(Name, Address, Including Zip
Code and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Agent for
Service)
Copies to:
Corey R. Chivers, Esq.
Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP
767 Fifth Avenue New York, New York10153
Tel. (212) 310-8000
Daniel M. LeBey, Esq.
Hunton & Williams LLP
Riverfront Plaza, East Tower
951 East Byrd Street Richmond, Virginia23219
Tel. (804) 788-8200
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the
public: As soon as practicable after the
effective date of this registration statement.
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be
offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to
Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933 check the
following box. o
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an
offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act,
please check the following box and list the Securities Act
registration statement number of the earlier effective
registration statement for the same
offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to
Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following
box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of
the earlier effective registration statement for the same
offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to
Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following
box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of
the earlier effective registration statement for the same
offering. o
CALCULATION
OF REGISTRATION FEE
Proposed Maximum
Title of Each Class of
Aggregate Public
Amount of
Securities to be Registered
Offering Price(1)(2)
Registration Fee
Ordinary Shares, par value
$0.001 per share
$100,000,000
$3,070.00
(1)
Includes ordinary shares that the underwriters have the option
to purchase to cover over-allotments, if any. Also includes
shares initially offered and sold outside of the United States
that may be resold from time to time in the United States. These
ordinary shares are not being registered for the purpose of
sales outside the United States.
(2)
Estimated solely for the purpose of computing the amount of the
registration fee. The estimate is made pursuant to
Rule 457(o) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the
“Securities Act”).
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on
such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective
date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which
specifically states that this Registration Statement shall
thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a)
of the Securities Act, as amended, or until the Registration
Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities
and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said
Section 8(a), may determine.
The
information in this prospectus is not complete and may be
changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration
statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is
effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these
securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these
securities in any state where the offer or sale is not
permitted.
We are a specialty finance holding company that provides our
shareholders with returns derived primarily from our structured
finance subsidiaries, commonly known as collateralized debt
obligations issuers.
We are jointly managed and advised by our managers, Bear Stearns
Asset Management Inc., an affiliate of The Bear Stearns
Companies Inc., a holding company that, through its
broker-dealer and international bank subsidiaries, principally
Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc., Bear, Stearns Securities
Corp., Bear, Stearns International Limited and Bear Stearns Bank
plc, is a leading investment banking, securities and derivatives
trading, clearance and brokerage firm, and Stone Tower Debt
Advisors LLC, an affiliate of Stone Tower Capital LLC, an
alternative investment firm focused on credit and credit-related
assets.
This is our initial public offering. No public market currently
exists for our ordinary shares. We are
offering
ordinary shares.
We currently expect the initial public offering price to be
between
$
and
$
per share.
Investing in our ordinary shares involves
risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on
page 19.
Per Share
Total
Public offering price
$
$
Underwriting discounts and
commissions
$
$
Proceeds to us (before expenses)
$
$
We have granted the underwriters an option to purchase up to an
additional ordinary shares from us
at the public offering price, less underwriting discounts and
commissions, within 30 days from the date of this
prospectus, solely to cover over-allotments, if any.
The underwriters expect to deliver the ordinary shares to
purchasers on or about 2007.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state
securities commission has approved or disapproved of these
securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or
complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal
offense.
We have prepared this prospectus using a number of conventions,
which you should consider when reading the information contained
herein. Unless the context suggests otherwise:
•
“Everquest,” or the “company,” refers to
Everquest Financial Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempted company
incorporated with limited liability;
•
“Everquest LLC” refers to Everquest Financial LLC, a
Delaware limited liability company that is a subsidiary of
Everquest and in which the capital interests are owned 99% by
Everquest and 1% by Everquest Cayman Ltd., a wholly owned
subsidiary of Everquest and in which certain profits interests
are owned by the managers.;
•
“Parapet CDO” refers to Parapet 2006, Ltd., a
Cayman Islands exempted company incorporated with limited
liability;
•
“we,”“us” and “our” refer to the
company
and/or its
subsidiaries;
•
“managers” or “manager” refers to Bear
Stearns Asset Management Inc. (“BSAM”) and Stone Tower
Debt Advisors LLC (“Stone Tower”), individually or
collectively, as the context may suggest;
•
“CEOs” refers to the two chief executive officers of
the company;
•
“Bear Stearns” refers to The Bear Stearns Companies
Inc., a holding company that, through its broker-dealer and
international bank subsidiaries, principally Bear,
Stearns & Co. Inc., Bear, Stearns Securities Corp.
(“BSSC”), Bear, Stearns International Limited and Bear
Stearns Bank plc, is a leading investment banking, securities
and derivatives trading, clearance and brokerage firm;
•
“BSHG Funds,” collectively, refers to Bear Stearns
High Grade Structured Credit Strategies Master Fund Ltd.
and Bear Stearns High Grade Structured Credit Strategies
Enhanced Leverage Master Fund Ltd.;
•
“I/ST” refers collectively to a group of related
private funds managed by or under the direction of I/ST Equity
Partners LLC, a management company controlled by affiliates of
Michael J. Levitt;
•
“ordinary shares” and “shares” refer to the
ordinary voting shares of the company;
•
the “offering” refers to the initial public offering
of our ordinary shares; and
•
‘$” or “dollars” are the lawful currency of
the United States.
Stone
Tower®
and Stone Tower
Capital®
are trade names registered with the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office.
Unless otherwise indicated, information in this prospectus
assumes that the option granted by us to the underwriters to
purchase additional ordinary shares solely to cover
over-allotments has not been exercised.
This prospectus contains certain forward-looking statements that
are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including,
without limitation, statements relating to the operating
performance of our assets and financing needs. Forward-looking
statements are generally identifiable by the use of
forward-looking terminology such as “may,”“will,”“should,”“potential,”“intend,”“expect,”“endeavor,”“seek,”“anticipate,”“estimate,”“overestimate,”“underestimate,”“believe,”“could,”“project,”“predict,”“continue” or other similar words
or expressions. Forward-looking statements are based on certain
assumptions, discuss future expectations, describe future plans
and strategies, contain projections of results of operations or
of financial condition, or state other forward-looking
information. Our ability to predict results or the actual effect
of future plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. Although
we believe that the expectations reflected in such
forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions,
our actual results and performance could differ materially from
those set forth in the forward-looking statements. Factors that
could have a material adverse effect on our operations and
future prospects include, but are not limited to:
•
our lack of operating history;
•
our inability to find suitable opportunities to form or acquire
new CDO subsidiaries or to source assets for these CDO
subsidiaries;
•
changes in the markets in which our CDO subsidiaries expect to
invest, interest rates or economic conditions generally;
•
the inability of our financial models to forecast adequately the
actual performance results of our CDO subsidiaries due to the
variance of the default, loss severity, prepayment, reinvestment
spread and other assumptions used in our models from actual
performance of the assets held by our CDO subsidiaries;
•
our dependence on the CEOs and the managers and our inability to
find suitable replacements if the CEOs were to terminate their
position with us, or if the managers were to terminate their
management agreements with us;
•
the existence of conflicts of interests in our relationship with
BSAM and/or
its affiliates and with Stone Tower
and/or its
affiliates, which could result in decisions that are not in the
best interests of our shareholders;
•
limitations imposed on our business by our exemptions from the
Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the 1940 Act;
•
changes in our business strategy;
•
general volatility of the securities markets and the market
price of the ordinary shares;
•
availability of qualified personnel;
•
the inability of our due diligence or surveillance to reveal all
relevant information regarding assets or corporate credits held
by our CDO subsidiaries;
•
the degree and nature of our competition; and
•
changes in governmental regulations, tax laws and tax rates and
other similar matters that may affect us and holders of our
ordinary shares.
When considering forward-looking statements, you should keep in
mind the risk factors and other cautionary statements in this
prospectus. Readers are cautioned about relying on any of these
forward-looking statements, which reflect our management’s
views as of the date of this prospectus. The “Risk
Factors” and other factors noted throughout this prospectus
could cause our actual results to differ significantly from
those contained in any forward-looking statement.
We cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity,
performance or achievements. We undertake no duty to update any
of the forward-looking statements after the date of this
prospectus to conform these statements to actual results, except
as may be required by law.
The following summary highlights information contained
elsewhere in this prospectus. You should read the entire
prospectus, including “Risk Factors” and our
consolidated financial statements and related notes, before
making a decision to invest in our ordinary shares. Any decision
to invest in our ordinary shares should be based on a
consideration of this prospectus as a whole. Unless indicated
otherwise, the information included in this prospectus assumes
(i) the common stock to be sold in this offering will be
sold at $ per share, which is the midpoint of
the price range set forth on the front cover of this prospectus,
and (ii) no exercise by the underwriters of their option to
purchase additional ordinary shares to cover over-allotments, if
any.
Overview
We are a specialty finance holding company that provides our
shareholders with returns derived primarily from our structured
finance subsidiaries, commonly known as collateralized debt
obligations issuers, or CDOs. We are jointly managed and advised
by our managers, Bear Stearns Asset Management Inc., or BSAM,
and Stone Tower Debt Advisors LLC, or Stone Tower. Relying on
the structured finance expertise of our managers, our objective
is to create, structure and own CDOs and other structured
finance assets that will provide attractive risk-adjusted
returns to us and our shareholders.
We generate earnings primarily through a diversified portfolio
of CDOs in which we beneficially own all or a majority of the
equity. Our CDOs are special purpose vehicles that hold a range
of cash-generating financial assets, such as corporate leveraged
loans, asset-backed securities and securities issued by other
CDOs. To finance the acquisition of these assets, our CDOs
typically issue multiple tranches of securities, ranging from
highly rated senior debt securities, which are secured or
collateralized by these assets, to unrated equity tranches. As
the sole or principal equity owner in our CDO subsidiaries, we
are entitled to all or a portion of any cash flow, which is
typically paid quarterly, generated by the underlying financial
assets, after deducting the interest and required principal
payments made to holders of CDO debt securities and other
expenses.
We expect to continue to increase our holdings of CDOs,
primarily through the formation and acquisition of additional
CDO subsidiaries in which we plan to hold all or a majority of
the equity. To a lesser extent, we also acquire and hold
minority equity positions in CDOs. We expect to form and hold
CDOs structured by our managers as well as to help structure and
opportunistically acquire CDOs sponsored by third parties where
we believe we can do so on attractive terms. We may also form or
hold, from time to time, other structured finance assets.
We expect to allocate capital primarily to creating and owning
two types of CDOs: (i) corporate credit CDOs, or CLOs, that
primarily hold corporate leveraged loans and high-yield bonds,
and (ii) asset-backed securities CDOs, or ABS CDOs, which
hold asset-backed securities, including residential
mortgage-backed securities and commercial mortgage-backed
securities. These two types of CDOs include cash CDOs, which
hold an underlying portfolio of cash-generating assets, and
synthetic CDOs, which enter into total return swaps, credit
default swaps or other derivative instruments designed to
replicate the economic consequences of holding a referenced
portfolio of assets. A synthetic CDO may generally be structured
more rapidly to capitalize on favorable market conditions.
As of December 31, 2006, our
paid-in
capital had been fully employed, and we owned a seasoned
portfolio of CDOs and related assets with an aggregate fair
value of $719.7 million. We believe that our holdings are
diversified by asset type and structure.
Our managers have substantial expertise in evaluating,
structuring and managing CDOs and other structured finance
assets.
•
BSAM, which was founded in 1985, managed over $29.0 billion
in structured credit assets as of December 31, 2006,
including approximately $14.0 billion of CDOs managed since
2003. As of December 31, 2006, the team of investment
professionals at BSAM responsible for managing our business,
which we refer to as the BSAM Team, had managed seven CDOs,
excluding Parapet CDO, which are described in “Our
Management and Corporate Governance — Managers’
Personnel and Track Record — BSAM’s Track
Record,” and had purchased for vehicles it manages equity
tranches in
18 CDOs managed by third parties, which are described in
‘‘Our Management and Corporate
Governance — Managers’ Personnel and Track
Record — BSAM’s Track Record.” As of
December 31, 2006, the weighted average annualized cash
return of the seven CDOs managed by the BSAM Team was 12.3%, net
of management fees, or 19.9%, on an adjusted gross basis before
deducting management fees, and the weighted average annualized
cash return of the 17 CDO equity tranches it purchased that have
made at least one quarterly distribution was 24.5%.
•
Stone Tower, which was founded in 2001, managed over
$7.7 billion in structured credit assets as of
December 31, 2006, including approximately
$6.2 billion in CLOs and over $1.5 billion in assets
in credit hedge funds. Stone Tower focuses on managing
non-investment-grade credit and credit-related assets. Stone
Tower’s structured funds have the objective of generating
consistent, low volatility returns, and Stone Tower has
developed a reputation among market participants as one of the
leading cash flow CLO managers in North America. As of
December 31, 2006, the weighted average annualized cash
return of the nine CDOs sponsored by Stone Tower that have made
at least one quarterly distribution, which are described in
“Our Management and Corporate Governance —
Managers’ Personnel and Track Record — Stone
Tower’s Track Record,” was 14.0%, net of management
fees, or 18.3%, before deducting management fees.
As demonstrated by their track records, we believe that
BSAM’s and Stone Tower’s market positions, expertise
and long-standing and productive relationships with a broad
range of CDO market participants, including leading commercial
and investment banks and third-party collateral managers, will
help us to identify, evaluate and source attractive
opportunities with the best relative value.
Our
CDOs
As of December 31, 2006, our CDO holdings consisted of 19
CDOs, including 11 CDOs in which we own all or a majority
of the equity, one in which we own 50% of the equity and seven
in which we own a minority interest. In addition, at that date,
our largest CDO subsidiary, Parapet CDO, a CDO of CDO
securities, held a portfolio consisting of preference share or
income note tranches of 15 CDOs and mezzanine debt securities of
22 CDOs. The aggregate fair value of our CDO and related
holdings as of that date was $719.7 million.
The following charts illustrate the diversification of our
portfolio by CDO type and manager as of December 31, 2006:
Everquest Assets by
Type(1)
Everquest Assets by
Manager(1)
(1)
The percentages of assets
presented, both by type and by manager, have been apportioned by
fair value. For purposes of this presentation, the aggregate
percentage attributable to Parapet CDO of 53% has been further
apportioned among the specified asset classes on a pro rata
basis based on the fair value of each asset class as a
percentage of Parapet CDO’s total assets.
Subsequent to December 31, 2006, and through March 31,2007, we have acquired equity tranches in three additional CDOs
for a total purchase price of $32.9 million. See “Our
Company — CDO Holdings Acquired after
December 31, 2006.” In addition, we continue to
actively evaluate multiple opportunities, some of which may be
material in relation to our size. We believe the growth in CDO
issuance will continue to provide attractive opportunities to
expand our asset base.
We currently own equity, which may consist of subordinated
securities, income notes, preference or ordinary shares, common
stock and/or
other equity securities, in the following primary types of CDOs:
•
Corporate Credit CDOs (or CLOs). CDOs that
invest primarily in corporate credits, such as loans or bonds,
are referred to as collateralized loan obligations, or CLOs, or
corporate credit CDOs. As of December 31, 2006, CLOs, not
including those held through Parapet CDO, accounted for
approximately 27.6% of our total CDO and related assets, which
includes holdings in CDOs, warehouse agreements and swaps, and,
for the period then ended, approximately 24.1% of our revenue.
Our CLOs invest directly or synthetically in the following
primary asset classes:
•
corporate leveraged loans, which currently constitute a
substantial majority of the assets held by our corporate credit
CDOs; and
•
high-yield bonds.
•
Asset-Backed Securities CDOs (or ABS
CDOs). CDOs that invest primarily in asset-backed
securities are referred to as asset-backed securities CDOs, or
ABS CDOs. As of December 31, 2006, ABS CDOs, not including
those held through Parapet CDO, accounted for approximately
16.2% of our total CDO and related assets and, for the period
then ended, approximately 18.3% of our revenue. Our ABS CDOs
directly or synthetically invest primarily in:
•
residential mortgage-backed securities, or RMBS, rated in the
range of “A2” to “Ba2,”which currently
constitute a substantial majority of the assets held by our
ABS CDOs;
•
commercial mortgage-backed securities, or CMBS;
•
other asset-backed securities, or ABS; and
•
securities issued by other CDOs.
•
Parapet CDO. Our CDO subsidiary,
Parapet CDO, which is a CDO of CDO securities, accounted
for approximately 53.0% of our total CDO and related assets as
of December 31, 2006 and, for the period then ended,
approximately 57.6% of our revenue.
As of December 31, 2006, Parapet CDO had
$136.9 million in AA/Aa3 rated debt outstanding that was
held by the BSHG Funds and which was collateralized by and has a
prior claim upon the assets held in Parapet CDO.
Parapet CDO holds the following types of CDO securities:
•
mezzanine debt tranches of CDOs, which constituted approximately
38.6% of the total CDO assets of Parapet CDO as of
December 31, 2006; and
•
preference share and income note tranches of CDOs, which
constituted approximately 61.4% of the total CDO assets of
Parapet CDO as of December 31, 2006, of which the
preference share and income note tranches of CLOs and ABS CDOs
constituted approximately 18.6% and 42.8%, respectively, of the
total CDO assets of Parapet CDO as of December 31,2006.
As of December 31, 2006, we held approximately
$22.0 million in deposits in warehouse agreements, which
provide short-term CDO financing prior to a permanent CDO
securitization, and approximately $0.7 million of hedging
contracts. These deposits and hedging contracts accounted for
approximately 3.2% of our total CDO and related assets.
Our
Market Opportunity
We believe that the size and dynamics of the CDO market create
an attractive environment for Everquest.
We believe the CDO market is characterized by the following
trends:
Significant Growth in the CDO Market. The
volume of CDO issuance has grown significantly in recent years.
According to Moody’s Quarterly Review, the annual volume of
CDO issuances rated by Moody’s has
increased from approximately $14 billion in 1996 to
approximately $158 billion in 2006, representing a compound
annual growth rate, or CAGR, of approximately 31%. We believe
the growth in the sector has been driven by strong collateral
performance, attractive asset and liability spreads when
compared to alternatives and the value of structural
considerations such as diversification, subordination,
increasingly experienced collateral managers and the benefits of
a maturing and more sophisticated market.
