uses interest rate swaps for hedging changes of cash flows in hedged items arising from changes in interest rates. The Bank also uses currency swaps for hedging changes of cash flows in hedged items arising from changes in foreign exchange.

 

(3)

Details of derivative assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

            Derivative assets  

Detail

   Notional
amount
     Fair value
hedge
     Cash flow
hedge
     Trading      Total  

Interest:

              

Interest rate swaps

   W 47,235,133      W 275,487      W —        W 578,475      W 853,962  

Currency:

              

Currency forwards

     5,871,649        —          —          57,739        57,739  

Currency swaps

     26,112,779        282,508        3,916        317,812        604,236  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     31,984,428        282,508        3,916        375,551        661,975  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Stock:

              

Stock options

     46,952        —          —          425        425  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 79,266,513      W 557,995      W 3,916      W 954,451      W 1,516,362  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents
            Derivative liabilities  

Detail

   Notional
amount
     Fair value
hedge
     Cash flow
hedge
     Trading      Total  

Interest:

              

Interest rate swaps

   W 47,235,133      W 147,373      W —        W 367,018      W 514,391  

Currency:

              

Currency forwards

     5,871,649        —          —          40,909        40,909  

Currency swaps

     26,112,779        513,684        —          359,498        873,182  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     31,984,428        513,684        —          400,407        914,091  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Stock:

              

Stock options

     46,952        —          —          690        690  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 79,266,513      W 661,057      W —        W 768,115      W 1,429,172  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(December 31, 2020)

 

            Derivative assets  

Detail

   Notional
amount
     Fair value
hedge
     Cash flow
hedge
     Trading      Total  

Interest:

              

Interest rate swaps

   W 39,330,211      W 636,346      W —        W 529,715      W 1,166,061  

Currency:

              

Currency forwards

     5,110,583        —          —          96,037        96,037  

Currency swaps

     27,596,486        863,420        —          385,427        1,248,847  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     32,707,069        863,420        —          481,464        1,344,884  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Stock:

              

Stock options

     46,952        —          —          1,310        1,310  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 72,084,232      W 1,499,766      W —        W 1,012,489      W 2,512,255  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

            Derivative liabilities  

Detail

   Notional
amount
     Fair value
hedge
     Cash flow
hedge
     Trading      Total  

Interest:

              

Interest rate swaps

   W 39,330,211      W 54,003      W —        W 237,316      W 291,319  

Currency:

              

Currency forwards

     5,110,583        —          —          157,331        157,331  

Currency swaps

     27,596,486        364,967        —          356,672        721,639  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     32,707,069        364,967        —          514,003        878,970  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Stock:

              

Stock options

     46,952        —          —          2,123        2,123  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 72,084,232      W 418,970      W —        W 753,442      W 1,172,412  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(4)

Gains and losses from fair value hedging instruments and hedged items attributable to the hedged risk for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Fair value hedge – hedged items

   W 1,231,752      W (774,976

Fair value hedge – hedging instruments

   W (1,556,335    W 1,793,684  

 

(5)

As a result of cash flow hedge, the Bank recognized W3,913 million and W4 million as other comprehensive income (loss) (before tax effect) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 and there is no ineffectiveness recognized in relation to cash flow hedge for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

 

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(6)

Hedge accounting

 

1)

Purpose and strategy of hedge accounting

The Bank transacts with derivative financial instruments to hedge its interest rate risk and currency risk arising from the assets and liabilities of the Bank. The Bank applies the fair value hedge accounting for the changes in the market interest rates of the financial debentures in Korean won and foreign currency and the loans in foreign currency; and cash flow hedge accounting for interest rate swaps to hedge cash flow risk due to interest rates of the debentures in Korean won.

 

2)

Nominal amount and average hedge ratio for derivatives as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

    Within
1 year
    1 to
2 years
    2 to
3 years
    3 to
4 years
    4 to
5 years
    Over
5 years
    Total  

Fair value hedges

             

Nominal amount of hedged items

  W 6,662,420     W 6,872,921     W 9,069,369     W 7,143,818     W 5,552,558     W 7,382,156     W 42,683,242  

Nominal amount of hedging instruments

    6,649,848       6,872,921       9,072,215       6,254,693       5,552,558       7,433,170       41,835,405  

Average hedge ratio

    99.81%       100.00%       100.03%       87.55%       100.00%       100.69%       98.01%  

Cash flow hedges

             

Nominal amount of hedged items

  W 59,275     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 59,275  

Nominal amount hedging instruments

    59,275       —         —         —         —         —         59,275  

Average hedge ratio

    100.00%       —         —         —         —         —         100.00%  

(December 31, 2020)

 

    Within
1 year
    1 to
2 years
    2 to
3 years
    3 to
4 years
    4 to
5 years
    Over
5 years
    Total  

Fair value hedges

             

Nominal amount of hedged items

  W 9,451,404     W 5,781,962     W 5,665,046     W 5,243,700     W 6,531,111     W 9,246,375     W 41,919,598  

Nominal amount of hedging instruments

    9,038,034       5,770,424       5,662,797       5,243,700       5,727,209       9,288,553       40,730,717  

Average hedge ratio

    95.63%       99.80%       99.96%       100.00%       87.69%       100.46%       97.16%  

Cash flow hedges

             

Nominal amount of hedged items

  W 80,000     W —       W —       W —       W —       W —       W 80,000  

Nominal amount hedging instruments

    80,000       —         —         —         —         —         80,000  

Average hedge ratio

    100.00%       —         —         —         —         —         100.00%  

 

3)

Effect of hedge accounting on financial statement, statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity

 

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Table of Contents

Effect of hedging instruments on statement financial position, statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

Detail

   Nominal
amount
     Carrying
amount
of assets
     Carrying
amount
of
liabilities
     Changes of
fair value
in the year
 

Fair value hedges

           

Interest swap

   W 28,537,438      W 275,487      W 147,373      W (797,378

Currency swap

     13,297,967        282,508        513,684        (791,844
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     41,835,405        557,995        661,057        (1,589,222
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Cash flow hedges

     59,275        3,916        —          3,916  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 41,894,680      W 561,911      W 661,057      W (1,585,306
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(December 31, 2020)

 

Detail

   Nominal
amount
     Carrying
amount
of assets
     Carrying
amount
of
liabilities
     Changes of
fair value
in the year
 

Fair value hedges

           

Interest swap

   W 26,354,678      W 636,346      W 54,003      W 704,102  

Currency swap

     14,376,039        863,420        364,967        853,656  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     40,730,717        1,499,766        418,970        1,557,758  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Cash flow hedges

     80,000        —          —          4  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 40,810,717      W 1,499,766      W 418,970      W 1,557,762  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

Effect of fair value hedged items on statement financial position, statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Statement financial position      Accumulated adjustment of
fair value hedging
       

Detail

   Loan      Debenture      Asset     Liability     Changes of
fair value
in the year
 

Interest:

            

Discontinuation of risk hedging

            

Loans in foreign currencies

   W 32,243      W —        W 1,533     W —       W (1,268

Debentures in local currency

     —          680,000        —         (63,620     31,817  

Debentures in foreign currencies

     —          28,930,459        —         215,758       816,305  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

     32,243        29,610,459        1,533       152,138       846,854  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Currency:

            

Loans in foreign currencies

     148,898        —          (4,156     —         (4,156

Discontinuation of risk hedging

            

Loans in foreign currencies

     14,402        —          (100     —         (16

Debentures in foreign currencies

     —          12,923,885        —         (8,277     287,476  

Discontinuation of risk hedging

            

Debentures in foreign currencies

     —          16,190        —         (1,937     (98
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

     163,300        12,940,075        (4,256     (10,214     283,206  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W 195,543      W 42,550,534      W (2,723   W 141,924     W 1,130,060  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents

(December 31, 2020)

 

     Statement financial position      Accumulated adjustment of
fair value hedging
       

Detail

   Loan      Debenture      Asset     Liability     Changes of
fair value
in the year
 

Interest:

            

Loans in foreign currencies

   W 39,281      W —        W 1,589     W —       W (1,213

Discontinuation of risk hedging

          

Loans in foreign currencies

     24,605        —          1,578       —         (661

Debentures in local currency

     —          650,000        —         (31,803     8,756  

Debentures in foreign currencies

     —          26,903,460        —         1,094,920       (663,846
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

     63,886        27,553,460        3,167       1,063,117       (656,964
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Currency:

          

Loans in foreign currencies

     439,992        —          (17,549     —         (17,549

Debentures in foreign currencies

     —          13,886,865        —         299,833       (122,052

Discontinuation of risk hedging

          

Debentures in foreign currencies

     —          55,555        —         (1,744     242  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

     439,992        13,942,420        (17,549     298,089       (139,359
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W 503,878      W 41,495,880      W (14,382   W 1,361,206     W (796,323
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

Effect of cash flow hedged items on statement financial position, statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

Detail

   Statements of
Financial
position
     Accumulated
adjustment of
cash flow hedging
     Changes of
fair value
in the year
 

Currency:

        

Loans in foreign currencies

   W 59,275      W 2,968      W (4,024

(December 31, 2020)

 

Detail

   Statements of
Financial
position
     Accumulated
adjustment of
cash flow hedging
     Changes of
fair value
in the year
 

Currency:

        

Loans in foreign currencies

   W 80,000      W 3      W (6

 

4)

Gains (losses) on hedged items and hedging instruments attributable to the hedged ineffectiveness for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(2021)

 

     Losses on
hedged items
    Gains on
hedging
instruments
    Hedge
ineffectiveness
recognized
in profit (loss)
 

Fair value hedges

   W 1,131,161     W (1,091,127   W 40,034  

Cash flow hedges

     (4,024     3,916       —    
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

   W 1,127,137     W (1,087,211   W 40,034  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents

(2020)

 

     Losses on
hedged items
     Gains on
hedging
instruments
     Hedge
ineffectiveness
recognized
in profit (loss)
 

Fair value hedges

   W (795,904    W 845,556      W 49,652  

Cash flow hedges

     (6      4        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W (795,910    W 845,560      W 49,652  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(7)

Interest Rate Benchmark Reform

The hedging relationship to which the Bank applies fair value hedge and cash flow hedge is affected by the interest rate benchmark reform. The interest rate benchmarks that the hedging relationship is exposed to, are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

Interest rate benchmark

   Carrying amount of
hedged items (assets)
     Carrying amount of
hedged items (liabilities)
     Nominal amount
of hedging instruments
 

KRW CD 3M

   W —        W 119,500      W 130,000  

KRW CMS 10Y

     —          98,603        110,000  

USD LIBOR 3M(*1)

     144,741        22,926,839        21,942,709  

USD LIBOR 6M(*1)

     —          4,958,508        5,035,344  

EUR LIBOR 3M

     —          200,851        201,351  

EUR LIBOR 6M

     —          4,261,367        4,027,020  

EUR CMS 20Y

     —          229,920        250,000  

EUR CMS 30Y

     —          168,357        190,000  

GBP LIBOR 6M Fallback

     —          102,022        122,735  

BBSW 3M

     —          1,198,117        1,202,446  

HKD LIBOR 3M

     —          111,011        110,982  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 144,741      W 34,375,095      W 33,322,587  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

  (*1)

Hedged items and hedging instruments due before June 30, 2023, when the LIBOR interest rate will be ceased being published, are excluded.

 

21.

CAPITAL STOCK:

As of December 31, 2021, the authorized capital and paid-in capital of the Bank are W15,000,000 million and W12,748,254 million, respectively. The Bank does not issue share certificates.

Changes in capital stock for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Beginning balance

   W 12,449,456      W 11,871,143  

Paid-in capital increase

     298,798        578,313  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 12,748,254      W 12,449,456  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents
22.

OTHER COMPONENTS OF EQUITY:

 

(1)

Details of other components of equity as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  

Gain (Loss) on equity securities at FVOCI

   W 842,816      W 773,104  

Gain (Loss) on debt securities at FVOCI

     18,020        18,355  

Gain (Loss) on valuation of cash flow hedge

     2,968        3  

Remeasurement of net defined benefit liabilities

     18,865        11,855  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 882,669      W 803,317  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(2)

Changes in other components for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(2021)

 

     Beginning
Balance
     Increase
(Decrease)
     Tax effect      Ending
balance
 

Gain (Loss) on equity securities at FVOCI

   W 773,104      W 91,968      W (22,256    W 842,816  

Gain (Loss) on debt securities at FVOCI

     18,355        (442      107        18,020  

Gain (Loss) on valuation of cash flow hedge

     3        3,913        (948      2,968  

Remeasurement of net defined benefit liabilities

     11,855        9,248        (2,238      18,865  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 803,317      W 104,687      W (25,335    W 882,669  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(2020)

 

     Beginning
Balance
     Increase
(Decrease)
     Tax effect      Ending
balance
 

Gain (Loss) on equity securities at FVOCI

   W 573,088      W 263,872      W (63,856    W 773,104  

Gain (Loss) on debt securities at FVOCI

     6,226        16,001        (3,872      18,355  

Gain (Loss) on valuation of cash flow hedge

     —          4        (1      3  

Remeasurement of net defined benefit liabilities

     15,094        (4,272      1,033        11,855  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 594,408      W 275,605      W (66,696    W 803,317  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

23.

RETAINED EARNINGS:

 

(1)

Details of retained earnings as of as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  

Legal reserve (*1)

   W 446,237      W 435,996  

Voluntary reserve(*2)

     712,729        471,964  

Regulatory reserve for loan losses

     149,219        338,574  

Unappropriated retained earnings

     547,539        102,410  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 1,855,724      W 1,348,944  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

  (*1)

Pursuant to the EXIM Bank Act, the Bank appropriates 10% of separate profit for the year as legal reserve, until the accumulated reserve equals to its paid-in capital.

  (*2)

The Bank appropriates profit for the year, net of the regulatory reserve for loan losses and the dividends, as voluntary reserve.

 

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(2)

Changes in retained earnings for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Beginning balance

   W 1,348,944      W 1,355,571  

Profit for the year

     547,539        102,410  

Dividends

     (40,759      (109,037
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 1,855,724      W 1,348,944  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(3)

Details of dividends for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

The Government

   W 27,711      W 72,430  

Bank of Korea

     3,814        10,701  

Korea Development Bank

     9,234        25,906  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 40,759      W 109,037  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(4)

Statements of appropriations of retained earnings for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021
(Expected
date of
appropriation:
Mar. 31, 2022)
     2020
(Date of
appropriation:
Mar. 31,
2021
)
 

I. Retained earnings before appropriations:

   W 547,539      W 102,410  

1. Unappropriated retained earnings carried over from prior years

     —          —    

2. Profit for the year

     547,539        102,410  

II. Other reserve transferred

     —          189,355  

III. Appropriations:

     547,539        291,765  

1. Legal reserve

     54,754        10,241  

2. Dividend

     191,256        40,759  

3. Other reserve

     211,038        240,765  

4. Regulatory reserve for loan losses

     90,491        —    

IV. Unappropriated retained earnings at the end of the year

     —          —    

 

(5)

Regulatory reserve for loan losses

Regulatory reserve for loan losses is calculated and disclosed according to Article 29 (1) and (2), Regulation on Supervision of Banking Business. In accordance with Regulation on Supervision of Banking Business, etc., if the estimated allowance for credit loss determined by K-IFRS for the accounting purpose is lower than those for the regulatory purpose required by Regulation on Supervision of Banking Business, the Bank should reserve such difference as the regulatory reserve for loan losses. Due to the fact that regulatory reserve for loan losses is a voluntary reserve, the amounts that exceed the existing regulatory reserve for loan losses over the compulsory regulatory reserve for loan losses at the year-end date are reversed in profit. In case of accumulated deficit, the Bank should recommence setting aside regulatory reserve for loan losses at the time when accumulated deficit is reduced to zero.

 

1)

Regulatory reserve for loan losses

 

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Table of Contents

Details of regulatory reserve for loan losses as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  

Accumulated regulatory reserve for loan losses

   W 149,219      W 338,574  

Expected (reversal of) regulatory reserve for loan losses

     90,491        (189,355
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Regulatory reserve for loan losses

   W 239,710      W 149,219  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

2)

Provision for regulatory reserve for loan losses and profit for the year after adjusting regulatory reserve for loan losses.

Details of regulatory reserve for loan losses and profit for the year after adjusting the reserve for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Profit for the year

   W 547,539      W 102,410  

Provision for (Reversal of) regulatory reserve for loan losses

     90,491        (189,355
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Profit after adjusting the regulatory reserve for loan losses (*1)

   W 457,048      W 291,765  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

  (*1)

Adjusted profit for the year considering reserve for loan losses as above is calculated by assuming that the provision in regulatory reserve for loan losses before income tax is reflected in profit for the year.

 

24.

NET INTEREST INCOME:

Net interest income is the amount after deduction of interest expenses from interest income, and the details are as follows:

 

(1)

Details of interest income for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Interest of due from financial institutions:

     

Due from financial institutions in local currency

   W 7,519      W 9,674  

Due from financial institutions in foreign currencies

     6,537        24,779  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     14,056        34,453  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Interest of financial assets at FVTPL:

     

Interest of securities at FVTPL

     82        96  

Interest of loans at FVTPL

     565        150  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     647        246  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Interest of financial investments:

     

Interest of securities at FVOCI

     33,932        22,274  

Interest of securities at amortized cost

     12,292        14,516  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     46,224        36,790  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Interest of loans at amortized cost:

     

Interest of loans in local currency

     537,619        578,214  

Interest of loans in foreign currencies

     1,128,663        1,599,940  

Interest of bills bought

     11,961        13,671  

Interest of advances for customers

     987        215  

Interest of call loans

     2,291        19,820  

Interest of interbank loans

     2,658        4,533  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     1,684,179        2,216,393  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Other interest income

     404        843  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 1,745,510      W 2,288,725  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

117


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(2)

Details of interest expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Interest of borrowings:

     

Interest of borrowings in foreign currencies

   W 27,742      W 117,040  

Interest of sales of repurchase agreement

     582        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     28,324        117,040  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Interest of call-money

     744        4,954  

Interest of debentures:

     

Interest of debentures in local currency

     268,912        296,331  

Interest of debentures in foreign currencies

     542,099        986,040  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     811,011        1,282,371  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Other interest expense

     1,028        3,645  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 841,107      W 1,408,010  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

25.

NET COMMISSION INCOME:

Net commission income is the amount after deduction of commission expenses from commission income, and the details are as follows.

 

(1)

Details of commission income for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Commission income in local currency:

     

Commission income on management of EDCF

   W 20,820      W 20,243  

Commission income on management of IKCF

     2,200        2,250  

Other commission income in local currency

     1,973        894  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     24,993        23,387  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Commission income in foreign currencies:

     

Commission income on letters of credit

     2,669        2,137  

Commission income on confirmation on export letter of credit

     13        256  

Commission income on loan commitments

     28,242        24,863  

Management fees

     71        991  

Arrangement fees

     2,399        2,353  

Advisory fees

     220        55  

Prepayment fees

     4,503        14,980  

Sundry commission income on foreign exchange

     313        119  

Structuring fees

     50        34,561  

Brokerage fee for foreign currencies exchange funds

     176        498  

Other commission income in foreign currencies

     5,443        1,371  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     44,099        82,184  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Others:

     

Other commission income

     10,896        11,421  

Guarantee fees in foreign currencies:

     

Guarantee fees in foreign currencies

     129,926        145,200  

Premium for guarantee

     100,033        113,302  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     229,959        258,502  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 309,947      W 375,494  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

118


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(2)

Details of commission expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Commission expenses in local currency:

     

Commission expenses on domestic transactions

   W 519      W 481  

Commission expenses in foreign currencies:

     

Service fees paid to credit-rating agency

     3,312        2,698  

Sundry commission expenses on foreign exchange

     3,975        4,315  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     7,287        7,013  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Others:

     

Other commission expenses

     13,299        6,441  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 21,105      W 13,935  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

26.

DIVIDEND INCOME:

Details of dividend income for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Financial assets at FVOCI

   W 49,889      W 47,184  

 

27.

GAIN (LOSS) ON FINANCIAL ASSETS AT FVTPL:

Details of gain (loss) on financial assets at FVTPL for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Securities at FVTPL:

     

Gain on valuation

   W 18,846      W 14,943  

Loss on valuation

     (12,951      (4,892

Gain on disposal

     9,885        12,924  

Loss on disposal

     (1,936      (5,288

Others

     15,816        15,332  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     29,660        33,019  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Loans at FVTPL:

     

Gain on valuation

     505        191  

Loss on disposal

     (423      (30
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     82        161  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Trading derivatives:

     

Gain on valuation

     856,142        834,315  

Loss on valuation

     (996,182      (715,444

Gain on transaction

     909,941        917,389  

Loss on transaction

     (672,656      (945,985
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     97,245        90,275  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 126,987      W 123,455  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

119


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28.

GAIN (LOSS) ON HEDGING DERIVATIVES:

Details of gain (loss) on hedging derivatives for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Gain on hedging instruments

   W 189,053      W 1,996,002  

Loss on hedging instruments

     (1,745,324      (202,321
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W (1,556,271    W 1,793,681  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

29.

GAIN (LOSS) ON FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS:

Details of gain (loss) on financial investments for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Financial assets at FVOCI:

     

Gain on disposals

   W 3,381      W 990  

Loss on disposals

     —          (6
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 3,381      W 984  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

30.

OTHER OPERATING INCOME (EXPENSES):

Details of other operating income (expenses) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Other operating income:

     

Gain on sale of loans at amortized cost

   W 2,709      W —    

Gain on redemption of loans at amortized cost

     337        18  

Gain on fair value hedged items

     1,242,036        164,126  

Others

     —          18  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     1,245,082        164,162  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Other operating expenses:

     

Loss on fair value hedged items

     (10,284      (939,102

Contribution to miscellaneous funds

     (4,751      (5,053

Loss on redemption of bonds

     —          (64

Transfer of other provisions

     (28,917      —    

Others

     (9,947      (17,467
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     (53,899      (961,686
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 1,191,183      W (797,524
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

120


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31.

IMPAIRMENT LOSS (REVERSAL) ON CREDIT:

Details of impairment loss (reversal) on credit for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021(*1)      2020(*1)  

Loans at amortized cost

   W 488,672      W 597,909  

Other financial assets

     (22,356      21,980  

Guarantees

     (21,482      93,065  

Unused loan commitments

     (1,169      7,092  

Financial guarantee contract

     (75,587      117,981  

Financial assets at FVOCI

     340        452  

Securities at amortized cost

     51        6  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 368,469      W 838,485  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

  (*1)

It includes additional impairment loss on credit W69,178 million and W16,008 million to cope with the economic downturn caused by the spread of the COVID-19 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 respectively.

 

32.

GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES:

Details of general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

    

Detail

   2021      2020  

General and administrative

   Short-term salaries    W 116,996      W 113,029  

Other expenses in financing department

   Office expenses      73,592        63,187  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Subtotal

     190,588        176,216  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 

Office expenses of EDCF

        1,331        1,038  

General and
administrative—Others

  

Retirement benefits (defined contributions)

     2,977        753  
  

Retirement benefits (defined benefits)

     20,940        11,178  
  

Depreciation of tangible assets

     7,056        7,434  
  

Amortization of intangible assets

     10,759        11,419  
  

Taxes and dues

     17,195        21,040  
  

Donations and contributions

     2,000        3,000  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Subtotal

     60,927        54,824  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Total

   W 252,846      W 232,078  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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33.

NON-OPERATING INCOME (EXPENSES):

Details of non-operating income (expenses) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

    

Detail

   2021      2020  

Gain (Loss) on investments in associates and subsidiaries

  

Dividend income

   W 10,931      W 16,913  
  

Impairment loss

     —          (142,246
  

Gain (loss) on disposal

     —          (1
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Subtotal

     10,931        (125,334
     

 

 

    

 

 

 

Other incomes

  

Gain on disposals of tangible assets

     119        119  
  

Rental income

     129        138  
  

Damages paid for breach of contracts

     —          79  
  

Interest on other loans

     75        109  
  

Revenue on research project

     6,602        6,466  
  

Other miscellaneous income

     450        1,230  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Subtotal

     7,375        8,141  
     

 

 

    

 

 

 

Other expenses

  

Loss on disposal of tangible assets

     (51      (1
  

Donations and contributions

     (7,159      (6,173
  

Court cost

     (1,018      (814
  

Expenses on research project

     (6,320      (6,074
  

Other miscellaneous expenses

     (435      (207
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Subtotal

     (14,983      (13,269
     

 

 

    

 

 

 
  

Total

   W (7,608    W (5,128
     

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

34.

INCOME TAX EXPENSE:

 

(1)

Details of income tax expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021      2020  

Current income tax payable

   W (5,776    W 9,220  

Adjustment recognized in the current period for tax payable of prior periods

     (74      (9,308

Changes in deferred income taxes due to temporary differences

     232,271        104,893  

Changes in deferred income taxes directly recognized in equity

     (27,836      (67,083
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Income tax expense

   W 198,585      W 37,722  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(2)

Changes in temporary differences and deferred income tax assets (liabilities) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(2021)

 

     Temporary differences     Deferred tax
assets
(liabilities)—
ending
balance
 

Detail

   Beginning
balance
    Increase
(Decrease)
    Ending
balance
 

Depreciation

   W 106     W 6     W 112     W 27  

Fair value hedging income (loss)

     1,375,588       (1,230,942     144,646       35,004  

Financial guarantee contract liability

     1,050,102       (78,906     971,196       235,030  

Loans

     (42,621     35,876       (6,745     (1,632

Allowance for loan losses

     984,662       (527,601     457,061       110,609  

Unused commitment provisions

     239,584       (102     239,482       57,955  

Net deferred loan origination fees and costs

     364,854       3,355       368,209       89,107  

Long-term income in advance

     (2,689     —         (2,689     (651

Provisions for acceptances and guarantees

     387,027       (6,044     380,983       92,198  

Loan-for-equity swap

     1,176,609       57,705       1,234,314       298,704  

Loss on valuation of derivatives

     142,212       (395,619     (253,407     (61,324

Gain on valuation of derivatives

     (1,352,817     1,258,619       (94,198     (22,796

Defined benefit liability

     —         (6,492     (6,492     (1,571

Accrued interest receivables and payables related to swap transaction

     (316,122     11,132       (304,990     (73,808

Tangible assets

     (173,653     (1,440     (175,093     (42,372

Others

     1,882,441       25,578       1,908,019       461,739  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

   W 5,715,283     W (854,875   W 4,860,408     W 1,176,219  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Deferred income tax assets (liabilities) directly adjusted in equity

           (301,120
        

 

 

 

Total

         W 875,099  
        

 

 

 

 

123


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(2020)

 

     Temporary differences     Deferred tax
assets
(liabilities)—
ending
balance
 

Detail

   Beginning
balance
    Increase
(Decrease)
    Ending
balance
 

Depreciation

   W 107     W (1   W 106     W 26  

Fair value hedging income (loss)

     597,679       777,909       1,375,588       332,892  

Financial guarantee contract liability

     989,685       60,417       1,050,102       254,125  

Loans

     (69,322     26,701       (42,621     (10,314

Allowance for loan losses

     605,777       378,885       984,662       238,288  

Unused commitment provisions

     232,940       6,644       239,584       57,979  

Net deferred loan origination fees and costs

     399,621       (34,767     364,854       88,295  

Long-term income in advance

     (3,528     839       (2,689     (651

Provisions for acceptances and guarantees

     306,441       80,586       387,027       93,661  

Loan-for-equity swap

     2,031,381       (854,772     1,176,609       284,739  

Loss on valuation of derivatives

     (787,945     930,157       142,212       34,415  

Gain on valuation of derivatives

     384,594       (1,737,411     (1,352,817     (327,382

Defined benefit liability

     19,492       (19,492     —         —    

Accrued interest receivables and payables related to swap transaction

     (331,176     15,054       (316,122     (76,502

Tangible assets

     (175,296     1,643       (173,653     (42,024

Others

     1,675,440       207,001       1,882,441       456,118  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

   W 5,875,890     W (160,607   W 5,715,283     W 1,383,665  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Deferred income tax assets (liabilities) directly adjusted in equity

           (276,295
        

 

 

 

Total

         W 1,107,370  
        

 

 

 

 

(3)

Details of the reconciliation between profit before income tax and income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

     2021     2020  

Profit before income tax

   W 746,124     W 140,132  

Income tax calculated at statutory tax rate (11% up to 200 million, 22% over 200 million to 20 billion, 24.2% over 20 billion to 300 billion, and 27.5% over 300billion)

     194,822       33,450  

Adjustments:

    

Effect on non-taxable income

     (27,471     (23,566

Effect on non-deductible expense

     24,516       20,210  

Effect on tax deduction

     —         (3,514

Others

     6,792       20,451  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Subtotal

     3,837       13,581  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Adjustment recognized as current tax for the prior periods

     (74     (9,309
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Income tax expense

   W 198,585     W 37,722  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Effective tax rate from operations

     26.62     26.92

 

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(4)

Details of deferred tax relating to items that are recognized directly in equity as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

Detail

   Dec. 31,
2021
     Dec. 31,
2020
 

Loss on valuation of financial investments

   W (297,161    W (272,509

Gain on valuation of cash flow hedge

     (948      (1

Remeasurement of net defined benefit liability

     (6,023      (3,785
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W (304,132    W (276,295
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(5)

Unrecognized deferred tax assets and liabilities

The Bank does not recognize deferred tax liabilities for taxable temporary difference of W52,608 million related to investments in associates and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2021 because the Bank is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

The Bank also does not recognize deferred tax assets for deductible temporary differences of W4,469 million related to impairment loss of financial investments as of December 31, 2021 because the realizable period has already passed.

 

35.

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS:

 

(1)

Details of non-cash flow transactions for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

Detail

   2021      2020  

Written-off

   W 13,459      W 218,764  

Transfer to financial investments from the investments in associates

     380,520        —    

Investment in kind

     101,864        —    

Remeasurement of net defined benefit liability

     9,248        4,272  

 

(2)

Changes in liabilities arising from financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(2021)

 

Detail

   Borrowings      Debentures      Total  

Beginning balance

   W 6,076,631      W 72,641,777      W 78,718,408  

Change in cash flows

     (1,005,804      1,585,728        579,924  

Amortization

     135        119,042        119,177  

Foreign exchange transaction

     505,947        3,275,006        3,780,953  

Change in fair value hedged items

     —          (1,135,500      (1,135,500
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 5,576,909      W 76,486,053      W 82,062,962  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(2020)

 

Detail

   Borrowings      Debentures      Total  

Beginning balance

   W 6,796,372      W 67,137,591      W 73,933,963  

Change in cash flows

     (115,372      6,861,920        6,746,548  

Loss on redemption of bonds

     —          64        64  

Amortization

     268        201,079        201,347  

Foreign exchange transaction

     (604,637      (2,315,090      (2,919,727

Change in fair value hedged items

     —          756,213        756,213  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Ending balance

   W 6,076,631      W 72,641,777      W 78,718,408  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

36.

CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS:

 

(1)

Details of contingent liabilities and commitments as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

   

Detail

   Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  

Guarantees

  Confirmed    W 30,068,697      W 27,960,939  
 

Unconfirmed

     10,162,786        6,741,575  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

     40,231,483        34,702,514  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Loan commitments

 

Local currency, foreign currencies loan commitments

     30,217,694        24,247,153  
 

Others

     2,399,537        2,184,291  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

     32,617,231        26,431,444  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
 

Total

   W 72,848,714      W 61,133,958  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(2)

Details of guarantees that have been provided for others as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

   

Detail

   Dec. 31, 2021      Dec. 31, 2020  

Confirmed guarantees

  Local currency:      
 

Performance of contracts

   W 75,088      W 75,088  
 

Repayment of advances

     76,183        88,958  
 

Others

     38,742        49,814  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

     190,013        213,860  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
  Foreign currencies:      
 

Performance of contracts

     7,214,218        7,065,461  
 

Repayment of advances

     9,117,665        6,882,321  
 

Acceptances of imported goods

     1,902        1,005  
 

Acceptances of import letter of credit outstanding

     237,980        217,388  
 

Foreign liabilities

     10,009,388        9,580,093  
 

Others

     3,297,531        4,000,811  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

     29,878,684        27,747,079  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Unconfirmed guarantees

  Foreign liabilities      1,040,401        1,401,148  
  Repayment of advances      9,047,096        5,126,848  
  Performance of contracts      75,254        207,315  
  Underwriting of import credit      —          6,229  
  Others      35        35  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

     10,162,786        6,741,575  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 
 

Total

   W 40,231,483      W 34,702,514  
    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

126


Table of Contents
(3)

Details of guarantees classified by country as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

    Confirmed guarantees     Unconfirmed guarantees Total    

 

 

Detail

  Amount     Ratio (%)     Amount     Ratio (%)     Amount     Ratio (%)  

Asia

  Korea   W 18,382,248       61.13     W 9,121,271       89.75     W 27,503,519       68.36  
 

China

    174,668       0.58       —         —         174,668       0.43  
 

Saudi Arabia

    1,226,580       4.08       —         —         1,226,580       3.05  
 

India

    587,733       1.95       —         —         587,733       1.46  
 

Indonesia

    716,448       2.38       304,695       3.00       1,021,143       2.54  
 

Vietnam

    1,100,647       3.66       433,889       4.27       1,534,536       3.81  
 

Australia

    207,027       0.69       —         —         207,027       0.51  
 

Qatar

    218,227       0.73       —         —         218,227       0.54  
 

Singapore

    135,957       0.45       —         —         135,957       0.34  
 

Oman

    506,487       1.68       37,498       0.37       543,985       1.35  
 

Uzbekistan

    330,123       1.10       —         —         330,123       0.82  
 

Others

    1,694,809       5.65       134,339       1.32       1,829,148       4.56  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    25,280,954       84.08       10,031,692       98.71       35,312,646       87.77  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Europe

  United Kingdom     57,793       0.19       —         —         57,793       0.14  
 

France

    249,712       0.83       —         —         249,712       0.62  
 

Others

    1,816,658       6.04       77,274       0.76       1,893,932       4.71  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    2,124,163       7.06       77,274       0.76       2,201,437       5.47  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

America

  United States     966,069       3.22       13,041       0.13       979,110       2.43  
 

Brazil

    400,481       1.33       —         —         400,481       1.00  
 

Mexico

    406,125       1.35       —         —         406,125       1.01  
 

Bermuda

    —         —         —         —         —         —    
 

Others

    509,126       1.69       40,779       0.40       549,905       1.37  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    2,281,801       7.59       53,820       0.53       2,335,621       5.81  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Africa

  Madagascar     87,636       0.29       —         —         87,636       0.22  
 

Others

    294,143       0.98       —         —         294,143       0.73  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    381,779       1.27       —         —         381,779       0.95  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Total

  W 30,068,697       100.00     W 10,162,786       100.00     W 40,231,483       100.00  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

127


Table of Contents

(December 31, 2020)

 

    Confirmed guarantees     Unconfirmed guarantees     Total  

Detail

  Amount     Ratio (%)     Amount     Ratio (%)     Amount     Ratio (%)  

Asia

  Korea   W 16,207,650       57.97     W 5,330,002       79.06     W 21,537,652       62.06  
 

China

    200,663       0.72       —         —         200,663       0.58  
 

Saudi Arabia

    1,283,479       4.59       —         —         1,283,479       3.70  
 

India

    554,211       1.98       —         —         554,211       1.60  
 

Indonesia

    715,347       2.56       332,780       4.94       1,048,127       3.02  
 

Vietnam

    988,464       3.53       405,658       6.02       1,394,122       4.02  
 

Australia

    226,478       0.81       —         —         226,478       0.65  
 

Qatar

    225,804       0.81       —         —         225,804       0.65  
 

Singapore

    127,444       0.46       —         —         127,444       0.37  
 

Oman

    439,393       1.57       88,691       1.31       528,084       1.52  
 

Uzbekistan

    330,221       1.18       18,033       0.27       348,254       1.00  
 

Others

    1,444,279       5.16       243,038       3.60       1,687,317       4.86  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    22,743,433       81.34       6,418,202       95.20       29,161,635       84.03  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Europe

  United Kingdom     485,635       1.74       —         —         485,635       1.40  
 

France

    281,363       1.00       —         —         281,363       0.81  
 

Others

    1,510,303       5.40       184,871       2.74       1,695,174       4.89  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    2,277,301       8.14       184,871       2.74       2,462,172       7.10  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

America

  United States     1,166,979       4.18       11,968       0.18       1,178,947       3.40  
 

Brazil

    371,831       1.33       —         —         371,831       1.07  
 

Mexico

    397,508       1.42       —         —         397,508       1.14  
 

Bermuda

    259,434       0.93       —         —         259,434       0.75  
 

Others

    288,838       1.03       126,534       1.88       415,372       1.20  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    2,484,590       8.89       138,502       2.06       2,623,092       7.56  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Africa

  Madagascar     161,761       0.58       —         —         161,761       0.46  
 

Others

    293,854       1.05       —         —         293,854       0.85  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Subtotal

    455,615       1.63       —         —         455,615       1.31  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 

Total

  W 27,960,939       100.00     W 6,741,575       100.00     W 34,702,514       100.00  
   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(4)

Details of guarantees classified by industry as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

     Confirmed guarantees      Unconfirmed guarantees      Total  

Detail

   Amount      Ratio (%)      Amount      Ratio (%)      Amount      Ratio (%)  

Manufacturing

   W 15,695,679        52.20      W 8,938,321        87.95      W 24,634,000        61.22  

Transportation

     2,226,005        7.40        —          —          2,226,005        5.53  

Financial institution

     904,286        3.01        1,114        0.01        905,400        2.25  

Wholesale and retail

     734,150        2.44        43,915        0.43        778,065        1.93  

Real estate business

     42,562        0.14        48,556        0.48        91,118        0.23  

Construction

     5,250,974        17.46        78,279        0.77        5,329,253        13.25  

Public sector and others

     5,215,041        17.35        1,052,601        10.36        6,267,642        15.59  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 30,068,697        100.00      W 10,162,786        100.00      W 40,231,483        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(December 31, 2020)

 

     Confirmed guarantees      Unconfirmed guarantees      Total  

Detail

   Amount      Ratio (%)      Amount      Ratio (%)      Amount      Ratio (%)  

Manufacturing

   W 13,914,707        49.76      W 5,388,964        79.94      W 19,303,671        55.63  

Transportation

     2,004,642        7.17        42,821        0.64        2,047,463        5.90  

Financial institution

     1,412,167        5.05        13,033        0.19        1,425,200        4.11  

Wholesale and retail

     514,662        1.84        31,114        0.46        545,776        1.57  

Real estate business

     43,962        0.16        48,408        0.72        92,370        0.27  

Construction

     5,270,863        18.85        377,321        5.60        5,648,184        16.28  

Public sector and others

     4,799,936        17.17        839,914        12.45        5,639,850        16.24  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 27,960,939        100.00      W 6,741,575        100.00      W 34,702,514        100.00  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(5)

Global Medium-Term Note Program and CP programs

The Bank has been establishing the following programs regarding the issue of foreign currencies bonds and CPs:

 

  1)

Established on August 1, 1991, initially, and annually renewed, U.S. Shelf Registration to issue foreign bonds under the Securities and Exchange Commission rule of the United States of America with an issuance limit of USD 55 billion.

 

  2)

Established on May 14, 1997, and May 16, 1997, initially, and annually renewed, CP program to issue CPs with issuance limits of USD 6 billion and USD 2 billion, respectively.

 

  3)

Established on November 6, 1997, initially, and annually renewed, Global Medium-Term Note Program to issue mid-to-long-term foreign currencies bonds with an issuance limit of USD 27.5 billion.

 

  4)

Established on February 2, 2012, initially, and annually renewed, MYR MTN program to issue Malaysian Ringgit-denoted bonds with issuance limits of MYR 1 billion.

 

  5)

Established in 1995, initially, and renewed every two years, Yen Shelf Registration to issue Samurai bond with an issuance limit of JPY 500 billion.

 

  6)

Established on May 31, 2010, Australian Domestic Debt Issuance Program to issue Kangaroo bond with limit of AUD 6 billion.

 

  7)

Established on January 17, 2011, and renewed every two years, Uridashi Shelf Registration to issue Uridashi bond with an issuance limit of JPY 500 billion.

 

(6)

Litigations

As of December 31, 2021, 10 lawsuits (aggregated claim amount: W68,302 million) were filed as a plaintiff and 11 pending litigations as a defendant were filed (aggregated claim amount: W44,121 million). The Bank’s management expects that there is no significant impact on the financial statements due to these lawsuits, but it is possible to make additional loss to the Bank due to the results of future litigation.

 

(7)

Written-off loans

The Bank manages written-off loans that have claims on debtors due to the statute of limitations, uncollected after write-off, etc. The written-off loans as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are W2,053,343 million and W1,982,456 million, respectively.

 

(8)

COVID-19

The proliferation of COVID-19 has had a negative impact on the global economy, which may have a greater impact than the expected credit loss and potential impairment of assets in a particular portfolio, negatively impacting the profit generation capability of the Bank as follows:

 

   

Uncertainty may arise about the credit risk of a borrower that could be affected by COVID-19.

 

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Uncertainty may arise about forward-looking macroeconomic information related to expected credit losses.

 

   

Korean won may depreciate against major foreign currencies. This may result in an increase in principal and interest payments on liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, and losses on foreign exchange transactions.

 

   

Possible significant decrease in the fair value of an entity affected by COVID-19 pandemic, in which the bank invested, may occur.

Meanwhile, the impact of COVID-19 on expected credit losses is described in note 31. Impairment loss (Reversal) on credit.

 

(9)

Related to Ukraine crisis occurred in February 2022, international sanctions are being imposed to Russia. The sanctions may affect companies, industries, or economies which do business directly or indirectly with Russia, but the impact on the Bank’s financial position and operation has yet to be observed. The Bank consistently monitors and controls the effects of Ukraine crisis.

 

37.

TRANSACTIONS AND BALANCES WITH RELATED PARTIES:

Related parties consist of entities related to the Bank, postemployment benefits, a key management personnel and a close member of that person’s family, an entity controlled or jointly controlled and an entity influenced significantly.

 

(1)

Details of related parties as of December 31, 2021 are as follows:

 

Detail

   Relationship      Ownership-
percentage (%)
 

Parent:

     

Korean government

     Parent        68.74  

Subsidiaries and Associates:

     

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

     Subsidiary        100.00  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     Subsidiary        85.00  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     Subsidiary        100.00  

KEXIM Asia Limited

     Subsidiary        100.00  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

     Subsidiary        100.00  

Credit Guarantee and Investment Fund

     Associate        15.07  

KTB Newlake Global Healthcare PEF

     Associate        25.00  

Korea Aerospace Industries. Ltd.

     Associate        26.41  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd

     Associate        —    

 

(2)

Significant balances of receivables, payables and guarantees with the related parties

 

  1)

Significant balances of receivables and payables with the related parties as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

Detail

   Receivables      Allowance
/
Provisions
     Payables  

Subsidiaries:

        

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W 177,709      W —        W —    

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     143,543        267        —    

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     144,256        315        1  

KEXIM Asia Limited

     129,953        81        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     595,461        663        1  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Associates:

        

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

     2,524,098        433,756        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 3,119,559      W 434,419      W 1  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents

(December 31, 2020)

 

Detail

   Receivables      Allowance
/ Provisions
     Payables  

Subsidiaries:

        

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W 133,159      W —        W —    

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     137,198        250        —    

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     108,059        263        14  

KEXIM Asia Limited

     124,126        156        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     502,542        669        14  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Associates:

        

DAESUN Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd.

     522,111        515,596        44  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

     2,518,836        370,637        1,838  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     3,040,947        886,233        1,882  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 3,543,489      W 886,902      W 1,896  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

2)

Guarantees provided to the related parties as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(December 31, 2021)

 

Detail

   Confirmed
guarantees
     Unconfirmed
guarantees
     Loan
commitments
     Other
commitments
 

Subsidiaries:

           

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W —        W —        W 232,365      W —    

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     —          —          34,380        —    

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     —          1,114        89,888        —    

KEXIM Asia Limited

     —          —          192,153        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     —          1,114        548,786        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Associates:

           

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

     2,822,425        2,379,492        1,450,000        1,665,958  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 2,822,425      W 2,380,606      W 1,998,786      W 1,665,958  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

(December 31, 2020)

 

Detail

   Confirmed
guarantees
     Unconfirmed
guarantees
     Loan
commitments
     Other
commitments
 

Subsidiaries:

           

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W —        W —        W 210,800      W —    

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     —          —          26,112        —    

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     —          4,195        107,829        —    

KEXIM Asia Limited

     —          —          132,192        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     —          4,195        476,933        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Associates:

           

DAESUN Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd.

     65,010        75,574        15,000        —    

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

     2,795,481        1,615,016        1,450,000        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     2,860,491        1,690,590        1,465,000        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 2,860,491      W 1,694,785      W 1,941,933      W —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(3)

Profit and loss transactions with related parties

Profit and loss transactions with related parties for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(2021)

 

     Revenue      Bad debt
expenses
     Expenses  

Subsidiaries:

        

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W 395      W —        W —    

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     598        17        —    

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     561        49        —    

KEXIM Asia Limited

     810        (76      —    

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

     —          —          —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     2,364        (10      —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Associates:

        

DAESUN Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd.(*1)

     6,489        (114,648      228  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

     50,092        45,260        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     56,581        (69,388      228  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 58,945      W (69,398    W 228  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

  (*1)

Profit and loss transactions before being excluded from the related parties for the years ended December 31, 2021.

(2020)

 

     Revenue      Bad debt
expenses
     Expenses  

Subsidiaries:

        

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W 1,686      W —        W 45  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     2,367        (22      1  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     1,804        11        1  

KEXIM Asia Limited

     2,005        82        1  

EXIM PLUS Co., Ltd.

     —          —          5,879  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     7,862        71        5,927  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Associates:

        

HSG SUNGDONG Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.

     —          —          —    

DAESUN Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd.

     7,012        92,185        16  

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd.

     31,604        60,595        14,458  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Subtotal

     38,616        152,780        14,474  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 46,478      W 152,851      W 20,401  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(4)

Loan transactions with related parties

Loan transactions with related parties for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

(2021)

 

     Financing transaction  

Detail

   Loan      Collection  

Subsidiaries:

     

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W 353,591      W 354,388  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     288,237        294,080  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     273,001        252,213  

KEXIM Asia Limited

     110,055        153,988  

Associates:

     

DAESUN Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd.(*1)

     84,259        506,111  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 1,109,143      W 1,560,780  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

  (*1)

Loan transactions before being excluded from the related parties for the years ended December 31, 2021.

(2020)

 

     Financing transaction  

Detail

   Loan      Collection  

Subsidiaries:

     

KEXIM Bank UK Limited

   W 366,724      W 381,663  

PT.KOEXIM Mandiri Finance

     558,838        567,054  

KEXIM Vietnam Leasing Co.

     567,377        590,328  

KEXIM Asia Limited

     415,372        451,482  

Associates:

     

HSG SUNGDONG Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.

     18,290        189,052  

DAESUN Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd.

     41,500        37,500  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W 1,968,101      W 2,217,079  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(5)

Details of compensation for key executives for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (Korean won in millions):

 

Detail

   2021      2020  

Salaries

   W 3,562      W 3,106  

Severance and retirement benefits

     404        314  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   W     3,966      W     3,420  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

38.

APPROVAL OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

The financial statements of the Bank were approved by Board of Directors on March 15, 2022 and were finally approved by the Operations Committee on March 29, 2022.

 

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THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Land and History

Territory and Population

Located generally south of the 38th parallel on the Korean peninsula, The Republic of Korea covers about 38,000 square miles, approximately one-fourth of which is arable. The Republic has a population of approximately 51 million people. The country’s largest city and capital, Seoul, has a population of about 10 million people.

Map of the Republic of Korea

 

 

LOGO

Political History

Dr. Rhee Seungman, who was elected President in each of 1948, 1952, 1956 and 1960, dominated the years after the Republic’s founding in 1948. Shortly after President Rhee’s resignation in 1960 in response to student-led demonstrations, a group of military leaders headed by Park Chung Hee assumed power by coup. The military leaders established a civilian government, and the country elected Mr. Park as President in October 1963. President Park served as President until his assassination in 1979 following a period of increasing strife between the Government and its critics. The Government declared martial law and formed an interim

 

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government under Prime Minister Choi Kyu Hah, who became the next President. After clashes between the Government and its critics, President Choi resigned, and General Chun Doo Hwan, who took control of the Korean army, became President in 1980.

In late 1980, the country approved, by national referendum, a new Constitution, providing for indirect election of the President by an electoral college and for certain democratic reforms, and shortly thereafter, in early 1981, re-elected President Chun.

Responding to public demonstrations in 1987, the legislature revised the Constitution to provide for direct election of the President. In December 1987, Roh Tae Woo won the presidency by a narrow plurality, after opposition parties led by Kim Young Sam and Kim Dae Jung failed to unite behind a single candidate. In February 1990, two opposition political parties, including the one led by Kim Young Sam, merged into President Roh’s ruling Democratic Liberal Party.

In December 1992, the country elected Kim Young Sam as President. The election of a civilian and former opposition party leader considerably lessened the controversy concerning the legitimacy of the political regime. President Kim’s administration reformed the political sector and deregulated and internationalized the Korean economy.

In December 1997, the country elected Kim Dae Jung as President. President Kim’s party, the Millennium Democratic Party (formerly known as the National Congress for New Politics), formed a coalition with the United Liberal Democrats led by Kim Jong Pil, with Kim Jong Pil becoming the first prime minister in President Kim’s administration. The coalition, which temporarily ended before the election held in April 2000, continued with the appointment of Lee Han Dong of the United Liberal Democrats as the Prime Minister in June 2000. The coalition again ended in September 2001.

In December 2002, the country elected Roh Moo Hyun as President. President Roh and his supporters left the Millennium Democratic Party in 2003 and formed a new party, the Uri Party, in November 2003. On August 15, 2007, 85 members of the National Assembly, previously belonging to the Uri Party, or the Democratic Party, formed the United New Democratic Party, or the UNDP. The Uri Party merged into the UNDP on August 20, 2007. In February 2008, the UNDP merged back into the Democratic Party. In December 2011, the Democratic Party merged with the Citizens Unity Party to form the Democratic United Party, which changed its name to the Democratic Party in May 2013.

In December 2007, the country elected Lee Myung-Bak as President. He commenced his term on February 25, 2008. In April 2018, the Korean prosecutor’s office indicted former President Lee on 16 counts of corruption, including bribery, abuse of power, embezzlement and other irregularities. In October 2018, a Seoul district court sentenced him to 15 years of prison term, which decision he subsequently appealed. In October 2020, the Supreme Court ruled against such appeal and sentenced him to 17 years of prison term, which he is currently serving.

In December 2012, the country elected Park Geun-hye as President. She commenced her term on February 25, 2013. In March 2017, the Constitutional Court unanimously upheld a parliamentary vote to impeach President Park, triggering her immediate dismissal, for a number of constitutional and criminal violations, including violation of the Constitution and abuse of power by allowing her confidant to exert influence on state affairs and allowing senior presidential aides to aid in her extortion from companies. After a series of trials, former President Park was sentenced to a combined 22 years of prison term and a fine of W21.5 billion. In light of her deteriorating health, however, former President Park was granted a special pardon by President Moon, her successor, and was released from prison on December 31, 2021.

A special election to elect a successor to former President Park was held on May 9, 2017 and the country elected Moon Jae-in as President. His term, which commenced on May 10, 2017, ended on May 9, 2022.

 

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In March 2022, the country elected Yoon Suk-yeol as President. His term commenced on May 10, 2022. The Yoon administration’s key policy objectives include, among others, the following:

 

   

mitigating the adverse effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on the Korean economy, including through the provision of relief packages in support of small businesses and the self-employed;

 

   

stabilizing the housing market by increasing the supply of new homes and reforming property-related tax regulations;

 

   

pursuing economic prosperity by promoting private sector growth and supporting the semiconductor, artificial intelligence, battery and other strategic industries;

 

   

pursuing the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, enhancing Korea’s core military capabilities and improving foreign relations and national security;

 

   

pursuing enhanced environmental, social and corporate governance management, including through efforts to achieve carbon neutrality by reversing the previous administration’s nuclear-phase out policy and combining renewable energy with nuclear power generation; and

 

   

pursuing an efficient management of the government through various measures, including the establishment of a digital platform and the relocation of presidential offices.

Government and Politics

Government and Administrative Structure

Governmental authority in the Republic is centralized and concentrated in a strong presidency. The President is elected by popular vote and can only serve one term of five years. The President chairs the State Council, which consists of the President, the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers, the respective heads of Government ministries and the ministers of state. The President can select the members of the State Council and appoint or remove all other Government officials, except for elected local officials.

The President can veto new legislation and take emergency measures in cases of natural disaster, serious fiscal or economic crisis, state of war or other similar circumstances. The President must promptly seek the concurrence of the National Assembly for any emergency measures taken and failing to do so automatically invalidates the emergency measures. In the case of martial law, the President may declare martial law without the consent of the National Assembly; provided, however, that the National Assembly may request the President to rescind such martial law.

The National Assembly exercises the country’s legislative power. The Constitution and the Election for Public Offices Act provide for the direct election of about 84% of the members of the National Assembly and the distribution of the remaining seats proportionately among parties winning more than five seats in the direct election or receiving over 3% of the popular vote. National Assembly members serve four-year terms. The National Assembly enacts laws, ratifies treaties and approves the national budget. The executive branch drafts most legislation and submits it to the National Assembly for approval.

The country’s judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court and lower courts of various levels. The President appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and appoints the other Justices of the Supreme Court upon the recommendation of the Chief Justice. All appointments to the Supreme Court require the consent of the National Assembly. The Chief Justice, with the consent of the conference of Supreme Court Justices, appoints all the other judges in Korea. Supreme Court Justices serve for six years and all other judges serve for ten years. Other than the Chief Justice, justices and judges may be reappointed to successive terms.

The President formally appoints all nine judges of the Constitutional Court, but three judges must be designated by the National Assembly and three by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Constitutional Court judges serve for six years and may be reappointed to successive terms.

 

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Administratively, the Republic comprises eight provinces, one special autonomous province (Jeju), one special city (Seoul), six metropolitan cities (Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon and Ulsan) and one special autonomous city (Sejong). From 1961 to 1995, the national government controlled the provinces and the President appointed provincial officials. Local autonomy, including the election of provincial officials, was reintroduced in June 1995.

Political Parties

The 21st legislative general election was held on April 15, 2020 and the term of the National Assembly members elected in the 21st legislative general election commenced on May 30, 2020. Currently, there are three major political parties: The Democratic Party of Korea, or the DPK, the People Power Party, or the PPP, and the Justice Party, or the JP.

As of June 28, 2022, the parties control the following number of seats in the National Assembly:

 

     DPK      PPP      JP      Others      Total  

Number of seats

     170        115        6        8        299  

Relations with North Korea

Relations between the Republic and North Korea have been tense over most of the Republic’s history. The Korean War began with the invasion of the Republic by communist forces from the north in 1950, which was repelled by the Republic and the United Nations forces led by the United States. Following a military stalemate, an armistice was reached establishing a demilitarized zone monitored by the United Nations in the vicinity of the 38th parallel in 1953.

North Korea maintains a military force estimated at more than a million regular troops, mostly concentrated near the northern side of the demilitarized zone, and approximately 7.6 million reserves. The Republic’s military forces, composed of approximately 555,000 regular troops and 3.1 million reserves, maintain a state of military preparedness along the southern side of the demilitarized zone. In addition, the United States has maintained its military presence in the Republic since the signing of the armistice and currently has approximately 28,500 troops stationed in the Republic. The Republic and the United States share a joint command structure over their military forces in Korea. In October 2014, the United States and the Republic agreed to implement a conditions-based approach to the dissolution of their joint command structure at an appropriate future date, which would allow the Republic to assume the command of its own armed forces in the event of war on the Korean peninsula. Over the years, the Republic and the United States have entered into a series of Special Measures Agreements, or SMAs, which cover the Republic’s contribution to the cost of maintaining the U.S. military presence in the Republic. In March 2021, the Republic and the United States reached an agreement to enter into a new six-year SMA, under which the Republic would increase its share of the cost of the American military presence in the Republic, which became effective in September 2021 upon ratification by the National Assembly.

The level of tension between the two Koreas has fluctuated and may increase abruptly as a result of current and future events. In particular, since the death of Kim Jong-il in December 2011, there has been increased uncertainty with respect to the future of North Korea’s political leadership and concern regarding its implications for political and economic stability in the region. Kim Jong-il’s third son, Kim Jong-eun, has assumed power as his father’s designated successor.

In addition, there have been heightened security concerns in recent years stemming from North Korea’s nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs as well as its hostile military and other actions against Korea. Some of the significant incidents in recent years include the following:

 

   

From time to time, North Korea has conducted ballistic missile tests. In February 2016, North Korea launched a long-range rocket in violation of its agreement with the United States as well as United

 

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Nations sanctions barring it from conducting launches that use ballistic missile technology. Despite international condemnation, North Korea released a statement that it intends to continue its rocket launch program and it conducted a series of ballistic missile tests in 2016 and 2017. In response, the United Nations Security Council issued unanimous statements condemning North Korea and agreeing to continue to closely monitor the situation and to take further significant measures, and in December 2017, unanimously passed a resolution extending existing sanctions that were imposed on North Korea.

 

   

North Korea renounced its obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in January 2003 and conducted three rounds of nuclear tests between October 2006 and February 2013. In January 2016, North Korea conducted a fourth nuclear test, claiming that the test involved its first hydrogen bomb. In September 2016, North Korea conducted a fifth nuclear test, claiming to have successfully detonated a nuclear warhead that could be mounted on ballistic missiles. In September 2017, North Korea announced that it successfully conducted its sixth nuclear test by detonating a hydrogen bomb designed to be mounted on an intercontinental ballistic missile, which resulted in increased tensions in the region and elicited strong objections worldwide. In response to such tests (as well as North Korea’s long-range ballistic missile program), the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed several rounds of resolutions condemning North Korea’s actions and significantly expanding the scope of the sanctions applicable to North Korea, while the United States and the European Union also imposed additional sanctions on North Korea.

 

   

In August 2015, two Korean soldiers were injured in a landmine explosion near the Korean demilitarized zone. Claiming the landmines were set by North Koreans, the Korean army re-initiated its propaganda program toward North Korea utilizing loudspeakers near the demilitarized zone. In retaliation, the North Korean army fired artillery rounds on the loudspeakers, resulting in the highest level of military readiness for both Koreas.

 

   

In March 2010, a Korean naval vessel was destroyed by an underwater explosion, killing many of the crewmen on board. The Government formally accused North Korea of causing the sinking, while North Korea denied responsibility. Moreover, in November 2010, North Korea fired more than one hundred artillery shells that hit Korea’s Yeonpyeong Island near the Northern Limit Line, which acts as the de facto maritime boundary between Korea and North Korea on the west coast of the Korean peninsula, causing casualties and significant property damage. The Government condemned North Korea for the attack and vowed stern retaliation should there be further provocation.

North Korea’s economy also faces severe challenges, which may further aggravate social and political pressures within North Korea. Although bilateral summit meetings were held between Korea and North Korea in April and May 2018 and between the United States and North Korea in June 2018, February 2019 and June 2019, there can be no assurance that the level of tension on the Korean peninsula will not escalate in the future or that such escalation will not have a material adverse impact on the Republic’s economy and us. Any further increase in tension, which may occur, for example, if North Korea experiences a leadership crisis, high-level contacts between the Republic and North Korea break down or further military hostilities occur, could have a material adverse effect on the Republic’s economy and us. Over the longer term, reunification of the two Koreas could occur. Reunification may entail a significant economic commitment by the Republic.

Foreign Relations and International Organizations

The Republic maintains diplomatic relations with most nations of the world, most importantly with the United States with which it entered into a mutual defense treaty and several economic agreements. The Republic also has important relationships with Japan and China, its largest trading partners together with the United States.

The Republic belongs to a number of supranational organizations, including:

 

   

United Nations;

 

   

the International Monetary Fund, or the IMF;

 

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the World Bank;

 

   

the Asian Development Bank, or the ADB;

 

   

the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency;

 

   

the International Finance Corporation;

 

   

the International Development Association;

 

   

the African Development Bank;

 

   

the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development;

 

   

the Bank for International Settlements;

 

   

the World Health Organization, or the WHO;

 

   

the World Trade Organization, or the WTO;

 

   

the International Atomic Energy Agency, or the IAEA;

 

   

the Inter-American Development Bank, or the IDB;

 

   

the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or the OECD; and

 

   

the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.

The Economy

The following table sets forth information regarding certain of the Republic’s key economic indicators for the periods indicated.

 

     As of or for the year ended December 31,  
     2017     2018     2019     2020     2021  
     (billions of dollars and trillions of Won, except percentages)  

GDP Growth (at current prices)

     5.5 %       3.1 %       1.3     0.7     6.4 %(7) 

GDP Growth (at chained 2015 year prices)

     3.2     2.7 %       2.3     (0.7 )%      4.0 %(7) 

Inflation(1)

     1.9     1.5     0.4     0.5     2.5

Unemployment(2)

     3.7     3.8     3.8     4.0     3.7

Trade Surplus(3)

   $ 95.2     $ 69.7     $ 38.9     $ 44.9     $ 29.4  

Foreign Currency Reserves

   $ 389.3     $ 403.7     $ 408.8     $ 443.1     $ 463.1  

External Liabilities(4)

   $ 412.0     $ 441.2     $ 470.7     $ 544.9     $ 628.5 (7) 

Fiscal Balance

   W 24.0     W 31.2     W (12.0   W (71.2   W (30.4 )(7) 

Direct Internal Debt of the Government(5) (as % of GDP(6))

     35.2 %       35.6 %       37.4     44.2     49.2 %(7) 

Direct External Debt of the Government(5) (as % of GDP(6))

     0.4 %       0.4 %       0.4     0.5     0.6 %(7) 

 

(1)

Measured by the year-on-year change in the consumer price index with base year 2020, as announced by the Bank of Korea.

(2)

Average for year.

(3)

Derived from customs clearance statistics on a C.I.F. basis, meaning that the price of goods includes insurance and freight cost.

(4)

Calculated under the criteria based on the sixth edition of the Balance of Payment Manual published by the International Monetary Fund in December 2010.

(5)

Does not include guarantees by the Government. See “—Debt—External and Internal Debt of the Government—Guarantees by the Government” for information on outstanding guarantees by the Government.

(6)

At chained 2015 year prices.

(7)

Preliminary.