We also believe that the rapid growth in the CDO market has been
driven in part by a strong demand for fixed-income assets,
particularly rated debt securities. The demand by large
investors, such as pension funds and insurance companies, for
rated income-producing investments has significantly outstripped
the supply of new corporate debt and ABS in recent years. This
imbalance has accelerated a trend by commercial banks,
investment banks and other financial intermediaries to
securitize or re-securitize existing financial assets in order
to create additional supply. For example, loans have been
repackaged into CLOs, and ABS, RMBS and CMBS have been
repackaged into ABS CDOs. In connection with these repackagings,
senior tranches of debt securities issued by the CDO can be sold
to satisfy the ongoing demand for rated debt securities.
Initially, such repackagings took the form of CDOs that
aggregated actual cash-generating loans or securities.
Therefore, cash loans or securities had to be acquired in the
market before they could be securitized into a CDO. The
development of market-standard documentation for credit default
swaps and total return swaps, however, has made it practicable
to create CLOs and ABS CDOs synthetically, eliminating the
requirement to source cash assets, which in turn reduces the
time required to create these structures and enables them to be
sized more flexibly. We believe the demand for rated CDO debt
securities will provide us with attractive opportunities to
create and structure new CDO subsidiaries.
Market Developments Favoring CDO Equity and Other
Subordinated Tranches. We believe that the
dynamics of the CDO market have led to increased cash flows to
certain CDO equity and other subordinated tranches, which in
turn produce higher current yields relative to other fixed
income opportunities. Specifically, we believe the increase in
demand for rated debt securities issued by CDOs described above
has had the effect of increasing the positive interest rate
spreads between assets and liabilities of CDOs, creating an
attractive arbitrage opportunity for the equity owner of CDOs.
We expect this trend, to the extent it continues, to provide us
with opportunities to form or acquire new CDO subsidiaries with
favorable risk-adjusted return profiles, and to leverage our
market position to gain access to opportunities not available to
the wider market.
Robust Leveraged Buyout Activity. A strong and
steady flow of leveraged buyout, or LBO, transactions in the
market over the past year, combined with a move towards larger
LBO transaction sizes, has contributed to the continued sizeable
supply of leveraged loans, high-yield bonds and other
fixed-income assets targeted by our business strategy. According
to Thomson Venture Expert, as of 2006 there were over 1,800
private equity funds in existence globally. Private equity
funds, which are a key driver for the recent growth in LBO
transactions, have experienced significant inflows of capital
recently, with over $220.0 billion of capital raised in the
United States in 2006, according to Thomson Venture Expert.
According to Standard & Poors’ Leveraged Buyout
Review, total LBO volume in the United States increased
from $19.5 billion in 2001 to $223.0 billion in 2006,
representing a CAGR of 64%, and the average size of LBO
transactions, as measured by total sources of funding, increased
from $388.6 million in 2001 to $1,308.8 million in
2006. We expect this trend, to the extent it continues, to
enhance the managers’ ability to source assets for future
corporate credit CDOs.
We believe we are well positioned to benefit from these market
opportunities and create attractive current income and long-term
capital appreciation for our ordinary shareholders.
Competitive
Advantages
We believe that we enjoy the following competitive advantages:
Fully Employed Paid-in Capital and Diversified Portfolio of
CDOs. We have fully employed our paid-in capital
to date in a seasoned portfolio of CDOs diversified by manager,
collateral type, vintage and duration. As of December 31,2006, our CDO holdings consisted of 19 CDOs, including 11 in
which we own all or a majority of the equity, one in which we
own 50% of the equity and seven in which we own a minority
interest. In addition, at that date, our largest CDO subsidiary,
Parapet CDO, held a portfolio consisting of preference
share and income note tranches of 15 CDOs and mezzanine debt
securities of 22 CDOs. As of December 31, 2006, five of the
CDOs in which we hold equity securities were managed by our
managers. We believe that this diversification reduces our
exposure to individual market sectors or credit events.
Management Expertise. Our co-chief executive
officers, Ralph R. Cioffi and Michael J. Levitt, have a combined
total of more than 54 years of experience in structured
finance, non-investment-grade debt investing, leveraged finance
and private equity. Mr. Cioffi joined Bear Stearns in 1985,
and founded the BSHG Funds in March 2003. He was instrumental in
the creation of the structured credit effort at Bear Stearns,
which is a leading underwriter and secondary trader in
structured credit securities. Mr. Levitt founded Stone
Tower Capital LLC, or STC, in 2001. Before that, he was
instrumental in building the leveraged finance business at
Morgan Stanley and subsequently at Smith Barney (a Citigroup
predecessor). Mr. Levitt was also a managing partner of the
New York office of the private equity firm of Hicks, Muse
Tate & Furst Incorporated. Messrs. Cioffi and
Levitt will have principal management responsibility for
Everquest. We believe that their experience, together with the
experience of the other investment professionals at BSAM and
Stone Tower in investing in debt and equity securities and
managing investments in structured credit securities, will
afford us a competitive advantage in identifying and creating
new CDO opportunities with the potential to generate attractive
returns.
Strengths of Our Managers. We believe that we
will be able to leverage the strengths of our managers, which
include the following:
•
Strong Track Record. We believe BSAM has a
strong track record of developing transaction structures,
managing structured vehicles and selecting vehicles managed by
third parties. In particular, BSAM has developed innovative
transaction structures that increase the efficiency with which
pools of structured securities can be funded. For example, BSAM
designed and marketed the Klio series of CDOs, which use
commercial paper as a funding mechanism for highly rated
structured finance assets and which BSAM believes were the first
transactions of their kind. BSAM often takes an active role in
structuring the securities it buys on issue from third parties,
and from time to time restructures them to increase their
funding efficiency.
As of December 31, 2006, the BSAM Team had managed seven
CDOs, excluding Parapet CDO, which are described in
“Our Management and Corporate Governance —
Managers’ Personnel and Track Record —
BSAM’s Track Record,” and had purchased for vehicles
it manages equity tranches in 18 CDOs managed by third parties,
which are described in “Our Management and Corporate
Governance — Managers’ Personnel and Track
Record — BSAM’s Track Record.” As of
December 31, 2006, the weighted average annualized cash
return of the seven CDOs managed by the BSAM Team was 12.3%, net
of management fees, or 19.9%, on an adjusted gross basis before
deducting management fees, and the weighted average annualized
cash return of the 17 CDO equity tranches it purchased that have
made at least one quarterly distribution was 24.5%.
Stone Tower has developed a reputation among market participants
as one of the leading cash flow CLO managers in North America.
As of December 31, 2006, the weighted average annualized
cash return of the nine CDOs sponsored by Stone Tower that have
made at least one quarterly distribution, which are described in
“Our Management and Corporate Governance —
Managers’ Personnel and Track Record — Stone
Tower’s Track Record,” was 14.0%, net of management
fees, or 18.3%, before deducting management fees.
•
Complementary Expertise. We believe that one
of our competitive strengths is the extensive and complementary
expertise of each of our managers. BSAM generally invests in a
range of structured finance assets, with particular expertise in
ABS CDOs, and Stone Tower focuses on non-investment-grade
corporate credit assets. We believe that the complementary
expertise of our managers will help us form new CDOs and
allocate our capital among either ABS CDOs or CLOs and related
asset classes where we believe we can achieve the best relative
value, in light of prevailing market conditions.
•
History of Cooperation. BSAM and Stone Tower
have worked together for more than four years in a variety of
capacities. They have jointly identified and evaluated potential
opportunities, including
collateral portfolios, based on each entity’s particular
expertise. They also have acted as subadvisor for funds managed
by each other and jointly structured and managed CDOs.
Currently, BSAM and Stone Tower jointly manage two CDOs,
portions of the equity of which are held by us and by
Parapet CDO. They have also jointly established three CDOs
that were structured by them with assets selected by them and in
which funds they manage have invested. We believe their history
of cooperation will enable them to work together effectively on
our behalf.
Access to Proprietary and High-Quality Deal
Flow. We believe BSAM and Stone Tower’s
market position, expertise and long-standing relationships with
a broad range of market participants have provided and will
continue to provide us with the opportunity to evaluate a
pipeline of attractive opportunities before they become
available to the wider market. These opportunities include the
ability to source high-quality collateral for CDOs that may be
structured by our managers, including potentially CDOs of CDOs,
as well as the ability to structure and acquire equity in CDOs
managed by third parties on attractive terms.
High-Quality Risk Management Systems. We
believe the strong track record to date of our managers is due,
among other things, to the surveillance and risk management
systems they utilize. We believe that access to those systems is
a significant competitive advantage. The proprietary and
third-party surveillance systems used by BSAM were designed to
ensure that all assets are reviewed real time and those showing
signs of potential credit deterioration or poor performance are
designated for further review. BSAM’s surveillance systems
track over 80,000 securities on a daily basis and monitor the
performance of all of our CDO holdings as well as perform
in-depth analysis on all the underlying collateral backing such
holdings. We believe our managers’ systems enhance our
ability to quickly identify, and where possible, sell or
otherwise hedge potentially credit-impaired assets before
significant credit deterioration begins or rating downgrades
occur. We benefit from these systems not only in the case of
CDOs managed by our managers but also with respect to those
managed by third parties. With respect to CDOs managed by third
parties, we integrate the underlying credits into our
surveillance systems so that they can be monitored in the same
way as CDOs managed by our managers. When we identify a
potential credit-impaired asset in a third party managed CDO, we
notify the manager and work with the manager to sell or hedge
the asset. If the asset is not sold, we attempt to hedge our
exposure to the asset. Additionally, Stone Tower performs daily
surveillance on all loans underlying each of our CLO
investments. Both BSAM and Stone Tower monitor assets in real
time with systems that are designed to be early warning in
nature, as opposed to systems that provide alerts only after an
asset begins to deteriorate.
Access to BSAM and Stone Tower Investment Professionals and
Infrastructure. We also believe we have a
significant competitive advantage through our access to
BSAM’s and Stone Tower’s structured finance
professionals, who are supported by an established operational
infrastructure. As of December 31, 2006, the combined BSAM
Team and Stone Tower team responsible for Everquest included a
total of approximately 52 professionals, consisting of portfolio
managers, research analysts and other professionals. In
addition, Everquest has access to the broader operational
infrastructure of BSAM and Stone Tower, including information
technology, legal, administrative and other back office
operational infrastructure. As of December 31, 2006, BSAM
and Stone Tower had more than 440 employees in the aggregate.
Strong Alignment of Interest among Everquest, BSAM and Stone
Tower. The interests of BSAM and Stone Tower are
strongly aligned with ours. The BSHG Funds, which are managed by
BSAM, owned approximately 67.0% of our ordinary shares as of
December 31, 2006, and are expected to own
approximately % of our ordinary shares after this
offering. I/ST, a fund managed by an affiliate of Stone Tower,
owned approximately 8.4% of our ordinary shares as of
December 31, 2006, and is expected to own
approximately % of our ordinary
shares after this offering. In addition, as a result of this
offering each of BSAM and Stone Tower, or their designees, will
be entitled to receive share grants representing 2.5% (or
together an aggregate of 5.0%) of our ordinary shares
outstanding upon completion of this offering.
We intend to continue to grow our holdings in CDOs and other
structured finance assets. We seek to generate attractive
returns by leveraging the strengths of our managers to:
•
evaluate and source attractive opportunities with the best
relative value in varying market environments, through both CDOs
we structure ourselves and opportunities presented to us by
third parties;
•
select high quality assets to be held by the CDOs that are
managed by our managers and in which we hold interests, and
actively participate in the structuring of, and asset selection
for, CDOs that are managed by third parties and in which we hold
interests;
•
maximize the yield on the underlying assets relative to our cost
of financing their acquisition;
•
achieve a level of diversification in our overall portfolio in
terms of asset type and manager to minimize the effect of
negative credit events;
•
employ and develop innovative strategies, including synthetic
techniques, to improve the quality, execution and performance of
our CDO assets;
•
actively monitor through proprietary and third-party
surveillance systems the performance and management of assets
held by the CDOs in which we hold interests, including those
managed by third parties; and
•
utilize credit default swaps to manage risks of credit events
relating to our assets and other hedging techniques to manage
interest rate risks.
Our
Managers
Founded in 1923, The Bear Stearns Companies Inc. (NYSE: BSC), a
holding company that, through its broker-dealer and
international bank subsidiaries, principally Bear,
Stearns & Co. Inc., Bear, Stearns Securities Corp.
Bear, Stearns International Limited and Bear Stearns Bank plc,
is a leading investment banking, securities and derivatives
trading, clearance and brokerage firm serving corporations,
governments and institutional and individual investors
worldwide. Headquartered in New York City, Bear Stearns has
approximately 13,500 employees worldwide.
BSAM is an asset management subsidiary of The Bear Stearns
Companies Inc. BSAM, established in 1985, is an SEC-registered
investment advisor and provides investment management services
to corporations, trusts, employee benefit plans, public
authorities, foundations, endowments, religious organizations,
high net worth individuals, mutual funds, Taft-Hartley plans,
private investment funds, venture capital funds and issuers of
collateralized bond and loan obligations and other structured
securities products. BSAM offers investment expertise across a
wide spectrum of investment strategies, including: hedge funds;
private equity; large, small and mid-cap domestic equities;
corporate, government, municipal and high-yield bonds; balanced
portfolio management; mortgage-backed and mortgage derivative
securities and systematic equity and collateralized loan
accounts. BearMeasurisk, an affiliate of BSAM, provides
performance and risk analytics for institutional clients.
BSAM employed approximately 409 individuals as of
December 31, 2006, of which approximately 150 are
classified as investment professionals and 259 are
administrative personnel. The investment professionals total is
comprised of approximately 42 portfolio managers, 53 research
analysts and 55 other professionals, a category that includes
traders, hedge fund administrators and private equity
professionals. The majority of BSAM’s business, including
portfolio management, research, administration and operations,
is conducted at Bear Stearns’ world headquarters in New
York City, although BSAM also has an investment management
presence in San Francisco. The Marketing and Client Service
Group is headquartered in the New York City office, but is
represented through branch offices in Chicago and
San Francisco. Internationally, the firm is represented
through offices in London and Tokyo.
Stone Tower is an affiliate of STC, which was founded in 2001 as
an alternative investment firm focused on credit and
credit-related assets. Through its affiliates, Stone Tower
managed, as of December 31, 2006,
approximately $7.7 billion in leveraged finance-related
assets across several structured finance and hedge fund vehicles
as described in “Our Management and Corporate
Governance — Manager’s Personnel and Track
Record — Stone Towers’ Track Record.” As of
December 31, 2006, Stone Tower had 37 employees, which
included 19 investment professionals. Stone Tower’s
objective is to generate stable and consistent returns for its
investors, which include domestic and international banking
institutions, insurance companies, pension funds, institutional
money management firms, family offices and high net worth
individuals.
Our
CEOs
Our co-chief executive officers are Ralph R. Cioffi, a senior
managing director at Bear Stearns, and Michael J. Levitt,
chairman of Stone Tower.
Mr. Cioffi is a senior managing director of Bear Stearns,
where he has worked since 1985, and is a member of BSAM’s
board of directors. From 1985 through 1991, Mr. Cioffi
worked in institutional fixed income sales, where he specialized
in structured finance products. He served as the New York head
of fixed income sales from 1989 through 1991. From 1991 through
1994, Mr. Cioffi served as global product and sales manager
for high-grade credit products. He was involved in the creation
of the structured credit effort at Bear Stearns and was a
principal force behind Bear Stearns’ position as a leading
underwriter and secondary trader of structured finance
securities, specifically CDOs and esoteric asset-backed
securities. Mr. Cioffi founded and has been managing the
BSHG Funds since March 2003.
Mr. Levitt founded Stone Tower Capital LLC in 2001. He is
also the chairman and chief investment officer of Stone Tower.
Mr. Levitt has spent his entire
25-year
career managing or advising non-investment-grade companies and
investing in non-investment-grade assets. Previously,
Mr. Levitt served as a partner in the New York office of
the private equity firm of Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst
Incorporated, where he was responsible for originating,
structuring, executing and monitoring many of the firm’s
investments in the consumer products, media and broadcasting
industries. Additionally, he managed and maintained many of the
firm’s relationships with investment and commercial banking
firms. Previously, Mr. Levitt served as the co-head of the
investment banking division of Smith Barney Inc. with management
responsibility for the advisory and leveraged finance activities
of the firm. Mr. Levitt began his investment banking career
at, and ultimately served as a managing director of, Morgan
Stanley & Co., Inc. While there, he oversaw the
firm’s businesses related to private equity firms and
non-investment-grade companies.
Our
Formation
Everquest Financial Ltd. is a recently formed holding company,
incorporated as a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited
liability. On September 28, 2006:
•
the BSHG Funds, which are managed by BSAM, agreed to transfer to
us equity in 10 CDOs, including Parapet CDO, for a purchase
price of approximately $548.8 million. In consideration, we
agreed to issue 16,000,000 of our shares, at $25 per
share, and pay approximately $148.8 million in cash.
•
HY II Investments, L.L.C. and EGI-Fund
(05-07)
Investors, L.L.C., or collectively, HY, affiliates of a Stone
Tower investor, agreed to transfer to us equity in two CDOs with
an NAV of approximately $6.4 million and cash in the amount
of approximately $18.6 million in exchange for
1,000,000 of our shares, at $25 per share.
•
Other investors paid cash of approximately $137.5 million,
or $25 per share, in exchange for 5,500,100 of our
shares.
As a result of these transactions, which closed on
October 5, 2006, we received CDO equity of approximately
$555.2 million and cash of approximately $7.3 million,
net of the cash consideration paid to the BSHG Funds. We valued
the equity interests in the CDOs we acquired in connection with
our formation at their fair value as of the date we agreed to
acquire these interests, taking into account a number of
factors, including the projected cash flows we expected to be
generated by these interests and valuation information provided
by third-party market participants.
As part of the assets we purchased from the BSHG Funds, the BSHG
Funds transferred to us 100% of the equity of Parapet CDO,
which equity was then valued at approximately
$369.8 million.
Subsequent to October 5, 2006, institutions and
sophisticated investors paid approximately $97.3 million in
aggregate to purchase additional shares in further private-round
financings. The proceeds of these financings have been used to
purchase additional CDO equity or pay down outstanding amounts
under an existing secured credit facility. The shares received
by the BSHG Funds, HY and other initial and private-round
investors consisted of nonvoting participating shares, which we
expect will become ordinary shares in connection with the
offering.
Risk
Factors
An investment in the ordinary shares being offered hereby
involves various material risks. You should consider carefully
the risks discussed under “Risk Factors” before
purchasing the ordinary shares.
1940 Act
Exclusion
We conduct our operations so that we are not required to
register as an investment company under the 1940 Act. Pursuant
to Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act, any issuer that is
engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing,
reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns
or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value
exceeding 40% of the value of the issuer’s total assets
(exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on
an unconsolidated basis will be deemed to be an investment
company. Excluded from the term “investment
securities,” among other things, are securities issued by
majority owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment
companies and are not relying on the exception from the
definition of investment company provided by
Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act. We
believe that more than 60% of our assets consist of CDO
subsidiaries that are themselves not investment companies as a
result of the exception for structured finance companies,
Rule 3a-7, rather than in reliance on Section 3(c)(1)
or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act. Accordingly, we do not
own or propose to acquire investment securities having a value
in excess of 40% of the value of our total assets on an
unconsolidated basis, and are therefore not required to register
as an investment company.
If it were determined that one or more of our CDO subsidiaries
could not rely on the exclusion from investment company status
under the 1940 Act for structured finance companies, these CDO
subsidiaries would have to restructure their operations in order
to rely on that exclusion. If they could not restructure their
operations to comply with the exclusion, then we could have to
register as investment companies under the 1940 Act, either of
which could materially and adversely affect our earnings.
Tax
Matters
U.S. persons may be subject to certain adverse
U.S. federal income tax consequences relating to the
ownership and disposition of our shares. See “Certain Tax
Considerations — U.S. Federal Income Tax
Considerations.”
The following chart illustrates our expected corporate structure
and ownership upon the closing of this offering. All percentages
reflect anticipated actual ownership.
(1)
We hold 100% of the voting
securities of Parapet CDO.
(2)
At December 31, 2006, we held
all or a majority of the voting securities in five CDO
subsidiaries, including Parapet CDO, which accounted for 71.0%
of our total assets.
(3)
Also includes, but is not limited
to, CDOs in which we hold all or a majority of the equity
securities, but not the voting securities.
(4)
Calculated on a basis similar to
management and incentive fees, subject to the availability of
profits for distribution; management and incentive fees do not
duplicate amounts distributable in respect of the profits
interests.
Everquest is a holding company incorporated as a Cayman Islands
exempted company with limited liability. Our board of directors
consists of seven directors, a majority of whom meet the
independence standards of the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE.
Our CEOs and managers manage the business and affairs of our
company under the supervision of our board of directors. The
memorandum and articles of association of the company require
that our board of directors will consist of not fewer than seven
or more than 12 directors. The current directors include
each of our CEOs, an additional director designated by BSAM, and
four members who meet the independence standards of the NYSE.
Shareholders elect our directors, except the BSAM and Stone
Tower designated directors. Special voting share classes granted
to BSAM and Stone Tower entitle each to elect one director so
long as the relevant management agreement remains in effect, or
the relevant manager or its affiliates has over $50 million
invested in Everquest, and in the case of BSAM entitle BSAM to
elect one additional director so long as the BSAM-affiliated
investment in Everquest is over $100 million. Independent
directors may be removed for cause at any time by the vote of
two-thirds of the ordinary shares. BSAM and Stone Tower may
remove any director they are entitled to designate, and a
director who is a BSAM or Stone Tower designee may also be
removed for cause by a two-thirds vote of the independent
directors. Any vacancy of a BSAM or Stone Tower designated
director will be filled by BSAM or Stone Tower, and any other
vacancy will be filled by majority vote of the remaining
directors. Our board of directors has formed a nominating and
corporate governance committee, an audit committee and a
compensation committee. The nominating and corporate governance
committee is required to recommend a slate of nominees for
election as independent directors.
Management
Agreements
We and each of BSAM and Stone Tower are parties to management
agreements, pursuant to which the managers, subject to
applicable law and our organizational documents and in
accordance with the policies and control of our operating
committee and, in certain circumstances, subject to our board of
directors’ approval: (i) perform diligence, structure
on our behalf our CDO subsidiaries and oversee the purchase and
sale of assets (which purchases or sales may be from affiliates
of either or both of the managers); (ii) monitor and manage
our assets and financial activities (including through the use
of leverage and our hedging policies); (iii) provide us
with certain advisory services, (iv) are responsible for
the
day-to-day
activities relating to our assets, with such allocation of
responsibilities as between the managers as determined by our
board of directors; and (v) such other matters as our board
of directors and the managers may agree upon from time to time.
See “The Management Agreements.”
In general, the managers receive the following compensation and
incentive allocation in connection with the management services
provided to us. The compensation comes in two forms: a profits
interest in Everquest LLC, and fees paid by Everquest to the
extent that the managers are managing Everquest assets not held
directly or indirectly by Everquest LLC. Amounts distributable
to the managers in respect of the profits interests in Everquest
LLC are calculated on a basis similar to the management and
incentive fees described below, subject to the availability of
profits for distribution. The management and incentive fees do
not duplicate the amounts distributable in respect of the
profits interests.
Fee
Summary Description and Method of Computation
Base Management Fee
As compensation for their services, the managers are entitled to
a management fee, or Base Fee, payable quarterly in arrears,
equal to (i) 1.75% on an annualized basis of the
company’s net assets up to $2 billion, plus
(ii) 1.50% on an annualized basis of the company’s net
assets over $2 billion and up to $3 billion, plus
(iii) 1.25% on an annualized basis of the company’s
net assets over $3 billion and up to $4 billion, plus
(iv) 1% on an annualized basis of the company’s net
assets over $4 billion. For purposes of calculating the
Base Fee, the company’s net assets will be adjusted to
exclude special one-time costs pursuant to changes in GAAP, and
non-cash charges.
Such adjustments will be made only after discussion between the
company and the independent directors on our board of directors
and approval by a majority of the independent directors.
Incentive Fee
In addition, the managers are entitled to an incentive fee, or
Incentive Fee, payable quarterly in arrears, equal to
(i) 25% of the dollar amount by which (a) the
quarterly net increase in net assets resulting from operations
of the company, as determined in accordance with GAAP, before
accounting for the Incentive Fee, per weighted average ordinary
share, exceeds (b) an amount equal to the weighted average
of the price per ordinary share for all issuances of ordinary
shares, after deducting any underwriting discounts and
commissions and other costs and expenses related to such
issuances, multiplied by the greater of 2.00% per quarter
or 0.50% plus one-fourth of the U.S. Ten Year Treasury Rate
for such quarter, multiplied by (ii) the weighted average
number of shares outstanding during the quarter.
The Incentive Fee will be adjusted to exclude special one-time
events pursuant to changes in GAAP and non-cash charges. Such
adjustments will be made only after discussion between the
company and the independent directors on our board of directors
and approval by a majority of the independent directors.
Certain Reduction in Fees
To the extent we have purchased after September 28, 2006,
or in the future purchase, a stake in a CDO or other structured
finance issuer sponsored by BSAM or Stone Tower, the fees
payable by us under the management agreements will be reduced by
the portion of any management or incentive fees received by BSAM
or Stone Tower as manager of the CDO or other issuer that is
allocable to our stake in such CDO or other issuer, to the
extent such fees are not otherwise waived by BSAM or Stone
Tower. The foregoing fee reduction provision does not apply to
our initial portfolio of CDOs that we acquired in our formation
transactions. In addition, no management or incentive fees are
paid by Parapet CDO to BSAM or Stone Tower, although BSAM
and Stone Tower may be entitled to investment management fees
with regard to certain of Parapet CDO’s underlying CDO
assets.
Fee Allocation
The compensation paid to the managers will be allocated between
them as follows: (i) compensation relating to the first
$562.0 million of book capital of our ordinary shares
outstanding at the time of determination of such compensation
will be allocated 80%/20% between BSAM and Stone Tower,
respectively, and (ii) compensation relating to book
capital of our ordinary shares in excess of $562.0 million
will be allocated 60%/40% between BSAM and Stone Tower,
respectively.
Reimbursement of Expenses
The managers are entitled to be reimbursed by the company for
certain expenses incurred by the managers or their affiliates on
behalf of the company or in connection with the provision of
certain services under the management agreement.
Term, Termination and Termination Payment
Each management agreement has a term of one year and will be
automatically renewed at the stated expiration for additional
one-year periods, unless either the company or the respective
manager gives 30 days’ prior written notice that the
related management agreement will not be renewed.
Neither management agreement will be renewed if, upon the
affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the independent
directors, or a vote of at least two-thirds of the ordinary
shares held by disinterested shareholders, it is determined
there has been (i) unsatisfactory performance that is
materially detrimental to us, or (ii) the compensation
payable to a manager is unfair. If the company gives a notice of
nonrenewal of a management agreement (other than for cause), the
applicable manager will be entitled to certain potentially
significant termination fees. The applicable manager may waive
payment of any such fees to it.
Conflicts
of Interest
Conflicts
with BSAM and Stone Tower
We are subject to conflicts of interest relating to BSAM and its
affiliates, including Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc., which
is one of the underwriters of this offering, and Stone Tower and
its affiliates, including, among others, the following:
•
Each of our CEOs also serves as an executive officer of BSAM or
Stone Tower. As a result of these relationships, these persons
have a conflict of interest with respect to our agreements and
arrangements with our managers, which were not negotiated at
arm’s length, and the terms of which may not be as
favorable to us as if they had been negotiated with an
unaffiliated third party.
•
Substantially all of our initial CDO holdings were contributed
by the BSHG Funds, which are managed by BSAM. Thus, the
consideration given by us in exchange for these assets was not
negotiated at arm’s length and may exceed the values that
could be achieved upon the sale or other disposition of these
assets to third parties. In addition, the performance of the CDO
holdings retained by the BSHG Funds may differ from the
performance of those initially contributed to us.
•
BSAM, Stone Tower
and/or their
affiliates currently advise, sponsor or act as manager to other
business ventures or clients that have investment objectives
that overlap with our business plan and strategies and therefore
compete with us for asset acquisition, investment and other
opportunities and may create additional vehicles in the future
that compete for such opportunities. We will therefore face
conflicts of interests with the managers
and/or their
affiliates with respect to the allocation of asset acquisition,
investment and other opportunities.
•
We may purchase assets from, finance the assets of or make
co-purchases alongside BSAM or Stone Tower, their affiliates
and/or business ventures or clients that they manage, including
assets of CDOs structured by BSAM or Stone Tower. These
transactions will not be the result of arm’s length
negotiations and will involve conflicts between our interests
and the interests of BSAM or Stone Tower
and/or their
affiliates in obtaining favorable terms and conditions.
•
In structuring our CDO subsidiaries, our managers may have
conflicts between us and other entities managed by them that
purchase debt securities in our CDOs with regard to setting
subordination levels, determining interest rates, pricing the
securities, providing for divesting or deferring distributions
that would otherwise be made to CDO equity, or otherwise setting
the amounts and priorities of distributions to the holders of
debt and equity interests in the CDOs.
•
Not all of the CDO equity assets of the BSHG Funds were
contributed to us. The retained assets include CDO equity
interests in CDOs in which we acquired an interest, which may
result in the BSHG Funds having an interest that conflicts with
ours.
•
We may also compete with BSAM’s and Stone Tower’s
current and future business ventures or clients for access to
management time, resources, services and functions. The managers
are only required to devote as much of their time and resources
to our business as they deem necessary and appropriate to
fulfill their obligations under their respective management
agreements, and neither CEO is required to devote a specific
amount of time to our affairs.
Ralph R. Cioffi, one of our CEOs, is a director of BSAM,
the founder of the BSHG Funds and beneficially owns equity in
the BSHG Funds and in Bear Stearns. Affiliates of Bear Stearns,
including the BSHG Funds and other
BSAM-managed
funds, may compete with us for asset acquisitions and CDO
investments either directly or as brokers, dealers or
underwriters of CDO securities or the assets underlying such
securities.
•
Michael J. Levitt, one of our CEOs, is the founder of and
beneficially owns equity interests in Stone Tower. Affiliates of
Stone Tower may compete with us for asset acquisition and CDO
investments. Therefore, he has interests in our relationship
with Stone Tower that are different from the interests of our
shareholders.
•
Subject to certain conditions, BSAM and Stone Tower are entitled
to elect two and one of our directors, respectively. Although
all of our directors will owe fiduciary duties to all
shareholders, the directors elected by our managers may have
interests different from those of our independent directors and
aligned with the interests of our managers.
•
Each of BSAM and Stone Tower manage funds or are affiliated with
funds that are significant shareholders of Everquest. Each of
our CEOs has beneficial interests in their related funds. BSAM
and Stone Tower may enter into transactions at the shareholder
level, such as transactions that hedge exposures to
Everquest’s assets, which provide benefits to these
shareholders that are not provided to Everquest or our other
shareholders.
•
Affiliates of HY have significant beneficial interests in Stone
Tower. As a contributor (in exchange for shares in the company)
of two of our initial CDO holdings and as a holder of an
indirect economic interest in Stone Tower, these affiliates may
have interests that are not aligned with those of other
shareholders.
•
I/ST, an entity controlled by Michael J. Levitt,
beneficially owned approximately 8.4% of our shares as of
December 31, 2006. In exercising his management discretion
on behalf of I/ST, Mr. Levitt may take actions, or refrain
from taking actions, which would not benefit us or our other
shareholders.
•
BSAM and Stone Tower, through their activities on behalf of
other clients or entities, may acquire confidential or material
non-public information or be restricted by internal policies
from initiating transactions in certain securities. These
restrictions may prevent us from managing our assets in a manner
that is otherwise in our best interests.
•
We may purchase assets that are senior or junior to, or have
rights and interests different from or adverse to, assets held
by other accounts or funds managed by BSAM or Stone Tower. Our
interests in such assets may conflict with the interests of such
other accounts in related investments at the time of origination
or in the event of a default or restructuring of a company,
property or other asset.
•
We purchase additional assets from third parties in negotiated
transactions. Some of the asset sellers may be entities with
which BSAM or Stone Tower or their affiliates has engaged in
other commercial transactions, are clients of BSAM or Stone
Tower or their affiliates or have other business relationships
and may include shareholders. Such relationships could influence
the purchase price for the additional assets.
•
Although both our company and our managers are expected to
benefit from the ability to jointly develop relationships with
dealers, sponsors, originators and other participants in the CDO
markets, there may be instances in which our managers receive
greater benefits in these relationships by reason of their roles
with us. We will benefit from reduced fees payable to our
managers to the extent they receive fees from third parties in
transactions in which we invest; the degree of this benefit will
depend in part on the manner in which our managers allocate
investments between us and third parties.
•
Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc., one of the underwriters of
this offering and an affiliate of BSAM, may in the future
execute trades with us or on our behalf, perform valuation
services for BSAM on our behalf, extend or arrange debt
financing to us or on our behalf, assist with structuring and
placing securities of our CDO subsidiaries and perform other
services for us.
We are subject to conflicts of interests relating to our
managers’ roles under the management agreements, including,
among others, the following:
•
Although our management agreements are subject to annual
renewal, failure by us to renew the management agreements in
certain circumstances and at certain times may result in our
incurring additional costs. Upon termination of a management
agreement other than for cause, we are required to pay the
manager a termination fee if the termination occurs before
September 2009.
•
Our managers’ liability is limited under the management
agreements. Except under certain circumstances, we have agreed
to indemnify our managers and their affiliates to the fullest
extent permitted by law against all liabilities and expenses
arising from acts or omissions of any such indemnified party
arising from, or in connection with, the provision of services
by BSAM and Stone Tower, or on behalf of BSAM and Stone Tower,
under the management agreements.
•
The amounts payable to our managers were not approved by our
independent directors and may be higher than the company could
achieve on an arm’s length basis with third parties.
•
The Incentive Fee, which is based upon the company’s
achievement of targeted levels of net increase in net assets
resulting from operations, may lead our managers to place undue
emphasis on the maximization of net increase in net assets
resulting from operations at the expense of other criteria, such
as preservation of capital, maintaining sufficient liquidity
and/or
management of credit risk or market risk, in order to achieve
higher incentive compensation.
•
The Base Fee, which is based on the amount of our net assets (as
defined in the management agreements), is generally payable
regardless of our operating performance. The Base Fee may reduce
our managers’ incentive to devote the time and effort of
their professionals to seeking profitable opportunities for our
portfolio.
•
The Base Fee and Incentive Fee are based on the value of our net
assets. The value of our net assets is based on highly
subjective assumptions by our managers, who also receive the
Base Fee and Incentive Fee.
•
No members of the BSAM Team or Stone Tower, including the CEOs,
have entered into contracts with us requiring them to provide us
or the managers with their services. Consequently, members of
the BSAM Team and Stone Tower may devote a significant amount of
time managing other BSAM or Stone Tower-managed vehicles and may
not be available to our managers to provide services pursuant to
our management agreements.
Resolution
of Potential Conflicts of Interest; Equitable Allocation of
Investment Opportunities
The management services to be provided by our managers under the
management agreements are not exclusive to us and our
subsidiaries. Our managers
and/or their
affiliates engage in a broad spectrum of activities, including
investment advisory activities, and have extensive investment
activities that are independent from, and may conflict or
compete with, our business plan and strategies. BSAM, Stone
Tower and/or
their affiliates currently advise, sponsor or act as manager to
other business ventures or clients that have investment
objectives that overlap with our business plan and therefore
compete with us for asset acquisition, development and
structuring opportunities. Each of BSAM, Stone Tower
and/or their
affiliates sponsor or manage structured products funds, hedge
funds, CDOs and separate accounts that invest in CDO equity,
asset-backed securities, corporate debt securities and other
structured fixed income securities. We will therefore face a
number of conflicts of interest with our managers
and/or their
affiliates with respect to the allocation of asset acquisition
opportunities. In addition, our managers may raise new
investment funds whose investment objectives overlap with our
business plan, which may further compound these conflicts.
Our managers are required to act in a manner that they consider
fair and equitable in the allocation of business opportunities,
and each of the managers internally oversees conflicts in a
manner designed to prevent any client from receiving unduly
favorable treatment over time. However, because the decision to
offer any
business opportunity to us lies within the discretion of the
managers, it is possible that we may not be given the
opportunity to participate in certain opportunities that meet
our business objectives and that are made available to other
clients or affiliates of the managers.