Source: The Bank of Korea

 

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Worldwide Economic and Financial Difficulties

In recent years, the global financial markets have experienced significant volatility as a result of, among other things:

 

   

the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by a new strain of coronavirus, as further described below;

 

   

hostilities, political or social tensions involving Russia (including the invasion of Ukraine by Russia and ensuing actions that the United States and other countries have taken or may take in the future, such as the imposition of sanctions against Russia) and the resulting adverse effects on the global supply of oil and other natural resources and the global financial markets;

 

   

rising inflationary pressures leading to increases in the costs of goods and services and a decrease in purchasing power;

 

   

interest rate fluctuations as well as perceived or actual changes in policy rates by, or other monetary and fiscal policies set forth by, the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks;

 

   

disruptions in the global supply chain for raw materials, natural resources, consumer goods, rare earth minerals, component parts and other supplies, including as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, government policies and labor shortages;

 

   

a deterioration in economic and trade relations between the United States and its major trading partners, including China;

 

   

increased uncertainties resulting from the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union;

 

   

financial and social difficulties affecting many governments worldwide, in particular in Latin America and Europe;

 

   

escalations in trade protectionism globally and geopolitical tensions in East Asia and the Middle East;

 

   

the slowdown of economic growth in China and other major emerging market economies;

 

   

political and social instability in various countries in the Middle East, including Iraq, Syria and Yemen; and

 

   

fluctuations in oil and commodity prices.

COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has spread globally and was declared a “pandemic” by the WHO in March 2020. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant global economic and financial disruptions, including an adverse impact on international trade and business activities. Although there have been mixed signs of recovery in the global economy resulting from the availability of COVID-19 vaccinations and gradual normalization of business activities, the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact the global economy will depend on future developments, including the scope and duration of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic as well as the timeliness and effectiveness of actions taken by governmental authorities, central banks, healthcare providers and other third parties around the world in order to contain and mitigate the effects of COVID-19. The possibility of a global recession in major markets due to the impact of COVID-19, including discrepancies in vaccine rollout rates, continued decline in consumer confidence and weakened demand for face-to-face services, could cause significant volatility in the global economic and financial systems.

There has been significant volatility in global financial markets since the global outbreak of COVID-19, and more recently due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and ensuing sanctions against Russia. See “—The Financial System—Securities Markets”. Declines in the index and large amounts of sales of Korean securities by foreign investors and subsequent repatriation of the proceeds of such sales may adversely affect the value of the Won, the foreign currency reserves held by financial institutions in Korea, and the ability of Korean companies and banks to raise capital. Moreover, the value of the Won relative to major foreign currencies in general and the

 

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U.S. dollar in particular has fluctuated widely. A depreciation of the Won generally increases the cost of imported goods and services and the required amount of the Won revenue for Korean companies to service foreign currency-denominated debt.

In light of the high level of interdependence of the global economy, any of the foregoing developments could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and financial markets. In addition, in the event of difficult conditions in the global credit markets or a deterioration of the global economy in the future, the Korean economy could be adversely affected and Korean banks may be forced to fund their operations at a higher cost or may be unable to raise as much funding as they need to support their lending and other activities.

In addition to the global developments, domestic developments that could lead to or contribute to a material adverse effect on the Korean economy include, among other things, the following:

 

   

a slowdown in consumer spending and depressed consumer sentiment due to the outbreak of infectious diseases, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic discussed above, and national tragedies, such as the sinking of the Sewol passenger ferry in April 2014, which led to the death of hundreds of passengers;

 

   

increasing delinquencies and credit defaults by consumer and small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers, which may occur due to, among others, the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic;

 

   

steadily rising household debt consisting of housing loans and merchandise credit, which increased to approximately Won 1,862.1 trillion as of December 31, 2021 from Won 843.2 trillion as of December 31, 2010, primarily due to increases in mortgage loans and purchases with credit cards;

 

   

deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between Korea and other countries resulting from territorial or trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy;

 

   

a substantial increase in the Government’s expenditures for (i) fiscal stimulus measures to provide emergency relief payments to households and emergency loans to corporations in need of funding due to the COVID-19 pandemic and (ii) pension and social welfare programs, due in part to an aging population (defined as the population of people aged 65 years or older) that accounted for approximately 16.5% of the Republic’s total population as of December 31, 2021, an increase from 7.2% as of December 31, 2000, and is expected to surpass 20.3% in 2025 that, together, would lead to the Government’s budget deficit;

 

   

decreases in the market prices of Korean real estate; and

 

   

the occurrence of severe health epidemics that affect the livestock industry.

The first confirmed case of the COVID-19 disease in Korea was announced in January 2020 and the subsequent spread of the disease has since resulted in more than 18.3 million confirmed cases and more than 24,500 fatalities related to COVID-19 reported in Korea as of June 28, 2022. In response, the Government implemented a number of measures in order to contain the spread of the COVID-19 disease, including, among others, a nationwide order for social distancing, implementation of strict self-isolation and quarantine measures for those who may be infected, or have a higher chance of being infected, and the closure of public facilities until the possibility of further contamination has subsided sufficiently. In addition, the Government implemented the following measures, among others, in order to alleviate the adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Korean economy and stabilize the financial markets:

 

   

lowering of The Bank of Korea’s policy rate from 1.25% to 0.75% in March 2020 and subsequently to 0.5% in May 2020 (which has subsequently been raised to 0.75% in August 2021, 1.00% in November 2021, 1.25% in January 2022, 1.50% in April 2022 and 1.75% in May 2022) (See “—Monetary Policy—Interest Rates”);

 

   

execution of a bilateral currency swap agreement with the U.S. Federal Reserve for the provision of US$60 billion in exchange for the Republic’s Won-denominated treasury bonds in March 2020, which agreement expired in December 2021 after three renewals throughout 2020 and 2021;

 

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execution of a number of supplementary budgets for spending on various measures to mitigate the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Korean economy, including (i) injection of cash into corporate and financial markets in the form of loans, guarantees and maturity extensions to eligible banks and financial institutions, small- and medium business enterprises, small merchants and self-employed business owners facing liquidity crises, and (ii) offer of emergency relief payments and expansion of social security contribution reliefs for those impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, including underserved communities and the unemployed. See “—Government Finance”.

As part of its efforts to prepare for the post-COVID-19 era, the Government officially announced its plans to pursue a “Korean New Deal” in July 2020. Under such initiative, the Government aims to expedite the Republic’s recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and pursue a digital and green transformation of the Korean economy and to strengthen employment and social safety nets through a total investment of W160 trillion and the creation of 1.9 million new jobs by 2025. In order to contain further spread of COVID-19 and to prevent the outbreak of similar epidemics in the future, the Government has continued to cooperate actively with regional and international efforts to develop and implement various measures to combat such outbreaks.

In February 2021, the Government began its COVID-19 vaccination campaign, and as of June 28, 2022, more than 86% of the Korean population was fully vaccinated. The Government’s plans to have the country return to life as normal was put on hold in recent months in light of the emergence of the new Omicron variant of COVID-19 beginning in December 2021 that spiraled further after mid-February 2022, followed by an exponential surge in the number of new daily cases of COVID-19 infections, peaking at more than 600,000 cases per day in March 2022. Subsequently, the number of confirmed cases began to decline substantially, and in April 2022, the Government announced that it would lift most of its pandemic-related restrictions, including the lifting of limits on private gatherings and extending restaurant hours, while keeping the indoor mask mandate.

While there are signs of recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, the outlook for the Republic’s economy and its financial services sector in 2022 and for the foreseeable future remains uncertain due to the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Korean and global economies and financial markets, as well as factors such as fluctuations in oil and commodity prices, interest rates and exchange rates, rising inflationary pressures, higher unemployment, lower consumer confidence, stock market volatility, changes in fiscal and monetary policies, the ongoing military conflict involving Russia and Ukraine, and continued tensions with North Korea.

Gross Domestic Product

GDP measures the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country for a given period and reveals whether a country’s productive output rises or falls over time. Economists present GDP in both current market prices and “real” or “inflation-adjusted” terms. In March 2009, the Republic adopted a method known as the “chain-linked” measure of GDP, replacing the previous fixed-base, or “constant” measure of GDP, to show the real growth of the aggregate economic activity, as recommended by the System of National Accounts 1993. GDP at current market prices values a country’s output using the actual prices of each year, whereas the “chain-linked” measure of GDP is compiled by using “chained indices” linking volume growth between consecutive time periods. In March 2014, the Republic published a revised GDP calculation method by implementing the System of National Accounts 2008 and updating the reference year from 2005 to 2010 to align Korean national accounts statistics with the recommendations of the new international standards for compiling national economic accounts and to maintain comparability with other nations’ accounts. The main components of these revisions include, among other things, (i) recognizing expenditures for research and development and creative activity for the products of entertainment, literary and artistic originals as fixed investment, (ii) incorporating a wide array of new and revised source data such as the economic census, the population and housing census and 2010 benchmark input-output tables, which provide thorough and detailed information on the structure of the Korean economy, (iii) developing supply-use tables, which provide a statistical tool for ensuring consistency among the production, expenditure and income approaches to measuring GDP and (iv) recording merchandise trade transactions based on ownership changes rather than movements of goods across the national

 

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border. The Republic has updated the reference year from 2010 to 2015 in July 2019 to better align Korean national accounts statistics with the recommendations of the previously implemented System of National Accounts 2008 and to maintain comparability with other countries’ accounts.

The following table sets out the composition of the Republic’s GDP at current market and chained 2015 year prices and the annual average increase in the Republic’s GDP.

Gross Domestic Product

 

    2017     2018     2019     2020     2021(1)     As % of GDP
2021(1)
 
    (billions of Won)  

Gross Domestic Product at Current Market Prices:

           

Private

    872,791.4       908,273.7       931,669.5       897,449.2       952,529.9       46.3  

Government

    283,045.8       305,513.0       329,295.5       349,122.5       374,682.7       18.2  

Gross Capital Formation

    592,711.4       592,858.4       601,581.4       615,921.9       654,616.9       31.8  

Exports of Goods and Services

    751,428.5       788,279.0       766,602.0       704,554.0       858,424.8       41.7  

Less Imports of Goods and Services

    (664,278.8     (701,150.7     (710,990.2     (633,487.5     (782,697.7     (38.0

Statistical Discrepancy

    0.0       (276.4     881.5       (407.7     (108.8     0.0  

Expenditures on Gross Domestic Product

    1,835,698.2       1,893,497.0       1,919,039.9       1,933,152.4       2,057,447.8       100.0  

Net Factor Income from the Rest of the World

    7,482.6       4,955.7       16,675.3       14,868.3       25,128.7       1.2  

Gross National Income(2)

    1,843,180.9       1,898,452.7       1,935,715.2       1,948,020.7       2,082,576.5       101.2  

Gross Domestic Product at Chained 2015 Year Prices:

           

Private

    848,589.3       872,304.4       890,167.7       849,072.1       879,770.0       46.0  

Government

    271,428.7       286,644.8       304,760.3       319,321.3       336,971.2       17.6  

Gross Capital Formation

    576,996.7       566,376.1       555,494.6       561,440.4       569,644.5       29.8  

Exports of Goods and Services

    747,783.5       773,752.6       790,874.0       765,015.6       840,601.8       44.0  

Less Imports of Goods and Services

    (686,089.2     (691,374.1     (693,412.8     (661,725.2     (718,301.5     (37.6

Statistical Discrepancy

    (1,130.3     (2,511.7     (1,429.8     199.6       1,686.4       0.1  

Expenditures on Gross Domestic Product(3)

    1,760,811.5       1,807,735.9       1,848,958.5       1,836,881.1       1,910,745.0       100.0  

Net Factor Income from the Rest of the World in the Terms of Trade

    7,084.6       4,519.5       15,335.4       13,772.4       22,679.4       1.2  

Trading Gains and Losses from Changes in the Terms of Trade

    25,915.5       3,272.8       (40,224.9     (26,407.1     (46,122.6     (2.4

Gross National Income(4)

    1,793,818.4       1,815,558.4       1,824,136.5       1,824,242.5       1,887,369.0       98.8  

Percentage Increase (Decrease) of GDP over Previous Year:

           

At Current Prices

    5.5       3.1       1.3       0.7       6.4    

At Chained 2015 Year Prices

    3.2       2.7       2.3       (0.7     4.0    

 

(1)

Preliminary.

(2)

GDP plus net factor income from the rest of the world is equal to the Republic’s gross national income.

(3)

Under the “chain-linked” measure of GDP, the components of GDP will not necessarily add up to the total GDP.

(4)

Under the “chain-linked” measure of Gross National Income, the components of Gross National Income will not necessarily add up to the total Gross National Income.

Source: The Bank of Korea

 

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The following table sets out the Republic’s GDP by economic sector at current market prices:

Gross Domestic Product by Economic Sector

(at current market prices)

 

    2017     2018     2019     2020     2021(1)     As % of GDP
2021(1)
 
    (billions of Won)  

Industrial Sectors:

    672,178.8       680,553.1       661,196.9       665,292.9       706,020.9       34.3  

Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing

    33,974.3       34,528.9       31,134.9       35,421.0       37,827.3       1.8  

Manufacturing, Mining and Quarrying

    496,993.7       506,854.7       487,889.2       481,573.6       524,339.4       25.5  

Mining and Quarrying

    2,348.8       2,247.7       1,943.6       1,945.1       2,008.2       0.1  

Manufacturing

    494,644.9       504,607.0       485,945.6       479,628.5       522,331.2       25.4  

Electricity, Gas and Water Supply

    40,014.2       36,813.2       36,580.7       43,118.7       37,934.2       1.8  

Construction

    101,196.6       102,356.3       105,592.1       105,179.6       105,920.0       5.1  

Services:

    1,006,839.9       1,049,864.7       1,095,424.2       1,104,240.8       1,178,235.4       57.3  

Wholesale and Retail Trade, Accommodation and Food Services

    175,124.9       180,661.0       180,358.0       172,245.3       180,741.4       8.8  

Transportation and Storage

    58,283.7       57,088.1       59,949.6       56,077.8       67,546.2       3.3  

Finance and Insurance

    96,983.7       104,336.2       104,718.6       110,441.3       122,654.6       6.0  

Real Estate

    133,152.6       135,890.3       142,735.8       145,464.2       146,657.5       7.1  

Information and Communication

    76,712.2       79,242.9       82,602.9       87,500.1       97,715.8       4.7  

Business Activities

    154,495.4       161,832.1       175,225.1       179,476.6       190,842.6       9.3  

Public Administration, Defense and Social Security

    107,325.6       115,086.1       122,162.4       128,647.1       135,669.1       6.6  

Education

    87,880.4       90,933.2       93,717.9       92,681.0       98,113.1       4.8  

Human Health and Social Work

    74,706.8       80,937.0       88,588.1       93,245.6       98,383.3       4.8  

Cultural and Other Services

    42,174.6       43,857.8       45,365.8       38,461.8       39,911.8       1.9  

Taxes Less Subsidies on Products

    156,679.6       163,079.3       162,418.6       163,618.9       173,191.5       8.4  

Gross Domestic Product at Current Market Prices

    1,835,698.2       1,893,497.0       1,919,039.9       1,933,152.4       2,057,447.8       100.0  

Net Factor Income from the Rest of the World

    7,482.6       4,955.7       16,675.3       14,868.3       25,128.7       1.2  

Gross National Income at Current
Market Price

    1,843,180.9       1,898,452.7       1,935,715.1       1,948,020.7       2,082,576.5       101.2  

 

(1)

Preliminary.

Source: The Bank of Korea

The following table sets out the Republic’s GDP per capita:

Gross Domestic Product per capita

(at current market prices)

 

     2017      2018      2019      2020      2021(1)  

GDP per capita (thousands of Won)

     35,740        36,782        37,218        37,334        39,761  

GDP per capita (U.S. dollar)

     31,605        33,429        31,929        31,637        34,744  

Average Exchange Rate (in Won per U.S. dollar)

     1,130.8        1,100.3        1,165.7        1,180.1        1,144.4  

 

(1)

Preliminary.

Source: The Bank of Korea

 

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The following table sets out the Republic’s Gross National Income, or GNI, per capita:

Gross National Income per capita

(at current market prices)

 

     2017      2018      2019      2020      2021(1)  

GNI per capita (thousands of Won)

     35,886        36,930        37,539        37,621        40,247  

GNI per capita (U.S. dollar)

     31,734        33,564        32,204        31,881        35,168  

Average Exchange Rate (in Won per U.S. dollar)

     1,130.8        1,100.3        1,165.7        1,180.1        1,144.4  

 

(1)

Preliminary.

Source: The Bank of Korea

The following table sets out the Republic’s GDP by economic sector:

Gross Domestic Product by Economic Sector

(at chained 2015 year prices)

 

    2017     2018     2019     2020     2021(1)     As % of GDP
2021(1)
 
    (billions of Won)  

Industrial Sectors:

    640,516.9       654,072.8       658,741.5       653,510.5       686,758.2       35.9  

Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing

    32,059.8       32,540.4       32,859.2       32,054.3       32,931.8       1.7  

Manufacturing, Mining and Quarrying

    470,274.80       485,854.0       491,476.4       486,556.9       518,476.5       27.1  

Mining and Quarrying

    2,204.5       2,030.9       1,863.6       1,908.1       2,005.4       0.1  

Manufacturing

    468,070.3       483,823.1       489,612.8       484,648.8       516,471.1       27.0  

Electricity, Gas and Water Supply

    43,813.8       45,116.2       44,921.8       46,810.9       49,102.3       2.6  

Construction

    94,368.5       90,562.2       89,484.1       88,088.4       86,247.6       4.5  

Services:

    973,106.40       1,003,834.7       1,039,879.8       1,033,780.7       1,072,521.4       56.1  

Wholesale and Retail Trade, Accommodation and Food Services

    167,746.5       171,599.5       174,419.9       168,483.3       174,084.3       9.1  

Transportation and Storage

    60,289.1       61,888.5       62,746.9       53,954.4       56,762.3       3.0  

Finance and Insurance

    93,709.2       98,999.7       103,386.2       111,653.9       118,422.9       6.2  

Real Estate

    129,307.2       132,057.6       136,593.8       137,650.2       138,306.8       7.2  

Information and Communication

    75,814.3       78,941.7       82,473.3       85,520.8       90,643.7       4.7  

Business Activities

    147,949.8       150,522.3       157,790.8       156,898.3       161,333.0       8.4  

Public Administration, Defense and Social Security

    100,722.8       104,100.3       108,219.5       112,395.7       116,698.8       6.1  

Education

    84,806.1       86,440.9       87,493.6       85,465.3       89,481.3       4.7  

Human Health and Social Work

    72,330.1       78,160.0       85,046.7       87,053.5       91,231.0       4.8  

Cultural and Other Services

    40,495.8       41,218.1       41,709.1       34,705.3       35,557.3       1.9  

Taxes Less Subsidies on Products

    147,105.4       149,966.5       150,812.7       150,084.3       153,948.7       8.1  

Gross Domestic Product(2)

    1,760,811.5       1,807,735.9       1,848,958.5       1,836,881.1       1,910,745.0       100.0  

 

(1)

Preliminary.

(2)

Under the “chain-linked” measure of GDP, the components of GDP will not necessarily add up to the total GDP.

Source: The Bank of Korea

GDP growth in 2017 was 3.2% at chained 2015 year prices, as aggregate private and general government consumption expenditures increased by 3.1%, gross domestic fixed capital formation increased by 9.8% and exports of goods and services increased by 2.5%, which more than offset an increase in imports of goods and services by 8.9%, each compared with 2016.

GDP growth in 2018 was 2.7% at chained 2015 year prices, as aggregate private and general government consumption expenditures increased by 3.5% and exports of goods and services increased by 3.5%, which more

 

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than offset a decrease in gross domestic fixed capital formation by 2.4% and an increase in imports of goods and services by 0.8%, each compared with 2017.

GDP growth in 2019 was 2.3% at chained 2015 year prices, as aggregate private and general government consumption expenditures increased by 3.1%, exports of goods and services increased by 2.2% and imports of goods and services decreased by 0.3%, which more than offset a decrease in gross domestic fixed capital formation by 2.9%, each compared with 2018.

GDP in 2020 contracted by 0.7% at chained 2015 year prices, primarily due to a 4.6% decrease in private consumption expenditures and a 3.3% decrease in exports of goods and services, which were offset in part by a 4.8% increase in general government consumption expenditures, a 2.6% increase in gross domestic fixed capital formation and a 3.3% decrease in imports of goods and services, each compared with 2019. The contraction of the Republic’s GDP in 2020 was primarily due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Based on preliminary data, GDP growth in 2021 was 4.0% at chained 2015 year prices, as exports of goods and services increased by 9.9%, aggregate private and general government consumption expenditures increased by 4.2% and gross domestic fixed capital formation increased by 2.6%, which more than offset an increase in imports of goods and services by 8.5%, each compared with 2020.

Based on preliminary data, GDP growth in the first quarter of 2022 was 3.1% at chained 2015 year prices, primarily due to an increase in exports of goods and services by 9.0% and an increase in aggregate private and general government consumption expenditures by 5.1%, which more than offset an increase in imports of goods and services by 7.9% and a decrease in gross fixed capital formation by 3.2%, each compared with the corresponding period of 2021.

The Republic’s GDP may be adversely affected in 2022 if adverse effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic are prolonged.

 

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Principal Sectors of the Economy

Industrial Sectors

The following table sets out production indices for the principal industrial products of the Republic and their relative contribution to total industrial production:

Industrial Production

(2015 = 100)

 

    Index
Weight(1)
    2017     2018     2019     2020     2021(2)  

Industries

    10,000.0       104.8       106.3       106.7       106.3       114.3  

Mining and Manufacturing

    9,521.5       104.6       106.1       106.5       106.2       114.4  

Mining

    32.0       100.2       89.5       85.4       84.1       81.4  

Manufacturing

    9,489.5       104.7       106.1       106.6       106.3       114.5  

Food Products

    585.7       102.9       104.1       108.0       109.4       110.9  

Beverage Products

    141.0       105.7       105.4       103.8       100.3       99.4  

Tobacco Products

    67.7       122.7       111.1       121.1       126.5       122.3  

Textiles

    129.8       95.2       88.7       83.5       74.7       78.9  

Wearing Apparel, Clothing Accessories and Fur Articles

    93.2       95.9       93.6       87.4       70.1       73.0  

Tanning and Dressing of Leather, Luggage and Footwear

    24.2       82.0       82.8       71.5       49.4       48.6  

Wood and Products of Wood and Cork (Except Furniture)

    36.6       103.7       95.3       87.0       85.5       86.1  

Pulp, Paper and Paper Products

    161.8       97.5       97.0       95.6       93.7       96.9  

Printing and Reproduction of Recorded Media

    54.0       102.0       100.4       95.3       95.4       96.0  

Coke, hard-coal and lignite fuel briquettes and Refined Petroleum Products

    139.0       114.8       117.0       115.0       107.8       109.1  

Chemicals and Chemical Products

    845.3       109.1       111.6       110.1       106.8       114.7  

Pharmaceuticals, Medicinal Chemicals and Botanical
Products

    305.5       118.5       128.1       131.6       142.8       148.6  

Rubber and Plastic Products

    497.3       99.9       95.1       93.3       87.5       90.8  

Non-metallic Minerals

    246.5       111.2       107.2       104.3       96.7       100.1  

Basic Metals

    594.9       102.9       100.1       97.8       91.7       97.0  

Fabricated Metal Products

    550.4       96.6       88.9       87.5       80.3       75.8  

Electronic Components, Computer, Radio, Television and Communication Equipment and Apparatuses

    1,963.8       112.6       125.9       132.0       147.7       177.7  

Medical, Precision and Optical Instruments, Watches and Clocks

    368.6       119.5       136.1       121.1       125.8       149.0  

Electrical Equipment

    517.6       106.6       106.5       109.6       108.7       115.1  

Other Machinery and Equipment

    843.8       115.4       111.8       105.2       109.0       120.8  

Motor Vehicles, Trailers and Semitrailers

    927.2       95.1       93.9       93.4       84.1       88.2  

Other Transport Equipment

    285.4       68.0       61.6       72.3       70.1       61.3  

Furniture

    63.2       109.5       101.9       99.9       106.8       110.7  

Other Products

    47.0       108.2       102.7       108.0       101.7       103.7  

Electricity, Gas

    478.5       106.3       110.3       108.6       106.6       111.5  

Total Index

    10,000.0       104.8       106.3       106.7       106.3       114.3  

 

(1)

Index weights were established on the basis of an industrial census in 2015 and reflect the average annual value added by production in each of the classifications shown, expressed as a percentage of total value added in the mining, manufacturing and electricity and gas industries in that year.

(2)

Preliminary.

Source: The Bank of Korea; Korea National Statistical Office

 

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Industrial production increased by 2.5% in 2017, primarily due to increased domestic consumption and exports. Industrial production increased by 1.4% in 2018, primarily due to increased domestic consumption and exports. Industrial production increased by 0.4% in 2019, primarily due to increased domestic consumption. Industrial production decreased by 0.4% in 2020, primarily due to decreased domestic consumption and exports resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on preliminary data, industrial production increased by 7.5% in 2021, primarily due to increased exports and domestic consumption.

Manufacturing

The manufacturing sector increased production by 2.3% in 2017, primarily due to increased demand for consumer electronics products, electronic components (including semiconductors), communication equipment and chemical products, which more than offset decreased demand for motor vehicles, trailers and semitrailers. The manufacturing sector increased production by 1.3% in 2018, primarily due to increased demand for consumer electronics products and electronic components (including semiconductors). The manufacturing sector increased production by 0.5% in 2019, primarily due to increased demand for consumer electronics products and electronic components (including semiconductors). The manufacturing sector decreased production by 0.3% in 2020, primarily due to decreased demand for automobiles. Based on preliminary data, the manufacturing sector increased production by 7.7% in 2021, primarily due to increased demand for consumer electronics products, electronic components (including semiconductors) and machinery.

Automobiles. In 2017, automobile production decreased by 2.7%, domestic sales volume recorded a decrease of 2.5% and exports sales volume recorded a decrease of 3.5%, compared with 2016, primarily due to decreased domestic production of automobiles resulting mainly from partial strikes by unionized workers of automobile manufacturers, increased overseas production and decreased exports to the United States and China. In 2018, automobile production decreased by 2.1%, domestic sales volume recorded a decrease of 0.5% and exports sales volume recorded a decrease of 3.2%, compared with 2017, primarily due to decreased domestic production of automobiles resulting mainly from partial strikes by unionized workers of automobile manufacturers and the restructuring of GM Korea’s production units and decreased exports to countries in South America and the Middle East. In 2019, automobile production decreased by 1.9%, domestic sales volume recorded a decrease of 1.8% and export sales volume recorded a decrease of 2.0%, compared with 2018, primarily due to decreased domestic production of automobiles resulting mainly from partial strikes by unionized workers of automobile manufacturers, increased overseas production, decreased domestic demand for automobiles and decreased demand for automobiles in China. In 2020, automobile production decreased by 11.2% and export sales volume recorded a decrease of 21.4%, compared with 2019, primarily due to a general decline in global demand for automobiles caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which outpaced a 4.7% increase in domestic sales volume from 2019 to 2020, primarily due to increased domestic demand for automobiles. Based on preliminary data, in 2021, automobile production decreased by 1.3% and domestic sales volume recorded a decrease of 8.5%, compared with 2020, primarily due to the global shortage of semiconductors amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, but exports sales volume recorded an increase of 8.6% compared with 2020, primarily due to an increase in the market share of domestic automobile manufacturers in the global automotive market.

Electronics. In 2017, electronics production amounted to W342,755 billion, an increase of 10.9% from the previous year, and exports amounted to US$197.6 billion, an increase of 21.6% from the previous year, primarily due to increases in demand for semiconductors, organic light-emitting diode, or OLED, display panels and computers. In 2017, export sales of semiconductor memory chips constituted approximately 17.4% of the Republic’s total exports. In 2018, electronics production amounted to W365,548 billion, an increase of 6.6% from the previous year, and exports amounted to US$220.3 billion, an increase of 11.5% from the previous year, primarily due to increases in demand for semiconductors and lithium-ion batteries. In 2018, export sales of semiconductor memory chips constituted approximately 21.2% of the Republic’s total exports. In 2019, electronics production amounted to W322,729 billion, a decrease of 11.7% from the previous year, and exports amounted to US$176.9 billion, a decrease of 19.7% from the previous year, primarily due to a significant decrease in semiconductor prices. In 2019, export sales of semiconductor memory chips constituted approximately 17.6% of the

 

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Republic’s total exports. In 2020, electronics production amounted to W332,084 billion, an increase of 2.9% from the previous year, and exports of electronics amounted to US$183.5 billion, an increase of 3.7% from the previous year, primarily due to an increase in demand for semiconductors, computers and other electronic apparatuses. In 2020, export sales of semiconductor memory chips constituted approximately 19.5% of the Republic’s total exports. Based on preliminary data, in 2021, electronics production amounted to W368,407 billion, an increase of 10.9% from the previous year, and exports amounted to US$227.6 billion, an increase of 24.0% from the previous year, primarily due to an increase in demand for semiconductors, display panels, mobile devices, solid state drives and secondary cell batteries. In 2021, export sales of semiconductor memory chips constituted approximately 20.0% of the Republic’s total exports.

Iron and Steel. In 2017, crude steel production totaled 71.0 million tons, an increase of 3.7% from 2016, and export sales volume of iron and steel products increased by 2.3%, primarily due to an increase in global demand for crude steel products but domestic sales volume of iron and steel products decreased by 1.2%, primarily due to adverse conditions in the domestic shipbuilding and automobile industries. In 2018, crude steel production totaled 72.5 million tons, an increase of 1.9% from 2017, primarily due to the recovery of the domestic shipbuilding industry, but export sales volume of iron and steel products decreased by 3.9%, primarily due to restrictions on imports of steel products imposed by the United States, Canada and the European Union. In 2019, crude steel production totaled 71.4 million tons, a decrease of 1.5% from 2018, primarily due to adverse conditions in the construction and shipbuilding industries, and export sales volume of iron and steel products decreased by 0.2%, primarily due to continued restrictions on imports of steel products imposed by the United States, Canada and the European Union. In 2020, crude steel production totaled 67.1 million tons, a decrease of 6.0% from 2019, primarily due to adverse conditions in the construction and shipbuilding industries in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, and export sales volume of iron and steel products decreased by 4.9%, primarily due to a decrease in global demand for crude steel products resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on preliminary data, in 2021, crude steel production totaled 70.4 million tons, an increase of 4.9% from 2020, primarily due to an increase in domestic demand for crude steel products following a gradual economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, but export sales volume of iron and steel products decreased by 6.1%, primarily due to an increase in the price of steel products coupled with a decrease in global demand for crude steel products resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Shipbuilding. In 2017, the Republic’s shipbuilding orders amounted to approximately 8 million compensated gross tons, an increase of 300% compared to 2016, primarily due to increased demand for LNG carriers, bulk carriers and container carriers. In 2018, the Republic’s shipbuilding orders amounted to approximately 13 million compensated gross tons, an increase of 62.5% compared to 2017, primarily due to increased demand for LNG carriers, oil tankers and container carriers. In 2019, the Republic’s shipbuilding orders amounted to approximately 10 million compensated gross tons, a decrease of 23.1% compared to 2018, primarily due to decreased demand for container carriers and bulk carriers, which more than offset increased demand for LNG carriers. In 2020, the Republic’s shipbuilding orders amounted to approximately 8 million compensated gross tons, a decrease of 20.0% compared to 2019, primarily due to the adverse conditions in the domestic and global shipbuilding industry resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on preliminary data, in 2021, the Republic’s shipbuilding orders amounted to approximately 17 million compensated gross tons, an increase of 112.5% compared to 2020, primarily due to increased demand for container carriers and LNG carriers.

Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

The Government’s agricultural policy has traditionally focused on:

 

   

grain production;

 

   

development of irrigation systems;

 

   

land consolidation and reclamation;

 

   

seed improvement;

 

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mechanization measures to combat drought and flood damage; and

 

   

increasing agricultural incomes.

Recently, however, the Government has increased emphasis on cultivating profitable crops and strengthening international competitiveness as a result of the continued opening of the domestic agricultural market.

In 2017, rice production decreased 5.3% from 2016 to 4.0 million tons. In 2018, rice production decreased 2.5% from 2017 to 3.9 million tons. In 2019, rice production decreased 5.1% from 2018 to 3.7 million tons. In 2020, rice production decreased 5.4% from 2019 to 3.5 million tons. In 2021, rice production increased 11.4% from 2020 to 3.9 million tons. Due to limited crop yields resulting from geographical and physical constraints, the Republic depends on imports for certain basic foodstuffs.

The Government is seeking to develop the fishing industry by encouraging the building of large fishing vessels and modernizing fishing equipment, marketing techniques and distribution outlets.

In 2017, the agriculture, forestry and fisheries industry increased by 2.3% compared to 2016, primarily due to an increase in aquafarming production. In 2018, the agriculture, forestry and fisheries industry increased by 0.2% compared to 2017, primarily due to an increase in livestock production. In 2019, the agriculture, forestry and fisheries industry increased by 3.9% compared to 2018, primarily due to an increase in farming and livestock production. In 2020, the agriculture, forestry and fisheries industry decreased by 4.0% compared to 2019, primarily due to a decrease in farming and livestock production. Based on preliminary data, in 2021, the agriculture, forestry and fisheries industry increased by 2.7% compared to 2020, primarily due to an increase in farming and fisheries production.

Construction

In 2017, the construction industry increased by 5.9% compared to 2016, primarily due to an increase in the construction of residential and commercial buildings. In 2018, the construction industry decreased by 2.8% compared to 2017, primarily due to a decrease in the construction of residential and commercial buildings. In 2019, the construction industry decreased by 2.6% compared to 2018, primarily due to a continued decrease in the construction of residential buildings. In 2020, the construction industry decreased by 1.4% compared to 2019, primarily due to a decrease in the construction of residential buildings. Based on preliminary data, in 2021, the construction industry decreased by 2.1% compared to 2020, primarily due to a decrease in the construction of residential buildings.

Electricity and Gas

The following table sets out the Republic’s dependence on imports for energy consumption:

Dependence on Imports for Energy Consumption

 

     Total Primary
Energy Supply
     Imports      Imports Dependence
Ratio
 
     (millions of tons of oil equivalents(1), except ratios)  

2017

     302.5        284.4        94.0  

2018

     307.6        288.1        93.7  

2019

     303.1        283.4        93.5  

2020

     292.1        271.1        92.8  

2021(2)

     305.2        283.2        92.8  

 

(1)

Conversion to tons of oil equivalents was calculated based on energy conversion factors under the Energy Act Enforcement Decree as amended in July 2017.

(2)

Preliminary.

Source: Korea Energy Economics Institute; Korea National Statistical Office

 

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Korea has almost no domestic oil or gas production and depends on imported oil and gas to meet its energy requirements. Accordingly, the international prices of oil and gas significantly affect the Korean economy. Any significant long-term increase in the prices of oil and gas will increase inflationary pressures in Korea and adversely affect the Republic’s balance of trade.

To reduce its dependence on oil and gas imports, the Government has encouraged energy conservation and energy source diversification emphasizing nuclear energy. The following table sets out the principal primary sources of energy supplied in the Republic, expressed in oil equivalents and as a percentage of total energy consumption.

Primary Energy Supply by Source

 

     Coal      Petroleum      Nuclear      Others(1)      Total  
     Quantity      %      Quantity      %      Quantity      %      Quantity      %      Quantity      %  
     (millions of tons of oil equivalents(2), except percentages)  

2017

     86,177        28.5        119,824        39.6        31,615        10.5        64,874        21.4        302,490        100.0  

2018

     86,707        28.2        118,521        38.5        28,437        9.2        73,892        24.0        307,557        100.0  

2019

     82,147        27.1        117,314        38.7        31,079        10.3        72,553        23.9        303,092        100.0  

2020

     72,241        24.7        110,240        37.7        34,119        11.7        75,476        25.8        292,076        100.0  

2021(3)

     72,520        23.8        117,764        38.6        33,657        11.0        81,251        26.6        305,191        100.0  

 

(1)

Includes natural gas, hydroelectric power and renewable energy.

(2)

Conversion to tons of oil equivalents was calculated based on energy conversion factors under the Energy Act Enforcement Decree as amended in July 2017.

(3)

Preliminary.

Source: Korea Energy Economics Institute; The Bank of Korea

The Republic’s first nuclear power plant went into full operation in 1978 with a rated generating capacity of 587 megawatts. As of December 31, 2021, the Republic had 24 nuclear plants with a total estimated nuclear power installed generating capacity of 23,250 megawatts and four nuclear plants under construction. In December 2020, the Government announced the Ninth Basic Plan for the period from 2020 to 2034, which focuses on, among other things, (i) changing energy policy to a safe and clean energy mix by reducing coal and nuclear power generation and increasing renewable energy, (ii) preparing implementation measures for further reduction of greenhouse gas, (iii) accelerating investments in renewable energy and expanding infrastructure for the transition to a low-carbon economy/society and (iv) improving the electricity market system to promote fair competition and lay the foundation for expansion of eco-friendly energy. Furthermore, the Ninth Basic Plan includes the following implementation measures: (i) six coal-fired generation plants will be retired by 2022, (ii) 24 other coal-fired generation plants will be retired and converted to LNG fuel use by 2034, (iii) domestic renewable energy generation capacity will be expanded to 77.8 gigawatts by 2034 to meet the target set in the Third Basic National Energy Plan and (iv) the extension of life of eleven nuclear generation units will not be granted and such units will be retired by 2034.

Services Sector

In 2017, the service industry increased by 2.6% compared to 2016 as the health and social work sector increased by 6.4%, the finance and insurance sector increased by 4.2% and the public administration and defense sector increased by 2.8%, each compared with 2016. In 2018, the service industry increased by 3.8% compared to 2017 as the health and social work sector increased by 8.2%, the finance and insurance sector increased by 5.6% and the public administration and defense sector increased by 3.4%, each compared with 2017. In 2019, the service industry increased by 3.4% compared to 2018 as the health and social work sector increased by 8.7%, the public administration and defense sector increased by 4.0% and the finance and insurance sector increased by 4.4%, each compared with 2018. In 2020, the service industry decreased by 1.0% compared to 2019 as the wholesale and retail trade, accommodation and food services sector decreased by 5.7%, the transportation and

 

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storage sector decreased by 15.1% and the cultural and other services sector decreased by 18.7%, each compared with 2019. Based on preliminary data, in 2021, the service industry increased by 3.7% compared to 2020 as the finance and insurance sector increased by 6.1%, the wholesale and retail trade, accommodation and food services sector increased by 3.3% and the information and communication sector increased by 6.0%, each compared with 2020.

Prices, Wages and Employment

The following table shows selected price and wage indices and unemployment rates:

 

     Producer
Price
Index(1)
     Increase
(Decrease)
Over
Previous
Year
    Consumer
Price
Index(1)
     Increase
(Decrease)
Over
Previous
Year
     Wage
Index(1)(2)
     Increase
(Decrease)
Over
Previous
Year
    Unemployment
Rate(1)(3)
 
     (2015=100)      (%)     (2020=100)      (%)      (2015=100)      (%)     (%)  

2017

     101.6        3.5       97.6        1.9        106.4        2.1       3.7  

2018

     103.5        1.9       99.1        1.5        113.6        6.8       3.8  

2019

     103.5        0.0       99.5        0.4        116.2        2.3       3.8  

2020

     103.0        (0.5     100.0        0.5        115.5        (0.6     4.0  

2021

     109.6        6.4       102.5        2.5        123.5        6.9       3.7  

 

(1)

Average for year.

(2)

Nominal wage index of average earnings in the manufacturing industry.

(3)

Expressed as a percentage of the economically active population.

Source: The Bank of Korea; Korea National Statistical Office

In 2017, the inflation rate increased to 1.9%, primarily due to increases in the prices of agricultural and livestock products and oil. In 2018, the inflation rate decreased to 1.5%, primarily due to a slowdown in the growth rate of agricultural goods and oil prices. In 2019, the inflation rate decreased to 0.4%, primarily due to decreases in the prices of agricultural and livestock products and oil. In 2020, the inflation rate increased to 0.5%, primarily due to increases in agricultural and livestock product prices. In 2021, the inflation rate increased to 2.5%, primarily due to increases in agricultural and livestock product prices and oil prices. Based on preliminary data, the inflation rate was 3.8% in the first quarter of 2022.

In 2017, the unemployment rate remained unchanged at 3.7%. In 2018, the unemployment rate increased to 3.8%, primarily due to the continued sluggishness of the domestic economy. In 2019, the unemployment rate remained constant at 3.8%. In 2020, the unemployment rate increased to 4.0%, primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, the unemployment rate decreased to 3.7%, reflecting a gradual recovery of the Korean economy from the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on preliminary data, the unemployment rate was 3.5% in the first quarter of 2022.

From 1992 to 2009, the economically active population of the Republic increased by approximately 24.8% to 24.3 million, while the number of employees increased by approximately 23.7% to 23.5 million. The economically active population over 15 years old as a percentage of the total over-15 population has remained between 61% and 63% over the past decade. Literacy among workers under 50 is almost universal. As of December 31, 2021, the economically active population of the Republic was 28.3 million and the number of employees was 27.3 million.

 

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The following table shows selected employment information by industry and by gender:

 

     2017      2018      2019      2020      2021  
     (all figures in percentages, except as indicated)  

Labor force (in thousands of persons)

     26,725        26,822        27,123        26,904        27,273  

Employment by Industry:

              

Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing

     4.8        5.0        5.1        5.4        5.3  

Mining and Manufacturing

     17.2        16.9        16.4        16.3        16.1  

S.O.C & Services

     78.0        78.1        78.5        78.3        78.6  

Electricity, Transport, Communication and Finance

     11.4        11.8        11.7        11.8        12.3  

Business, Private & Public Service and Other Services

     36.4        36.5        37.4        38.0        38.6  

Construction

     7.4        7.6        7.4        7.5        7.7  

Wholesale & Retail Trade, Hotels and Restaurants

     22.8        22.2        22.0        21.0        20.0  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total Employed

     100.0        100.0        100.0        100.0        100.0  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Employment by Gender:

              

Male

     57.5        57.3        57.0        57.2        57.0  

Female

     42.5        42.7        43.0        42.8        43.0  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total Employed

     100.0        100.0        100.0        100.0        100.0  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

Source: The Bank of Korea

Pursuant to certain amendments to the Labor Standards Act that became effective on July 1, 2018, the maximum working hours of employees is in the process of being reduced from 68 hours per week to 52 hours per week, and the number of special industries that are exempt from restrictions on maximum working hours will be significantly reduced. This new maximum working hours restriction under the amended Labor Standards Act is in effect for workplaces with 300 or more workers from July 1, 2018, and has been extended to workplaces with 50 or more but fewer than 300 workers from January 1, 2020, and has been further extended to workplaces with five or more but fewer than 50 workers from July 1, 2021.

Labor unrest in connection with demands by unionized workers for better wages and working conditions and greater job security occur from time to time in the Republic. Some of the significant incidents in recent years include the following:

 

   

In September 2017, several thousand unionized workers at KBS and MBC, Korea’s two largest television and radio broadcasters, went on strike, which lasted several months, to protest against alleged management interference in news coverage and unfair labor practices.

 

   

In 2017, unionized workers at Hyundai Motor went on a series of partial strikes demanding higher wages and bonuses.

 

   

In July 2018, unionized workers at Hyundai Heavy Industries went on full strike demanding higher wages.

 

   

In May 2019, unionized bus drivers launched a nationwide strike seeking higher wages and increased manpower in time for the 52-hour work week that was implemented in July 2019.

 

   

In September 2019, unionized workers at GM Korea went on full strike, the first in more than 20 years, demanding higher wages and protesting against GM Korea’s restructuring plans.

 

   

In October and November 2019, several thousand members of the National Railroad Workers’ Union went on full strike demanding a normalization of wages and requesting the hiring of additional personnel.

 

   

In October, November and December 2020, unionized workers at GM Korea went on partial strikes during wage and collective agreement negotiations.

 

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In November and December 2020, unionized workers at Kia went on partial strikes demanding higher wages, performance-based incentives and other benefits.

 

   

In November and December 2021, unionized workers at Hankook Tire & Technology, one of Korea’s largest tire makers, went on a full strike demanding higher wages and performance-based incentive payments.

 

   

In 2021, unionized workers at CJ Logistics, one of Korea’s largest freight transportation companies, went on a series of partial strikes and demonstrations, demanding higher wages commensurate with increases in parcel delivery fees.

Actions such as these by labor unions may hinder implementation of the labor reform measures and disrupt the Government’s plans to create a more flexible labor market. Although much effort is being expended to resolve labor disputes in a peaceful manner, there can be no assurance that further labor unrest will not occur in the future. Continued labor unrest in key industries of the Republic may have an adverse effect on the economy.

In 1997, the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions organized a political alliance, which led to the formation of the Democratic Labor Party in January 2000. The Democratic Labor Party merged with The New People’s Participation Party and changed its name to The Unified Progressive Party, or the UPP, in December 2011. In October 2012, the UPP split and seven UPP members of the National Assembly and their supporters formed a new party, the Progressive Justice Party, which changed its name to the Justice Party in July 2013. In December 2014, the Constitutional Court ordered the dissolution of the UPP and the removal of the party’s five lawmakers from the National Assembly for violating the Republic’s Constitution after certain of its members were convicted of trying to instigate an armed rebellion and supporting North Korea. In the legislative general election held on April 13, 2016, the Justice Party won six seats in the National Assembly, and the members-elect began their four-year terms on May 30, 2016. As of December 31, 2021, the Justice Party held six seats in the National Assembly.

The Financial System

Structure of the Financial Sector

The Republic’s financial sector includes the following categories of financial institutions:

 

   

The Bank of Korea;

 

   

banking institutions;

 

   

non-bank financial institutions; and

 

   

other financial entities, including:

 

   

financial investment companies;

 

   

credit guarantee institutions;

 

   

venture capital companies; and

 

   

miscellaneous others.

To increase transparency in financial transactions and enhance the integrity and efficiency of the financial markets, Korean law requires that financial institutions confirm that their clients use their real names when transacting business. The Government also strengthened confidentiality protection for private financial transactions.

In July 2007, the Korean National Assembly passed the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, or the FSCMA, under which various industry-based capital markets regulatory systems were consolidated

 

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into a single regulatory system. The FSCMA, which became effective in February 2009, expands the scope of permitted investment-related financial products and activities through expansive definitions of financial instruments and function-based regulations that allow financial investment companies to offer a wider range of financial services, as well as strengthening investor protection and disclosure requirements.

Prior to the effective date of the FSCMA, separate laws regulated various types of financial institutions depending on the type of the financial institution (for example, securities companies, futures companies, trust business companies and asset management companies) and subjected financial institutions to different licensing and ongoing regulatory requirements (for example, under the Securities and Exchange Act, the Futures Trading Act and the Indirect Investment Asset Management Business Act). By applying one uniform set of rules to financial businesses having the same economic function, the FSCMA attempts to improve and address issues caused by the previous regulatory system under which the same economic function relating to capital markets-related business were governed by multiple regulations. To this end, the FSCMA categorizes capital markets-related businesses into six different functions as follows:

 

   

investment dealing (trading and underwriting of financial investment products);

 

   

investment brokerage (brokerage of financial investment products);

 

   

collective investment (establishment of collective investment schemes and the management thereof);

 

   

investment advice;

 

   

discretionary investment management; and

 

   

trusts (together with the five businesses set forth above, the Financial Investment Businesses).

Accordingly, all financial businesses relating to financial investment products are reclassified as one or more of the Financial Investment Businesses described above, and financial institutions are subject to the regulations applicable to their relevant Financial Investment Businesses, irrespective of what type of financial institution it is. For example, under the FSCMA, derivative businesses conducted by securities companies and future companies are subject to the same regulations, at least in principle.

The banking business and the insurance business are not subject to the FSCMA and will continue to be regulated under separate laws; provided, however, that they are subject to the FSCMA if their activities involve any Financial Investment Businesses requiring a license based on the FSCMA.

Banking Industry

The banking industry comprises commercial banks and specialized banks. Commercial banks serve the general public and corporate sectors. They include nationwide banks, regional banks and branches of foreign banks. Regional banks provide services similar to nationwide banks, but operate in a geographically restricted region. Branches of foreign banks have operated in the Republic since 1967 but provide a relatively small proportion of the country’s banking services. As of December 31, 2021, there were six nationwide banks, six regional banks, three internet banks and 35 foreign banks with branches operating in the Republic.

Specialized banks meet the needs of specific sectors of the economy in accordance with Government policy; they are organized under, or chartered by, special laws. Specialized banks include (i) The Korea Development Bank, (ii) The Export-Import Bank of Korea, (iii) The Industrial Bank of Korea, (iv) SuHyup Bank and (v) NongHyup Bank. The Government has made capital contributions to three of these specialized banks as follows:

 

   

The Korea Development Bank: the Government owns directly all of its paid-in capital and has made capital contributions since its establishment in 1954. Recent examples include the Government’s contributions to its capital of W395 billion in 2017, W170 billion in 2018, W555 billion in 2019, W2,103 billion in 2020 and W1,121 billion in 2021. Taking into account these capital contributions, its total paid-in capital was W21,887 billion as of December 31, 2021.

 

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The Export-Import Bank of Korea: the Government owns, directly and indirectly, all of its paid-in capital and has made capital contributions since its establishment in 1976. Recent examples include the Government’s contributions to its capital of W1,417 billion in 2017, W56 billion in 2019, W578 billion in 2020 and W299 billion in 2021. Taking into account these capital contributions, its total paid-in capital was W12,748 billion as of December 31, 2021.

 

   

The Industrial Bank of Korea: the Government directly owned 59.5% of its total shares (including common and preferred shares) as of December 31, 2021. The Government had owned all of the issued share capital of The Industrial Bank of Korea until 1994, but the Government’s minimum share ownership requirement was repealed in 1997, and the Government has since periodically adjusted its ownership percentage in the Industrial Bank of Korea through transactions involving the purchase and sale of its common shares. In 2019, the Industrial Bank of Korea issued an aggregate of 17,178,164 new common shares to the Government for a total of W225 billion in cash. In 2020, the Industrial Bank of Korea issued an aggregate of 161,507,381 new common shares to the Government for a total of W1,266 billion in cash. In November 2020, the Industrial Bank of Korea acquired from the Government and cancelled an aggregate of 44,847,038 perpetual preferred shares that it had previously issued to the Government. In May 2021, the Industrial Bank of Korea issued and sold 5,636,227 new ordinary shares to the Government for an aggregate consideration of W49 billion in cash. Taking into account such transactions, its total paid-in capital was W4,211 billion as of December 31, 2021.

The economic difficulties in 1997 and 1998 caused an increase in Korean banks’ non-performing assets and a decline in capital adequacy ratios of Korean banks. From 1998 through 2002, the Financial Services Commission amended banking regulations several times to adopt more stringent criteria for non-performing assets that more closely followed international standards.

The following table sets out the total loans (including loans in Won and loans in foreign currencies) and non-performing assets of Korean banks as of the dates indicated.

 

     Total Loans      Non-Performing
Assets(1)
     Percentage
of Total
 
     (trillions of won)      (percentage)  

December 31, 2017

     1,775.9        21.1        1.2  

December 31, 2018

     1,872.6        18.2        1.0  

December 31, 2019

     1,980.6        15.3        0.8  

December 31, 2020

     2,171.7        13.9        0.6  

December 31, 2021(2)

     2,371.9        11.8        0.5  

 

(1)

Assets classified as substandard or below.

(2)

Preliminary.

Source: Financial Supervisory Service

In 2017, these banks posted an aggregate net profit of W11.2 trillion, compared to an aggregate net profit of W3.0 trillion in 2016, primarily due to decreased loan loss provisions and increased net interest income. In 2018, these banks posted an aggregate net profit of W15.6 trillion, compared to an aggregate net profit of W11.2 trillion in 2017, primarily due to increased net interest income and decreased loan loss provisions, which more than offset a decrease in net non-interest income. In 2019, these banks posted an aggregate net profit of W13.9 trillion, compared to an aggregate net profit of W15.6 trillion in 2018, primarily due to losses on investments in subsidiaries and associates in 2019 compared to gains on investments in subsidiaries and associates in 2018, which more than offset decreased loan loss provisions. In 2020, these banks posted an aggregate net profit of W12.1 trillion, compared to an aggregate net profit of W13.9 trillion in 2019, primarily due to increased loan loss provisions. Based on preliminary data, in 2021, these banks posted an aggregate net profit of W16.9 trillion, compared to an aggregate net profit of W12.1 trillion in 2020, primarily due to the significant amount of gains recognized by The Korea Development Bank in connection with the exercise of its right to convert its convertible bonds issued by HMM Company Limited into common shares, which took place in June 2021, and to a lesser extent, increased net interest income and decreased loan loss provisions.

 

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Non-Bank Financial Institutions

Non-bank financial institutions include:

 

   

savings institutions, including trust accounts of banks, mutual savings banks, credit unions, mutual credit facilities, community credit cooperatives and postal savings;

 

   

life insurance institutions; and

 

   

credit card companies.

As of December 31, 2021, 79 mutual savings banks, 23 life insurance institutions, which includes joint venture life insurance institutions and wholly-owned subsidiaries of foreign life insurance companies, and eight credit card companies operated in the Republic.

Money Markets

In the Republic, the money markets consist of the call market and markets for a wide range of other short-term financial instruments, including treasury bills, monetary stabilization bonds, negotiable certificates of deposits, repurchase agreements and commercial paper.

Securities Markets

On January 27, 2005, the Korea Exchange was established pursuant to the now repealed Korea Securities and Futures Trading Act by consolidating the Korea Stock Exchange, the Korea Futures Exchange, the KOSDAQ Stock Market, Inc., or the KOSDAQ, and the KOSDAQ Committee of the Korea Securities Dealers Association, which had formerly managed the KOSDAQ. There are three major markets operated by the Korea Exchange: the KRX KOSPI Market, the KRX KOSDAQ Market, and the KRX Derivatives Market. The Korea Exchange has two trading floors located in Seoul, one for the KRX KOSPI Market and one for the KRX KOSDAQ Market, and one trading floor in Busan for the KRX Derivatives Market. The Korea Exchange is a joint stock company with limited liability, the shares of which are held by (i) financial investment companies that were formerly members of the Korea Futures Exchange or the Korea Stock Exchange and (ii) the stockholders of the KOSDAQ. Currently, the Korea Exchange is the only stock exchange in Korea and is operated by membership, having as its members Korean financial investment companies and some Korean branches of foreign financial investment companies.

The Korea Exchange publishes the Korea Composite Stock Price Index every ten seconds, which is an index of all equity securities listed on the Korea Exchange. The Korea Composite Stock Price Index is computed using the aggregate value method, whereby the market capitalizations of all listed companies are aggregated, subject to certain adjustments, and this aggregate is expressed as a percentage of the aggregate market capitalization of all listed companies as of the base date, January 4, 1980.

 

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The following table shows the value of the Korea Composite Stock Price Index as of the dates indicated:

 

December 28, 2017

     2,467.5  

January 31, 2018

     2,566.5  

February 28, 2018

     2,427.4  

March 30, 2018

     2,445.9  

April 30, 2018

     2,515.4  

May 31, 2018

     2,423.0  

June 29, 2018

     2,326.1  

July 31, 2018

     2,295.3  

August 31, 2018

     2,322.9  

September 28, 2018

     2,343.1  

October 31, 2018

     2,029.7  

November 30, 2018

     2,096.9  

December 28, 2018

     2,041.0  

January 31, 2019

     2,204.9  

February 28, 2019

     2,195.4  

March 29, 2019

     2,140.7  

April 30, 2019

     2,203.6  

May 31, 2019

     2,041.7  

June 28, 2019

     2,130.6  

July 31, 2019

     2,024.6  

August 30, 2019

     1,967.8  

September 30, 2019

     2,063.1  

October 31, 2019

     2,083.5  

November 29, 2019

     2,088.0  

December 30, 2019

     2,197.7  

January 31, 2020

     2,119.0  

February 28, 2020

     1,987.0  

March 31, 2020

     1,754.6  

April 29, 2020

     1,947.6  

May 29, 2020

     2,029.6  

June 30, 2020

     2,108.3  

July 31, 2020

     2,249.4  

August 31, 2020

     2,326.2  

September 29, 2020

     2,327.9  

October 30, 2020

     2,267.2  

November 30, 2020

     2,591.3  

December 30, 2020

     2,873.5  

January 29, 2021

     2,976.2  

February 26, 2021

     3,013.0  

March 31, 2021

     3,061.4  

April 30, 2021

     3,147.9  

May 31, 2021

     3,203.9  

June 30, 2021

     3,296.7  

July 30, 2021

     3,202.3  

August 31, 2021

     3,199.3  

September 30, 2021

     3,068.8  

October 29, 2021

     2,970.7  

November 30, 2021

     2,839.0  

December 30, 2021

     2,977.7  

January 28, 2022

     2,663.3  

February 28, 2022

     2,699.2  

March 31, 2022

     2,757.7  

April 29, 2022

     2,695.1  

May 31, 2022

     2,685.9  

 

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Over the years, liquidity and credit concerns and volatility in the global financial markets have led to fluctuations in the stock prices of Korean companies. In recent years, there was significant volatility in the stock prices of Korean companies due to deteriorating market conditions domestically and abroad due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The index was 2,422.1 on June 28, 2022.

Supervision System

The Office of Bank Supervision, the Securities Supervisory Board, the Insurance Supervisory Board and all other financial sector regulatory bodies merged in January 1999 to form the Financial Supervisory Service. The Financial Services Commission acts as the executive body over the Financial Supervisory Service. The Financial Services Commission reports to, but operates independently of, the Prime Minister’s office.

The Ministry of Economy and Finance focuses on financial policy and foreign currency regulations. The Bank of Korea manages monetary policy focusing on price stabilization.

Deposit Insurance System

The Republic’s deposit insurance system insures amounts on deposit with banks, non-bank financial institutions, securities companies and life insurance companies.

Since January 2001, deposits at any single financial institution are insured only up to W50 million per person regardless of the amount deposited.

The Government excluded certain deposits, such as repurchase agreements, from the insurance scheme, expanded the definition of unsound financial institutions to which the insurance scheme would apply and gradually increased the insurance premiums payable by insured financial institutions.

Monetary Policy

The Bank of Korea

The Bank of Korea was established in 1950 as Korea’s central bank and the country’s sole currency issuing bank. A seven-member Monetary Policy Committee, chaired by the Governor of The Bank of Korea, formulates and controls monetary and credit policies.

Inflation targeting is the basic system of operation for Korean monetary policy. The consumer price index is used as The Bank of Korea’s target indicator. To achieve its established inflation target, the Monetary Policy Committee of The Bank of Korea determines and announces the “Bank of Korea Base Rate”, the reference rate applied in transactions such as repurchase agreements between The Bank of Korea and its financial institution counterparts. The Bank of Korea uses open market operations as its primary instrument to keep the call rate in line with the Monetary Policy Committee’s target rate. In addition, The Bank of Korea is able to establish policies regarding its lending to banks in Korea and their reserve requirements.

Interest Rates

On July 9, 2010, The Bank of Korea raised the policy rate to 2.25% from 2.0%, which was further raised to 2.5% on November 16, 2010, in response to signs of inflationary pressures and the continued growth of domestic economy. On January 13, 2011, The Bank of Korea raised the policy rate to 2.75%, which was further increased to 3.0% on March 10, 2011 and to 3.25% on June 10, 2011, in response to inflationary pressures driven mainly by rises in the prices of petroleum products and farm products. The Bank of Korea lowered its policy rate to 3.0% from 3.25% on July 12, 2012, which was further lowered to 2.75% on October 11, 2012, 2.5% on May 9, 2013, 2.25% on August 14, 2014, 2.0% on October 15, 2014, 1.75% on March 12, 2015, 1.5% on June 11, 2015

 

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and 1.25% on June 9, 2016, in order to address the sluggishness of the global and domestic economy. On November 30, 2017, The Bank of Korea raised its policy rate to 1.5% from 1.25%, which was further raised to 1.75% on November 30, 2018, in response to signs of inflationary pressures and the continued growth of the global and domestic economy. The Bank of Korea lowered its policy rate to 1.5% from 1.75% on July 18, 2019 and to 1.25% from 1.5% on October 16, 2019 to address the sluggishness of the global and domestic economy. On March 16, 2020, The Bank of Korea further lowered its policy rate to 0.75% from 1.25%, which was further lowered to 0.5% on May 28, 2020, in response to deteriorating economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The Bank of Korea raised its policy rate from 0.50% to 0.75% on August 26, 2021, to 1.00% on November 25, 2021, to 1.25% on January 14, 2022, to 1.50% on April 14, 2022 and to 1.75% on May 26, 2022 in response to rising levels of household debt and inflationary pressures.

With the deregulation of interest rates on banks’ demand deposits on February 2, 2004, The Bank of Korea completed the interest rate deregulation based upon the “Four-Stage Interest Rate Liberalization Plan” announced in 1991. The prohibition on the payment of interest on ordinary checking accounts was, however, maintained.

Money Supply

The following table shows the volume of the Republic’s money supply:

 

     December 31,  
     2017      2018      2019      2020      2021  
     (billions of Won)  

Money Supply (M1)(1)

     849,862.4        865,851.8        952,922.8        1,197,828.9        1,372,336.6  

Quasi-money(2)

     1,680,491.2        1,834,510.6        1,960,686.8        2,002,006.8        2,241,351.0  

Money Supply (M2)(3)

     2,530,353.6        2,700,362.4        2,913,609.6        3,199,835.7        3,613,687.6  

Percentage Increase Over Previous Year

     5.1%        6.7%        7.9%        9.8%        12.9%  

 

(1)

Consists of currency in circulation and demand and instant access savings deposits at financial institutions.

(2)

Includes time and installment savings deposits, marketable instruments, yield-based dividend instruments and financial debentures, excluding financial instruments with a maturity of more than two years.

(3)

Money Supply (M2) is the sum of Money Supply (M1) and quasi-money.

Source: The Bank of Korea

Exchange Controls

Authorized foreign exchange banks, as registered with the Ministry of Economy and Finance, handle foreign exchange transactions. The ministry has designated other types of financial institutions to handle foreign exchange transactions on a limited basis.

Korean laws and regulations generally require a report to either the Ministry of Economy and Finance, The Bank of Korea or authorized foreign exchange banks, as applicable, for issuances of international bonds and other instruments, overseas investments and certain other transactions involving foreign exchange payments.