Each manager intends to allocate asset acquisition opportunities
among us, on the one hand, and the investment management
accounts managed or advised by it, on the other, in accordance
with its asset allocation policies and procedures. Under these
policies and procedures, the respective manager will use its
reasonable best judgment and act in a manner which it considers
fair and reasonable in allocating asset acquisition
opportunities. When it is determined that it would be
appropriate for us or one of our subsidiaries and one or more of
such other investment management accounts to participate
together in an acquisition opportunity, the respective manager
will seek to allocate opportunities for all of the participating
entities, including us, on an equitable basis, taking into
account, among other things, such factors as the relative
amounts of capital available for new purchases, the financing
available in respect of an asset, legal restrictions, the size,
liquidity and anticipated duration of the proposed asset
acquisition, and the respective business objectives and policies
and asset portfolios of us and the other entities for which
participation is appropriate. Accordingly, we may not be given
the opportunity to participate at all in certain acquisitions
made by such other investment management accounts that meet our
business objectives, but we expect over time to receive a fair
allocation of such opportunities.
To further address potential conflicts arising out of
transactions between us, on the one hand, and our managers
and/or their
affiliates, on the other, a majority of the members of our board
of directors are directors who are unaffiliated with either BSAM
or Stone Tower
and/or their
affiliates and satisfy the NYSE independence standard. Our
policies state that certain transactions involving our managers
and/or their
affiliates or directors who are not independent must be approved
by a majority of our disinterested directors.
We co-purchase assets alongside affiliates of our managers,
including purchases of assets from, and interests in loans to,
unaffiliated third parties. In addition, we may acquire
interests in unaffiliated third parties where an affiliate of
one of our managers has acquired, is concurrently acquiring, or
intends to acquire a different interest in the same
counterparty. In such instances, our interest may be senior or
junior to, or have rights different from or adverse to, the
interest owned by the manager’s affiliates. These
acquisitions will be in compliance with applicable law and the
manager’s internal procedures.
Our managers may determine, in light of differing business
objectives of an affiliate that has an interest in a transaction
in which we also have a financial interest and other factors
applicable to the specific situation, to dispose of all or a
portion of an asset on our behalf at the same time as such asset
or portion thereof or a related asset is being retained by such
affiliate. Conversely, the managers may determine to retain all
or a portion of an asset on our behalf where such asset or a
related instrument is being disposed of on behalf of such
affiliate. Each of these determinations may present an actual or
potential conflict of interest that is subject to either of the
managers’ internal procedures.
Under the management agreements, there are no limits on the
percentage of our total assets that may be comprised of assets
of the type described above. Assets of the type described above
may not be the result of arm’s length negotiations and may
involve actual or potential conflicts between our interests and
the interests of other affiliates of our managers. In addition,
where we co-purchase assets with another affiliate of our
managers, our returns on these assets may differ, in some cases
materially, from our managers’ affiliates’ returns as
a result of a variety of factors, including differences in the
rates at which we are able to finance our assets as compared to
the managers’ affiliates and differences in the timing of
our disposition of such asset as compared with the
managers’ affiliates.
In the table below, we provide you with summary consolidated
financial and other data of the company. We have prepared this
information for the period from September 28, 2006
(commencement of operations) to December 31, 2006 using our
audited consolidated financial statements for the period from
September 28, 2006 (commencement of operations) to
December 31, 2006. Results for the period from
September 28, 2006 (commencement of operations) to
December 31, 2006 are not necessarily indicative of results
that may be expected for an entire year. The company’s
fiscal year will end on December 31 of each calendar year.
When you read this summary consolidated financial and other
data, it is important that you read along with it the
consolidated financial statements and related notes, as well as
the section titled “Management’s Discussion and
Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,”
which are included in this prospectus.
Net realized and unrealized gain
on investment transactions
7,600
Net increase in net assets
resulting from operations
$
21,952
Per Share Data:
Net asset value
$
25.93
Net increase in net assets
resulting from operations
0.94
Balance Sheet Data:
Total assets
$
726,215
Total liabilities
106,761
Total net assets
$
619,454
Other Data:
Net investment income
ratio(1)
12.25
%
Weighted average
yield(2)
17.68
%
Cash distributions received from
investments
$
11,976,102
Return on
equity(3)
15.10
%
(1)
Annualized.
(2)
The weighted average of the bond
equivalent yields of securities specified in the consolidated
schedule of investments contained in the consolidated financial
statements included in this prospectus, weighted by amortized
cost.
(3)
Return on equity, also known as
total return, is an annualized rate based on daily compounding
and is equal to the net increase in net assets from operations
divided by the weighted average of the net asset value since
commencement of operations.
The underwriters have the option to purchase up to an
additional
ordinary shares from us at the public offering price, less the
underwriting discounts and commissions, within 30 days from
the date of this prospectus, solely to cover over-allotments, if
any.
Ordinary shares to be outstanding immediately after the offering
ordinary shares,
or
ordinary shares if the underwriters exercise in full their
option to purchase additional ordinary shares solely to cover
over-allotments.
Use of proceeds
We estimate that the net proceeds we will receive from the sale
of
ordinary shares in this offering will be approximately
$ , or approximately
$ if the underwriters fully
exercise their over-allotment option, in each case assuming an
initial offering price of $ per
share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the
front cover of this prospectus, after deducting underwriting
discounts and commissions, and estimated offering expenses of
approximately $ payable by us. We
expect to use the proceeds from this offering:
• to repay our debt under our existing secured credit
facility;
• to create or acquire additional CDOs and other
structured finance assets; and
• for general corporate purposes.
Initial offering price
$ per ordinary share.
Our
Corporate Information
Our principal executive offices are located at 152 West
57th Street, New York, New York10019. Our telephone number
is
(212) 457-0220.
An investment in our ordinary shares involves a high degree
of risk. You should carefully consider the following
information, together with the other information contained in
this prospectus, before investing in our ordinary shares. In
connection with the forward-looking statements that appear in
this prospectus, you should also carefully review the cautionary
statement referred to under “Cautionary Statement Regarding
Forward-Looking Statements.”
Risks
Related to Our Business
We
have a limited operating history and, accordingly, it is
difficult to evaluate an investment in our ordinary
shares.
We were recently formed and have a limited operating history.
Consequently, it is difficult to evaluate our future prospects
and an investment in our ordinary shares. We will be subject to
the risks generally associated with the formation of any new
business such as our lack of established operating procedures as
well as BSAM’s and Stone Tower’s relative inexperience
with the management of a public entity. We cannot assure you
that we will be able to operate our business successfully or
implement our operating policies and strategies described in
this prospectus. We are subject to all of the business risks and
uncertainties associated with any new business, including the
risk that we will not achieve our investment objectives and that
the value of your investment could decline substantially. We may
not generate sufficient revenue from operations to pay our
expenses and make or sustain distributions to shareholders.
Our
financial performance is sensitive to changes in overall
economic conditions and may affect our ability to pay dividends
on our shares.
We own primarily ABS CDOs and CLOs. Our ABS CDOs hold primarily
RMBS and to a lesser extent CMBS, synthetic asset-backed
securities and other asset-backed securities. A downturn in
overall economic conditions could lead to an increase in the
default rates of residential or commercial mortgages, which
would have a negative effect on the quality of the assets
collateralizing these securities. For example, the majority of
the RMBS held by our CDOs are backed by collateral pools
comprised of subprime mortgages. Subprime mortgages have
experienced increased default rates in recent periods. A
deterioration in the assets collateralizing the asset-backed
securities held by our CDOs could negatively affect the cash
flows of the CDOs, and consequently our ability to receive
dividends or distributions from these CDOs and pay dividends or
distributions to our shareholders. See “— Risks
Related to Our Assets — Subprime mortgage loans
backing RMBS held by our CDOs are subject to additional
risks.”
Our CLOs invest primarily in corporate leveraged loans and
high-yield bonds that are rated below investment-grade.
Non-investment-grade assets have greater credit and liquidity
risk than investment-grade securities. The lower rating of these
assets reflects a greater possibility that adverse changes in
the financial condition of the issuer of these
non-investment-grade assets or in general economic conditions,
or both, may negatively affect the cash flows of the CDOs in
which we hold equity interests. In addition, issuers of
below-investment-grade debt obligations may be highly leveraged
and may not have available to them more traditional methods of
financing. During an economic downturn, a sustained period of
rising interest rates or a period of fluctuating exchange rates
(in respect of those issuers located in
non-U.S. countries),
such issuers may be more likely to experience financial stress
and may be unable to meet their debt obligations due to the
issuers’ inability to meet specific projected business
forecasts or the unavailability of financing. While the results
to date of our CLO holdings reflect that default rates for
below-investment-grade debt obligations have been low relative
to prior years, default rates may increase, perhaps
significantly, in the future.
Fluctuations
and changes in interest rates may cause losses and negatively
affect our financial condition and results of operations, and
can have a negative effect on our share price.
Changes in interest rates can affect our CDO subsidiaries’
net interest income, which is the difference between the
interest received on interest-earning assets and the interest
paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Changes in the level of
interest rates also can affect, among other things, prepayment
rates, yield spreads
during periods when our CDOs may be required to reinvest
principal payments on underlying assets, our ability to acquire
new assets and create new CDOs, and the value of the assets we
hold. In the event of a rising interest rate environment,
corporate loan defaults may increase and result in credit losses
that would affect the operating results of our CDOs. Increases
in interest rates may also increase our cost of borrowing, which
may restrict our ability or the ability of our future CDOs to
obtain future debt financings.
In addition, if market interest rates increase, prospective
investors may desire a higher distribution or dividend rate on
our ordinary shares or seek to invest in other securities paying
higher distributions or dividends. As a result, interest rate
fluctuations and capital market conditions can affect the market
value of our ordinary shares. For instance, if interest rates
rise, the market price of our ordinary shares may decrease
because potential investors may require a higher yield on our
ordinary shares.
Our
CDOs are complex and operate with a high degree of leverage,
which may adversely affect the returns we earn on our assets and
may reduce our cash available for distribution.
Our CDOs are complex and operate on a highly leveraged basis
through collateralized financings, including potentially private
or public offerings of debt, warehouse facilities, bank credit
facilities, repurchase agreements and other borrowings. Although
our CDOs’ actual use of leverage may vary depending on
their ability to obtain credit facilities and the lenders’
and rating agencies’ estimate of the stability of their
cash flows, our policies do not limit the amount of leverage we
or any of our CDOs may incur. The cash flows of our CDOs may be
reduced to the extent that changes in market conditions cause
the cost of these financings to increase relative to the income
that can be derived from the assets acquired. Defaults and lower
than expected recoveries as well as delays in recoveries on the
assets held by our subsidiaries could rapidly erode our equity
in our CDOs. Increased debt service payments that are not offset
by increased cash flow from underlying CDO assets would reduce
cash flow available for distributions by our CDOs to us and, in
turn, by us to our shareholders. Increased leverage increases
the risk that our CDOs will not be able to meet their debt
service obligations. See “— Risks Related to Our
Assets — The equity issued by our CDO subsidiaries issubject to substantial risks.”
Holdings
in our CDO subsidiaries or other CDO equity holdings are carried
at estimated fair value, which is a highly subjective
determination based predominately on management assumptions,
including assumptions based on estimated future cash flow. The
value of our shares could be adversely affected if our
determinations regarding the fair value of our CDO equity or
other holdings are materially higher than the values that we
ultimately realize upon their disposal.
Holdings in our CDO subsidiaries and other CDO equity holdings
are carried at estimated fair value, with unrealized gains and
losses reported as a component of a net increase or decrease in
net assets from operations in our consolidated statement of
operations. However, there is no liquid public trading market
for CDO equity upon which the value of our holdings may be
readily determinable. The fair value of each holding is
initially based on our cost. Upon each balance sheet date
thereafter, fair value is estimated using the discounted cash
flow technique. Accordingly, fair value is highly sensitive to
our estimates of future cash flows attributable to our CDO
equity holdings. Our estimates of future cash flows are in turn
highly subjective and sensitive to a number of assumptions we
must make regarding the collateral underlying each CDO,
including assumptions as to forecasted default, recovery,
reinvestment and prepay or call rates of the underlying CDO
collateral as of the balance sheet date, and may also fluctuate
over short periods of time. Our determinations of fair value may
differ materially from the values that would have been used if a
ready market for these investments existed. Our net asset value
could be adversely affected if our determinations regarding the
fair value of our holdings are materially higher than the values
that we ultimately realize upon these holdings.
Declines
in the credit quality of our CDOs’ assets may adversely
affect periodic reported results, which may reduce earnings and,
in turn, cash available for distribution to us and our
shareholders.
The credit quality of our CDOs’ assets may decline for a
number of reasons, such as poor operating results of borrowers,
declines in the value of the collateral supporting debt they
hold and increases in defaults. A decline in the credit quality
of our CDOs’ assets may force our subsidiaries to sell
certain assets at a loss,
or retain certain assets with unrealized losses or write downs,
which in either instance, may reduce their earnings and, in
turn, cash available for distribution to us and our shareholders.
Substantially
all of our CDO holdings are illiquid in nature, and,
accordingly, there can be no assurances that we will be able to
realize the value at which many of our assets are carried if we
are required to dispose of them.
Substantially all of our assets consisting of equity in CDOs are
highly illiquid and are not publicly traded or readily
marketable. As a result, we can provide no assurance that any
given asset could be sold at a price equal to the amount
ascribed to such asset, which may result in unexpected losses if
we are required to sell such assets. Furthermore, because of
applicable securities law and 1940 Act transfer restrictions,
the equity securities we hold in our CDO subsidiaries that are
excluded from the registration requirements of the 1940 Act by
virtue of
Rule 3a-7
thereunder may be less liquid than securities issued by other
CDOs.
Substantially
all of our initial CDO holdings were contributed by hedge funds
managed by BSAM. Thus, the consideration given by us in exchange
for these assets was not negotiated at arm’s length and may
exceed the values that could be achieved upon the sale of such
assets.
Substantially all of our initial CDO holdings were purchased
from the BSHG Funds which are managed by BSAM. These assets are
difficult to value. The values of the assets transferred to us
were determined based on certain models, assumptions and methods
and not by any arm’s length negotiation, and do not
necessarily reflect the values that could be achieved by us upon
the sale or other disposition of such assets. Performance of
these assets is expected to differ, and may differ materially,
from that used in the valuation models that were used. Small
variations in one or more of the assumptions used to value the
initial assets could result in large variations in the value of
our initial CDO holdings.
Failure
to procure adequate capital and funding would adversely affect
our ability to pay distributions to our shareholders and, in
turn, negatively affect the dividend yield and market price of
our ordinary shares.
We depend upon the availability of adequate funding and capital
for our operations. Our dividend policy is to distribute over
time approximately 90% of our net investment income out of
assets legally available for distribution. Therefore, we will
not retain a substantial portion of our earnings and will have
to rely on outside sources of funding for new investments. See
“Dividend Policy.”
We cannot assure you that any, or sufficient, funding or capital
will be available to us in the future on terms that are
acceptable to us. In the event that we cannot obtain sufficient
funding on acceptable terms, we may lower our distributions to
shareholders, which may have a negative impact on the dividend
yield and market price of our ordinary shares.
Maintenance
of our 1940 Act exclusions imposes limits on our operations, and
a failure to maintain our 1940 Act exclusions could cause us to
restructure our business or register as an investment company,
each of which could negatively affect our financial condition
and results of operations.
We are a holding company that indirectly engages in various
businesses through majority-owned CDO subsidiaries, most of
which rely on various exclusions or exemptions from the 1940 Act
and engage in the businesses described herein. More than 60% of
our assets by value consist of interests in majority-owned CDO
subsidiaries, including Parapet CDO, that rely on the
exemption provided to certain structured financing vehicles by
Rule 3a-7
of the 1940 Act.
Rule 3a-7
imposes limitations on the ability of a CDO issuer to purchase
or sell assets, including prohibiting the issuer from purchasing
or selling assets for the primary purpose of recognizing gains
or decreasing losses resulting from market value changes. Thus,
provisions in the indentures that govern our CDO subsidiaries,
including Parapet CDO, restrict them from purchasing and selling
assets in circumstances in which it may otherwise be
advantageous for them to do so. As a practical result, the
issuers may not acquire or dispose of assets primarily to
enhance returns to the holder of the CDO equity.
Depending on the anticipated asset mix and liability structure
of a particular CDO subsidiary, compliance with
Rule 3a-7
could require us to place additional limitations and
prohibitions on the circumstances under which a CDO may sell
assets, on the type of assets the subsidiary may acquire out of
the proceeds of assets that mature, are refinanced or otherwise
sold, on the period of time during which such transactions may
occur, on the level of transactions that may occur or on other
provisions of the indentures that govern the operation of those
subsidiaries. We must monitor the activities of our
subsidiaries, including those assets managed by third parties,
to ensure that we meet these tests, which will limit the types
and nature of business and assets in which we may engage
indirectly through our
Rule 3a-7
subsidiaries. If we were to determine that one or more of our
CDO subsidiaries could not rely on
Rule 3a-7,
these CDO subsidiaries would have to rely on another 1940 Act
exemption, which could require them to restructure their
operations and, thus, adversely affect our earnings. In
addition, we have a limited operating history and accordingly
have only recently begun to implement procedures for maintaining
appropriate qualifying assets levels to maintain exemption under
the 1940 Act.
If we cannot rely on any exemption, exception or other exclusion
from registration as an investment company, we could, among
other things, be required either to (i) substantially
change the manner in which we conduct our operations to avoid
being required to register as an investment company or
(ii) register as an investment company, either of which
could have an adverse effect on us and the market price of our
ordinary shares. If we were required to register as an
investment company under the 1940 Act, we would become subject
to substantial regulation with respect to our capital structure
(including our ability to use leverage), management, operations,
transactions with affiliated persons (as defined in the 1940
Act), portfolio composition (including restrictions with respect
to diversification and industry concentration) and other matters.
As
opposed to Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act, compliance with
Rule 3a-7
imposes limitations on our CDO subsidiaries’ ability to
purchase and sell assets. Compliance with the
Rule 3a-7
restrictions may result in our CDOs generating less yield than
Section 3(c)(7) CDOs, which could result in lower earnings
and distributions for holders of our ordinary shares relative to
owners of Section 3(c)(7) CDOs.
Most CDO issuers are excluded from status as investment
companies under the 1940 Act by reason of their compliance with
Section 3(c)(7) thereunder. Section 3(c)(7)
essentially requires such issuers to engage in private offerings
made only to “qualified purchasers” (as defined in the
1940 Act), but places no limitations on the ability of the
issuers to purchase or sell assets or otherwise trade the
underlying portfolio of securities.
Rule 3a-7,
on the other hand, imposes limitations on the ability of a CDO
issuer to purchase or sell assets, including prohibiting the
issuer from purchasing or selling assets for the primary purpose
of recognizing gains or decreasing losses resulting from market
value changes. Thus, as described above, provisions in the
indentures that govern our CDO subsidiaries, including Parapet
CDO, restrict them from purchasing and selling assets in
circumstances in which it may otherwise be advantageous for them
to do so.
Rule 3a-7
CDOs provide the manager with less opportunity to manage
portfolio assets than Section 3(c)(7) CDOs. This may result
in
Rule 3a-7
CDOs being less liquid and generating less yield than
Section 3(c)(7) CDOs, which would result in lower earnings
and distributions for our shareholders.
BSAM’s
and Stone Tower’s track record information may not be
indicative of their or our future performance.
BSAM and Stone Tower’s track record information contained
in this prospectus may not be representative of the performance
of CDOs currently held by us or CDOs we hold in the future and
we caution you that our future returns may be substantially
lower than those achieved in the past, including for the
following reasons:
•
the historical track records include performance of instruments
during earlier periods that may have been influenced by
different economic, market or interest rate conditions or by
various other factors that could cause future results to vary
from historical results. For example, we are currently in a low
default rate environment conducive to producing the returns
demonstrated in BSAM’s and Stone Tower’s track record.
There can be no assurance of similar returns in other market
environments. For an
additional description of these factors, see “Cautionary
Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”;
•
the historical track records set out the cash return of holdings
in CDO equity. These returns, while reflecting the actual cash
received by an equity holder, may differ significantly from the
yields that may be accrued in respect of these holdings in our
financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Cash flows to CDO
equity can be expected to decline over time as the CDO debt is
amortized (thereby de-levering the equity) or if the underlying
collateral pool experiences defaults. Under GAAP, the yield
reflects an accrual of the aggregate projected cash flows to the
CDO equity, with any excess cash flows deemed to amortize the
underlying asset. Consequently, cash returns to CDO equity in
the early accounting periods will generally exceed the yields of
such equity as reflected in the financial statements of the
holder for such accounting periods;
•
the annualized cash returns in most cases relate to CDOs that
are still outstanding or that may have operated for only a
limited period of time, and therefore their results to date or
during earlier periods in their life cycle may not be reflective
of the future or final results that will be achieved by those
CDOs; and
•
the CDOs used for calculating the track record were structured
in nearly all cases to comply with the 1940 Act exemption
provided by Section 3(c)(7) thereunder, whereas most, by
fair value, of the CDO subsidiaries we own will be structured to
comply with the 1940 Act exemption provided by
Rule 3a-7
thereunder. As described above, the regulatory requirements of
Rule 3a-7
impose limitations on the CDO manager with respect to trading
and other operations. As a result, the returns of the CDOs used
for purposes of calculating the track record may not be
comparable to most of the CDOs proposed for us.
Our
holding company structure may limit our ability to make regular
distributions to our shareholders because we rely on
distributions from our subsidiaries and other companies in which
our subsidiaries hold assets, which may face constraints in
making such distributions.
We are a holding company with no operations. Therefore, we are
dependent upon the ability of our subsidiaries and their
businesses and assets to generate earnings and cash flows and
distribute them to us in the form of dividends or distributions
to enable us to meet our expenses and to make distributions to
our shareholders. The ability of our subsidiaries and the
businesses in which they hold assets to make distributions or
pay dividends depend on their respective operating results and
may be subject to limitations, including, among other things,
laws limiting the amount of funds available for the payment of
dividends or distributions, and the terms and covenants of any
present or future outstanding indebtedness, contract or
agreement. If, as a consequence of these various limitations and
restrictions, we are unable to generate sufficient funds for
distributions from our subsidiaries and their businesses and
assets, we may not be able to make or may have to delay
distributions or dividends on our ordinary shares.
We are
highly dependent on the information systems of BSAM, Stone Tower
and third parties, and system failures could significantly
disrupt our business, which may, in turn, negatively affect the
value of our ordinary shares.
Our business is highly dependent on communications and
information systems. We also depend on sophisticated software
and access to information to derive expected cash flows of our
investments. Any failure or interruption of our systems could
cause delays or other problems in our activities, which could
have a material adverse effect on our operating results and
negatively affect the value of our shares and our ability to pay
dividends or distributions on our ordinary shares.
Hedging
transactions may limit our income or result in losses and will
not completely insulate us from certain risks.
We engage, and will continue to engage in the future, in certain
hedging transactions at the company or CDO subsidiary level to
seek to limit our exposure to changes in credit default risks,
changes in interest rates, changes in currency exchange rates
and other financial market changes and therefore may expose
ourselves to risks associated with such transactions. For
instance, our subsidiaries may utilize instruments such as puts
and
calls on securities or indices of securities, futures contracts
and options on such contracts, interest rate swaps
and/or
swaptions to seek to hedge against mismatches between the cash
flows on their assets and the interest payments on their
liabilities or fluctuations in the relative values of their
portfolio positions, in each case resulting from changes in
relevant market rates. In addition, we may enter into credit
default swaps to manage the risks of credit-related events. Our
hedging may not limit the exposures or manage the risks in the
manner intended. Hedging does not eliminate the possibility of
fluctuations or prevent losses. For example, we may enter into
certain hedging strategies in subprime mortgage loans relating
to exposure to tranches of RMBS held by certain of our CDO
subsidiaries. Our hedging transactions may not completely
insulate us from subprime risk. Although hedging can establish
other positions designed to benefit from those same
developments, thereby offsetting the declines, hedging
transactions may also limit the opportunity for income or gain
if rates change favorably. Moreover, it may not be possible to
hedge against a rate fluctuation that is so generally
anticipated that we are not able to enter into a hedging
transaction at an acceptable price.
The success of our hedging transactions depends on the
managers’ ability to correctly predict movements of
relevant market rates. Therefore, while we may enter into such
transactions to seek to reduce relevant market rate risks,
unanticipated changes may result in an overall investment
performance below that which we would have obtained if we had
not engaged in any such hedging transactions. In addition, the
degree of correlation between price movements of the instruments
used in a hedging strategy and the price movements in the
portfolio positions being hedged may vary. Moreover, for a
variety of reasons, we may not seek to establish a perfect
correlation between such hedging instruments and the portfolio
holdings being hedged. Any such imperfect correlation may
prevent us from achieving the intended hedge and expose us to
the risk of loss. We are also exposed to the credit risk of the
counterparty with respect to payments under derivative
instruments.
We
operate in a highly competitive market for business
opportunities.
We are subject to significant competition in seeking business
opportunities. Some of our competitors may have greater
resources than we do and we may not be able to compete
successfully for assets. Furthermore, competition for assets of
the types and classes which our subsidiaries intend to acquire
may lead to the price of such assets increasing, which may
further limit our ability to generate our desired returns. In
addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk
tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them
to consider a wider variety of investments and establish more
relationships than us. We cannot assure you that the competitive
pressures we face will not have a material adverse effect on our
business, financial condition and results of operations. Also,
as a result of this competition, we may not be able to take
advantage of attractive business opportunities from time to
time, and we or our CDO subsidiaries may not be able to identify
and acquire assets that are consistent with our business
objective. Moreover, other companies and funds may be formed to
compete with us in pursuing a strategy similar to ours.
We may
change our business strategy and operational policies without
shareholder consent, which may result in a determination to
pursue riskier business activities.
We may change our business strategy at any time without the
consent of our shareholders, which could result in our acquiring
subsidiaries or assets that are different from, and possibly
riskier than, the strategy described in this prospectus. Our
board of directors will determine our operational policies and
may amend or revise our policies, including our policies with
respect to our asset acquisitions, operations, indebtedness,
capitalization and distributions, or approve transactions that
deviate from these policies, without a vote of, or notice to,
our shareholders. Operational policy changes could adversely
affect the market price of our ordinary shares and our ability
to make distributions to our shareholders.
Our
due diligence may not reveal all of an entity’s liabilities
and may not reveal other weaknesses in its
business.
Before purchasing assets held in CDOs managed by our managers or
before acquiring equity in CDOs sponsored by third parties, the
managers assess the value of the underlying assets and other
factors that they believe will determine the CDO’s success.
In making the assessment and otherwise conducting customary due
diligence, the managers rely on the resources available to them
and, in some cases, an investigation by third parties. This
process is particularly important and subjective with respect to
newly organized entities because there may be little or no
information publicly available or little or no historical
information at all. Against this background, the managers’
due diligence processes may not uncover all relevant facts and
any purchase may not be successful.
Non-U.S. assets
may involve risks that are not present with U.S. assets,
such as currency rate exposure and uncertainty of
non-U.S. laws
and markets.
Our CDO subsidiaries may in the future invest in debt
obligations and other assets denominated in
non-U.S. currencies.
Non-U.S. debt
obligations involve risks relating to political, social and
economic developments abroad, as well as risks resulting from
the differences between the regulations to which U.S. and
non-U.S. obligors
and markets are subject. These risks may include:
•
seizure by the government of
non-U.S. assets
held by debt obligors, excessive taxation, withholding taxes on
dividends and interest, limitations on the use or transfer of
our
non-U.S. assets,
and political or social instability;
•
enforcing legal rights may be difficult, costly and slow in
non-U.S. countries,
and there may be special problems enforcing claims against
non-U.S. governments;
•
non-U.S. obligors
may not be subject to accounting standards or governmental
supervision comparable to U.S. companies, and there may be
less public information about their operations;
•
non-U.S. markets
may be less liquid and more volatile than
U.S. markets; and
•
costs of buying, selling and holding
non-U.S. debt
obligations, including brokerage, tax and custody costs, may be
higher than those involved in domestic transactions.
In addition,
non-U.S. assets
denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are
subject to additional risks. Changes in currency exchange rates
will affect the value of
non-U.S. assets,
the value of dividends and interest earned, and gains and losses
realized on the sale of
non-U.S. securities.
An increase in the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to
these other currencies may cause the value of our
non-U.S. assets
to decline. Certain
non-U.S. currencies
may be particularly volatile, and
non-U.S. governments
may intervene in the currency markets, causing a decline in
value or liquidity of our securities holdings. Although we may
hedge our
non-U.S. currency
risk, we may not be able to do so successfully and may incur
losses in these assets as a result of exchange rate fluctuations.
We may
experience fluctuations in our quarterly results.
We could experience fluctuations in our quarterly operating
results and cash distributions due to a number of factors
including the difference in actual cash received and expected
cash, the timing of cash flows, changes in assumptions, such as
default and prepayment risk, the level of our expenses,
variations in and the timing of the recognition of realized and
unrealized gains and losses and general market conditions. As a
result of these factors, results of any period should not be
relied upon as being indicative of performance in future
periods.
Terrorist
attacks may negatively affect our financial condition and
results of operations.
Terrorist attacks across the globe, as well as events occurring
in response to or in connection with them, may adversely affect
our financial condition and results of operations. A terrorist
attack could have a material adverse effect on the assets held
by our CDO subsidiaries and therefore on our financial condition
and results of operations. Furthermore, terrorist attacks of
significant scale could cause volatility in the financial
markets and uncertainty in the economies of the areas where they
occur, and even possibly the global economy.
Our
performance is dependent on BSAM and Stone Tower and certain of
their key personnel, and we may not find a suitable replacement
if either of the management agreements is terminated or such key
personnel are no longer available to us.
All of our executive officers and other senior personnel
responsible for our
day-to-day
operations, other than our chief financial officer, are also
employees or officers of either BSAM or Stone Tower and will not
spend all of their time managing our activities. We depend on
the diligence, skill and network of business contacts of the
employees of BSAM and Stone Tower and our CEOs, our board of
directors and our investment committee. BSAM and Stone Tower
evaluate, negotiate, and monitor our holdings. Our future
success will depend on the continued services of the management
team of BSAM and Stone Tower. The continued services of the
management team of BSAM and Stone Tower are not guaranteed
because the management agreements do not require that any
particular individual’s services be made available to us.
However, we can not renew the management agreements with either
of our managers during the
90-day
period following the death, disability or voluntary resignation
of the related CEO. If any such event occurs and we terminate
the related management agreement, we have no assurance that a
suitable replacement CEO or manager may be identified or, if
identified, could be engaged on terms as favorable as those with
our current CEOs and managers. We do not carry any key-man life
insurance policies covering either of our CEOs.
We are also dependent on BSAM and Stone Tower for certain
services, including administrative and business advice. The
departure of either of our CEOs or any of the other senior
members of the management team at BSAM or Stone Tower could have
a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve our business
objectives. We are subject to the risk that BSAM
and/or Stone
Tower will terminate their respective management agreement and
that no suitable replacement will be found.
The
base management fee payable to our managers is payable
regardless of the performance of our portfolio.
We will pay our managers substantial management fees, based in
part on our equity capital (as defined in the management
agreements), regardless of the performance of our portfolio,
with certain exceptions. The management fee is based, among
other things, on our net assets. The value of our net assets is
based on highly subjective management assumptions, including
assumptions to arrive at estimated future cash flows from our
CDO and our CDOs’ asset values. Our managers’
entitlement to nonperformance-based compensation as a portion of
the total compensation might reduce their incentive to devote
the time and effort of their professionals to seeking profitable
opportunities for our portfolio, which could result in a lower
performance of our portfolio and negatively affect our ability
to pay distributions to our shareholders.
The
incentive fee payable to our managers may induce BSAM and Stone
Tower to engage in riskier activities than they otherwise
would.
The management incentive allocation structure that we have
agreed to with BSAM and Stone Tower may cause BSAM and Stone
Tower to purchase high-risk assets or take other risks. In
addition to the base management fee, BSAM and Stone Tower or
their respective affiliates are entitled to receive an incentive
fee and corresponding distribution from the company based upon
the company’s achievement of targeted levels of net
increase in net assets resulting from operations. In evaluating
acquisitions and other management strategies, the opportunity to
earn an incentive fee based on net increase in net assets
resulting from operations may lead BSAM and Stone Tower to place
undue emphasis on the maximization of net increase in net assets
resulting from operations at the expense of other criteria, such
as preservation of capital, maintaining sufficient liquidity,
and/or
management of credit risk or market risk, in order to achieve a
higher incentive fee. Assets with higher yield potential are
generally riskier or more speculative. This could result in
increased risk to the value of our assets.
Although
our board of directors may approve broad business guidelines for
our managers, our board of directors does not approve each
business decision made by our managers.
Our managers are authorized to follow a very broad business
approach on our behalf. We cannot predict with any certainty the
percentage of our assets that will be in each asset category. We
may change our business strategy and policies without a vote of
shareholders. Our board of directors will periodically review
our business approach and our assets. However, our board of
directors is not required to review every proposed purchase or
disposition of assets. Furthermore, even though a majority of
our board of directors consists of independent directors, there
is no assurance that our board of directors will provide
effective oversight over the activities of our managers.
Each
of our managers has broad operational latitude, and even if
either of the managers finds a business opportunity that is
appropriate for us, it may allocate, in its discretion, some or
all of such opportunity to other accounts managed by it and its
affiliates.
As registered investment advisors, each of our managers is
required to allocate opportunities equitably among its clients.
However, each manager has broad operational latitude in
allocating opportunities, and we may not be given the
opportunity to participate at all in certain acquisitions made
by such other clients that meet our business objectives.
We may
compete with BSAM’s and Stone Tower’s or their
affiliates’ current and future investment vehicles for
access to capital and assets.
The management services to be provided by the managers under the
management agreements are not exclusive to us and our
subsidiaries. The managers
and/or their
affiliates engage in a broad spectrum of activities, including
investment advisory activities, and have extensive investment
activities that are independent from, and may from time to time
conflict with, our business activities and strategies. The
managers
and/or their
affiliates may advise, sponsor or act as manager to other
investment funds, portfolio companies of private equity
investments and other persons or entities (including prospective
investors in the ordinary shares) that have investment
objectives that overlap with our business plan and that may,
therefore, compete with us for asset acquisition opportunities.
We will therefore face a number of conflicts of interest with
the managers
and/or their
affiliates with respect to the allocation of asset acquisition
opportunities. In addition, the managers may raise new
investment funds with investment objectives that overlap with
our business plan, which may further compound these conflicts.
We may
compete with BSAM’s and Stone Tower’s current and
future business ventures or clients for access to management
time, services and functions.
BSAM and Stone Tower will devote as much of their time to our
business as they deem necessary or appropriate to fulfill their
obligation under their respective management agreement. However,
they are currently committed to and expect to be committed in
the future to providing investment advisory services and
securities research and brokerage services for other clients,
including other funds that they manage, and engage in other
business ventures in which we have no interest. Furthermore,
neither of the Co-CEOs is required to devote a specific amount
of time to our affairs. As a result of these separate business
activities, the managers will have conflicts of interest in
allocating management time, services and functions between us
and other business ventures or clients.
BSAM
and Stone Tower may acquire confidential or material non-public
information that may prevent them from initiating certain
transactions for us that they otherwise might have
initiated.
BSAM and Stone Tower, through their activities on behalf of
other clients or entities, may acquire confidential or material
non-public information or be restricted by internal policies
from initiating transactions in certain securities. The managers
will not be free to divulge, or to act upon, any such
confidential or material non-public information and, due to
these restrictions, may not be able to initiate certain types of
transactions in certain securities or instruments for us that
they otherwise might have initiated. We may be frozen in an
investment position that we otherwise might have liquidated or
closed out.
We
were established by BSAM and Stone Tower and as such our
arrangements may contain terms that are less favorable to us
than those which otherwise might have been obtained from
unrelated parties.
Our management agreements, governance documents and other
arrangements with BSAM and Stone Tower, including with respect
to our initial holdings, were negotiated in the context of an
affiliated relationship. Our independent directors were not then
appointed and did not participate in the negotiation of such
terms and did not approve the arrangements on our behalf.
Because these arrangements were negotiated between related
parties, their terms, including terms relating to compensation,
contractual or fiduciary duties, conflicts of interest and the
ability of BSAM and Stone Tower to engage in outside activities,
including activities that compete with us, our activities and
limitations on liability and indemnification, may be less
favorable than otherwise might have resulted if the negotiations
had involved unrelated parties.
We may
purchase assets from BSAM or Stone Tower or their affiliates,
make co-purchases alongside BSAM or Stone Tower or their
affiliates or otherwise participate in asset acquisitions in
which BSAM or Stone Tower or their respective affiliates have an
interest, which could result in conflicts of
interest.