In 1994 and 1995, the Government relaxed regulations of foreign exchange position ceilings and foreign exchange transaction documentation and created free Won accounts which may be opened by non-residents at Korean foreign exchange banks. The Won funds deposited into the free Won accounts may be converted into foreign currencies and remitted outside Korea without any governmental approval. In December 1996, after joining the OECD, the Republic freed the repatriation of investment funds, dividends and profits, as well as loan repayments and interest payments. The Government continues to reduce exchange controls in response to changes in the world economy, including the new trade regime under the WTO, anticipating that such foreign exchange reform will improve the Republic’s competitiveness and encourage strategic alliances between domestic and foreign entities.

 

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In September 1998, the National Assembly passed the Foreign Exchange Transactions Act, which became effective in April 1999 and has subsequently been amended numerous times. In principle, most currency and capital transactions, including, among others, the following transactions, have been liberalized:

 

   

the investment in real property located overseas by Korean companies and financial institutions;

 

   

the establishment of overseas branches and subsidiaries by Korean companies and financial institutions;

 

   

the investment by non-residents in deposits and trust products having more than one year maturities; and

 

   

the issuance of debentures by non-residents in the Korean market.

To minimize the adverse effects from further opening of the Korean capital markets, the Ministry of Economy and Finance is authorized to introduce a variable deposit requirement system to restrict the influx of short-term speculative funds.

The Government has also embarked on a second set of liberalization initiatives starting in January 2001, under which ceilings on international payments for Korean residents have been eliminated, including overseas travel expenses, overseas inheritance remittances and emigration expenses. Overseas deposits, trusts, acquisitions of foreign securities and other foreign capital transactions made by residents and the making of deposits in Korean currency by non-residents have also been liberalized. In line with the foregoing liberalization, measures will also be adopted to curb illegal foreign exchange transactions and to stabilize the foreign exchange market.

Effective as of January 1, 2006, the Government liberalized the regulations governing “capital transactions”. The regulations provide that no regulatory approvals are required for any capital transactions. The capital transactions previously subject to approval requirements are now subject only to reporting requirements.

In January 2010, the Financial Supervisory Services released FX Derivative Transactions Risk Management Guideline to prevent over-hedging of foreign exchange risk by corporate investors. According to the guideline as amended in December 2014, if a corporate investor, other than a financial institution or a public enterprise, wishes to enter into a currency forward, currency option, foreign exchange swap or currency swap agreement with a bank, the bank is required to verify whether the corporate investor’s assets, liabilities or contracts face foreign exchange risks that could be mitigated by a currency forward, currency option, foreign exchange swap or currency swap agreement. In addition, the bank is required to ensure that the corporate investor’s risk hedge ratio, which is the ratio of the aggregate notional amount to the aggregate amount of risk, does not exceed 100%.

 

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Foreign Exchange

The following table shows the exchange rate between the Won and the U.S. Dollar (in Won per U.S. Dollar) as announced by the Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd. as of the dates indicated:

 

     Won/U.S. Dollar
Exchange Rate
 

December 29, 2017

     1,071.4  

January 31, 2018

     1,071.5  

February 28, 2018

     1,071.0  

March 30, 2018

     1,066.5  

April 30, 2018

     1,076.2  

May 31, 2018

     1,081.3  

June 29, 2018

     1,121.7  

July 31, 2018

     1,116.7  

August 31, 2018

     1,108.8  

September 28, 2018

     1,112.7  

October 31, 2018

     1,140.6  

November 30, 2018

     1,121.8  

December 31, 2018

     1,118.1  

January 31, 2019

     1,117.2  

February 28, 2019

     1,117.8  

March 29, 2019

     1,137.8  

April 30, 2019

     1,158.2  

May 31, 2019

     1,190.0  

June 28, 2019

     1,156.8  

July 31, 2019

     1,182.0  

August 30, 2019

     1,215.2  

September 30, 2019

     1,201.3  

October 31, 2019

     1,168.4  

November 29, 2019

     1,179.3  

December 31, 2019

     1,157.8  

January 31, 2020

     1,183.5  

February 28, 2020

     1,215.9  

March 31, 2020

     1,222.6  

April 29, 2020

     1,225.2  

May 29, 2020

     1,239.4  

June 30, 2020

     1,200.7  

July 31, 2020

     1,191.4  

August 31, 2020

     1,185.1  

September 29, 2020

     1,173.5  

October 30, 2020

     1,133.4  

November 30, 2020

     1,104.4  

December 31, 2020

     1,088.0  

January 29, 2021

     1,114.6  

February 26, 2021

     1,108.4  

March 31, 2021

     1,133.5  

April 30, 2021

     1,119.4  

May 31, 2021

     1,116.0  

June 30, 2021

     1,130.0  

July 30, 2021

     1,147.4  

August 31, 2021

     1,164.4  

September 30, 2021

     1,184.9  

October 29, 2021

     1,171.7  

November 30, 2021

     1,193.4  

December 31, 2021

     1,185.5  

January 28, 2022

     1,202.4  

February 28, 2022

     1,202.7  

March 31, 2022

     1,210.8  

April 29, 2022

     1,269.4  

May 31, 2022

     1,245.8  

 

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During the period from January 2, 2008 through April 16, 2009, the value of the Won relative to the U.S. dollar declined by approximately 29.9%, due primarily to adverse economic conditions resulting from liquidity and credit concerns and volatility in the global credit and financial markets and repatriations by foreign investors of their investments in the Korean stock market. The exchange rate between the Won and the U.S. Dollar has fluctuated since then. In 2020, 2021 and in recent months, the value of the Won relative to the U.S. dollar fluctuated significantly, due primarily to the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The market average exchange rate was Won 1,285.6 to US$1.00 on June 28, 2022.

Balance of Payments and Foreign Trade

Balance of Payments

Balance of payments figures measure the relative flow of goods, services and capital into and out of the country as represented in the current balance and the capital balance. The current balance tracks a country’s trade in goods and services and transfer payments and measures whether a country is living within its income from trading and investments. The capital balance covers all transactions involving the transfer of capital into and out of the country, including loans and investments. The overall balance represents the sum of the current and capital balances. An overall balance surplus indicates a net inflow of foreign currencies, thereby increasing demand for and strengthening the local currency. An overall balance deficit indicates a net outflow of foreign currencies, thereby decreasing demand for and weakening the local currency. The financial account mirrors the overall balance. If the overall balance is positive, the surplus, which represents the nation’s savings, finances the overall deficit of the country’s trading partners. Accordingly, the financial account will indicate cash outflows equal to the overall surplus. If, however, the overall balance is negative, the nation has an international deficit which must be financed. Accordingly, the financial account will indicate cash inflows equal to the overall deficit.

The following table sets out certain information with respect to the Republic’s balance of payments:

Balance of Payments(1)

 

Classification

   2017     2018     2019     2020     2021(4)  
     (millions of dollars)  

Current Account

     75,230.9       77,466.5       59,676.1       75,902.2       88,302.2  

Goods

     113,592.9       110,086.8       79,812.1       80,604.8       76,207.2  

Exports(2)

     580,310.2       626,266.5       556,667.9       517,909.3       650,014.6  

Imports(2)

     466,717.3       516,179.7       476,855.8       437,304.5       573,807.4  

Services

     (36,734.1     (29,369.4     (26,845.3     (14,670.1     (3,108.3

Income

     5,336.9       4,901.9       12,856.0       13,486.9       19,328.2  

Current Transfers

     (6,964.8     (8,152.8     (6,146.7     (3,519.4     (4,124.9

Capital and Financial Account

     84,489.6       76,790.1       58,857.6       80,996.4       76,626.1  

Capital Account

     (26.8     316.7       (169.3     (386.3     (154.3

Financial Account(3)

     84,516.4       76,473.4       59,026.9       81,382.7       76,780.4  

Net Errors and Omissions

     9,312.3       (1,309.8     (479.9     5,866.8       (11,367.5

 

(1)

Figures are prepared based on the sixth edition of the Balance of Payment Manual published by International Monetary Fund in December 2010 and implemented by the Government in December 2013. In December 2018, The Bank of Korea revised the Republic’s balance of payments information to capture new economic activities and reflect the changes in raw data.

(2)

These entries are derived from trade statistics and are valued on a free on board basis, meaning that the insurance and freight costs are not included.

(3)

Includes borrowings from the IMF, syndicated bank loans and short-term borrowings.

(4)

Preliminary.

Source: The Bank of Korea

The current account surplus in 2020 increased to US$75.9 billion from the current account surplus of US$59.7 billion in 2019, primarily due to a decrease in deficit from the services account, and to a lesser extent, a

 

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decrease in deficit from the current transfers account and an increase in surplus from the goods account. Based on preliminary data, the current account surplus in 2021 increased to US$88.3 billion from the current account surplus of US$75.9 billion in 2020, primarily due to a decrease in deficit from the services account and an increase in surplus from the income account, the effect of which was offset in part by a decrease in surplus from the goods account. Based on preliminary data, the current account surplus in the first quarter of 2022 decreased to US$15.1 billion from the current account surplus of US$22.3 billion in the corresponding period of 2021, primarily due to decreases in surpluses from the goods account and the income account, the effect of which was offset in part by a change from a deficit to a surplus from the services account.

Foreign Direct Investment

Since 1960, the Government has adopted a broad range of related laws, administrative rules and regulations that provide a framework for the conduct and regulation of foreign investment activities. In September 1998, the Government promulgated the Foreign Investment Promotion Act, or the FIPA, which replaced previous foreign direct investment related laws, rules and regulations, to promote inbound foreign investments by providing incentives to, and facilitating investment activities in the Republic by, foreign nationals. The FIPA prescribes, among others, procedural requirements for inbound foreign investments, incentives for foreign investments such as tax reductions, and requirements relating to designation and development of foreign investment target regions. The Government believes that providing a stable and receptive environment for foreign direct investment will accelerate the inflow of foreign capital, technology and management techniques.

The following table sets forth information regarding annual foreign direct investment in the Republic for the periods indicated.

Foreign Direct Investment

 

     2017      2018      2019      2020      2021(2)  
     (billions of dollars)  

Contracted and Reported Investment

              

Greenfield Investment(1)

     15.7        20.0        15.9        14.5        18.1  

Merger & Acquisition

     7.2        6.9        7.4        6.2        11.4  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

     22.9        26.9        23.3        20.7        29.5  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Actual Investment

     13.8        17.3         13.4        11.4        18.0  

 

(1)

Includes building new factories and operational facilities.

(2)

Preliminary.

Source: Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy

In 2020, the contracted and reported amount of foreign direct investment in the Republic decreased to US$20.7 billion from US$23.3 billion in 2019, primarily due to a decrease in foreign investment in the manufacturing sector to US$5.9 billion in 2020 from US$8.2 billion in 2019.

Based on preliminary data, in 2021, the contracted and reported amount of foreign direct investment in the Republic increased to US$29.5 billion from US$20.7 billion in 2020, primarily due to an increase in foreign investment in the services sector to US$23.6 billion in 2021 from US$14.4 billion in 2020.

 

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The following table sets forth information regarding the source of foreign direct investment by region and country for the periods indicated:

Foreign Direct Investment by Region and Country

 

     2017      2018      2019      2020      2021  
     (billions of dollars)  

North America

              

U.S.A.

     4.7        5.9        6.8        5.3        5.3  

Others

     1.6        1.9        1.7        3.5        1.6  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
     6.3      7.8      8.6      8.8      6.9  

Asia

              

Japan

     1.8        1.3        1.4        0.8        1.2  

Hong Kong

     1.8        1.5        1.9        1.1        0.6  

Singapore

     1.8        1.5        1.3        2.3        4.2  

China

     0.8        2.7        1.0        2.0        1.9  

Others

     2.0        2.4        1.0        0.4        1.2  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
     8.2      9.4      6.6      6.6      9.1  

Europe

              

Netherlands

     1.7        1.4        1.7        0.6        1.0  

England

     2.2        1.2        2.1        0.7        0.8  

Germany

     0.7        0.5        0.4        0.5        2.8  

France

     0.3        0.7        0.1        0.2        0.2  

Others

     2.4        5.2        3.1        2.8        8.0  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 
     7.3      9.0      7.4      4.8      12.8  

Others regions and countries

     1.1        0.6        0.7        0.5        0.7  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

     22.9        26.9        23.3        20.7        29.5  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

Source: Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy

Trade Balance

Trade balance figures measure the difference between a country’s exports and imports. If exports exceed imports the country has a trade balance surplus while if imports exceed exports the country has a deficit. A deficit, indicating that a country’s receipts from abroad fall short of its payments to foreigners, must be financed, rendering the country a debtor nation. A surplus, indicating that a country’s receipts exceed its payments to foreigners, allows the country to finance its trading partners’ net deficit to the extent of the surplus, rendering the country a creditor nation.

The following table summarizes the Republic’s trade balance for the periods indicated:

Trade Balance

 

     Exports(1)      As % of
GDP(2)
     Imports(1)      As % of
GDP(2)
     Balance of
Trade
     Exports as %
of Imports
 
     (billions of dollars, except percentages)  

2017

     573.7        35.3%        478.5        29.5%        95.2        119.9  

2018

     604.9        35.2%        535.2        31.1%        69.7        113.0  

2019

     542.2        33.0%        503.3        30.7%        38.9        107.7  

2020

     512.5        31.3%        467.6        28.5%        44.9        109.6  

2021(3)

     644.4        35.8%        615.1        34.2%        29.3        104.8  

 

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(1)

These entries are derived from customs clearance statistics on a C.I.F. basis, meaning that the price of goods includes insurance and freight cost.

(2)

At current market prices.

(3)

Preliminary.

Source: The Bank of Korea; Korea Customs Service

The Republic, due to its lack of natural resources, relies on extensive trading activity for growth. The country meets virtually all domestic requirements for petroleum, wood and rubber with imports, as well as much of its coal and iron needs. Exports consistently represent a high percentage of GDP and, accordingly, the international economic environment is of crucial importance to the Republic’s economy. See “—The Economy—Worldwide Economic and Financial Difficulties”.

The following tables give information regarding the Republic’s exports and imports by major commodity groups:

Exports by Major Commodity Groups (C.I.F.)(1)

 

    2017     As % of
2017
Total
    2018     As % of
2018
Total
    2019     As % of
2019
Total
    2020     As % of
2020
Total
    2021(2)     As % of
2021
Total(2)
 
    (billions of dollars, except percentages)  

Foods & Consumer Goods

    7.8       1.4       7.9       1.3       8.2       1.5       8.6       1.7       9.8       1.5  

Raw Materials and Fuels

    43.1       7.5       55.1       9.1       48.8       9.0       32.1       6.3       51.4       8.0  

Petroleum & Derivatives

    35.4       6.2       47.0       7.8       41.3       7.6       24.7       4.8       38.8       6.0  

Others

    7.7       1.3       8.1       1.3       7.5       1.4       7.4       1.4       12.6       2.0  

Light Industrial Products

    36.0       6.3       35.8       5.9       34.2       6.3       32.4       6.3       35.3       5.5  

Heavy & Chemical Industrial Products

    486.8       84.9       506.1       83.7       451.0       83.2       439.3       85.7       548.0       85.0  

Electronic & Electronic Products

    192.0       33.5       214.8       35.5       171.4       31.6       178.5       34.8       221.8       34.4  

Chemicals & Chemical Products

    65.7       11.5       74.0       12.2       67.4       12.4       66.6       13.0       91.9       14.3  

Metal Goods

    46.9       8.2       48.1       8.0       44.1       8.1       39.6       7.7       52.6       8.2  

Machinery & Precision Equipment

    63.3       11.0       69.4       11.5       67.6       12.5       63.4       12.4       70.9       11.0  

Transport Equipment

    108.8       19.0       87.4       14.4       87.7       16.2       77.6       15.1       94.2       14.6  

Passenger Cars

    38.8       6.8       38.2       6.3       40.5       7.5       35.6       6.9       44.3       6.9  

Ship & Boat

    41.4       7.2       20.7       3.4       19.5       3.6       19.2       3.7       22.4       3.5  

Others

    28.6       5.0       28.4       4.7       27.7       5.1       22.8       4.4       27.5       4.3  

Others

    10.1       1.8       12.5       2.1       12.7       2.3       13.6       2.7       16.6       2.6  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

    573.7       100.0       604.9       100.0       542.2       100.0       512.5       100.0       644.4       100.0  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(1)

These entries are derived from customs clearance statistics. C.I.F. means that the price of goods includes insurance and freight costs.

(2)

Preliminary.

Source: The Bank of Korea; Korea Customs Service

 

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Imports by Major Commodity Groups (C.I.F.)(1)

 

     2017      As % of
2017
Total
     2018      As % of
2018
Total
     2019      As % of
2019
Total
     2020      As % of
2020
Total
     2021(2)      As % of
2021
Total(2)
 
     (billions of dollars, except percentages)                

Industrial Materials and Fuels

     233.1        48.7        279.0        52.1        254.0        50.5        206.3        44.1        302.6        49.2  

Crude Petroleum

     59.6        12.5        80.4        15.0        70.3        14.0        44.5        9.5        67.0        10.9  

Mineral

     20.3        4.2        22.0        4.1        21.7        4.3        21.4        4.6        33.3        5.4  

Chemicals

     44.0        9.2        50.0        9.3        47.0        9.3        46.4        9.9        60.4        9.8  

Iron & Steel Products

     20.3        4.2        19.7        3.7        19.8        3.9        15.2        3.3        22.2        3.6  

Non-ferrous Metal

     12.1        2.5        12.8        2.4        12.0        2.4        11.7        2.5        18.4        3.0  

Others

     76.8        16.1        94.1        17.6        83.2        16.5        67.1        14.3        101.3        16.5  

Capital Goods

     171.8        35.9        174.6        32.6        164.9        32.8        177.1        37.9        212.8        34.6  

Machinery & Precision Equipment

     63.1        13.2        60.5        11.3        50.7        10.1        57.9        12.4        70.0        11.4  

Electric & Electronic Machines

     95.8        20.0        100.4        18.8        100.4        20.0        105.1        22.5        127.6        20.7  

Transport Equipment

     10.8        2.3        11.5        2.1        11.6        2.3        11.9        2.5        13.0        2.1  

Others

     2.1        0.4        2.2        0.4        2.1        0.4        2.3        0.5        2.2        0.4  

Consumer Goods

     73.6        15.4        81.6        15.2        84.5        16.8        84.2        18.0        99.6        16.2  

Cereals

     6.0        1.3        6.8        1.3        6.9        1.4        7.1        1.5        8.9        1.4  

Goods for Direct Consumption

     19.7        4.1        22.3        4.2        22.2        4.4        22.3        4.8        25.7        4.2  

Consumer Durable Goods

     30.0        6.3        32.2        6.0        34.5        6.9        34.9        7.5        42.2        6.9  

Consumer Nondurable Goods

     17.9        3.7        20.3        3.8        20.9        4.2        20.0        4.3        22.8        3.7  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

     478.5        100.0        535.2        100.0        503.3        100.0        467.6        100.0        615.0        100.0  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

These entries are derived from customs clearance statistics. C.I.F. means that the price of goods includes insurance and freight costs.

(2)

Preliminary.

Source:

The Bank of Korea; Korea Customs Service

In 2017, the Republic recorded a trade surplus of US$95.2 billion. Exports increased by 15.8% to US$573.7 billion in 2017 from US$495.4 billion in 2016, primarily due to increased demand for semiconductors and steel products. Imports increased by 17.8% to US$478.5 billion in 2017 from US$406.2 billion in 2016, primarily due to an increase in oil prices, which also led to increased unit prices of other major raw materials, and increased imports of machinery, precision equipment and electronic machines.

In 2018, the Republic recorded a trade surplus of US$69.7 billion. Exports increased by 5.4% to US$604.9 billion in 2018 from US$573.7 billion in 2017, primarily due to increased demand for semiconductors and petroleum products. Imports increased by 11.8% to US$535.2 billion in 2018 from US$478.5 billion in 2017, primarily due to an increase in oil prices, which also led to increased unit prices of other major raw materials.

In 2019, the Republic recorded a trade surplus of US$38.9 billion. Exports decreased by 10.4% to US$542.2 billion in 2019 from US$604.9 billion in 2018, primarily due to a significant decrease in semiconductor prices. Imports decreased by 6.0% to US$503.3 billion in 2019 from US$535.2 billion in 2018, primarily due to a decrease in oil prices, which also led to decreased unit prices of other major raw materials.

In 2020, the Republic recorded a trade surplus of US$44.9 billion. Exports decreased by 5.5% to US$512.5 billion in 2020 from US$542.2 billion in 2019, primarily due to a slowdown of the global economy resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Imports decreased by 7.1% to US$467.6 billion in 2020 from US$503.3 billion in 2019, primarily due to a decrease in oil prices, which also led to decreased unit prices of

 

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other major raw materials, as well as decreased domestic consumption, which were mainly attributed to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Based on preliminary data, the Republic recorded a trade surplus of US$29.4 billion in 2021. Exports increased by 25.7% to US$644.4 billion in 2021 from US$512.5 billion in 2020, primarily due to a recovery of the global economy from the COVID-19 pandemic. Imports increased by 31.5% to US$615.0 billion in 2021 from US$467.6 billion in 2020, primarily due to an increase in domestic consumption as well as an increase in oil prices, which also led to increased unit prices of other major raw materials.

Based on preliminary data, the Republic recorded a trade deficit of US$4.0 billion in the first quarter of 2022. Exports increased by 10.3% to US$172.9 billion in the first quarter of 2022 from US$156.7 billion in the corresponding period of 2021, primarily due to an improvement in the domestic economic conditions of the Republic’s major trading partners. Imports increased by 29.5% to US$176.9 billion in the first quarter of 2022 from US$136.6 billion in the corresponding period of 2021, primarily due to an increase in oil prices, which also led to increased unit prices of other major raw materials.

The following table sets forth the Republic’s exports trading partners:

Exports

 

    2017     As % of
2017
Total
    2018     As % of
2018
Total
    2019     As % of
2019
Total
    2020     As % of
2020
Total
    2021(1)     As % of
2021
Total(1)
 
    (millions of dollars, except percentages)  

China

    142,120.0       24.8       162,125.1       26.8       136,202.5       25.1       132,565.4       25.9       162,913.0       25.3  

United States

    68,609.7       12.0       72,719.9       12.0       73,343.9       13.5       74,115.8       14.5       95,902.0       14.9  

Japan

    26,816.1       4.7       30,528.6       5.0       28,420.2       5.2       25,097.7       4.9       30,061.8       4.7  

Hong Kong

    39,112.3       6.8       45,996.4       7.6       31,912.9       5.9       30,653.8       6.0       37,467.1       5.8  

Singapore

    11,651.9       2.0       11,782.2       1.9       12,768.0       2.4       9,828.4       1.9       14,148.5       2.2  

Vietnam

    47,753.8       8.3       48,622.1       8.0       48,177.7       8.9       48,510.6       9.5       56,728.5       8.8  

Taiwan

    14,898.4       2.6       20,783.5       3.4       15,666.3       2.9       16,465.4       3.2       24,285.3       3.8  

India

    15,055.5       2.6       15,606.2       2.6       15,096.3       2.8       11,937.3       2.3       15,603.3       2.4  

Indonesia

    8,403.7       1.5       8,833.2       1.5       7,650.1       1.4       6,312.9       1.2       8,550.3       1.3  

Mexico

    10,932.6       1.9       11,458.2       1.9       10,927.0       2.0       8,241.0       1.6       11,290.2       1.8  

Australia

    19,861.6       3.5       9,610.4       1.6       7,890.6       1.5       6,188.5       1.2       9,750.5       1.5  

Russia

    6,906.6       1.2       7,320.9       1.2       7,774.1       1.4       6,900.0       1.3       9,979.5       1.5  

Germany

    8,483.8       1.5       9,372.7       1.5       8,685.7       1.6       9,576.1       1.9       11,109.9       1.7  

Others(2)

    153,088.4       26.7       150,100.2       24.8       137,717.3       25.4       126,395.8       24.6       156,610.5       24.3  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

    573,694.4       100.0       604,859.7       100.0       542,232.6       100.0       512,788.7       100.0       644,400.4       100.0  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(1)

Preliminary.

(2)

Includes more than 200 countries and regions.

Source:

The Bank of Korea; Korea Customs Service

 

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The following table sets forth the Republic’s imports trading partners:

Imports

 

    2017     As % of
2017
Total
    2018     As % of
2018
Total
    2019     As % of
2019
Total
    2020     As % of
2020
Total
    2021(1)     As % of
2021
Total(1)
 
    (millions of dollars, except percentages)  

China

    97,860.1       20.5       106,488.6       19.9       107,228.7       21.3       108,884.6       23.3       138,628.1       22.5  

Japan

    55,124.7       11.5       54,603.7       10.2       47,580.9       9.5       46,023.0       9.8       54,642.2       8.9  

United States

    50,749.4       10.6       58,868.3       11.0       61,878.6       12.3       57,492.2       12.3       73,213.4       11.9  

Saudi Arabia

    19,590.5       4.1       26,335.8       4.9       21,840.6       4.3       15,979.6       3.4       24,271.3       3.9  

Qatar

    11,267.1       2.4       16,293.6       3.0       13,036.6       2.6       7,562.1       1.6       11,611.1       1.9  

Australia

    19,159.7       4.0       20,718.6       3.9       20,608.2       4.1       18,707.1       4.0       32,918.0       5.4  

Germany

    19,748.7       4.1       20,854.0       3.9       19,936.9       4.0       20,680.9       4.4       21,996.3       3.6  

Kuwait

    9,594.0       2.0       12,794.3       2.4       10,771.1       2.1       5,827.9       1.2       8,253.9       1.3  

Taiwan

    18,073.0       3.8       16,738.4       3.1       15,717.7       3.1       17,837.0       3.8       23,485.8       3.8  

United Arab Emirates

    9,557.1       2.0       9,287.4       1.7       8,991.1       1.8       5,692.7       1.2       7,318.7       1.2  

Indonesia

    9,571.0       2.0       11,161.2       2.1       8,819.8       1.8       7,594.7       1.6       10,725.1       1.7  

Malaysia

    8,714.7       1.8       10,205.7       1.9       9,279.9       1.8       8,892.6       1.9       10,456.2       1.7  

Others(2)

    149,468.3       31.2       170,852.9       31.9       157,652.8       31.3       146,458.4       31.3       215,214.6       35.0  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

    478,478.3       100.0       535,202.4       100.0       503,342.9       100.0       467,632.8       100.0       615,093.4       100.0  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(1)

Preliminary.

(2)

Includes more than 200 countries and regions.

Source:

The Bank of Korea; Korea Customs Service

The outbreak of severe health epidemics in Korea and various parts of the world, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, raises significant uncertainty about prospects for international trade and economic growth for affected countries, as well as world economic prospects in general. Global economic uncertainties in relation to COVID-19, including uncertainty due to the extent and effectiveness of extensive control measures and vaccination programs, among others, are expected to continue in 2022. Although there have been mixed signs of recovery in the domestic and global economy resulting from the availability of COVID-19 vaccinations and gradual normalization of business activities, the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic affects international trade is highly uncertain and difficult to predict. In order to contain further spread of such epidemics and to prevent the outbreak of similar epidemics in the future, the Government continues to cooperate actively with regional and international efforts to develop and implement various measures to combat such outbreaks. See “—The Economy—Worldwide Economic and Financial Difficulties”.

In 2020, 2021 and in recent months, the value of the Won relative to the U.S. dollar and Japanese Yen has fluctuated widely, in particular due to the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. See “—The Economy—Worldwide Economic and Financial Difficulties”. An appreciation of the Won against the U.S. dollar and Japanese Yen increases the Won value of the Republic’s export sales and diminishes the price-competitiveness of export goods in foreign markets in U.S. dollar and Japanese Yen terms, respectively. However, it also decreases the cost of imported raw materials in Won terms and the cost in Won of servicing the Republic’s U.S. dollar and Japanese Yen denominated debt. In general, when the Won appreciates, export dependent sectors of the Korean economy, including automobiles, electronics and shipbuilding, suffer from the resulting pressure on the price-competitiveness of export goods, which may lead to reduced profit margins and loss in market share, more than offsetting a decrease in the cost of imported raw materials. If the export dependent sectors of the Korean economy suffer reduced profit margins or a net loss, it could result in a material adverse effect on the Korean economy.

Since the Government announced its plans to pursue free trade agreements, or FTAs, in 2003, the Republic has entered into FTAs with key trading partners. The Republic has had bilateral FTAs in effect with Chile since

 

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2004, Singapore since 2006, India since 2010, Peru since 2011, the United States since 2012, Turkey since 2013, Australia since 2014, Canada, China, New Zealand and Vietnam since 2015, Colombia since July 2016 and the United Kingdom since January 2021. The Republic is currently in negotiations with a number of other key trading partners. In addition, the Republic has had regional FTAs in effect with the European Free Trade Association since 2006, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations since 2009, the European Union since 2011, with each of Panama, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua since 2021 and with the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership since 2022, and is currently negotiating additional regional FTAs. The Republic and Turkey have completed revisions to their bilateral FTA, which became effective in August 2018. The Republic and the United States have also completed revisions to their bilateral FTA, which became effective in January 2019.

Non-Commodities Trade Balance

The Republic had non-commodities trade deficits of US$38.4 billion in 2017, US$32.6 billion in 2018, US$20.1 billion in 2019 and US$4.7 billion in 2020. Based on preliminary data, the Republic had a non-commodities trade surplus of US$12.1 billion in 2021.

Foreign Currency Reserves

The foreign currency reserves are external assets that are readily available to and controlled by monetary authorities for meeting balance of payments financing needs and for other related purposes. The following table shows the Republic’s total official foreign currency reserves:

Total Official Reserves

 

     December 31,  
     2017      2018      2019      2020      2021  
     (millions of dollars)  

Gold

   $ 4,794.8      $ 4,794.8      $ 4,794.8      $ 4,794.8      $ 4,794.8  

Foreign Exchange(1)

     379,476.6        393,332.5        397,876.1        430,117.2        438,319.2  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total Gold and Foreign Exchange

     384,271.3        398,127.2        402,670.9        434,912.0        443,114.0  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Reserve Position at IMF

     1,621.1        2,140.4        2,792.9        4,815.3        4,634.9  

Special Drawing Rights

     3,374.3        3,426.6        3,352.4        3,370.8        15,369.5  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total Official Reserves

   $ 389,266.7      $ 403,694.3      $ 408,816.1      $ 443,098.1      $ 463,118.4  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

More than 95% of the Republic’s foreign currency reserves are comprised of convertible foreign currencies.

Source:

The Bank of Korea; International Monetary Fund

The Government’s foreign currency reserves increased to US$262.2 billion as of December 31, 2007 from US$8.9 billion as of December 31, 1997, primarily due to continued balance of trade surpluses and capital inflows. In 2008, the Government’s foreign currency reserves decreased, falling to US$201.2 billion as of December 31, 2008, partially as a result of the Government’s use of the foreign currency reserve to provide foreign currency liquidity to Korean financial institutions. The Government’s foreign currency reserves increased to US$389.3 billion as of December 31, 2017, US$403.7 billion as of December 31, 2018, US$408.8 billion as of December 31, 2019, US$443.1 billion as of December 31, 2020 and US$463.1 billion as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to continued trade surpluses and capital inflows. The amount of the Government’s foreign currency reserve was US$449.3 billion as of April 29, 2022.