We may purchase assets from, finance the assets of or make
co-purchases alongside BSAM or Stone Tower, their affiliates
and/or business ventures or clients that they manage, including
assets of CDOs structured by BSAM or Stone Tower. These
transactions will not be the result of arm’s length
negotiations and will involve conflicts between our interests
and the interest of BSAM or Stone Tower
and/or their
affiliates in obtaining favorable terms and conditions.
Accordingly, certain of these transactions may require approval
by the disinterested directors. There can be no assurance that
any procedural protections, such as obtaining the approval of
the disinterested directors, will be sufficient to assure that
these transactions will be made on terms that will be at least
as favorable to us as those that would have been obtained in an
arm’s length transaction.
We may
purchase assets in situations where our interests conflict with
those of BSAM or Stone Tower or their respective
affiliates.
We may purchase assets that are senior or junior to, or have
rights and interests different from or adverse to, assets held
by other accounts or funds managed by BSAM or Stone Tower.
Certain of these transactions may require approval by our
disinterested directors. Our interests in such assets may
conflict with the interests of such other accounts in related
investments at the time of origination or in the event of a
default or restructuring of a company, property or other asset.
In addition, in structuring our CDO subsidiaries, the managers
may have conflicts between us and other entities managed by them
that purchase debt securities in our CDOs with regard to setting
subordination levels, determining interest rates, providing for
divesting or deferring distributions that would otherwise be
made to CDO equity or otherwise setting the amounts and
priorities of distributions to the holders of debt and equity
interests in the CDO.
We
depend on BSAM and Stone Tower in pricing asset purchases, and
BSAM and Stone Tower may have business relationships that affect
asset purchases.
We purchase additional assets from third parties in negotiated
transactions. The prices at which the additional assets are
purchased will be influenced by many economic, market and other
factors using price modeling by BSAM and Stone Tower that is
based on various assumptions and estimates. Accordingly, the
purchase price for the additional assets will depend upon the
ability of BSAM and Stone Tower to effectively price such
additional assets in the then-current lending, interest rate and
securitization markets. The expected future cash flow and the
discount rates used in determining the purchase price of such
additional assets will also be affected by BSAM’s and Stone
Tower’s estimates of the performance of the underlying
assets.
Some of the asset sellers may be entities with which BSAM or
Stone Tower has engaged in other commercial transactions, are
clients of BSAM or Stone Tower or have other business
relationships and may
include shareholders. Such relationships could influence the
purchase price for the additional assets or the proceeds
realized from the offering of securities in the securitizations.
Accordingly, the purchase prices for such additional assets may
not reflect the best prices achievable for us absent such
conflicts.
BSAM
and Stone Tower affiliates are able to exercise substantial
influence over important matters coming before our shareholders
and board of directors regarding our business and
affairs.
After the offering, funds managed by or affiliated with BSAM and
Stone Tower are expected to hold % and %,
respectively, of our ordinary shares and accordingly will have
significant influence over shareholder voting, including
independent director elections. Additionally, the special voting
share classes granted to BSAM and Stone Tower entitle each to
elect one director. These special voting shares remain valid so
long as the relevant management agreement remains in effect, or
the relevant manager or its affiliates have over
$50 million invested in Everquest. BSAM’s special
voting shares entitle it to designate one additional director so
long as the BSAM-affiliated investment in Everquest is over
$100 million. Due to operation of these special voting
share classes, currently three of our seven directors are
affiliated with BSAM and Stone Tower. As a result, BSAM and
Stone Tower will be able to substantially influence our
company’s decisions.
BSAM’s
and Stone Tower’s liability is limited, and we have agreed
to indemnify them under the management agreements.
BSAM and Stone Tower will manage our operations pursuant to the
management agreements. The management agreements provide that
BSAM, Stone Tower and their affiliates and their respective
legal and other representatives will not be liable to us, any of
our subsidiaries, our directors, our shareholders or any of our
subsidiary’s shareholders for any acts or omissions or any
errors of judgment by any of the foregoing or losses suffered by
us arising from, or in connection with the provision of services
by BSAM or Stone Tower, or on behalf of BSAM or Stone Tower,
under the management agreements, except those resulting from the
willful misconduct, fraud, criminal misconduct or gross
negligence of the managers or by reason of the managers’
reckless disregard of their obligations and duties. We have
agreed to indemnify BSAM and Stone Tower and their affiliates
and their respective legal and other representatives to the
fullest extent permitted by law against all liabilities and
expenses arising from acts or omissions of any such indemnified
party arising from, or in connection with, the provision of
services by BSAM and Stone Tower, or on behalf of BSAM and Stone
Tower, under the management agreements, except those resulting
from the willful misconduct, fraud, criminal misconduct or gross
negligence or reckless disregard in performance of their
obligations and duties.
The
management agreements may be difficult and costly to
terminate.
The management agreements may be difficult and costly to
terminate. The term of each management agreement is one year
from its commencement, and will be renewed automatically for a
one-year term on each anniversary date after the initial
one-year term unless we or a manager party to such management
agreement terminates such management agreement by providing a
termination notice to the other party. If we deliver a
termination notice to a manager, other than with respect to a
termination for cause, such manager will be entitled to a
termination payment in an amount equal to between one and three
times the average annual fees paid to the manager in prior
years, depending on the timing and circumstances of the
termination. These provisions may increase the effective cost to
us of terminating the management agreements.
Risks
Related to Our Assets
We may
not realize gains or income from our CDO and other
assets.
We seek to generate both current income and capital
appreciation. However, the securities we invest in may not
appreciate in value and, in fact, may decline in value. In
addition, collateral assets underlying our CDOs may default on
interest and/or principal payments. Accordingly, we may not be
able to realize gains or income from our CDOs. Any gains that we
do realize may not be sufficient to offset any other losses we
experience. Any income that we realize may not be sufficient to
offset our expenses.
An
increase in the rate of default on the assets purchased and held
by the CDOs we hold could decrease the distributions we receive
from such CDOs and, therefore, reduce our earnings and decrease
our ability to make distributions to our
shareholders.
To the extent that the rate of default with respect to assets
held by any of our CDO holdings increases, the amount available
to be paid to us as an equity holder decreases as does the value
of our equity in that CDO holding. Additionally, we may have to
record an
asset-impairment
charge in our financial statements relating to our CDO assets
experiencing increased defaults. Because our holdings of CDO
equity typically represent a leveraged investment, the
occurrence of defaults with respect to only a small portion of
the assets could result in the substantial or complete loss of
our holding in the CDO equity.
Subprime
mortgage loans backing RMBS held by our CDOs are subject to
additional risks.
The substantial majority of the asset-backed CDOs in which we
hold equity have invested in RMBS, including primarily RMBS
backed by collateral pools of subprime residential mortgage
loans. “Subprime” mortgage loans refer to mortgage
loans that have been originated using underwriting standards
that are less restrictive than the underwriting requirements
used as standards for other first and junior lien mortgage loan
purchase programs, such as the programs of Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac. These lower standards include mortgage loans made
to borrowers having imperfect or impaired credit histories
(including outstanding judgments or prior bankruptcies),
mortgage loans where the amount of the loan at origination is
80% or more of the value of the mortgaged property, mortgage
loans made to borrowers with low credit scores, mortgage loans
made to borrowers who have other debt that represents a large
portion of their income and mortgage loans made to borrowers
whose income is not required to be disclosed or verified.
Additionally, some of the mortgage loans backing the RMBS held
by some of our CDOs are “non-conforming loans” and are
not eligible for purchase by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac due to
either credit characteristics of the related mortgagor or
documentation standards in connection with the underwriting of
the related mortgage loan that do not meet the Fannie Mae or
Freddie Mac underwriting guidelines for “A” credit
mortgagors. These credit characteristics include mortgagors
whose creditworthiness and repayment ability do not satisfy such
Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac underwriting guidelines and mortgagors
who may have a record of credit write-offs, outstanding
judgments, prior bankruptcies and other credit items that do not
satisfy such Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac underwriting guidelines.
These documentation standards may include mortgagors who provide
limited or no documentation in connection with the underwriting
of the related mortgage loan. In addition, certain mortgage
loans may fail to conform to the underwriting standards of the
related originators.
Due to economic conditions, including increased interest rates
and lower home prices, as well as aggressive lending practices,
subprime mortgage loans have in recent periods experienced
increased rates of delinquency, foreclosure, bankruptcy and
loss, and they are likely to continue to experience rates that
are higher, and that may be substantially higher, than those
experienced by mortgage loans underwritten in a more traditional
manner. Thus, because of the higher delinquency rates and losses
associated with subprime mortgage loans, the performance of RMBS
backed by collateral pools with a significant subprime component
could be correspondingly adversely affected, which, in turn,
would adversely affect the performance of CDOs containing such
RMBS in their collateral pools.
The
CDOs we hold may not be able to reinvest proceeds from matured,
prepaid or sold assets in other assets with similar or higher
yields, and therefore net income available to be distributed to
us from those CDOs may decline.
The income that a CDO is capable of earning and distributing to
us will decrease to the extent that during its applicable
reinvestment period it is unable to reinvest the proceeds it
receives from matured, prepaid, sold or called CDO assets into
similar or higher yielding instruments. The ability of a
collateral manager of a CDO to reinvest proceeds in similar or
higher yielding instruments will depend on a variety of factors,
including the general interest rate environment and the
availability of investments satisfying the investment policies
of the collateral manager or the requirements of the applicable
indentures. A decline in net income earned by our CDOs resulting
from a failure to reinvest proceeds at similar or higher yields
will decrease the distributions we receive from those CDOs.
The
equity issued by our CDO subsidiaries is subject to substantial
risks.
Our largest CDO subsidiary, Parapet CDO, also holds
preference shares and income notes in CDOs. These equity
securities are subject to substantial risks, including the
following:
Leveraged Investment. CDO equity securities
represent leveraged investments in the underlying assets held by
the CDO. This leverage arises from the debt securities issued by
the CDO, which will increase the cash flow available to equity
holders as compared with the cash flow that would be available
for a comparable investment in a non-leveraged transaction. This
increased cash flow will directly affect the yield on the CDO
equity securities. However, the use of leverage also creates
risk for the holders of CDO equity, like us, because the
leverage increases their exposure to losses with respect to the
underlying assets. This is particularly true of the equity
securities issued by Parapet CDO, because both the equity
securities issued by Parapet CDO, as well as the CDO
securities constituting the assets held by Parapet CDO,
represent leveraged investments. As a result, the occurrence of
defaults with respect to only a small portion of the collateral
could result in the substantial or complete loss of the
investment in the CDO equity we hold in our subsidiaries. Due to
the existence of leverage, changes in the market value of the
CDO equity we hold or the CDO equity held by Parapet CDO
could be greater than the changes in the values of the
underlying assets of the relevant issuer, which itself may be
subject to, among other things, credit and liquidity risk. You
should consider with particular care the risks of leverage
because it increases substantially the risk that the holders of
the CDO equity securities could lose their entire investment if
the pool of assets is adversely affected.
Limited Assets to Pay Dividends and Other Distributions on
the CDO Equity Securities. CDO equity securities
represent equity interests in the relevant CDO issuer only. Like
other securities issued by CDOs, they are payable solely from
and to the extent of the available proceeds from the underlying
assets held by the issuer. The CDO equity securities are part of
the issued share capital of the issuer and are not secured.
Except for the issuer, no person is obligated to pay dividends
or any other amounts with respect to the CDO equity.
Consequently, holders of the CDO equity must rely solely upon
distributions on the underlying assets. If distributions on the
underlying assets are insufficient to pay required fees and
expenses, to make payments on the debt securities of the issuer
or to pay dividends or other distributions on the CDO equity,
all in accordance with the applicable priority of payments, no
other assets of the CDO issuer or any other person will be
available for the payment of the deficiency. Once all proceeds
of the underlying assets have been applied, no funds will be
available for payment of dividends or other distributions on the
CDO equity. Therefore, whether holders of the CDO equity receive
a return equivalent to or greater than the purchase price paid
for the CDO equity by holders of the CDO equity will depend upon
the aggregate amount of dividends and other distributions paid
on the CDO equity prior to any final redemption date and the
amount of available funds on the final redemption date available
for distribution to holders of the CDO equity.
Subordination of the CDO Equity. CDO equity
receives distributions from the CDO only if the CDO generates
enough income to first pay the holders of the CDO debt
securities and related CDO expenses. Payments of principal of
and interest on debt issued by CDOs, and dividends and other
distributions on CDO equity securities, are subject to priority
of payments. CDO equity is subordinated to the prior payment of
all obligations under debt securities. Furthermore, in the event
of default under any debt securities issued by a CDO, holders of
the CDO equity generally have no right to determine the remedies
to be exercised. To the extent that any elimination, deferral or
reduction in payments on debt securities occurs, such
elimination will be borne first by the CDO equity and then by
the debt securities in reverse order of seniority. Thus, the
greatest risk of loss relating to defaults on the collateral
held by CDOs is borne by the CDO equity. To the extent that a
default occurs with respect to any collateral and the trustee
sells or otherwise disposes of such collateral, it is likely
that the proceeds of such sale or other disposition will be less
than the unpaid principal and interest on such collateral.
Excess funds available for distribution to the CDO equity will
be reduced by losses occurring on the collateral, and returns on
the CDO equity will be adversely affected.
Equity Status of the CDO Equity. The CDO
equity securities represent equity in the applicable issuer and
are not secured by the underlying assets held by the issuer,
which generally secures the classes of debt securities issued by
the issuer. As such, the holders of the CDO equity securities
will rank behind all of the
creditors, whether secured or unsecured and known or unknown, of
the issuer, including, without limitation, the holders of all
the classes of debt securities issued by the CDO.
Payments in respect of preference shares and other equity
securities are also subject to certain requirements imposed by
the relevant jurisdiction of a CDO. Payments to holders of
preference shares, other than payments made on the final
redemption date, and the other equity securities will generally
be paid as dividends in accordance with the corporate law of the
issuer. Under Cayman Islands law, for example, any amounts paid
as dividends or other distributions on equity securities will be
payable only if the issuer has sufficient distributable profits
and/or share
premium and meets any other application restrictions imposed on
the issuer. In addition, such distributions (including any
distribution upon redemption of preference shares) will be
payable only to the extent that the issuer is and remains
solvent after such distributions are paid. Under Cayman Islands
law, for example, a company is generally deemed to be solvent if
it is able to pay its debts in the ordinary course of its
business as they come due.
To the extent the requirements under the applicable law are not
met, amounts otherwise payable to the holders of equity
securities may be delayed or altogether precluded.
Yield, Maturity, Distributions and Other Performance
Considerations. The amount of distributions on
the CDO equity will be affected by, among other things, the
timing of purchases of underlying assets, the rates of repayment
of or distributions on the underlying assets, the timing of
reinvestment in substitute underlying assets and the interest
rates available at the time of reinvestment. The longer the
period of time before reinvestment of cash in underlying assets,
the greater the adverse impact may be on the aggregate interest
collected, thereby lowering yields and otherwise affecting
performance of the CDO equity. The amount of distributions on
CDO equity may also be affected by rates of delinquencies and
defaults on and liquidations of the underlying assets, sales of
underlying assets and purchases of underlying assets having
different payment characteristics. The yield and other measures
of performance may be adversely affected to the extent that the
issuer incurs any significant unexpected expenses.
The
different asset classes held by our CDO subsidiaries will
subject us to specific risks as described below that could
adversely affect our operating results and the value of our
assets.
In addition to the risks relating to CDO equity securities
issued by CDOs described above, our CDO subsidiaries will invest
in a range of asset classes, which will subject us to further
risks, including, among others, credit risks, liquidity risks,
interest rate and other market risks, operational risks,
structural risks and other legal risks. Some, but not all, of
these additional asset classes and certain related risks are
described below.
Corporate Leveraged Loans. Our CDO
subsidiaries may hold interests in corporate leveraged loans
originated by banks and other financial institutions (as well as
in some cases by affiliates of the managers). These loans will
be term loans and revolving loans, may pay interest at a fixed
or floating rate, may be senior or subordinated and may be
secured or unsecured. These loans may be illiquid. To the extent
that they are non-investment-grade, they may also bear risks
associated with high-yield bonds described below.
Our CDO subsidiaries may acquire interests in corporate
leveraged loans either directly (by way of sale or assignment)
or indirectly (by way of participation). The purchaser of an
assignment typically succeeds to all the rights and obligations
of the assigning institution and becomes a lender under the
credit agreement with respect to the debt obligation; however,
its rights can be more restricted than those of the assigning
institution. Participation interests in a portion of a debt
obligation typically result in a contractual relationship only
with the institution participating out the interest, not with
the borrower. In purchasing participations, our CDO subsidiaries
generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the
borrower with the terms of the credit agreement, or any rights
of set-off against the borrower, and our CDO subsidiaries may
not directly benefit from the collateral supporting the debt
obligation in which it has purchased the participation. As a
result, our CDO subsidiaries will assume the credit risk of both
the borrower and the institution selling the participation.
High-Yield Bonds. Many of the high-yield bonds
our CDO subsidiaries may acquire are rated
below-investment-grade by one or more nationally recognized
statistical rating organizations or are unrated but of
comparably low credit quality, and have greater credit and
liquidity risk than more highly rated bonds.
High-yield
bonds may be unsecured, and may be subordinate to other
obligations of the obligor. The lower rating of high-yield bonds
(or lack of a rating) reflects a greater possibility that
adverse changes in the financial condition of the obligor or in
general economic conditions (including, for example, a
substantial period of rising interest rates or declining
earnings or both) may impair the ability of the obligor to make
payment of principal and interest. Many issuers of high-yield
bonds are highly leveraged, and their relatively high
debt-to-equity
ratios create increased risks that their operations might not
generate sufficient cash flow to service their debt obligations.
Overall declines in the below-investment-grade bond and other
markets may adversely affect such issuers by inhibiting their
ability to refinance their debt at maturity. High-yield bonds
are often less liquid than higher rated bonds.
High-yield bonds are often issued in connection with leveraged
acquisitions or recapitalizations in which the issuers incur a
substantially higher amount of indebtedness than the level at
which they had previously operated. High-yield bonds have
historically experienced greater default rates than
investment-grade bonds.
Mortgage-backed Securities. RMBS and CMBS held
by our CDOs bear various risks, including credit, market,
interest rate, structural and legal risks. Risks affecting the
underlying real estate investments of an RMBS or CMBS include
general economic conditions, the condition of financial markets,
political events, developments or trends in any particular
industry and changes in prevailing interest rates. The
cyclicality and leverage associated with real estate-related
instruments have historically resulted in periods, including
significant periods, of adverse performance, including
performance that may be materially more adverse than the
performance associated with other instruments.
Prepayment rates could negatively affect the value of our
mortgage-backed securities, including RMBS and CMBS, which could
result in reduced earnings or losses and negatively affect the
cash available for distribution to our shareholders. Volatility
in prepayment rates may affect our ability to maintain targeted
amounts of leverage on our mortgage-backed securities portfolio
and may result in reduced earnings or losses for us and
negatively affect the cash available for distribution to our
shareholders.
•
RMBS. At any time, a portfolio of RMBS held by
a CDO may be backed by residential mortgage loans with
disproportionately large aggregate principal amounts secured by
properties in only a few states or regions. As a result, the
residential mortgage loans may be more susceptible to geographic
risks relating to such areas, such as adverse economic
conditions, adverse events affecting industries located in such
areas and natural hazards affecting such areas, than would be
the case for a pool of mortgage loans having more diverse
property locations. In addition, the residential mortgage loans
may include so-called “jumbo” mortgage loans having
original principal balances that are higher than is generally
the case for residential mortgage loans. As a result, a
portfolio of RMBS may experience increased losses. See also
“— Subprime mortgage loans backing RMBS held by
our CDOs are subject to additional risks” above for a
description of additional risks relating to subprime RMBS.
•
CMBS. In addition, commercial mortgage loans
generally lack standardized terms, tend to have shorter
maturities than residential mortgage loans and may provide for
the payment of all or substantially all of the principal only at
maturity. Additional risks may be presented by the type and use
of a particular commercial property. Commercial properties tend
to be unique and are more difficult to value than single-family
residential properties. Commercial lending is generally viewed
as exposing a lender to a greater risk of loss than residential
one-to-four
family lending since it typically involves larger loans to a
single borrower than residential
one-to-four
family lending.
CDO Debt Securities. Our CDOs may hold debt
securities issued by other CDOs. These CDO debt securities rely
on distributions of the CDO’s underlying assets. Interest
payments on the CDO debt securities (other than the most senior
tranche or tranches of a given issue) are generally subject to
deferral, without causing an event of default or permitting
exercise of remedies by the holders thereof. If distributions on
the collateral of the CDO or proceeds of such collateral are
insufficient to make payments on the CDO debt securities held by
our CDO subsidiaries, no other assets will be available for
payment of the deficiency. CDO securities are generally
privately placed and offer less liquidity than other
investment-grade or high-yield corporate debt.
Total Return Swaps. Our CDO subsidiaries may
enter into total return swaps. Total return swaps are subject to
risks related to changes in interest rates, credit spreads,
credit quality and expected recovery rates of the underlying
credit instrument as well as renewal risks. A total return swap
agreement is a two-party contract to exchange returns from
predetermined investments or instruments. Total return swaps
allow investors to gain exposure to an underlying credit
instrument without actually owning the credit instrument. In
these swaps, the total return (fixed interest fees and capital
gains/losses on an underlying credit instrument) is paid to an
investor in exchange for a floating rate payment. The investor
pays a fraction of the value of the total amount of the credit
instrument that is referenced in the swap as collateral posted
with the swap counterparty. The total return swap, therefore, is
a leveraged investment in the underlying credit instrument. The
gross returns to be exchanged or “swapped” between the
parties are calculated based on a “notional amount,”
which is valued monthly to determine each party’s
obligation under the contract. We are charged a finance cost by
counterparties with respect to each agreement. Because swap
maturities may not correspond with the maturities of the credit
instruments underlying the swap, we may wish to renew many of
the swaps as they mature. However, there is a limited number of
providers of such swaps, and there is no assurance the initial
swap providers will choose to renew the swaps, and, if they do
not renew, that we would be able to obtain suitable replacement
providers.
Credit Default Swaps. We may own credit
default swaps. Credit default swaps are subject to risks related
to changes in interest rates, credit spreads, credit quality and
expected recovery rates of the underlying credit obligations
referenced in the credit default swap. A credit default swap is
a contract in which the contract buyer pays a periodic premium
until the contract expires or a credit default occurs. In return
for this premium, the contract seller makes a payment to the
buyer if there is a credit default or other specified credit
event with respect to the issuer of the underlying credit
instrument referenced in the credit default swap. We may act as
a buyer and seller of credit default swaps by entering into
contracts that reference CDOs from cash and synthetic structures
backed by pools of corporate, consumer or structured finance
debt. The change in fair value resulting from movements in
interest rates, credit spreads, changes in credit quality and
expected recovery rates is unrealized as credit default swaps
are not traded to realize this value. The valuation of credit
default swaps may require management to make certain assumptions
and estimates and actual experience may materially differ from
the estimates reflected in our subsequent financial statements.
Our
investments in synthetic CDOs are subject to a number of risks
that could adversely affect our returns.
We hold synthetic CDOs and we expect to invest in similar assets
in the future. Synthetic CDOs enter into credit default swaps
and total return swaps which entail the risks described above.
In addition, synthetic CDOs are subject to a number of risks,
including the following:
•
The individual reference obligations referenced in the credit
default swaps may be static. Therefore, no additions, removals,
substitutions or modifications to the credit default swap
portfolio will be effected in response to any changes in the
market conditions applicable to the reference obligations.
•
Our underlying CDOs that invest in credit default swaps rely on
the creditworthiness of the credit default swap counterparty.
Consequently, in addition to relying upon the creditworthiness
of the reference entities, the issuer is also relying upon the
creditworthiness of the credit default swap counterparty to
perform its obligations under the credit default swaps and of
the issuers of or obligors with respect to the other eligible
investments.
•
Under the credit default swaps, the issuer has a contractual
relationship only with the credit default swap counterparty.
Consequently, the issuer has no legal or beneficial interest in
any reference obligation or any other obligation of any
reference entity. The issuer has no right directly to enforce
compliance by the obligor under any reference obligation with
the terms thereof, does not have any rights of set-off against
such obligor, does not have any voting rights with respect to
such reference obligation, does not directly benefit from any
collateral supporting such reference obligation and does not
have the benefit of the remedies that would normally be
available to a holder of such reference obligation.
The
CDO subsidiaries that we form internally may not be able to
acquire eligible collateral securities for a future CDO
issuance, or may not be able to issue future CDO debt securities
on attractive terms that closely match the duration of the
assets and liabilities, which may require our CDO subsidiaries
to seek more-costly financing for these assets or cause us to
lose the opportunity to create a CDO subsidiary.
We operate primarily through ownership of our CDO subsidiaries.
To the extent we form new CDO subsidiaries internally,
relatively short-term credit facilities may be used to finance
the acquisition of securities for new CDO subsidiaries until a
sufficient quantity of securities is accumulated, at which time
the assets are refinanced through a securitization, such as a
CDO issuance, or other long-term financing. As a result, we are
subject to the risk that a CDO subsidiary will not be able to
acquire, during the period that the short-term facilities are
available, a sufficient amount of eligible securities to create
a new CDO subsidiary that will increase our earnings potential.
We also bear the risk that our future CDO subsidiaries we form
will not be able to obtain such short-term credit facilities or
may not be able to renew any short-term credit facilities after
they expire should it be necessary to obtain extensions for such
short-term credit facilities to allow more time to seek and
acquire the necessary eligible instruments for a long-term
financing. Inability to renew or extend these short-term credit
facilities may cause a CDO subsidiary to seek more-costly
financing for these assets or to lose the ability to utilize
them in connection with the creation of a CDO issuance. In
addition, conditions in the capital markets may make the
creation of a CDO issuance less attractive to us when a
sufficient pool of collateral is available. We, through our
subsidiaries, may also participate in the equity of CDO entities
established by third parties with respect to which we will
assume all or a portion of the risk of losses prior to
completion of a securitization by such CDO entity. Although
participation in such equity may result in attractive yields
during the warehouse period prior to securitization, default on
the underlying assets and changes in market conditions can
lessen or eliminate our expected yield or could result in the
partial or total loss of our investment.
We may
enter into warehouse agreements in connection with CDOs we
create or in connection with CDOs to be formed by or on behalf
of third parties, under which we will assume all or a portion of
the risk of losses prior to completion of a securitization by
the CDO.
In the normal course of business, we may enter into an agreement
which requires a deposit for the purpose of covering all or a
portion of any losses or costs associated with the accumulation
of securities under a warehouse agreement. If the CDO
transaction is not consummated, the warehouse securities could
be liquidated and we could bear losses to the extent the
original purchase price of the securities exceeds its sale
price, subject to negotiated caps, if any, on our exposure. In
addition, regardless of whether the CDO transaction is
consummated, if any of the warehoused securities is sold before
the consummation, we could be required to bear all or a portion
of any resulting loss on the sale. In certain cases, we could be
required to acquire the equity of the CDO.
The
use of CDO financings with over-collateralization requirements
may have a negative impact on our cash flow.
The indentures governing our CDOs generally provide that the
principal amount of assets must exceed the principal balance of
the related bonds by a certain amount, commonly referred to as
“over-collateralization.” The CDO terms provide that,
if certain delinquencies
and/or
losses exceed the specified levels based on the analysis by the
rating agencies (or any financial guaranty insurer) of the
characteristics of the assets collateralizing the bonds, the
required level of over-collateralization may be increased or may
be prevented from decreasing as would otherwise be permitted if
losses or delinquencies did not exceed those levels. Other tests
(based on delinquency levels or other criteria) may restrict our
ability, as holders of the CDO’s equity interests, to
receive cash flow from these investments. While completing the
long-term financing of CDOs, we will be engaged in negotiations
with the rating agencies or other key transaction parties on
future CDO financings regarding the CDO delinquency tests,
over-collateralization terms, cash flow release mechanisms or
other significant factors regarding the release of cash flow to
us by our CDOs. Failure to obtain favorable terms with regard to
these matters may materially and adversely affect our cash
flows, liquidity and the value of our equity interests. If
assets held by our CDO subsidiaries fail to perform as
anticipated, their
Pending
our identification and acquisition of assets meeting our
investment objectives, we may deploy the portion of the net
proceeds of this offering that is not used to repay our existing
$200 million secured credit facility in short-term
instruments, which are likely to produce an initial return on
your investment that may be lower than when we have fully
employed the proceeds of the offering in securities meeting our
investment objectives.
We plan to deploy the portion of net proceeds of this offering
that is not used to repay our existing $200 million secured
credit facility in accordance with our investment objectives
described in this prospectus. We intend initially to invest a
substantial portion of the net proceeds in short-term
investments which may be lower-yielding than our targeted
assets. We expect to deploy this portion of the net proceeds
from this offering in our targeted asset classes as soon as
practicable depending on the availability of appropriate
investment opportunities. However, we cannot assure you that any
particular class of investments will be available when we begin
to invest the proceeds from this offering.
We may
issue additional securities that dilute existing holders of
shares or that have rights and privileges that are more
favorable than the rights and privileges of holders of our
shares.
Under our memorandum and articles of association, we may issue
additional securities, including ordinary shares, and options or
other rights to purchase ordinary shares for such consideration
and on such terms and conditions as our board of directors may
determine with the approval of a majority of our independent
directors. Our board of directors is able to determine the
class, designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties of
any additional corporate securities, including any rights to
share in our profits, losses and distributions, any rights to
receive corporate assets upon a dissolution or liquidation of
the company and any redemption, conversion and exchange rights.
We may use such authority to issue additional ordinary shares,
which could dilute existing holders of ordinary shares, or to
issue securities with rights and privileges that are more
favorable than those of our ordinary shares. You will not have
any right to consent to or otherwise approve the issuance of any
such securities or the terms on which any such securities may be
issued.
If you
purchase ordinary shares in the offering, you may experience
immediate dilution in the net tangible book value per
share.
We expect the initial public offering price of our ordinary
shares to be higher than the net asset value per share of our
outstanding ordinary shares immediately after the offering. If
you purchase our ordinary shares in the offering, you will incur
immediate dilution of
approximately
in the net asset value per share of our ordinary shares from the
price you pay for our ordinary shares in the offering.
Our
ordinary shares have never been publicly traded, and an active
and liquid trading market for our ordinary shares may not
develop. If our share price fluctuates after this offering, you
could lose all or a significant part of your
investment.
Prior to the offering, there has not been a market for our
ordinary shares. After the offering, we expect that the
principal trading market for our ordinary shares will be on a
U.S. exchange. We cannot predict the extent to which investor
interest will lead to the development of an active and liquid
trading market for our ordinary shares or, if such a market
develops, whether it will be maintained.
The underwriters may sell a substantial amount of our ordinary
shares to a limited number of investors, which, together with
the effect of certain of our ordinary shares being subject to
lock-up
agreements and other restrictions on transfer, could impact the
development of an active and liquid market for our ordinary
shares.
We cannot predict the effects on the price of our ordinary
shares if a liquid and active trading market for our ordinary
shares does not develop. In addition, if such a market does not
develop, relatively small sales
may have a significant negative impact on the price of our
ordinary shares. For example, sales of a significant number of
ordinary shares may be difficult to execute at a stable price.
Even if an active trading market develops, the market price of
our ordinary shares may be highly volatile and could be subject
to wide fluctuations after this offering. Some of the factors
that could negatively affect our share price include:
•
actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly results;
•
negative developments in the asset classes held by our CDO
subsidiaries;
•
changes in our earnings estimates or publication of research
reports about us or our industry;
•
increases in market interest rates that may lead purchasers of
our shares to demand a higher yield;
•
changes in market valuations of similar companies;
•
adverse market reaction to any increased indebtedness we incur
in the future;
•
additions or departures of our managers’ key personnel or
other changes in management;
•
changes in accounting rules that affect our earnings;
•
speculation in the press or investment community; and
•
general market and economic conditions.
As a result of these factors, investors in our ordinary shares
may not be able to resell their shares at or above the initial
public offering price.
The
market price of our ordinary shares could be adversely affected
by sales or the possibility of sales of substantial amounts of
those securities.
Upon completion of the offering, we expect to
have
ordinary shares outstanding, including
the
ordinary shares that we are selling in the offering, assuming
that the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase
additional ordinary shares to cover over-allotments. We have
agreed to make a shelf registration statement available for the
benefit of the holders of the shares issued in connection with
our formation and our private-round financing to have the resale
of their shares registered under the Securities Act. Upon
registration and following the termination of any applicable
lock-up
period, these ordinary shares will be eligible for sale into the
market.
We may also issue from time to time additional ordinary shares
in connection with the acquisition of investments, and we may
grant demand or piggyback registration rights in connection with
such issuances.
Of the ordinary shares outstanding following the offering and
related transactions,
approximately
ordinary shares will be held by affiliates of the managers and
will be subject to resale restrictions under
lock-up
agreements with the underwriters of the offering. We cannot
assure you that the holders of any of our ordinary shares that
are subject to
lock-up
restrictions will not sell substantial amounts of their ordinary
shares upon any waiver, expiration or termination of the
restrictions. The occurrence of any such sales, or the
perception that such sales might occur, could have a material
adverse effect on the price of our ordinary shares and could
impair our ability to obtain capital through an offering of
equity securities.
We
will be subject to the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act.
After becoming a public company, management will be required to
deliver a report that assesses the effectiveness of our internal
controls over financial reporting, pursuant to Section 302
of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires our auditors
to deliver an attestation report on management’s assessment
of, and the operating effectiveness of, our internal controls
over financial reporting in conjunction with their opinion on
our audited financial statements as of December 31
subsequent to the year in which our registration becomes
effective. As permitted by SEC release
2006-136,
compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is
likely to be deferred until after we have filed one annual
report with the SEC. Substantial work on our part is required to
implement appropriate processes, document the system of internal
control over key processes, assess their design, remediate any
deficiencies identified and test their operation. We cannot give
any assurances that material weaknesses will not be identified
in the future in
connection with our compliance with the provisions of
Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The
existence of any material weakness described above would
preclude a conclusion by management and our independent
registered public accounting firm that we maintained effective
internal control over financial reporting.
We
will incur increased costs as a result of being a public
company.
Following the offering, as a public company, we will incur
significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not
incur as a private company. We will incur costs associated with
our public company reporting requirements. We also anticipate
that we will incur costs associated with recently adopted
corporate governance requirements, including requirements under
the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We expect these rules and regulations to
increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make
some activities more time-consuming and costly. We also expect
that these new rules and regulations may make it more difficult
and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer
liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced
policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs
to obtain the same or similar coverage. We are currently
evaluating these new rules, and we cannot predict or estimate
the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of
such costs.
The
ordinary shares are equity of the company and hence dividend and
other distributions will only be payable from distributable
profits
and/or share
premium of the company.
The ordinary shares are equity of the company. Any amounts paid
by the company as dividends or other distributions on the
ordinary shares will be payable only to the extent of the
company’s distributable profits
and/or share
premium (determined in accordance with Cayman Islands law). In
addition, such distributions will be payable only to the extent
that the company is solvent on the applicable distribution date
and the company will not be insolvent after such distributions
are paid. Under Cayman Islands law, a company is generally
deemed to be solvent if it is able to pay its debts as they fall
due.
Tax
Risks
Our
status as a Passive Foreign Investment Company may result in
significant additional tax costs for shareholders who are U.S.
taxpayers.
Each of Everquest and its non-US corporate subsidiaries is and
will likely remain a “passive foreign investment
company,” or a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
There are potentially adverse U.S. federal income tax
consequences of investing in a PFIC for a shareholder who is a
U.S. taxpayer. These consequences include the following:
•
if a shareholder makes a Qualified Electing Fund, or a QEF,
election with respect to the company and its subsidiaries (or a
QEF election applies to those subsidiaries), the shareholder
will have to include annually in his, her or its taxable income
an amount reflecting an allocable share of the earnings, as
calculated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, income of the
company and such subsidiaries, regardless of whether dividends
are paid to the shareholder;
•
if a shareholder is permitted to make and makes a
mark-to-market
election with respect to the company, the shareholder will have
to include annually in his, her or its taxable income an amount
reflecting any year-end increases in the price of our ordinary
shares, regardless of whether dividends are paid by the company
to the shareholder (and it is unclear how such an election would
affect the shareholder with respect to our subsidiaries); and
•
if a shareholder does not make a
mark-to-market
election (and, with respect to clauses (ii) and
(iii) below, even if a shareholder does make a
mark-to-market
election) or a QEF election which is valid with respect to us
and our subsidiaries for such shareholder’s entire holding
period, such shareholder may incur significant additional U.S.
federal income taxes with respect to (i) distributions on,
or gain from the sale or other disposition of, our ordinary
shares; (ii) distributions from our subsidiaries; or
(iii) our gain on any sale or other disposition of
interests in our subsidiaries.