Government Finance

The Ministry of Economy and Finance prepares the Government budget and administers the Government’s finances.

 

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The Government’s fiscal year commences on January 1. The Government must submit the budget, which is drafted by the Minister of Economy and Finance and approved by the President of the Republic, to the National Assembly not later than 90 days prior to the start of the fiscal year and may submit supplementary budgets revising the original budget at any time during the fiscal year.

2020 budgeted revenues increased by 1.0% to W450.9 trillion from W446.4 trillion in 2019, led by an increase in budgeted tax revenues (including social security contributions and tax on property). 2020 budgeted expenditures and net lending increased by 9.4% to W481.4 trillion from W439.9 trillion in 2019, led by increases in budgeted expenditures on economic growth (including job creation, research and development and support for start-ups and small businesses), social security, welfare services for senior citizens, unemployed people and temporary workers, and public housing. The 2020 budget anticipated a W30.5 trillion budget deficit.

2021 budgeted revenues remained relatively stable at W450.9 trillion from 2020. 2021 budgeted expenditures and net lending increased by 9.3% to W526.3 trillion from W481.4 trillion in 2020, led by increases in budgeted expenditures on recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic (including support for individuals and businesses adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, procurement of COVID-19 vaccines and enhancement of medical facilities and other infrastructure, among others) and revitalization of the economy (public housing, job creation, research and development, social security and welfare services, among others). The 2021 budget anticipated a W75.4 trillion budget deficit.

2022 budgeted revenues increased by 14.8% to W517.7 trillion from W450.9 trillion in 2021, led by an increase in budgeted tax revenues (including taxes on income, profits and capital gains as well as taxes on goods and services). 2022 budgeted expenditures and net lending increased by 8.6% to W571.8 trillion from W526.3 trillion in 2021, led by increases in budgeted expenditures on recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic (including support for small businesses) and revitalization of the economy. The 2022 budget anticipated a W54.1 trillion budget deficit.

In March 2020, the National Assembly approved a supplementary budget for 2020 in the amount of W11.7 trillion as part of the Government’s efforts to mitigate adverse effects on the Korean economy resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. See “—The Economy—Worldwide Economic and Financial Difficulties”. In April 2020, the National Assembly approved the second supplementary budget in the amount of W7.6 trillion, which amount was subsequently increased to W12.2 trillion, and in July 2020, the National Assembly approved the third supplementary budget in the amount of W35.1 trillion. In September 2020, the National Assembly approved the fourth supplementary budget amounting to W7.8 trillion, and the Government announced its COVID-19 relief package plan amounting to W9.4 trillion in December 2020, following a resurgence of COVID-19 cases in Korea. In March 2021, the National Assembly approved the first 2021 supplementary budget in the amount of W14.9 trillion to be spent on initiatives for relief from the COVID-19 pandemic, and in July 2021, the National Assembly approved the second supplementary budget of 2021 amounting to W34.9 trillion, mainly to provide relief packages to small businesses and direct payments to eligible individuals. In December 2021, the National Assembly approved the Republic’s budget for 2022 in the amount of W607.7 trillion, a significant portion of which is expected to be used for measures to continue to mitigate the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Korean economy. In February 2022, the National Assembly approved a 2022 supplementary budget in the amount of W16.9 trillion as part of the Government’s continuing efforts to support small businesses and vulnerable groups as well as strengthen disease control measures amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2022, the National Assembly approved the second supplementary budget in the amount of W62 trillion, most of which is expected to be used to compensate small businesses and self-employed individuals to compensate for losses incurred due to the COVID-19 restrictions.

These supplementary budgets (including relief packages), the largest of their kind drawn up in response to an outbreak of an infectious disease in Korea, focus on the provision of financial support for certain industries that are most vulnerable to, or adversely impacted by, the COVID-19 pandemic, such as tourism, aviation, shipping, logistics and food services, among others. The Government has used, and will continue to use, the

 

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supplementary budgets for the following purposes: (i) provision of loans and guarantees for small businesses, (ii) relief packages and household support, including daycare vouchers and emergency livelihood support, (iii) disease prevention (including purchases and administration of vaccines), testing and treatment, (iv) various forms of financial support for local communities most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and (v) measures to revitalize the economy from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The supplementary budgets have been, and will continue to be, funded through the issuance of treasury bonds by the Government, The Bank of Korea’s unappropriated surplus and other surplus funds available to the Government, among others.

Any significant increase in additional spending measures as stipulated by the supplementary budgets (including relief packages) may lead to a budget deficit for 2022, which could result in a deterioration in the Government’s fiscal position and an increase in borrowings. The impact of such effects is highly uncertain and will depend on, among others, the speed and extent of the economic recovery in Korea and internationally, which in turn will likely depend significantly on the scope and duration of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

 

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The following table shows consolidated Government revenues and expenditures:

Consolidated Central Government Revenues and Expenditures

 

    Actual     Budget  
    2017     2018     2019     2020     2021(1)     2020     2021     2022(1)  
    (billions of Won)  

Total Revenues

    403,839       438,262       443,853       446,628       537,619       450,873       450,905       517,701  

Current Revenues

    400,659       435,558       441,148       443,694       534,999       447,925       447,865       514,696  

Total Tax Revenues

    325,845       358,424       363,005       360,129       422,182       365,389       359,775       424,050  

Taxes on income, profits and capital gains

    134,242       155,399       155,736       148,622       184,509       152,837       143,121       180,740  

Social security contributions

    60,460       64,854       69,550       74,583       78,104       73,392       77,032       80,666  

Tax on property

    12,945       15,473       15,474       22,735       31,392       16,013       19,300       28,047  

Taxes on goods and services

    95,535       99,056       98,614       91,047       99,840       98,154       95,658       106,738  

Taxes on international trade and transaction

    8,529       8,815       7,882       7,059       8,227       8,791       8,347       8,735  

Other tax

    14,133       14,828       15,748       16,084       20,110       16,202       16,316       19,124  

Non-Tax Revenues

    74,814       77,134       78,143       83,565       112,818       82,536       88,091       90,646  

Operating surpluses of departmental enterprise sales and property income

    27,692       28,616       29,345       33,571       56,664       31,026       32,791       34,628  

Administration fees & charges and non-industrial sales

    9,067       9,004       10,181       9,929       10,865       10,355       10,724       11,402  

Fines and forfeits

    23,769       24,455       22,554       23,583       26,993       24,643       26,950       25,501  

Contributions to government employee pension fund

    12,311       13,206       13,523       13,876       14,918       13,944       15,385       16,633  

Current revenue of non-financial public enterprises

    1,974       1,853       2,540       2,606       3,378       2,568       2,241       2,483  

Capital Revenues

    3,180       2,703       2,705       2,934       2,620       2,948       3,040       3,006  

Total Expenditures and Net Lending

    379,809       407,099       455,850       517,781       568,013       481,352       526,292       571,814  

Total Expenditures

    363,671       389,610       436,698       489,966       537,934       460,044       496,661       546,446  

Current Expenditures

    332,719       360,176       387,100       455,098       502,091       426,721       459,333       506,262  

Expenditure on goods and
service

    67,536       71,459       60,196       79,460       88,144       85,521       94,636       94,814  

Interest payment

    13,976       14,287       13,837       14,452       15,431       15,525       17,254       17,928  

Subsidies and other current transfers

    248,513       272,080       309,575       357,295       395,726       321,672       343,636       389,599  

Current expenditure of non-financial public enterprises

    2,694       2,350       3,492       3,891       2,790       4,003       3,807       3,922  

Capital Expenditures

    30,952       29,434       49,598       34,868       35,842       33,323       37,328       40,184  

Net Lending

    16,138       17,489       19,152       27,815       30,079       21,308       29,631       25,369  

 

(1)

Preliminary.

Source: Ministry of Economy and Finance; The Bank of Korea; Korea National Statistical Office

The consolidated Government account consists of a General Account, Special Accounts (including a non-financial public enterprise special account) and Public Funds. The Government segregates the accounts of certain functions of the Government into Special Accounts and Public Funds for more effective administration and fiscal control. The Special Accounts and Public Funds relate to business type activities, such as economic development, road and railway construction and maintenance, monopolies, and communications developments and the administration of loans received from official international financial organizations and foreign governments.

 

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Revenues derive mainly from national taxes and non-tax revenues. Taxes in Korea can be roughly classified into the following types:

 

   

income tax and capital gains tax,

 

   

property tax,

 

   

value-added tax,

 

   

customs duty tax, and

 

   

other taxes.

Income tax and capital gains tax are imposed on income derived from labor, business operation and ownership of assets and profits derived from capital appreciation. Income tax and capital gains tax, depending on the type of taxpayer, can be further classified into corporate income tax and individual income tax. Property tax is imposed on exchange or ownership of property and includes inheritance tax and gift tax. Value-added tax is imposed on value added to goods and services. Customs duty tax is imposed on imported goods. Other taxes include tax on certain securities transactions and a stamp tax for certain documents.

Expenditures include general administration, national defense, community service, education, health, social security, certain annuities and pensions and local finance, which involves the transfer of tax revenues to local governments.

For 2017, the Republic recorded total revenues of W403.8 trillion and total expenditures and net lending of W379.8 trillion. The Republic had a fiscal surplus of W24.0 trillion in 2017.

For 2018, the Republic recorded total revenues of W438.3 trillion and total expenditures and net lending of W407.1 trillion. The Republic had a fiscal surplus of W31.2 trillion in 2018.

For 2019, the Republic recorded total revenues of W443.9 trillion and total expenditures and net lending of W455.9 trillion. The Republic had a fiscal deficit of W12.0 trillion in 2019.

For 2020, the Republic recorded total revenues of W446.6 trillion and total expenditures and net lending of W517.8 trillion. The Republic had a fiscal deficit of W71.2 trillion in 2020.

Based on preliminary data, the Republic recorded total revenues of W537.6 trillion and total expenditures and net lending of W568.0 trillion in 2021. The Republic had a fiscal deficit of W30.4 trillion in 2021.

The Government currently expects that the Republic’s fiscal deficit will decrease in 2022, primarily due to an increase in tax revenues following a steady recovery of the economy as well as an increase in real estate-related taxes. However, such predictions are highly uncertain and will depend on, among others, the speed and extent of the economic recovery in Korea and internationally, which in turn will likely depend significantly on the scope and duration of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Debt

The Government estimates that the total outstanding debt of the Government (including guarantees by the Government) as of December 31, 2020 amounted to approximately W831.7 trillion, an increase of 16.5% over the previous year.

The Government estimates that the total outstanding debt of the Government (including guarantees by the Government) as of December 31, 2021 amounted to approximately W950.0 trillion, an increase of 14.2% over the previous year.

 

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The Government expects that the amount of the Government’s debt will further increase in 2022 as it continues to support the Republic’s economic recovery and prepare for the transition to a post-pandemic economy. The Ministry of Economy and Finance administers the national debt of the Republic.

External and Internal Debt of the Government

The following table sets out, by currency and the equivalent amount in U.S. dollars, the estimated outstanding direct external debt of the Government as of December 31, 2021:

Direct External Debt of the Government

 

     Amount in
Original
Currency
     Equivalent
Amount in
U.S. Dollars(1)
 
     (millions)  

US$

     US$ 7,025.0        US$7,025.0  

Euro (EUR)

     EUR2,150.0        2,429.5  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

        US$9,454.5  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Amounts expressed in currencies other than US$ are converted to US$ at the arbitrage rate announced by the Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd. in effect on December 31, 2021.

The following table summarizes, as of December 31 of the years indicated, the outstanding direct internal debt of the Republic:

Direct Internal Debt of the Government

 

     (billions of Won)  

2017

     619,971.9  

2018

     643,550.9  

2019

     690,524.1  

2020

     808,941.0  

2021

     927,865.2  

The following table sets out all guarantees by the Government of indebtedness of others:

Guarantees by the Government

 

     December 31,  
     2017      2018      2019      2020      2021  
     (billions of Won)  

Domestic

     21,130.5        17,016.3        14,760.0        12,490.0        10,930.0  

External(1)

     —          —          —          —          —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

     21,130.5        17,016.3        14,760.0        12,490.0        10,930.0  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Converted to Won at foreign exchange banks’ telegraphed transfer selling rates to customers or the market average exchange rates in effect on December 31 of each year.

For further information on the outstanding indebtedness, including guarantees, of the Republic, see “—Tables and Supplementary Information”.

 

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External Liabilities

The following tables set out certain information regarding the Republic’s external liabilities calculated under the criteria based on the sixth edition of the Balance of Payment Manual published by the International Monetary Fund in December 2010 and implemented by the Government in December 2013. Under BPM6, in particular, prepayments received in connection with the construction of ships are excluded from the external liabilities.

 

     December 31,  
     2017      2018      2019      2020      2021(1)  
     (billions of dollars)  

Long-term Liabilities

     296.1        315.6        335.3        385.6        462.2  

General Government

     78.0        83.5        91.2        119.4        142.8  

Monetary Authorities

     14.5        15.2        14.4        15.0        35.9  

Banks

     91.7        100.1        104.4        112.2        128.1  

Other Sectors

     111.8        116.8        125.2        139.0        155.4  

Short-term Liabilities

     116.0        125.6        135.5        159.3        166.2  

General Government

     2.0        1.0        1.6        2.1        1.6  

Monetary Authorities

     8.1        12.8        10.9        10.8        9.6  

Banks

     85.5        90.3        102.0        120.4        123.6  

Other Sectors

     20.4        21.5        21.0        26.0        31.5  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total External Liabilities

     412.0        441.2        470.7        544.9        628.5  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Preliminary.

Commitments to Assume Treasury Obligations

The Government may, if deemed necessary for recovery from disasters and calamities, make commitments to assume treasury obligations to the extent resolved by the National Assembly each fiscal year. In such cases, such commitments shall be executed in accordance with the procedures for spending reserve funds within general accounts. As of December 31, 2021, such commitments assumed by the Government amounted to W45.7 trillion.

Debt Record

The Government has always paid when due the full amount of principal of, interest on, and amortization of sinking fund requirements of, all of its indebtedness.

 

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Tables and Supplementary Information

A. External Debt of the Government

(1) External Bonds of the Government

 

Series

  Issue Date     Maturity Date     Interest
Rate (%)
    Currency     Original
Principal
Amount
    Principal Amount
Outstanding as of
December 31, 2021
 

2005-001

    November 2, 2005       November 3, 2025       5.625       USD       400,000,000       400,000,000  

2013-001

    September 11, 2013       September 11, 2023       3.875       USD       1,000,000,000       1,000,000,000  

2014-001

    June 10, 2014       June 10, 2044       4.125       USD       1,000,000,000       1,000,000,000  

2014-002

    June 10, 2014       June 10, 2024       2.125       EUR       750,000,000       750,000,000  

2017-001

    January 19, 2017       January 19, 2027       2.750       USD       1,000,000,000       1,000,000,000  

2018-001

    September 20, 2018       September 20, 2028       3.500       USD       500,000,000       500,000,000  

2018-002

    September 20, 2018       September 20, 2048       3.875       USD       500,000,000       500,000,000  

2019-001

    June 19, 2019       June 19, 2029       2.500       USD       1,000,000,000       1,000,000,000  

2019-002

    June 19, 2019       June 19, 2024       2.000       USD       500,000,000       500,000,000  

2020-001

    September 16, 2020       September 16, 2030       1.000       USD       625,000,000       625,000,000  

2020-002

    September 16, 2020       September 16, 2025       0.000       EUR       700,000,000       700,000,000  

2021-001

    October 15, 2021       October 15, 2026       0.000       EUR       700,000,000       700,000,000  

2021-002

    October 15, 2021       October 15, 2031       1.750       USD       500,000,000       500,000,000  
           

 

 

 

Total External Bonds in Original Currencies

 

    USD 7,025,000,000  
    EUR 2,150,000,000  
 

 

 

 

Total External Bonds in Equivalent Amount of Won(1)

 

  W 11,214,168,500,000  
 

 

 

 

 

(1)

U.S. dollar amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of US$1.00 to W1,185.5, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd. Euro amounts are converted to Won amounts at the rate of EUR 1.00 to W1,342.34, the market average exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, as announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd.

(2) External Borrowings of the Government

None.

B. External Guaranteed Debt of the Government

None.

 

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C. Internal Debt of the Government

 

Title

   Range of
Interest Rates
     Range of
Years of Issue
     Range of Years
of Original
Maturity
     Principal
Amounts
Outstanding as
of December 31,
2021
 
     (%)                    (billions of Won)  

1. Bonds

           

Interest-Bearing Treasury Bond for Treasury Bond Management Fund

     0.750-5.750        2006-2021        2022-2070        843,660.1  

Interest-Bearing Treasury Bond for National Housing I

     1.00-3.00        2012-2021        2017-2026        82,132.8  

Interest-Bearing Treasury Bond for National Housing II

     0.0-3.0        1997-2017        2019-2029        19.8  

Interest-Bearing Treasury Bond for National Housing III

     0        2005        2015        0  

Non-interest-Bearing Treasury Bond for Contribution to International Organizations(1)

     0        1968-1985        —          9.4  
           

 

 

 

Total Bonds

              925,822.1  
           

 

 

 

2. Borrowings

           

Borrowings from The Bank of Korea

     —          —          —          0  

Borrowings from the Sports Promotion Fund

     1.060-1.920        2020-2021        2022-2023        940.0  

Borrowings from The Korea Foundation Fund

     0.955-1.285        2020-2021        2022        78.1  

Borrowings from the Labor Welfare Promotion Fund

     —          —          —          0  

Borrowings from Korea Technology Finance Corporation

     0.81-2.34        2018-2020        2022        195.0  

Borrowings from the Credit Guarantee Fund for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Suppliers

     —          —          —          0  

Borrowings from the Government Employees’ Pension Fund

     —          —          —          0  

Borrowings from the Film Industry Development Fund

     —          —          —          0  

Borrowings from the Korea Credit Guarantee Fund

     0.81        2020        2023        250.0  

Borrowings from the Housing Finance Credit Guarantee Fund

     0.815-1.285        2020        2023        530.0  

Borrowings from the Korea Infrastructure Credit Guarantee Fund

     0.81        2020        2023        50.0  
           

 

 

 

Total Borrowings

              2,043.1  
           

 

 

 

Total Internal Funded Debt

              927,865.2  
           

 

 

 

 

(1)

Interest Rates and Years of Original Maturity not applicable.

 

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D. Internal Guaranteed Debt of the Government

 

Title

   Range of
Interest Rates
     Range of
Years of Issue
     Range of Years
of Original
Maturity
     Principal
Amounts
Outstanding as
of December 31, 2021
 
     (%)                    (billions of Won)  

1. Bonds of Government-Affiliated
Corporations

           

Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation

     —          —          —          0  

Korea Student Aid Foundation

     0.00-4.79        2011-2021        2022-2041        10,180.0  

Key Industry Stabilization Fund

     0.94-2.19        2020-2021        2022-2025        750.0  
           

 

 

 

Total Internal Guaranteed Debt

              10,930.0  
           

 

 

 

E. Others

Commitments to Assume Treasury Obligations

The Government may, if deemed necessary for recovery from disasters and calamities, make commitments to assume treasury obligations to the extent resolved by the National Assembly each fiscal year. In such cases, such commitments shall be executed in accordance with the procedures for spending reserve funds within general accounts. As of December 31, 2021, such commitments assumed by the Government amounted to W45.7 trillion.

 

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DESCRIPTION OF THE SECURITIES

Description of Debt Securities

We will issue debt securities under a fiscal agency agreement or agreements. The description below summarizes the material provisions of the debt securities and the fiscal agency agreement. Since it is only a summary, the description may not contain all of the information that may be important to you as a potential investor in the debt securities. Therefore, we urge you to read the form of fiscal agency agreement and the form of global debt security before deciding whether to invest in the debt securities. We have filed a copy of these documents with the Securities and Exchange Commission as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. You should refer to such exhibits for more complete information.

The financial terms and other specific terms of your debt securities will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to your debt securities. The description in the prospectus supplement will supplement this description or, to the extent inconsistent with this description, replace it.

We will appoint a fiscal agent or agents in connection with debt securities whose duties will be governed by the fiscal agency agreement. We may replace the fiscal agent or appoint different fiscal agents for different series of debt securities.

General Terms of the Debt Securities

We may issue debt securities in separate series at various times. The Republic may irrevocably guarantee the payment of principal of, and interest on, one or more series of debt securities. The prospectus supplement that relates to your debt securities will specify some or all of the following terms:

 

   

the aggregate principal amount;

 

   

the currency of denomination and payment;

 

   

any limitation on principal amount and authorized denominations;

 

   

the percentage of their principal amount at which the debt securities will be issued;

 

   

the maturity date or dates;

 

   

the interest rate for the debt securities and, if variable, the method by which the interest rate will be calculated;

 

   

whether any amount payable in respect of the debt securities will be determined based on an index or formula, and how any such amount will be determined;

 

   

the dates from which interest, if any, will accrue for payment of interest and the record dates for any such interest payments;

 

   

where and how we will pay principal and interest;

 

   

whether and in what circumstances the debt securities may be redeemed before maturity;

 

   

any sinking fund or similar provision;

 

   

whether any part or all of the debt securities will be in the form of a global security and the circumstances in which a global security is exchangeable for certificated securities;

 

   

if issued in certificated form, whether the debt securities will be in bearer form with interest coupons, if any, or in registered form without interest coupons, or both forms, and any restrictions on exchanges from one form to the other;

 

   

whether any of the terms set out herein will differ for the debt securities;

 

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whether the Republic will irrevocably guarantee the payment of principal of, and interest on, the debt securities; and

 

   

other specific provisions.

Depending on the terms of the debt securities we issue, the prospectus supplement relating to the debt securities may also describe applicable U.S. federal income tax and other considerations additional to the disclosure in this prospectus.

Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will maintain at an office in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, a register for the registration of transfers of debt securities issued in registered form.

Payments of Principal, Premium and Interest

On every payment date specified in the relevant prospectus supplement, we will pay the principal, premium and/or interest due on that date to the registered holder of the relevant debt security at the close of business on the related record date. We will make all payments at the place and in the currency set out in the prospectus supplement. Unless otherwise specified in the relevant prospectus supplement or the debt securities, we will make payments in U.S. dollars at the New York office of the fiscal agent or, outside the United States, at the office of any paying agent. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement or debt securities, we will pay interest by check, payable to the registered holder.

We will make any payments on debt securities in bearer form at the offices and agencies of the fiscal agent or any other paying agent outside the United States as we may designate. At the option of the holder of the bearer debt securities, we will make such payments by check or by transfer to an account maintained by the holder with a bank located outside of the United States. We will not make payments on bearer debt securities at the corporate trust office of the fiscal agent in the United States or at any other paying agency in the United States. In addition, we will not make any payment by mail to an address in the United States or by transfer to an account maintained by a holder of bearer debt securities with a bank in the United States. Nevertheless, we will make payments on a bearer debt security denominated and payable in U.S. dollars at an office or agency in the United States if:

 

   

payment outside the United States is illegal or effectively precluded by exchange controls or other similar restrictions; and

 

   

the payment is then permitted under United States law, without material adverse consequences to us.

If we issue bearer debt securities, we will designate the offices of at least one paying agent outside the United States as the location for payment.

Repayment of Funds; Prescription

If no one claims money paid by us to the fiscal agent for the payment of principal or interest in respect of any series of debt securities for two years after the payment was due and payable, the fiscal agent or paying agent will repay the money to us. After such repayment, the fiscal agent or paying agent will not be liable with respect to the amounts so repaid, and you may look only to us for any payment under the debt securities.

Under Korean laws concerning prescriptive periods for filing claims, as generally interpreted, you will not be permitted to file a claim against us for payment of principal or interest on any series of debt securities unless you do so within five years, in the case of principal, and three years, in the case of interest, from the date on which payment was due.

Global Securities

The prospectus supplement relating to a series of debt securities will indicate whether any of that series of debt securities will be represented by a global security. The prospectus supplement will also describe any unique

 

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specific terms of the depositary arrangement with respect to that series. Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement, we anticipate that the following provisions will apply to depositary arrangements.

Registered Ownership of the Global Security

The global security will be registered in the name of a depositary identified in the prospectus supplement, or its nominee, and will be deposited with the depositary, its nominee or a custodian. The depositary, or its nominee, will therefore be considered the sole owner or holder of debt securities represented by the global security for all purposes under the fiscal agency agreement. Except as specified below or in the applicable prospectus supplement, beneficial owners:

 

   

will not be entitled to have any of the debt securities represented by the global security registered in their names;

 

   

will not receive physical delivery of any debt securities in definitive form;

 

   

will not be considered the owners or holders of the debt securities;

 

   

must rely on the procedures of the depositary and, if applicable, any participants (institutions that have accounts with the depositary or a nominee of the depositary, such as securities brokers and dealers) to exercise any rights of a holder; and

 

   

will receive payments of principal and interest from the depositary or its participants rather than directly from us.

We understand that, under existing industry practice, the depositary and participants will allow beneficial owners to take all actions required of, and exercise all rights granted to, the registered holders of the debt securities.

We will register debt securities in the name of a person other than the depositary or its nominee only if:

 

   

the depositary for a series of debt securities is unwilling or unable to continue as depositary; or

 

   

we determine, in our sole discretion, not to have a series of debt securities represented by a global security.

In either such instance, an owner of a beneficial interest in a global security will be entitled to registration of a principal amount of debt securities equal to its beneficial interest in its name and to physical delivery of the debt securities in definitive form.

Beneficial Interests in and Payments on a Global Security

Only participants, and persons that may hold beneficial interests through participants, can own a beneficial interest in the global security. The depositary keeps records of the ownership and transfer of beneficial interests in the global security by its participants. In turn, participants keep records of the ownership and transfer of beneficial interests in the global security by other persons (such as their customers). No other records of the ownership and transfer of beneficial interests in the global security will be kept.

All payments on a global security will be made to the depositary or its nominee. When the depositary receives payment of principal or interest on the global security, we expect the depositary to credit its participants’ accounts with amounts that correspond to their respective beneficial interests in the global security. We also expect that, after the participants’ accounts are credited, the participants will credit the accounts of the owners of beneficial interests in the global security with amounts that correspond to the owners’ respective beneficial interests in the global security.

The depositary and its participants establish policies and procedures governing payments, transfers, exchanges and other important matters that affect owners of beneficial interests in a global security. The

 

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depositary and its participants may change these policies and procedures from time to time. We have no responsibility or liability for the records of ownership of beneficial interests in the global security, or for payments made or not made to owners of such beneficial interests. We also have no responsibility or liability for any aspect of the relationship between the depositary and its participants or for any aspect of the relationship between participants and owners of beneficial interests in the global security.

Bearer Securities

We may issue debt securities in a series in the form of one or more bearer global debt securities deposited with a common depositary for the Euroclear and Clearstream, or with a nominee identified in the applicable prospectus supplement. The specific terms and procedures, including the specific terms of the depositary arrangement, with respect to any portion of a series of debt securities to be represented by a global security will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Additional Amounts

We will make all payments of principal of, and premium and interest, if any, on the debt securities, without withholding or deducting any present or future taxes imposed by the Republic or any of its political subdivisions, unless required by law. If Korean law requires us to deduct or withhold taxes, we will pay additional amounts as necessary to ensure that you receive the same amount as you would have received without such withholding or deduction.

We will not pay, however, any additional amounts if you are liable for Korean tax because:

 

   

you are connected with the Republic other than by merely owning the debt security or receiving income or payments on the debt security;

 

   

you failed to complete and submit a declaration of your status as a non-resident of the Republic after we or the relevant tax authority requested you to do so; or

 

   

you failed to present your debt security for payment within 30 days of when the payment is due or, if the fiscal agent did not receive the money prior to the due date, the date notice is given to holders that the fiscal agent has received the full amount due to holders. Nevertheless, we will pay additional amounts to the extent you would have been entitled to such amounts had you presented your debt security for payment on the last day of the 30-day period.

We will not pay any additional amounts for taxes on the debt securities except for taxes payable through deduction or withholding from payments of principal, premium or interest. Examples of the types of taxes for which we will not pay additional amounts include the following: estate or inheritance taxes, gift taxes, sales or transfer taxes, personal property or related taxes, assessments or other governmental charges. We will pay stamp or other similar taxes that may be imposed by the Republic, the United States or any political subdivision or taxing authority in one of those two countries on the fiscal agency agreement or be payable in connection with the issuance of the debt securities.

Status of Debt Securities

The debt securities will:

 

   

constitute our direct, unconditional, unsecured and unsubordinated obligations; and

 

   

rank without any preference among themselves and equally with all of our other unsecured and unsubordinated obligations. It is understood that this provision shall not be construed so as to require us to make payments under the debt securities ratably with payments being made under our any other debt securities.

 

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Negative Pledge Covenant

If any debt securities are outstanding, we will not create or permit any security interests on our assets as security for any of our Long-Term External Indebtedness or guarantees issued by us, unless the security interest also secures our obligations under the debt securities. “Long-Term External Indebtedness” means any obligation for the payment or repayment of money borrowed that is denominated in a currency other than the currency of the Republic and which has a final maturity of one year or more from its date of issuance.

We may, however, create or permit a security interest:

 

   

in favor of the Government or The Bank of Korea or any other agency or instrumentality of or controlled by the Government;

 

   

arising from, or any deposit or other arrangement made or entered into in connection with, the sale, assignment or other disposition or the discounting of any of our notes or receivables, or any other transaction in the ordinary course of our business; or

 

   

on any asset (or documents of title to such asset) incurred when the asset was purchased or improved to secure payment of the cost of the activity.

Events of Default

Each of the following constitutes an event of default with respect to any series of debt securities:

 

  1.

Non-Payment: we do not pay principal or interest or premium or deposit any sinking fund payment on any debt securities of the series when due and such failure to pay continues for 30 days.

 

  2.

Breach of Other Obligations: we fail to observe or perform any of the covenants in the series of debt securities (other than non-payment) for 60 days after written notice of the default is delivered to us at the corporate trust office of the fiscal agent in New York City by holders representing at least 10% of the aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of the series.

 

  3.

Cross Default and Cross Acceleration:

 

   

we default on any External Indebtedness, and, as a result, becomes obligated to pay an amount equal to or greater than US$10,000,000 in aggregate principal amount prior to its due date; or

 

   

we fail to pay when due, including any grace period, any of our External Indebtedness in aggregate principal amount equal to or greater than US$10,000,000 or we fail to pay when requested and required by the terms thereof any guarantee for External Indebtedness of another person equal to or greater than US$10,000,000 in aggregate principal amount, except in any such case where such External Indebtedness or guarantee is being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings.

 

  4.

Moratorium/Default:

 

   

we declare a general moratorium on the payment of our External Indebtedness, including obligations under guarantees;

 

   

the Republic declares a general moratorium on the payment of its External Indebtedness, including obligations under guarantees;

 

   

the Republic becomes liable to repay prior to maturity any amount of External Indebtedness, including obligations under guarantees, as a result of a default under such External Indebtedness or obligations; or

 

   

the international monetary reserves of the Republic become subject to a security interest or segregation or other preferential arrangement for the benefit of any creditors.

 

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  5.

Bankruptcy:

 

   

we are declared bankrupt or insolvent by any court or administrative agency with jurisdiction over us;

 

   

we pass a resolution to apply for bankruptcy or to request the appointment of a receiver or trustee or similar official in insolvency;

 

   

a substantial part of our assets are liquidated;

 

   

we are wound up or dissolved; or

 

   

we cease to conduct the banking business.

 

  6.

Failure of Support: the Republic fails to provide financial support for us as required under Article 37 of the KEXIM Act as of the date of the debt securities of such series.

 

  7.

Control of Assets: the Republic ceases to control us (directly or indirectly).

 

  8.

IMF Membership/World Bank Membership: the Republic ceases to be a member in good standing of the IMF or the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank).

For purposes of the foregoing, “External Indebtedness” means any obligation for the payment or repayment of money borrowed that is denominated in a currency other than the currency of the Republic.

If an event of default occurs, any holder may declare the principal amount of debt securities that it holds to be immediately due and payable by written notice to us and the fiscal agent.

You should note that:

 

   

despite the procedure described above, no debt securities may be declared due and payable if we cure the applicable event of default before we receive the written notice from the debt security holder;

 

   

we are not required to provide periodic evidence of the absence of defaults; and

 

   

the fiscal agency agreement does not require us to notify holders of the debt securities of an event of default or grant any debt security holder a right to examine the security register.

Modifications and Amendments; Debt Securityholders’ Meetings

Each holder of a series of debt securities must consent to any amendment or modification of the terms of that series of debt securities or the fiscal agency agreement that would, among other things:

 

   

change the stated maturity of the principal of the debt securities or any installment of interest;

 

   

reduce the principal amount of such series of debt securities or the portion of the principal amount payable upon acceleration of such debt securities;

 

   

change the debt security’s interest rate or premium payable;

 

   

change the currency of payment of principal, interest or premium;

 

   

amend either the procedures provided for a redemption event or the definition of a redemption event;

 

   

shorten the period during which we are not allowed to redeem the debt securities or grant us a right to redeem the debt securities which we previously did not have; or

 

   

reduce the percentage of the outstanding principal amount needed to modify or amend the fiscal agency agreement or the terms of such series of debt securities.

We may, with the exception of the above changes, with the consent of the holders of at least 66 2/3% in principal amount of the debt securities of a series that are outstanding, modify and amend other terms of that series of debt securities.

 

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The fiscal agency agreement and a series of debt securities may be modified or amended, without the consent of the holders of the debt securities, to:

 

   

add covenants made by us that benefit holders of the debt securities;

 

   

surrender any right or power given to us;

 

   

secure the debt securities;

 

   

permit registered securities to be exchanged for bearer securities or relax or eliminate restrictions on the payment of principal, premium or interest on bearer securities to the extent permitted under United States Department of Treasury regulations, provided that holders of the debt securities do not suffer any adverse tax consequences as a result; and

 

   

cure any ambiguity or correct or supplement any defective provision in the fiscal agency agreement or the debt securities, without materially and adversely affecting the interests of the holders of the debt securities.

Fiscal Agent

The fiscal agency agreement governs the duties of each fiscal agent. We may maintain bank accounts and a banking relationship with each fiscal agent. The fiscal agent is our agent and does not act as a trustee for the holders of the debt securities.

Further Issues of Debt Securities

We may, without the consent of the holders of the debt securities, create and issue additional debt securities with the same terms and conditions as any series of debt securities (or that are the same except for the amount of the first interest payment and for the interest paid on the series of debt securities prior to the issuance of the additional debt securities); provided that if any such additional debt securities are not fungible with the outstanding series of debt securities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, they will be issued under a separate CUSIP or other identifying number. We may consolidate such additional debt securities with the outstanding debt securities to form a single series.

Description of Warrants

The description below summarizes some of the provisions of warrants for the purchase of debt securities that we may issue from time to time and of the warrant agreement. Copies of the forms of warrants and the warrant agreement are or will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. Since it is only a summary, the description may not contain all of the information that is important to you as a potential investor in the warrants.

The description of the warrants that will be contained in the prospectus supplement will supplement this description and, to the extent inconsistent with this description, replace it.

General Terms of the Warrants

Each series of warrants will be issued under a warrant agreement to be entered into between us and a bank or trust company, as warrant agent. The prospectus supplement relating to the series of warrants will describe:

 

   

the terms of the debt securities purchasable upon exercise of the warrants, as described above under “Description of the Securities—Description of Debt Securities—General Terms of the Debt Securities”;

 

   

the principal amount of debt securities purchasable upon exercise of one warrant and the exercise price;

 

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the procedures and conditions for the exercise of the warrants;

 

   

the dates on which the right to exercise the warrants begins and expires;

 

   

whether and under what conditions the warrants may be terminated or canceled by us;

 

   

whether and under what conditions the warrants and any debt securities issued with the warrants will be separately transferable;

 

   

whether the warrants will be issued in bearer or registered form;

 

   

whether the warrants will be exchangeable between registered and bearer form, and, if issued in registered form, where they may be transferred and registered; and

 

   

other specific provisions.

Terms Applicable to Debt Securities and Warrants

Governing Law

The fiscal agency agreement, any warrant agreement and the debt securities and any warrants will be governed by the laws of the State of New York without regard to any principles of New York law requiring the application of the laws of another jurisdiction. Nevertheless, all matters governing our authorization, execution and delivery of the debt securities and the fiscal agency agreement and any warrants and warrant agreement by us will be governed by the laws of the Republic.

Jurisdiction and Consent to Service

We are owned by a foreign sovereign government and all of our board of directors and executive officers and some of the experts named in this prospectus are residents of Korea. In addition, all or most our assets and the assets of the people named in the preceding sentence are located outside of the United States. For that reason, you may have difficultly serving process on us or the individuals described above in the United States or enforcing in a U.S. court a U.S.-court judgment based on the U.S. federal securities laws. Our Korean counsel has informed us that there is doubt regarding the enforceability in Korea, either in original actions or in actions for the enforcement of U.S.-court judgments, of civil liabilities based on the U.S. federal securities laws. The enforcement of U.S.-court judgments against us may be affected or limited by the general principle of good morals and other social order and the general principle of good faith and fairness provided in the Civil Code of Korea. The courts of Korea will recognize as a valid judgment and enforce any judgment obtained in a U.S. court without re-examination of the merits; provided, that (a) such judgment was finally and conclusively given by a court having valid jurisdiction in accordance with the international jurisdiction principles under Korean law and applicable treaties, (b) we were duly served with service of process (otherwise than by publication or similar means) in sufficient time to enable us to prepare our defense in conformity with applicable laws or responded to the action without being served with process, (c) in light of the substance of such judgment and the procedures of litigation, recognition of such judgment is not contrary to the public policy of Korea, and (d) judgments of the courts of Korea are accorded reciprocal treatment in the jurisdiction of the court which had issued such judgment or the requirements for the recognition of a foreign judgment in the jurisdiction of the court which had issued such judgment are neither manifestly inequitable nor substantially different in material respects from the requirements for recognition of a foreign judgment in Korea.

We have appointed the Chief Representative of our New York Representative Office, Mr. Jung-Hyun Lee, and a Senior Representative of our New York Representative Office, Mr. Kyung-Jun Hwang, and each of their successors in the future, as our authorized agents to receive service of process in any suit which a holder of any series of debt securities or warrants may bring in any state or federal court in New York City and we have accepted the jurisdiction of those courts for those actions. Our New York Representative Office is located at 460 Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10022. These appointments are irrevocable as long as any amounts

 

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of principal, premium or interest remain payable by us to the Fiscal Agent under any series of debt securities or any warrants have not expired or otherwise terminated under their terms. If for any reason either of these two men ceases to act as our authorized agent or ceases to have an address in Manhattan, we shall appoint a replacement. The appointment of agents for receipt of service of process and the acceptance of jurisdiction of state or federal courts in New York City do not, however, apply to actions brought under the United States federal securities laws. We may also be sued in courts having jurisdiction over us located in the Republic.

We will irrevocably consent to any relief and process in connection with a suit against us in relation to the debt securities or warrants, including the enforcement or execution of any order or judgment of the court. To the extent permitted by law, we will waive irrevocably any immunity from jurisdiction to which we might otherwise be entitled in any suit based on any series of debt securities or warrants.

Foreign Exchange Controls

Before we may issue debt securities outside the Republic, the Minister of Economy and Finance of Korea must receive a report with respect to the issuance by us of debt securities having a maturity of more than one year (if the issue amount is more than US$50 million or the equivalent thereof) in accordance with the Foreign Exchange Transactions Act of Korea and the Enforcement Decree and regulations promulgated thereunder. After issuance of debt securities outside the Republic, we are required to notify the Minister of Economy and Finance of such issuance. No further approval or authorization is required for us to pay principal of or interest on the debt securities.

Description of Guarantees

The description below summarizes some of the provisions of the guarantees that the Republic may issue from time to time to guarantee our debt securities. Since it is only a summary, the description may not contain all of the information that is important to you as a potential beneficiary of a guarantee.

The prospectus supplement relating to a guarantee to be issued by the Republic will specify other specific provisions. The description of a guarantee to be issued by the Republic that will be contained in the prospectus supplement will supplement this description and, to the extent inconsistent with this description, replace it.

General Terms of the Guarantees

Each guarantee will be issued by the Republic as guarantor. The prospectus supplement relating to a guarantee will specify:

 

   

the relevant obligor and the obligations guaranteed under the guarantee;

 

   

the nature and scope of the guarantee, including whether or not it is irrevocable and unconditional;

 

   

the status of the guarantee in relation to the Republic’s other obligations;

 

   

the governing law of the guarantee; and

 

   

other relevant provisions of the guarantee.

 

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LIMITATIONS ON ISSUANCE OF BEARER DEBT SECURITIES AND BEARER WARRANTS

Bearer securities will not be offered, sold or delivered in the United States or its possessions or to a United States person; except in certain circumstances permitted by United States tax regulations. Bearer securities will initially be represented by temporary global securities, without interest coupons, deposited with a common depositary in London for Euroclear and Clearstream for credit to designated accounts. Unless otherwise indicated in the prospectus supplement:

 

   

each temporary global security will be exchangeable for definitive bearer securities on or after the date that is 40 days after issuance only upon receipt of certification of non-United States beneficial ownership of the temporary global security as provided for in United States tax regulations, provided that no bearer security will be mailed or otherwise delivered to any location in the United States in connection with the exchange; and

 

   

any interest payable on any portion of a temporary global security with respect to any interest payment date occurring prior to the issuance of definitive bearer securities will be paid only upon receipt of certification of non-United States beneficial ownership of the temporary global security as provided for in United States tax regulations.

Bearer securities, other than temporary global debt securities, and any related coupons will bear the following legend: “Any United States person who holds this obligation will be subject to limitations under the United States federal income tax laws, including the limitations provided in Section 165(j) and 1287(a) of the Internal Revenue Code.” The sections referred to in the legend provide that, with certain exceptions, a United States person who holds a bearer security or coupon will not be allowed to deduct any loss realized on the disposition of the bearer security, and any gain, which might otherwise be characterized as capital gain, recognized on the disposition will be treated as ordinary income.

For purposes of this section, “United States person” means:

 

   

a citizen or resident of the United States;

 

   

a corporation, partnership or other entity created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any political subdivision thereof; or

 

   

an estate or trust the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source.

For purposes of this section, “United States” means the United States of America, including each state and the District of Columbia, its territories, possessions and other areas subject to its jurisdiction.

 

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TAXATION

The following discussion summarizes certain Korean and U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be relevant to you if you invest in debt securities. This summary is based on laws, regulations, rulings and decisions in effect as of the date of this prospectus. These laws, regulations, rulings and/or decisions may change; any such change could apply retroactively and could affect the continued validity of this summary.

This summary does not describe all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to you or your situation, particularly if you are subject to special tax rules. You should consult your tax adviser about the tax consequences of holding the debt securities, including the relevance to your particular situation of the considerations discussed below, as well as of state, local or other tax laws.

Korean Taxation

The following summary of Korean tax considerations applies to you so long as you are not:

 

   

a resident of Korea;

 

   

a company having its head office, principal place of business or place of effective management in Korea, or a Korean company; or

 

   

engaging in a trade or business in Korea through a permanent establishment or a fixed base to which the relevant income is attributable or with which the relevant income is effectively connected.

Tax on Interest Payments

Under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law, or the STTCL, when we make payments of interest to you on the debt securities, no amount will be withheld from such payments for, or on account of, taxes of any kind imposed, levied, withheld or assessed by Korea or any political subdivision or taxing authority thereof or therein; provided that the debt securities are deemed to be foreign currency denominated bonds issued outside of Korea for the purpose of the STTCL.

Tax on Capital Gains

You will not be subject to any Korean income or withholding taxes in connection with the sale, exchange or other disposition of a debt security, provided that the disposition does not involve a transfer of the debt security to a Korean resident (or the Korean permanent establishment of a non-resident). In addition, the STTCL exempts you from Korean taxation on any capital gains that you earn from the transfer of the debt securities outside of Korea; provided that the offering of the debt securities is deemed to be an overseas issuance for the purpose of the STTCL. If you sell or otherwise dispose of debt securities to a Korean resident and such disposition or sale is made within Korea, any gain realized on the transaction will be taxable at ordinary Korean withholding tax rates at the lower of 22% (including local income surtax) of net gain (subject to the production of satisfactory evidence of the acquisition costs and certain direct transaction costs) or 11% (including local income surtax) of gross sale proceeds with respect to transactions, unless an exemption is available under an applicable income tax treaty. For example, if you are a resident of the United States for the purposes of the income tax treaty currently in force between Korea and the United States, you are generally entitled to an exemption from Korean taxation in respect of any gain realized on a disposition of a debt security, regardless of whether the disposition is to a Korean resident. For more information regarding tax treaties, please refer to the heading “Tax Treaties” below.

With respect to computing the above-mentioned 22% withholding taxes (including local income surtax) on net gain, please note that there is no provision under relevant Korean law for offsetting gains and losses or otherwise aggregating transactions for the purpose of computing the net gain attributable to sales of the debt securities. The purchaser of the debt securities or, in the case of the sale of the debt securities through a securities

 

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company in Korea, the securities company through which such sale is effected, is required under Korean law to withhold the applicable amount of Korean tax and make payment thereof to the relevant Korean tax authority. Unless you, as the seller, can either claim the benefit of an exemption or a reduced rate of tax under an applicable tax treaty or produce satisfactory evidence of your acquisition cost and certain direct transaction costs in relation to the debt securities being sold, the purchaser or the securities company, as applicable, must withhold an amount equal to 11% of the gross sale proceeds. Any withheld tax must be paid no later than the tenth day of the month following the month in which the payment for the purchase of the relevant debt securities occurred. Failure to timely transmit the withheld tax to the Korean tax authorities technically subjects the purchaser or the securities company to penalties under Korean tax laws.

Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax

If you die while domiciled in Korea, Korean inheritance tax will be imposed upon the transfer by succession of any of the debt securities, wherever located, that you own at the time of death. Furthermore, regardless of where you are domiciled when you die, Korean inheritance tax will be imposed upon the transfer by succession of any of the debt securities you own that are located in Korea at the time of death. Similarly, if you give the debt securities as a gift to any other person, the donee will be subject to Korean gift tax, based on where the donee or you are domiciled or where the debt securities are located at the time that you make the gift. The amount, if any, of the applicable inheritance or gift tax imposed in specific cases depends on the value of the debt securities (or other property) and the identities of the parties involved.

Under Korean inheritance and gift tax laws, debt securities issued by Korean companies are deemed to be located in Korea irrespective of where they are physically located or by whom they are owned.

Stamp Duty

You will not be subject to any Korean stamp duty, registration duty or similar documentary tax in respect of or in connection with a transfer of any debt securities or in connection with the exercise of exchange rights or conversion rights that may be acquired with the debt securities.

Guarantees

Although there are no Korean tax laws, regulations or rulings specific to the payment under the guarantee herein, we believe any payments of interest on and principal amount of the debt securities (or the issued price if the debt securities were originally issued at a discount) by the Republic under the Republic’s guarantee on the debt securities denominated in a foreign currency and issued by us are not subject to withholding tax, provided that the debt securities are deemed to be foreign currency denominated bonds issued outside of Korea for the purpose of the STTCL. Further details of the tax consequences of the holders of our debt securities guaranteed by the Republic may be provided in the relevant prospectus supplement.

Tax Treaties

At the date of this prospectus, Korea has tax treaties with, among others, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Republic of Fiji, Romania, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Vietnam under which the rate of withholding tax on interest and dividends is reduced, generally to between 5% and 16.5%, and the tax on capital gains is often eliminated.

With respect to any gains subject to Korean withholding tax, as described under the heading “Tax on Capital Gains” above, you should inquire for yourself whether you are entitled to the benefit of a tax treaty with Korea. It

 

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will be your responsibility to claim the benefits of any tax treaty that may exist between your country and Korea in respect of capital gains, and to provide to the purchaser of the debt securities, or the relevant securities company through which the transfer of the debt securities is effected, as applicable, a certificate as to your country of tax residence. In the absence of sufficient proof, the purchaser, or the relevant securities company, as the case may be, must withhold tax at normal rates.

In addition, subject to certain exceptions, in order to receive the benefit of a tax exemption available under any applicable tax treaty, you may also be required to submit to the payer of such Korean source income an application for tax exemption under a tax treaty, together with a certificate as to your country of tax residence. Subject to certain exceptions, the Korean tax laws also require an overseas investment vehicle, or an OIV (which is defined as an organization established in a foreign jurisdiction that manages funds collected through investment solicitation by way of acquiring, disposing or otherwise investing in proprietary targets and then distributes the outcome of such management to investors) to obtain the application for tax exemption from the beneficial owners together with a certificate of tax residence of the beneficial owner and submit a report of OIV to the payer, together with a detailed statement on the beneficial owner of the income and the obtained application for exemption from the beneficial owner. The payer of such Korean source income, in turn, will be required to submit such exemption application to the relevant district tax office in Korea by the ninth day of the month following the date of the first payment of such income. Even if the beneficial owner was unable to receive the benefit of a tax exemption due to his or her failure to timely submit such application, the beneficial owner may still receive tax treaty benefits by claiming tax refund with evidentiary documents to the relevant tax office within five years of the last day of the month during which the payment of such income occurred. Furthermore, the Corporation Income Tax Law, or the CITL, and Individual Income Tax Law, or the IITL, require the beneficial owner to submit an application for entitlement to a preferential tax rate together with evidence of tax residence (including a certificate of tax residence of the beneficial owner issued by a competent authority of the country of tax residence of the beneficial owner) to a withholding obligor paying Korean source income in order to benefit from the available reduced tax rate pursuant to the relevant tax treaty. Subject to certain exceptions, the CITL and IITL also require an OIV to obtain the application for entitlement to a preferential tax rate from the beneficial owners and submit a report of OIV to the withholding obligor, together with a detailed statement on the beneficial owner of the income.

Due to recent amendment to the Korean tax laws, OIVs may be regarded as beneficial owners of Korean sourced income in certain situations. Pursuant to such amendment, OIVs may be treated as beneficial owners of Korean sourced income if one of the following conditions are met: (i) the OIV is subject to taxation in the jurisdiction in which it has been established and is eligible for non-taxation, tax exemption or reduced tax rates under the relevant tax treaty on its Korean sourced income; (ii) the OIV is treated as the beneficial owner to its Korean sourced income under the relevant tax treaty and is eligible for non-taxation, tax exemption or reduced tax rates under the relevant tax treaty on its Korean sourced income; or (iii) the OIV is unable to confirm its list of beneficial owners investing in the OIV (if only a portion of the beneficial owners are confirmed, applies with respect to the remaining unconfirmed list of beneficial owners). OIVs that are not regarded as foreign “corporations” for purposes of the Korean tax law may be recognized as beneficial owners if one of the above conditions (ii) or (iii) are met. Further, OIVs that meet condition (iii) would be subject to the default statutory withholding tax rate under the Korean tax laws and the treaty withholding rates under relevant tax treaties would not apply even though the OIVs are deemed to be beneficial owners to Korean source income.

At present, Korea has not entered into any tax treaties regarding inheritance or gift tax.

United States Tax Considerations

The following discussion summarizes certain U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be relevant to you if you invest in debt securities and are a U.S. holder. You will be a U.S. holder if you are the beneficial owner of a debt security and you are an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, a U.S. domestic corporation, or any other person that is subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis in

 

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respect of its investment in a debt security. This summary deals only with U.S. holders that hold debt securities as capital assets for tax purposes. This summary does not apply to you if you are an investor that is subject to special tax rules, such as:

 

   

a bank or thrift;

 

   

a real estate investment trust;

 

   

a regulated investment company;

 

   

an insurance company;

 

   

a dealer in securities or currencies;

 

   

a trader in securities or commodities that elects mark-to-market treatment;

 

   

a person that will hold debt securities as a hedge against currency risk or as a position in a straddle or conversion transaction for tax purposes or as a part of a “synthetic security” or other integrated financial transaction;

 

   

an entity taxed as a partnership or a partner therein;

 

   

a tax exempt organization;

 

   

U.S. expatriates;

 

   

nonresident alien individuals present in the United States for more than 182 days in a taxable year; or

 

   

a person whose functional currency for tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar.

This summary is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, its legislative history, existing and proposed regulations promulgated thereunder, and published rulings and court decisions, all as currently in effect. These laws are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis.

Any special U.S. federal income tax considerations relevant to a particular issuance of debt securities will be discussed in the applicable prospectus supplement. This discussion does not address U.S. state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences, the Medicare tax on certain investment income, special timing rules prescribed under section 451(b) of the Code or the alternative minimum tax.

This summary deals only with debt securities that are properly treated as indebtedness for U.S. federal income tax purposes. This summary does not discuss tax considerations relevant to the ownership and disposal of bearer securities. You should consult your tax adviser about the tax consequences of holding debt securities, including the relevance to your particular situation of the considerations discussed below, as well as of state, local or other tax laws.

Payments or Accruals of Interest

Payments or accruals of “qualified stated interest” (as defined below) on a debt security, but excluding any pre-issuance accrued interest, will be taxable to you as ordinary interest income at the time that you receive or accrue such amounts, in accordance with your regular method of tax accounting. If you use the cash method of tax accounting and you receive payments of interest pursuant to the terms of a debt security in a currency other than U.S. dollars (a “foreign currency”), the amount of interest income you will realize will be the U.S. dollar value of the foreign currency payment based on the exchange rate in effect on the date you receive the payment regardless of whether you convert the payment into U.S. dollars. If you are an accrual method holder, the amount of interest income you will realize will be based on the average exchange rate in effect during the interest accrual period or, with respect to an interest accrual period that spans two taxable years, at the average exchange rate for the partial period within the taxable year. Alternatively, as an accrual method holder you may elect to translate all interest income on foreign currency-denominated debt securities at the spot rate on the last day of the accrual

 

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period (or the last day of the taxable year, in the case of an accrual period that spans more than one taxable year), or on the date that you receive the interest payment if that date is within five business days of the end of the accrual period. If you make this election you must apply it consistently to all debt instruments from year to year and you cannot change the election without the consent of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS. If you are an accrual method holder, you will recognize foreign currency gain or loss on the receipt of a foreign currency interest payment if the exchange rate in effect on the date the payment is received differs from the rate applicable to a previous accrual of that interest income. Amounts attributable to pre-issuance accrued interest will generally not be includable in income, except to the extent of foreign currency gain or loss attributable to any changes in exchange rates during the period between the date the U.S. Holder acquired the debt security and the first interest payment date. This foreign currency gain or loss will be treated as ordinary income or loss, but generally will not be treated as an adjustment to interest income received on the debt security.

Purchase, Sale and Retirement of Debt Securities

Initially, your tax basis in a debt security generally will equal the cost of the debt security to you. Your basis will increase by any amounts that you are required to include in income under the rules governing original issue discount and market discount, and will decrease by the amount of any amortized premium and any payments other than qualified stated interest made on the debt security. (The rules for determining these amounts are discussed below.) If you purchase a debt security that is denominated in a foreign currency, the cost to you, and therefore generally your initial tax basis, will be the U.S. dollar value of the foreign currency purchase price on the date of purchase calculated at the exchange rate in effect on that date. If the foreign currency-denominated debt security is traded on an established securities market and you use the cash method of tax accounting, or if you are an accrual method holder that makes a special election, then you will determine the U.S. dollar value of the cost of the debt security by translating the amount of the foreign currency that you paid for the debt security at the spot rate of exchange on the settlement date of your purchase. The amount of any subsequent adjustments to your tax basis in a foreign currency-denominated debt security in respect of original issue discount, market discount and premium will be determined in the manner described below. If you convert U.S. dollars into a foreign currency and then immediately use that foreign currency to purchase a debt security, you generally will not have any taxable gain or loss as a result of the purchase.

When you sell or exchange a debt security, or if a debt security that you hold is retired, you generally will recognize gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount you realize on the transaction, less any accrued qualified stated interest, which will be subject to tax in the manner described above, and your tax basis in the debt security. If you sell or exchange a debt security for a foreign currency, or receive foreign currency on the retirement of a debt security, the amount you will realize for U.S. federal income tax purposes generally will be the U.S. dollar value of the foreign currency that you receive calculated at the exchange rate in effect on the date the foreign currency debt security is disposed of or retired. If you dispose of a foreign currency debt security that is traded on an established securities market and you are a cash-basis U.S. holder, or if you are an accrual-basis holder that makes a special election, then you will determine the U.S. dollar value of the amount realized by translating the amount of the foreign currency that you received on the debt security at the spot rate of exchange on the settlement date of the sale, exchange or retirement. Furthermore, regardless of which of the foregoing methods applies, if Korean tax is withheld on the sale, exchange or retirement of a debt security, the amount you realize will include the gross amount of the proceeds of that sale, exchange or retirement before deduction of the Korean tax.

The special election available to you if you are an accrual method holder in respect of the purchase and sale of foreign currency debt securities traded on an established securities market, which is discussed in the two preceding paragraphs, must be applied consistently to all debt instruments from year to year and cannot be changed without the consent of the IRS.

Except as discussed below with respect to market discount, short-term debt securities and foreign currency gain or loss, the gain or loss that you recognize on the sale, exchange or retirement of a debt security generally

 

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will be long-term capital gain or loss if you have held the debt security for more than one year. The Code provides preferential treatment under certain circumstances for net long-term capital gains recognized by individual U.S. holders. The ability of U.S. holders to offset capital losses against ordinary income is limited.

Despite the foregoing, the gain or loss that you recognize on the sale, exchange or retirement of a foreign currency debt security generally will be treated as ordinary income or loss to the extent that the gain or loss is attributable to changes in exchange rates during the period in which you held the debt security. However, any such foreign currency gain or loss (including any foreign currency gain or loss with respect to the receipt of accrued but unpaid interest) will be realized only to the extent of total gain or loss realized on the sale or retirement. This foreign currency gain or loss will not be treated as an adjustment to interest income that you receive on the debt security.

Under new foreign tax credit requirements recently adopted by the IRS, any Korean tax imposed on the sale or other disposition of the debt security generally will not be treated as a creditable tax for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. If the Korean tax is not a creditable tax, the tax would reduce the amount realized on the sale or other disposition of the debt security even if the U.S. holder has elected to claim a foreign tax credit for other taxes in the same year. U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the foreign tax credit rules to a sale or other disposition of the debt security and any Korean tax imposed on such sale or disposition.

Original Issue Discount

If we issue debt securities at a discount from their stated redemption price at maturity, and the discount is equal to or more than the product of one-fourth of one percent (0.25%) of the stated redemption price at maturity of the debt securities multiplied by the number of whole years to their maturity (the de minimis threshold”), the debt securities will be “Original Issue Discount Debt Securities.” The difference between the issue price and their stated redemption price at maturity will be the “original issue discount.” The “issue price” of the debt securities will be the first price at which a substantial amount of the debt securities are sold to the public (i.e., excluding sales of debt securities to underwriters, placement agents, wholesalers, or similar persons). The “stated redemption price at maturity” will include all payments under the debt securities other than payments of qualified stated interest. The term “qualified stated interest” generally means stated interest that is unconditionally payable in cash or property, other than debt instruments issued by us, at least annually during the entire term of a debt security at a single fixed interest rate or, subject to certain conditions, based on one or more interest indices.

If you invest in Original Issue Discount Debt Securities you generally will be subject to the special tax accounting rules for original issue discount obligations provided by the Code and certain U.S. Treasury regulations, or the OID regulations. You should be aware that, as described in greater detail below, if you invest in an Original Issue Discount Debt Security you generally will be required to include original issue discount in ordinary gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes as it accrues, before you may have received the cash attributable to that income.

In general, and regardless of whether you use the cash or the accrual method of tax accounting, if you are the holder of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security with a maturity greater than one year, you will be required to include in ordinary gross income the sum of the “daily portions” of original issue discount on that Original Issue Discount Debt Security for all days during the taxable year that you own the Original Issue Discount Debt Security. The daily portions of original issue discount on an Original Issue Discount Debt Security are determined by allocating to each day in any accrual period a ratable portion of the original issue discount allocable to that period. Accrual periods may be any length and may vary in length over the term of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security, so long as no accrual period is longer than one year and each scheduled payment of principal or interest occurs on the first or last day of an accrual period. If you are the initial holder of the

 

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Original Issue Discount Debt Security, the amount of original issue discount on an Original Issue Discount Debt Security allocable to each accrual period is determined by:

 

  (i)

multiplying the “adjusted issue price” (as defined below) of the Original Issue Discount Debt Security at the beginning of the accrual period by a fraction, the numerator of which is the annual yield to maturity (as defined below) of the Original Issue Discount Debt Security and the denominator of which is the number of accrual periods in a year; and

 

  (ii)

subtracting from that product the amount, if any, payable as qualified stated interest allocable to that accrual period.

In the case of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security that is a floating rate debt security, both the “annual yield to maturity” and the qualified stated interest will be determined for these purposes as though the Original Issue Discount Debt Security had borne interest in all periods at a fixed rate generally equal to the rate that would be applicable to interest payments on the Original Issue Discount Debt Security on its date of issue or, in the case of some floating rate debt securities, the rate that reflects the yield that is reasonably expected for the Original Issue Discount Debt Security. Additional rules may apply if interest on a floating rate debt security is based on more than one interest index. The “adjusted issue price” of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security at the beginning of any accrual period will generally be the sum of its issue price, including any accrued interest, and the amount of original issue discount allocable to all prior accrual periods, reduced by the amount of all payments other than any qualified stated interest payments on the Original Issue Discount Debt Security in all prior accrual periods. All payments on an Original Issue Discount Debt Security, other than qualified stated interest, will generally be viewed first as payments of previously accrued original issue discount, to the extent of the previously accrued discount, with payments considered made from the earliest accrual periods first, and then as a payment of principal. The “annual yield to maturity” of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security is the discount rate, appropriately adjusted to reflect the length of accrual periods, that causes the present value on the issue date of all payments on the Original Issue Discount Debt Security to equal the issue price. As a result of this “constant yield” method of including original issue discount income, the amounts you will be required to include in your gross income if you invest in an Original Issue Discount Debt Security denominated in U.S. dollars will generally be lesser in the early years and greater in the later years than amounts that would be includible on a straight-line basis.

You generally may make an irrevocable election to include in income your entire return on a debt security (i.e., the excess of all remaining payments to be received on the debt security, including payments of qualified stated interest, over the amount you paid for the debt security) under the constant yield method described above. For debt securities purchased at a premium or bearing market discount in your hands, if you make this election you will also be deemed to have made the election (discussed below under “Premium and Market Discount”) to amortize premium or to accrue market discount in income currently on a constant yield basis in respect of all other premium or market discount debt securities that you hold.

In the case of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security that is also a foreign currency-denominated debt security, you should determine the U.S. dollar amount includible as original issue discount for each accrual period by (i) calculating the amount of original issue discount allocable to each accrual period in the foreign currency using the constant yield method, and (ii) translating that foreign currency amount so determined at the average exchange rate in effect during that accrual period (or, with respect to an interest accrual period that spans two taxable years, at the average exchange rate for each partial period). Alternatively, you may translate the foreign currency amount so determined at the spot rate of exchange on the last day of the accrual period (or the last day of the taxable year, for an accrual period that spans two taxable years), or at the spot rate of exchange on the date of receipt, if that date is within five business days of the last day of the accrual period, provided that you have made the election described under the caption “Payments or Accruals of Interest” above. Because exchange rates may fluctuate, if you are the holder of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security that is also a foreign currency debt security you may recognize a different amount of original issue discount income in each accrual period than would be the case if you were the holder of an otherwise similar Original Issue Discount Debt

 

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Security denominated in U.S. dollars. Upon the receipt of an amount attributable to original issue discount, whether in connection with a payment of an amount that is not qualified stated interest or the sale or retirement of the Original Issue Discount Debt Security, you will recognize ordinary income or loss measured by the difference between the amount received, translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect on the date of receipt or on the date of disposition of the Original Issue Discount Debt Security, as the case may be, and the amount accrued, using the exchange rate applicable to such previous accrual.

If you purchase an Original Issue Discount Debt Security outside of the initial offering at a cost less than its “remaining redemption amount”, or if you purchase an Original Issue Discount Debt Security in the initial offering at a price other than the Original Issue Discount Debt Security’s issue price, you will also generally be required to include in gross income the daily portions of original issue discount, calculated as described above. However, if you acquire an Original Issue Discount Debt Security at a price greater than its adjusted issue price, you will be required to reduce your periodic inclusions of original issue discount to reflect the premium paid over the adjusted issue price. The remaining redemption amount for an Original Issue Discount Debt Security is the total of all future payments to be made on the debt security other than qualified stated interest.

Floating rate debt securities generally will be treated as “variable rate debt instruments” under the OID regulations. Accordingly, the stated interest on a floating rate debt security generally will be treated as qualified stated interest, and such a debt security will not have original issue discount solely as a result of the fact that it provides for interest at a variable rate. A floating rate debt security that does not qualify as a variable rate debt instrument will be subject to special rules (the “contingent payment regulations”) that govern the tax treatment of debt obligations that provide for contingent payments (“contingent debt obligations”). A detailed description of the tax considerations relevant to U.S. holders of any such debt securities will be provided in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Certain Original Issue Discount Debt Securities may be redeemed prior to maturity, either at our option or at the option of the holder, or may have special repayment or interest rate reset features as indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement. Original Issue Discount Debt Securities containing these features may be subject to rules that differ from the general rules discussed above. If you purchase Original Issue Discount Debt Securities with these features, you should carefully examine the applicable prospectus supplement and consult your tax adviser about their treatment since the tax consequences with respect to original issue discount will depend, in part, on the particular terms and features of the Original Issue Discount Debt Securities.

If a debt security provides for a scheduled accrual period that is longer than one year (for example, as a result of a long initial period on a debt security with interest that is generally paid on an annual basis), then stated interest on the debt security will not qualify as “qualified stated interest” under the OID Regulations. As a result, the debt security would be an Original Issue Discount Debt Security. In that event, among other things, if you are a cash-method U.S. holder you will be required to accrue stated interest on the debt security under the rules for original issue discount described above, and regardless of your method of accounting for U.S. federal income tax purposes, you will be required to accrue original issue discount that would otherwise fall under the de minimis threshold.

Short-Term Debt Securities

The rules described above will also generally apply to Original Issue Discount Debt Securities with maturities of one year or less (“short-term debt securities”), but with some modifications.

First, the original issue discount rules treat none of the interest on a short-term debt security as qualified stated interest, but treat a short-term debt security as having original issue discount. Thus, all short-term debt securities will be Original Issue Discount Debt Securities. Except as noted below, if you are a cash-basis holder of a short-term debt security and you do not identify the short-term debt security as part of a hedging transaction you will generally not be required to accrue original issue discount currently, but you will be required to treat any

 

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gain realized on a sale, exchange or retirement of the short-term debt security as ordinary income to the extent such gain does not exceed the original issue discount accrued with respect to the short-term debt security during the period you held the short-term debt security. You may not be allowed to deduct all of the interest paid or accrued on any indebtedness incurred or maintained to purchase or carry a short-term debt security until the maturity of the short-term debt security or its earlier disposition in a taxable transaction. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if you are a cash-basis U.S. holder of a short-term debt security you may elect to accrue original issue discount on a current basis, in which case the limitation on the deductibility of interest described above will not apply. A U.S. holder using the accrual method of tax accounting and some cash method holders, including banks, securities dealers, regulated investment companies and certain trust funds, generally will be required to include original issue discount on a short-term debt security in gross income on a current basis. Original issue discount will be treated as accruing for these purposes on a ratable basis or, at the election of the holder, on a constant yield basis based on daily compounding.

Second, regardless of whether you are a cash- or accrual-basis holder, if you are the holder of a short-term debt security you can elect to accrue any “acquisition discount” with respect to the short-term debt security on a current basis. Acquisition discount is the excess of the remaining redemption amount of the short-term debt security at the time of acquisition (i.e., all amounts payable on the short-term debt security) over the purchase price. Acquisition discount will be treated as accruing ratably or, at the election of the holder, under a constant yield method based on daily compounding. If you elect to accrue acquisition discount, the original issue discount rules will not apply.

Finally, the market discount rules described below will not apply to short-term debt securities.

As described above, certain of the debt securities may be subject to special redemption features. These features may affect the determination of whether a debt security has a maturity of one year or less and thus is a short-term debt security. If you purchase debt securities with these features, you should carefully examine the prospectus supplement and consult your tax adviser about these features.

Premium and Market Discount

If you purchase a debt security at a cost greater than the debt security’s remaining redemption amount, you will be considered to have purchased the debt security at a premium, and you may elect to amortize the premium as an offset to interest income, using a constant yield method, over the remaining term of the debt security. If you make this election, it generally will apply to all debt instruments that you hold at the time of the election, as well as any debt instruments that you subsequently acquire. In addition, you may not revoke the election without the consent of the IRS. If you elect to amortize the premium, you will be required to reduce your tax basis in the debt security by the amount of the premium amortized during your holding period. Original Issue Discount Debt Securities purchased at a premium will not be subject to the original issue discount rules described above. In the case of premium on a foreign currency debt security, you should calculate the amortization of the premium in the foreign currency. Amortization deductions attributable to a period reduce interest payments in respect of that period, and therefore are translated into U.S. dollars at the rate that you use for those interest payments. Exchange gain or loss will be realized with respect to amortized premium on a foreign currency debt security based on the difference between the exchange rate computed on the date or dates the premium is amortized against interest payments on the debt security and the exchange rate on the date when the holder acquired the debt security. For a U.S. holder that does not elect to amortize premium, the amount of premium will be included in your tax basis when the debt security matures or is disposed of. Therefore, if you do not elect to amortize premium and you hold the debt security to maturity, you generally will be required to treat the premium as capital loss when the debt security matures.

If you purchase a debt security at a price that is lower than the debt security’s remaining redemption amount, or in the case of an Original Issue Discount Debt Security, the debt security’s adjusted issue price, by 0.25% or more of the remaining redemption amount, or adjusted issue price, multiplied by the number of

 

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remaining whole years to maturity, the debt security will be considered to bear “market discount” in your hands. In this case, any gain that you realize on the disposition of the debt security generally will be treated as ordinary interest income to the extent of the market discount that accrued on the debt security during your holding period. In addition, you could be required to defer the deduction of a portion of the interest paid on any indebtedness that you incurred or maintained to purchase or carry the debt security. In general, market discount will be treated as accruing ratably over the term of the debt security, or, at your election, under a constant yield method. You must accrue market discount on a foreign currency debt security in the specified currency. The amount that you will be required to include in income in respect of accrued market discount will be the U.S. dollar value of the accrued amount, generally calculated at the exchange rate in effect on the date that you dispose of the debt security.

You may elect to include market discount in gross income currently as it accrues (on either a ratable or constant yield basis), in lieu of treating a portion of any gain realized on a sale of the debt security as ordinary income. If you elect to include market discount on a current basis, the interest deduction deferral rule described above will not apply. If you do make such an election, it will apply to all market discount debt instruments that you acquire on or after the first day of the first taxable year to which the election applies. The election may not be revoked without the consent of the IRS. Any accrued market discount on a foreign currency debt security that is currently includible in income will be translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rate for the accrual period (or portion thereof within your taxable year).

Warrants

A description of the tax consequences of an investment in warrants will be provided in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Guarantees

A description of the tax consequences of an investment in guarantees will be provided in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Indexed Debt Securities and Other Debt Securities Providing for Contingent Payments

The contingent payment regulations generally require accrual of interest income on a constant yield basis in respect of contingent debt obligations at a yield determined at the time of issuance of the obligation, and may require adjustments to these accruals when any contingent payments are made. In addition, special rules may apply to floating rate debt securities if the interest payable on the debt securities is based on more than one interest index. We will provide a detailed description of the tax considerations relevant to U.S. holders of any debt securities that are subject to the special rules discussed in this paragraph in the relevant prospectus supplement.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Information returns are required to be filed with the IRS in connection with debt security payments made to certain United States persons. If you are a United States person, you generally will not be subject to U.S. backup withholding tax on such payments if you provide your taxpayer identification number to the withholding agent. You may also be subject to information reporting and backup withholding tax requirements with respect to the proceeds from a sale of the debt securities. If you are not a United States person, in order to avoid information reporting and backup withholding tax requirements you may have to comply with certification procedures to establish that you are not a United States person. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a United States or non-United States person will be allowed as a credit against the holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle the holder to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

 

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Information with Respect to Foreign Financial Assets

Certain U.S. holders that own “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate value in excess of $50,000 on the last day of the taxable year or $75,000 at any time during the taxable year are generally required to file an information statement along with their tax returns, currently on IRS Form 8938, with respect to such assets. “Specified foreign financial assets” include any financial accounts held at a non-U.S. financial institution, as well as securities issued by a non-U.S. issuer (which would include the debt securities) that are not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions. Higher reporting thresholds apply to certain individuals living abroad and to certain married individuals. Regulations extend this reporting requirement to certain entities that are treated as formed or availed of to hold direct or indirect interests in specified foreign financial assets based on certain objective criteria. U.S. holders who fail to report the required information could be subject to substantial penalties. In addition, the statute of limitations for assessment of tax would be suspended, in whole or part. You should consult your tax advisors regarding the possible application of these rules to your investment in the debt securities, including the application of the rules to your particular circumstances.

Reportable Transactions

A U.S. taxpayer that participates in a “reportable transaction” will be required to disclose its participation to the IRS. Under the relevant rules, if the debt securities are denominated in a foreign currency, a U.S. holder may be required to treat a foreign currency exchange loss from the debt securities as a reportable transaction if this loss exceeds the relevant threshold in the regulations ($50,000 in a single taxable year, if the U.S. holder is an individual or trust, or higher amounts for other non-individual U.S. holders), and to disclose its investment by filing IRS Form 8886 with the IRS. A penalty in the amount of $10,000 in the case of a natural person and $50,000 in all other cases is generally imposed on any taxpayer that fails to timely file an information return with the IRS with respect to a transaction resulting in a loss that is treated as a reportable transaction. You are urged to consult your tax advisors regarding the application of these rules.

Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act

We or a non-U.S. financial institution through which payments are made may be required pursuant to the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, or FATCA, to collect and provide to the IRS or another tax authority substantial information regarding investors in debt securities. As such, holders may be required to provide information and tax documentation regarding their tax identities as well as that of their direct and indirect owners. Moreover, we, any paying agents, and other financial institutions through which payments are made, may be required to withhold U.S. tax at a 30% rate on “foreign passthru payments” (a term not yet defined) paid to an investor who does not provide information sufficient for the institution to determine whether the investor is a United States person or should otherwise be treated as holding a “United States account” of the institution, or to an investor that is, or holds the debt securities directly or indirectly through, a non-U.S. financial institution that is not in compliance with FATCA. Under a grandfathering rule, this withholding tax will not apply unless the debt securities are issued or materially modified after the date that is six months after the date on which final U.S. Treasury Regulations defining the term “foreign passthru payment” are filed with the U.S. Federal Register.

By purchasing the debt securities, U.S. holders agree to provide an IRS form W-9, and whatever other information may be necessary for us to comply with these reporting obligations. If an amount of, or in respect of, U.S. withholding tax were to be deducted or withheld from payments on the debt securities as a result of an investor’s failure to comply with these rules, neither we nor any paying agent nor any other person would be required to pay additional amounts with respect to any debt securities as a result of the deduction or withholding of such tax. You should consult your tax advisors on how FATCA may apply to payments you receive under the debt securities.

 

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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We and the Republic, if a guarantee by the Republic is furnished, may sell or issue the debt securities or warrants or guarantees in any of three ways:

 

   

through underwriters or dealers;

 

   

directly to one or more purchasers; or

 

   

through agents.

The prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of debt securities or warrants or guarantees will state:

 

   

the names of any underwriters;

 

   

the purchase price of the securities;

 

   

the proceeds to us from the sale;

 

   

any underwriting discounts and other compensation;

 

   

the initial public offering price;

 

   

any discounts or concessions allowed or paid to dealers; and

 

   

any securities exchanges on which the securities will be listed.

Any underwriter involved in the sale of securities will acquire the securities for its own account. The underwriters may resell the securities from time to time in one or more transactions, including negotiated transactions, at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices to be determined at the time of sale. The securities may be offered to the public either by underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters or by underwriters without a syndicate. Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, certain conditions must be satisfied before the underwriters become obligated to purchase securities from us and the Republic, if applicable, and they will be obligated to purchase all of the securities if any are purchased. The underwriters may change any initial public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers.

If we and the Republic, if a guarantee by the Republic is furnished, sell any securities through agents, the prospectus supplement will identify the agent and indicate any commissions payable by us and the Republic, if applicable. Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, all agents will act on a best efforts basis and will not acquire the securities for their own account.

We and the Republic, if a guarantee by the Republic is furnished, may authorize agents, underwriters or dealers to solicit offers by certain specified entities to purchase the securities from us and the Republic, if applicable, at the public offering price set forth in a prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts. The prospectus supplement will set out the conditions of the delayed delivery contracts and the commission receivable by the agents, underwriters or dealers for soliciting the contracts.

We and the Republic, if a guarantee by the Republic is furnished, may offer debt securities as consideration for the purchase of other of our debt securities, either in connection with a publicly announced tender offer or in privately negotiated transactions. The offer may be in addition to or in lieu of sales of debt securities directly or through underwriters or agents.

Agents and underwriters may be entitled to indemnification by us against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or to contribution from us with respect to certain payments which the agents or underwriters may be required to make. Agents and underwriters may be customers of, engage in transactions with, or perform services (including commercial and investment banking services) for, us and the Republic in the ordinary course of business.

 

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LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of any particular series of debt securities or warrants issued with debt securities will be passed upon for us and any underwriters or agents by United States and Korean counsel identified in the related prospectus supplement.

AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVES IN THE UNITED STATES

Our authorized agents in the United States are Mr. Jung-Hyun Lee, Chief Representative of our New York Representative Office, and Mr. Kyung-Jun Hwang, Senior Representative of our New York Representative Office. The address of our New York Representative Office is 460 Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10022. The authorized representative of the Republic in the United States is Mr. Minsik Shin, Financial Attaché, Korean Consulate General in New York, located at 460 Park Avenue, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10022.

OFFICIAL STATEMENTS AND DOCUMENTS

Our Chairman and President, in his official capacity, has supplied the information set forth under “The Export-Import Bank of Korea” (except for the information set out under “The Export-Import Bank of Korea—Business—Government Support and Supervision”). Such information is stated on his authority.

The Minister of Economy and Finance of The Republic of Korea, in his official capacity, has supplied the information set out under “The Export-Import Bank of Korea—Business—Government Support and Supervision” and “The Republic of Korea.” Such information is stated on his authority. The documents identified in the portion of this prospectus captioned “The Republic of Korea” as the sources of financial or statistical data are official public documents of the Republic or its agencies and instrumentalities.

EXPERTS

The separate financial statements of The Export-Import Bank of Korea as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 have been included in this prospectus in reliance upon the report of KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp., independent auditor, appearing elsewhere herein, and upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

 

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus includes future expectations, projections or “forward-looking statements”, as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The words “believe”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “project” and similar words identify forward-looking statements. In addition, all statements other than statements of historical facts included in this prospectus are forward-looking statements. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that such expectations will prove correct. This prospectus discloses important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations (“Cautionary Statements”). All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the Cautionary Statements.

Factors that could adversely affect the future performance of the Korean economy include:

 

   

the occurrence of severe health epidemics in Korea or other parts of the world, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, swine or avian flu, Ebola or Middle East respiratory syndrome;

 

   

hostilities, political or social tensions involving Russia (including the invasion of Ukraine by Russia and ensuing actions that the United States and other countries have taken or may take in the future) and the resulting adverse effects on the global supply of oil and other natural resources and the global financial markets;

 

   

adverse conditions or developments in the economies of countries and regions that are important export markets for Korea, such as the United States, Europe, Japan and China, or in emerging market economies in Asia or elsewhere, including as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, deteriorating economic and trade relations between the United States and China and the effects of the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union;

 

   

disruptions in the global supply chain for raw materials, natural resources, consumer goods, rare earth minerals, component parts and other supplies, including as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, government policies and labor shortages;

 

   

rising inflationary pressures leading to increases in the costs of goods and services and a decrease in purchasing power;

 

   

adverse changes or volatility in foreign currency reserve levels, commodity prices (including oil prices), exchange rates (including fluctuation of the U.S. dollar, the euro or Japanese yen exchange rates or revaluation of the Chinese yuan), interest rates or stock markets;

 

   

difficulties in the financial sectors and increased sovereign default risks in select countries and the resulting adverse effects on the global financial markets;

 

   

a substantial decrease in tax revenues and a substantial increase in the Government’s expenditures for fiscal stimulus measures, unemployment compensation and other economic and social programs, in particular in light of the Government’s ongoing efforts to provide emergency relief payments relating to COVID-19 to households and corporations in need of funding, which, together, would lead to an increased Government budget deficit as well as an increase in the Government’s debt;

 

   

declines in consumer confidence and a slowdown in consumer spending in the Korean or global economy, in particular due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic;

 

   

increasing levels of household debt;

 

   

increasing delinquencies and credit defaults by consumer and small- and medium-sized enterprise borrowers;

 

   

substantial decreases in the market prices of Korean real estate;

 

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the continued growth of the Chinese economy, to the extent its benefits (such as increased exports to China) are outweighed by its costs (such as competition in export markets or for foreign investment and the relocation of the manufacturing base from Korea to China), as well as a slowdown in the growth of China’s economy, which is Korea’s most important export market;

 

   

investigations of large Korean business groups and their senior management for possible misconduct;

 

   

the economic impact of any pending or future free trade agreements or of any changes to existing free trade agreements;

 

   

social and labor unrest;

 

   

financial problems or lack of progress in the restructuring of Korean conglomerates, other large troubled companies, their suppliers or the financial sector;

 

   

loss of investor confidence arising from corporate accounting irregularities or corporate governance issues at certain Korean companies;

 

   

increases in social expenditures to support an aging population in Korea or decreases in economic productivity due to the declining population size in Korea;

 

   

geo-political uncertainty and risk of further attacks by terrorist groups around the world;

 

   

deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between Korea and its trading partners or allies, including deterioration resulting from territorial or trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy;

 

   

political uncertainty or increasing strife among or within political parties in Korea;

 

   

natural or man-made disasters that have a significant adverse economic or other impact on Korea or its major trading partners;

 

   

hostilities or political or social tensions involving oil-producing countries in the Middle East (including a potential escalation of hostilities between the United States and Iran) and Northern Africa and any material disruption in the supply of oil or sudden changes in the price of oil; and

 

   

an increase in the level of tensions or an outbreak of hostilities between North Korea and Korea or the United States.

 

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FURTHER INFORMATION

We filed a registration statement with respect to the securities with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and its related rules and regulations. You can find additional information concerning ourselves and the securities in the registration statement and any pre- or post-effective amendment, including its various exhibits, which may be inspected at the public reference facilities maintained by the Securities and Exchange Commission at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. These filings are also available to the public from the Securities and Exchange Commission’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

 

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HEAD OFFICE OF THE BANK

 

38 Eunhaeng-ro

Yeongdeungpo-gu

Seoul 07242

Korea

 

FISCAL AGENT AND PRINCIPAL PAYING AGENT

 

The Bank of New York Mellon

Global Finance Americas

240 Greenwich Street, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10286

United States of America

 

LEGAL ADVISORS TO THE BANK

 

as to Korean law   as to U.S. law

Bae, Kim & Lee LLC

  Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP

Tower B, Centropolis

26 Ujeongguk-ro, Jongno-gu

Seoul 03161

Korea

  c/o 19th Floor, Ferrum Tower
19 Eulji-ro 5-gil, Jung-gu
Seoul 04539
Korea

 

LEGAL ADVISOR TO THE UNDERWRITERS

 

as to U.S. law

Linklaters LLP
22nd Floor, Center One Building
26, Eulji-ro 5gil, Jung-gu

Seoul 04539
Korea

 

AUDITOR OF THE BANK

 

KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp.

10th Floor, Gangnam Finance Center

152 Tehran-ro, Gangnam-gu

Seoul 06236

Korea

 

SINGAPORE LISTING AGENT

 

Shook Lin & Bok LLP

1 Robinson Road

#18-00 AIA Tower

Singapore 048542


Table of Contents

 

 

 

LOGO

 

 

 


Dates Referenced Herein   and   Documents Incorporated by Reference

This ‘424B5’ Filing    Date    Other Filings
11/8/37
8/18/37
8/17/37
12/22/36
4/7/36
4/16/35
7/12/32
4/26/32
2/17/32
2/16/32
1/19/32
1/18/32
1/12/32
11/22/31
10/15/31
9/30/31
9/28/31
9/15/31
8/19/31
8/9/31
8/2/31
7/22/31
6/8/31
2/16/31
2/11/31
2/9/31
1/21/31
9/21/30
9/16/30
9/3/30
8/6/30
8/4/30
3/19/30
3/10/30
3/6/30
3/4/30
11/26/29
11/24/29
11/20/29
11/19/29
11/6/29
10/31/29
10/29/29
10/24/29
6/19/29
4/24/29
1/6/29
12/14/28
12/12/28
11/17/28
10/19/28
9/20/28
8/23/28
8/13/28
10/10/27
8/4/27
7/19/27
6/7/27
4/21/27
4/1/27
1/27/27
1/19/27
12/29/26
11/28/26
11/27/26
11/24/26
10/30/26
10/15/26
8/19/26
8/18/26
8/17/26
8/16/26
8/13/26
8/12/26
8/3/26
8/2/26
7/30/26
7/22/26
7/21/26
7/1/26
5/26/26
5/6/26
3/24/26
2/25/26
2/19/26
2/18/26
2/13/26
2/9/26
2/5/26
2/4/26
2/3/26
1/28/26
1/20/26
11/12/25
11/10/25
11/8/25
11/7/25
11/6/25
11/5/25
11/3/25
9/21/25
9/16/25
9/9/25
9/1/25
7/31/25
7/24/25
7/20/25
7/18/25
6/26/25
6/9/25
6/5/25
6/2/25
5/28/25
5/27/25
4/27/25
4/18/25
4/14/25
3/26/25
3/20/25
3/17/25
3/10/25
3/7/25
3/6/25
2/27/25
2/12/25
1/21/25
12/16/24
12/11/24
12/10/24
12/8/24
12/7/24
12/2/24
11/25/24
11/21/24
11/14/24
11/6/24
10/25/24
10/19/24
10/8/24
9/26/24
9/25/24
8/30/24
8/28/24
8/19/24
8/5/24
7/11/24
7/7/24
6/29/24
6/25/24
6/19/24
6/10/24
6/5/24
5/23/24
5/15/24
4/29/24
4/27/24
4/23/24
4/12/24
4/8/24
3/26/24
3/25/24
3/15/24
3/11/24
3/5/24
3/3/24
2/22/24
2/9/24
1/27/24
1/26/24
1/14/24
12/30/23
11/30/23
11/27/23
11/16/23
11/12/23
11/8/23
11/7/23
11/6/23
11/3/23
10/30/23
10/16/23
9/21/23
9/11/23
9/4/23
8/23/23
8/12/23
8/9/23
8/8/23
8/3/23
7/30/23
7/29/23
7/11/23
6/30/23
6/1/23
5/31/23
5/29/23
5/28/23
5/27/23
5/15/23
5/12/23
5/11/23
5/8/23
4/27/23
4/26/23
4/21/23
3/22/23
3/20/23
3/19/23
3/11/23
3/6/23
2/27/23
2/14/23
2/7/23
2/3/23
1/20/23
Filed on:1/4/23
1/3/23
1/1/23
12/31/22
12/30/22
12/29/22
12/28/22
12/26/22
12/23/22
12/15/22
12/14/22
12/7/22
11/30/22
11/25/22
11/24/22
11/15/22
11/12/22
11/7/22
11/2/22
11/1/22
10/31/22
10/26/22
10/14/22
10/12/22
10/11/22
10/7/22
9/30/22
9/27/22
9/20/22
9/9/22
9/7/22424B2,  FWP
9/6/22424B5
8/31/22
8/27/22
8/25/22
8/13/22
8/12/22
8/9/22
8/5/22
8/3/22
7/29/22
7/28/22EFFECT
7/27/22EFFECT
7/24/22
7/21/22
7/13/22
7/5/22
6/30/22
6/28/22S-B
6/25/22
6/2/22
6/1/22
5/31/22
5/30/22
5/26/22
5/10/22
5/9/22
4/29/22
4/14/22
4/13/22
4/11/22
4/1/22
3/31/22
3/29/22
3/23/22
3/22/22
3/17/22
3/16/22
3/15/22
3/14/22
3/11/22
3/9/22
2/28/22
2/26/22
2/23/22
2/16/22
2/14/22
2/11/22
2/3/22
1/28/22
1/25/22
1/14/22
1/4/22424B5
1/1/22
12/31/21
12/30/21
12/22/21
12/9/21
11/30/21
11/26/21
11/25/21
11/24/21
11/22/21
10/29/21
10/27/21
10/19/21
10/15/21
10/1/21
9/30/21
9/28/21
9/18/21
9/16/21
9/15/21
9/10/21
9/9/21
9/7/21
8/31/21
8/26/21
8/19/21
8/18/21
8/13/21
8/11/21
8/9/21
8/5/21EFFECT
7/30/21
7/29/21
7/26/21
7/22/21EFFECT
7/21/21
7/20/21
7/19/21
7/13/21
7/1/21
6/30/21
6/29/21POS EX
6/10/21
6/8/21
6/1/21
5/31/21
5/27/21
5/15/21
5/6/21S-B
5/4/21
4/30/21
4/29/21
4/27/21
4/21/21
4/16/21
4/14/21
4/13/21
4/8/21
4/7/21
4/1/21
3/31/21
3/26/21
3/25/21
3/24/21
3/19/21
3/18/21
3/16/21
3/15/21
3/11/21
3/9/21
3/5/21
3/3/21
2/26/21
2/9/21POS EX
1/29/21
1/26/21
1/25/21
1/4/21
1/1/21
12/31/20
12/30/20
12/15/20
12/7/20
11/30/20
11/16/20
11/5/20
11/3/20
11/2/20
10/30/20
10/29/20
9/29/20
9/21/20POS EX
9/16/20424B2
8/31/20
8/19/20
8/13/20
8/12/20
8/5/20
8/3/20
7/31/20
7/30/20
7/29/20
7/28/20
7/24/20
7/10/20
6/30/20
6/9/20
6/5/20
6/2/20
6/1/20
5/30/20
5/29/20
5/28/20
4/29/20EFFECT
4/27/20CORRESP
4/24/20
4/15/20
4/14/20
3/31/20
3/26/20
3/20/20
3/19/20
3/17/20
3/16/20
3/11/20
3/9/20
2/28/20
2/12/20POS EX
1/31/20
1/6/20
1/1/20
12/31/19
12/30/19
12/16/19
12/10/19
12/6/19
12/2/19
11/29/19
11/27/19
11/25/19
11/21/19
11/15/19
11/14/19
11/12/19
11/6/19
10/31/19CORRESP
10/25/19
10/16/19
10/11/19
10/10/19
10/8/19
9/30/19
9/26/19
9/25/19
9/9/19
9/6/19
8/30/19
8/29/19
8/8/19
7/31/19
7/18/19
6/28/19
6/25/19POS EX
6/19/19FWP
5/31/19
5/28/19
5/23/19
4/30/19EFFECT
4/23/19CORRESP
4/3/19
3/29/19
3/26/19
3/15/19
3/14/19
2/28/19
2/27/19
1/31/19
1/28/19
1/1/19
12/31/18
12/28/18
11/30/18
11/27/18POS EX
11/5/18
10/31/18
10/30/18
9/28/18
9/20/18
9/4/18
8/31/18
8/23/18
8/13/18
8/6/18
7/31/18
7/13/18
7/11/18
7/1/18
6/29/18
6/1/18POS EX
5/31/18
4/30/18
4/26/18
4/19/18
4/18/18
4/16/18
4/3/18
3/30/18
3/22/18
3/20/18
3/12/18
3/9/18
3/7/18
3/6/18
2/28/18
2/27/18
2/15/18
2/14/18
2/12/18
2/9/18
2/7/18
2/5/18
1/31/18
1/19/18
1/1/18
12/31/17
12/29/17
12/28/17
12/14/17
12/11/17
12/8/17
12/7/17
12/6/17
11/30/17
11/27/17
11/17/17
11/8/17
11/1/17POS EX
10/26/17424B2
10/25/17FWP
10/11/17
10/10/17
9/27/17
8/18/17
8/17/17
7/18/17
7/5/17
5/30/17
5/22/17
5/10/17
5/9/17
4/24/17
3/23/17
3/17/17
3/9/17
2/17/17
2/16/17
2/14/17
1/25/17POS EX
1/19/17FWP
1/18/17424B5
1/12/17
1/6/17
12/15/16
12/14/16
12/12/16
12/7/16
11/17/16FWP
11/3/16
10/21/16POS EX
9/30/16
8/30/16
8/19/16
8/17/16
8/16/16
8/9/16
8/3/16
8/2/16
7/22/16
7/1/16
6/9/16
5/30/16
5/26/16
4/13/16
2/25/16
2/16/16
2/11/16POS EX
1/21/16
11/10/15POS EX
9/3/15
9/1/15
8/4/15
6/30/15
6/11/15EFFECT
5/28/15
5/27/15
5/12/15
5/11/15
5/8/15
4/13/15
4/1/15
3/17/15
3/12/15
3/10/15
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1 Subsequent Filing that References this Filing

  As Of               Filer                 Filing    For·On·As Docs:Size             Issuer                      Filing Agent

 1/05/23  Export Import Bank of Korea       FWP                    1:56K  Export Import Bank of Korea       Donnelley … Solutions/FA
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Filing Submission 0001193125-23-001189   –   Alternative Formats (Word / Rich Text, HTML, Plain Text, et al.)

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