In this regard, prospective purchasers should be aware that it
is possible that a significant amount of our earnings, as
calculated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, will not
be distributed on a current basis, resulting in phantom income
subject to tax.
The PFIC rules are very complex, there are uncertainties as to
the application of the PFIC rules to us, and the tax reporting
with respect to multiple PFICs is complicated. In particular, we
believe that the better view appears to be that QEF elections
made by our shareholders with respect to Everquest Financial
Ltd. and Everquest Cayman Ltd., in conjunction with QEF
elections made by Everquest LLC with respect to its PFIC
subsidiaries, should be sufficient to enable the shareholders to
report their share of our earnings and the earnings of our
subsidiaries under the QEF regime. We intend to report our
earnings, as calculated for U.S. federal income tax purposes, to
you on this basis should you choose to make a QEF election with
respect to Everquest Financial Ltd. and Everquest Cayman Ltd.
However, substantial uncertainty exists concerning this view
because of the absence of any judicial decisions or Internal
Revenue Service, or IRS, guidance directly on point, and we
cannot provide any assurance that the IRS will not treat the QEF
elections made by Everquest LLC as invalid with respect to you
on the basis that you should have made QEF elections with
respect to each of our subsidiaries as well. We will use our
reasonable best efforts to obtain and provide separate
information for each of our PFIC subsidiaries to enable you to
make separate QEF elections for such subsidiaries if you
specifically request such information. However, we cannot assure
you that such information will be available for all of our PFIC
subsidiaries. Potential investors are therefore urged to consult
their tax advisors regarding the advisability of making
protective or actual QEF elections with respect to our
subsidiaries and the consequences to them of not having valid
QEF elections in effect for their and our entire holding period
with respect to our subsidiaries and being subject to the Excess
Distribution Rules (described under “Certain Tax
Considerations — U.S. Federal Income Tax
considerations — Tax Consequences of Our PFIC Status
to U.S. Holders of Ordinary Shares — If no QEF or
Mark-to-Market Election is in Effect”) if the IRS were to
take a contrary position.
In addition, we cannot be sure that we will be able to provide
you with all the information necessary for you to file your tax
returns on a timely basis (without taking into account any
available extensions). Moreover, the amounts reported under
separate QEF elections for Everquest and each of its direct and
indirect subsidiaries may differ from the amounts we report to
you with respect to QEF elections you make for Everquest and
Everquest Cayman Ltd. (which take into account QEF elections
made by Everquest LLC). Because we may not distribute to you all
amounts includible under the QEF elections, the amount of
capital gain you derive on a disposition of our shares may be
less, and the amount of capital loss greater, than if we
distributed all of our earnings currently. Also, with respect to
some of our subsidiaries, a QEF election may not avoid the
application of the Excess Distribution Rules with respect to
those shares. See “Certain Tax Considerations —
U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Tax
Consequences of Our PFIC Status to U.S. Holders of Ordinary
Shares.”
Certain subsidiaries of Everquest LLC may also be controlled
foreign corporations, or CFCs, for U.S. federal income tax
purposes, and, thus will have inclusions of gross income from
such subsidiaries under the rules applicable to CFCs, including
rules which treat the pledge of stock in such subsidiaries as
creating additional income to the extent there are untaxed
accumulated earnings in such subsidiaries.
You are urged to consult your own tax advisors concerning your
particular circumstances and the U.S. federal, state, local and
non-U.S. tax
consequences to you of owning and disposing of our ordinary
shares.
If we
are found to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business, we may be
liable for significant U.S. taxes.
We believe that the company, both directly and through its
subsidiaries, generally operates its businesses in a manner that
should not result in it being treated as engaged in a trade or
business within the United States. Consequently, we do not pay
U.S. corporate income or branch profits tax on our income.
However, we may determine in the future that it would be
advantageous to acquire certain assets or engage in certain
activities which could give rise to U.S. corporate income tax or
branch profits tax. Under such circumstances, we intend to
acquire such assets or engage in such activities in a corporate
subsidiary and in a manner such that only the income from such
assets or activities are subject to U.S. tax (and not all of our
income). In
addition, because the determination of whether a foreign
corporation is engaged in a trade or business in the United
States is inherently factual and there are no definitive
standards for making such a determination, there can be no
assurance that the IRS will not contend successfully that we or
our subsidiaries are engaged in a trade or business in the
United States. See “Certain Tax Considerations —
U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Taxation of
Everquest and Its Subsidiaries.”
We expect that payments received by us from our subsidiaries as
well as payments received by our subsidiaries on their
investments generally will not be subject to withholding or
other taxes imposed by the United States or reduced by
withholding or other taxes imposed by other countries from which
such payments are sourced. Such payments, however, might become
subject to U.S. or other withholding or other tax due to a
change in law or other causes. The imposition of unanticipated
withholding taxes, tax on our income or other tax could
materially impair our ability to make distributions to you.
Under current U.S. federal income tax law, the treatment of
synthetic securities in the form of credit default swaps is
unclear. Certain possible tax characterizations of a credit
default swap, if adopted by the IRS and if applied to credit
default swaps to which we are a party, could subject payments
received by us under such swaps to U.S. withholding or
excise tax. While it is not expected, it is also possible that
because of such tax characterizations, based on all the facts
and circumstances, we could be treated as engaging in a trade or
business in the United States and therefore subject to net
income tax. We may not be entitled to a full
gross-up on
such taxes under the terms of the synthetic securities. The
imposition of such unanticipated taxes could materially impair
our ability to make distributions to you.
Legislation recently proposed in the United States Senate would,
for tax years beginning at least two years after its enactment,
tax a corporation as a domestic corporation for U.S. federal
income tax purposes if the equity of that corporation is
regularly traded on an established securities market and the
management and control of the corporation occurs primarily
within the United States. If this legislation caused us to be
taxed as a domestic corporation, we would be subject to United
States net income tax. However, it is unknown whether this
proposal will be enacted in its current form and, if enacted,
whether we would be subject to its provisions.
We estimate that the net proceeds we will receive from the sale
of ordinary
shares in the offering will be approximately
$ , or approximately
$ if the underwriters fully
exercise their over-allotment option, in each case assuming an
initial offering price of $ per
share, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions,
and estimated offering expenses of approximately
$ payable by us. We expect to use
the proceeds from this offering:
•
to repay $ of our debt under our
existing $200 million secured credit facility;
•
to create or acquire additional CDOs and other structured
finance assets; and
•
for general corporate purposes.
Under the terms of our existing secured credit facility, we are
required to repay any outstanding amounts under the facility
with the proceeds of this offering. This credit facility bears
an annual interest rate of the applicable three-month LIBOR plus
2.00% on all amounts drawn. The proceeds of this facility were
used to purchase CDO equity.
In connection with the offering, we expect to enter into a new
credit facility upon which we may draw to make additional
acquisitions of CDO subsidiaries. See “Management’s
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
We intend to distribute quarterly dividends to our shareholders.
We intend to distribute over time approximately 90% of our net
investment income out of assets legally available for
distribution. All distributions will be made at the discretion
of our board of directors, and will depend on a number of
factors such as:
•
our financial condition;
•
general business conditions;
•
actual results of operations;
•
the timing of the deployment of our equity capital;
•
our and our subsidiaries’ debt service requirements;
•
the availability of cash distributions from our subsidiaries;
•
our operating expenses;
•
any contractual, legal and regulatory restrictions on the
payment of distributions by us to our shareholders or by our
subsidiaries to us; and
•
other factors our board of directors in its discretion deems
relevant.
At a minimum, to the extent we have available cash resources
(including cash of Everquest LLC that may be distributed in
accordance with applicable law and subject to the priorities set
forth in its limited liability company agreement) in excess of
reasonable reserves and our reasonably foreseeable business
needs, we intend (although we are not obligated) to distribute
annually in the aggregate an amount sufficient to cover the
taxes payable by the ordinary shareholders to pay their taxes
resulting from a QEF election made by them with respect to
Everquest or Everquest Cayman Ltd., assuming they are subject to
the highest marginal statutory combined federal, state and local
tax rate prescribed for an individual living in New York, New
York.
We are a holding company with no operations and are dependent
upon the ability of our subsidiaries to generate and distribute
dividends to us.
In January 2007, we declared a dividend of $14,352,016, or $0.61
per ordinary share, for the fourth quarter of 2006, which we
paid on March 31, 2007 to shareholders of record on
December 31, 2006.
The following table sets forth (i) our actual cash and net
assets as of December 31, 2006, (ii) our pro forma
cash, debt and net assets to reflect drawings under our existing
secured credit facility and shares issued in the private-round
financings we completed in January and February 2007, and
(iii) our pro forma cash, debt and net assets as adjusted
to reflect the effects of the sale of our ordinary shares in the
offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions
and estimated offering expenses payable by us, and the
application of the net proceeds as described in “Use of
Proceeds.” You should read this table together with
“Use of Proceeds,”“Management’s Discussion
and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and
notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Under the terms of our existing
$200 million secured credit facility, we are required to
repay any debt outstanding under the credit facility with the
proceeds of the offering. In connection with the offering, we
expect to enter into a new credit facility, upon which we may
draw to make additional acquisitions of CDO subsidiaries. See
“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and
Capital Resources.”
Purchasers of ordinary shares offered in this prospectus will
experience immediate and substantial dilution of the net asset
value of their ordinary shares from the offering price. Our net
asset value as of December 31, 2006 was approximately
$619.5 million, or $25.93 per share. After giving
effect to the sale
of
ordinary shares in the offering at an assumed offering price of
$ per share, after deducting
underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering
expenses payable by us, our as adjusted net asset value on
December 31, 2006 would have been approximately
$ million, or
$ per share. This amount
represents an immediate dilution in net asset value of
$ per share to new investors who
purchase our ordinary shares in the offering at an assumed
offering price per share of
$ .
The following table shows this immediate per share dilution:
Dilution in net asset value per
share attributable to the offering
As adjusted net asset value per
share on December 31, 2006, after giving effect to the
offering
Dilution in as adjusted net asset
value per share to new investors
$
The following table summarizes, as of December 31, 2006,
the differences between the average price per share paid by our
existing shareholders and by new investors purchasing ordinary
shares in the offering at the offering price of
$ per share, before deducting
underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering
expenses payable by us in the offering:
Average
Shares Purchased
Total Consideration
Price Per
Number
Percent
Amount
Percent
Share
Existing
shareholders(1)
%
$
%
$
New investors in this
offering(2)
Total
%
$
%
$
(1)
Also includes shares sold in our
private placements completed in January and February 2007.
Average price per share is a weighted average.
(2)
Assumes no exercise of the
underwriters’ option to cover over allotments.
If the underwriters fully exercise their over allotment option,
the number of ordinary shares held by existing holders will be
decreased to % of the aggregate number of ordinary
shares outstanding after the offering, and the number of
ordinary shares held by new investors will be increased
to %, of the aggregate number of ordinary shares
outstanding after the offering.
In the table below, we provide you with selected consolidated
financial and other data of the company. We have prepared this
information for the period from September 28, 2006
(commencement of operations) to December 31, 2006 using our
audited consolidated financial statements for the period from
September 28, 2006 (commencement of operations) to
December 31, 2006. Results for the period from
September 28, 2006 (commencement of operations) to
December 31, 2006 are not necessarily indicative of results
that may be expected for an entire year.
When you read this selected consolidated financial and other
data, it is important that you read along with it the
consolidated financial statements and related notes, as well as
the section titled “Management’s Discussion and
Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”
which are included in this prospectus.
As of December 31,
Consolidated Statement of
Assets and Liabilities Data
2006
($ in thousands,
except per share data)
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents
$
2,618
Affiliated investments in
securities, at fair value (amortized cost $437,357)
443,247
Nonaffiliated investments in
securities, at fair value (amortized cost $250,862)
Realized and unrealized gain
(loss) on investment transactions
Net realized gain (loss) on
investment transactions
(1,838
)
Net unrealized appreciation on
investments
8,736
Net unrealized appreciation on
credit default swaps
701
Net realized and unrealized gain
on investment transactions
7,600
Net increase in net assets
resulting from operations
$
21,952
Net increase in net assets
resulting from operations per share
$
0.94
Weighted average number of shares
outstanding
23,390,146
Other Data
Net investment income
ratio(1)
12.25
%
Weighted average
yield(2)
17.68
%
Cash distributions received from
investments
$
11,976,102
Return on
equity(3)
15.10
%
(1)
Annualized.
(2)
The weighted average of the bond
equivalent yields of securities specified in the consolidated
schedule of investments contained in the consolidated financial
statements included in this prospectus, weighted by amortized
cost.
(3)
Return on equity, also known as
total return, is an annualized rate based on daily compounding
and is equal to the net increase in net assets from operations
divided by the weighted average of the net asset value since
commencement of operations.
The following discussion of our financial condition and
results of operations should be read in conjunction with our
consolidated financial statements and related notes included
elsewhere in this prospectus.
Formation
We are a newly formed company. We commenced operations on
September 28, 2006. On that date:
•
the BSHG Funds, which are managed by BSAM, transferred to us
equity in 10 CDOs, including Parapet CDO, for a purchase
price of approximately $548.8 million. In consideration, we
issued 16,000,000 of our shares, at $25 per share, and paid
approximately $148.8 million in cash.
•
HY II Investments, L.L.C. and EGI-Fund
(05-07)
Investors, L.L.C., or collectively, HY, affiliates of an entity
that has an economic interest in Stone Tower, transfered to us
equity in two CDOs with a purchase price of approximately
$6.4 million and approximately $18.6 million in cash
in exchange for 1,000,000 of our shares, at $25 per share.
•
Other investors paid cash of approximately $137.5 million,
or $25 per share, in exchange for 5,500,100 of our shares.
As a result of these transactions, at the initial closing, we
received approximately $555.2 million of CDO equity and
approximately $7.3 million in cash, net of the cash
consideration we paid to the BSHG Funds and HY. We valued the
equity interests in the CDOs we acquired in connection with our
formation at their fair value as of the initial closing date,
taking into account a number of factors, including the projected
cash flows we expected to be generated by these interests and
valuation information provided by third-party market
participants. As of December 31, 2006, our CDO holdings,
which includes equity tranches in 19 CDOs, had an aggregate fair
value of $719.7 million.
Subsequent to December 31, 2006, and through March 31,2007, we acquired equity tranches of an additional three CDOs
for a purchase price of $32.9 million. In addition, we
continue to actively evaluate multiple opportunities, some of
which may be material in relation to our size. We believe that
the growth in CDO issuance will continue to provide attractive
opportunities to expand our portfolio.
We expect to use the net proceeds from this offering primarily
to repay amounts outstanding under our existing
$200 million secured credit facility, which were previously
used to finance the acquisition of CDO equity. We also intend to
use a portion of the remaining proceeds to form or make
additional acquisitions of CDO equity. See “Use of
Proceeds.” We may also employ leverage under a new secured
credit facility to finance the acquisition of additional CDO
equity.
Key
Factors that Affect Our Ability to Generate Cash Flow
We generate cash flow primarily through distributions we receive
as an equity holder in our CDO subsidiaries. To a lesser extent,
we may generate earnings through minority holdings in CDO
equity. We may also receive distributions from assets maintained
in short-term warehouse facilities in which we share the risk of
loss and that are utilized to finance the purchase of assets
prior to permanent CDO securitizations.
As an equity holder in CDOs, we anticipate that distributions to
us will be made, typically quarterly, out of the returns
received by our subsidiaries from their underlying cash
generating assets, but only after they pay their operating and
other expenses and make any required debt service payments to
the holders of the debt tranches. In addition, our CDOs are
typically subject to a series of collateral tests that are
designed to protect the holders of, and to maintain the credit
ratings associated with, the senior debt tranches. At times,
these tests require that distributions on the equity tranches be
deferred or diverted (without triggering an event of default)
which would prevent our subsidiaries, even if they are
generating profits, from making distributions of these profits
to us.
The following factors also affect the distributions to us from
our CDO subsidiaries or other CDOs in which we hold equity:
Factor
How it affects CDO
results
• Default and recovery
rates
If the rates of defaults and
delinquencies on underlying assets increases, the cash generated
by those assets through principal and interest payments
decreases. If the recovery rate following a default, bankruptcy
or liquidation decreases, the cash generated decreases. The
average time lag between a default and recovery will also affect
the present value of future recoveries.
• Prepayment or
redemption rates
and reinvestment rates
If the underlying assets are
prepaid or redeemed for cash prior to maturity, this cash must
be reinvested in comparable assets during a permitted
reinvestment period in order to maintain the same level of cash
generation. The timing of reinvestment in substitute collateral
and the interest rates available at the time of reinvestment
will affect the amount of distributions. The inability to
reinvest, due to restrictions under the CDOs’ governing
documents or the unavailability of comparable assets, would also
reduce overall returns.
• Interest rate trends
Our CDO subsidiaries operate on a
leveraged basis. Their returns will be affected by changes in
interest rates that cause changes in the costs of their
financing to increase relative to the income that can be derived
from their underlying assets.
• Expenses
Yield and other measures of
performance may be adversely affected to the extent that the CDO
issuer incurs any significant unexpected expenses.
In addition, a variety of factors relating to our business may
also impact our overall financial condition and operating
performance. These factors include:
•
our amount of outstanding debt and interest rates thereon;
•
our access to funding and borrowing capacity for new CDOs;
•
our ability to continuously form or acquire additional CDO
subsidiaries as existing CDO holdings amortize;
•
our hedging activities;
•
changes in markets affecting the market value of our existing
CDO holdings; and
•
the requirements to qualify for an exemption from regulation
under the 1940 Act.
Trends
and Uncertainties
As described more fully in “Summary — Our Market
Opportunity,” we noted the following market trends:
•
significant growth in the CDO market;
•
market developments favoring CDO equity tranches, such as
increased demand for rated debt securities issued by CDOs and
reduced interest rate spreads for the higher-rated debt
securities issued by CDOs; and
•
robust leveraged buyout activity that generates collateral
assets for CLOs.
While corporate credit default rates are at historically low
levels, there is uncertainty as to whether these default rates
will remain at current levels. While we continue to monitor and
manage credit risk as part of our risk management process, an
increase in corporate credit default rates, with all other
factors remaining the same, would have a negative effect on our
results of operations which, depending on the extent of the
increase, could be material. We may seek to hedge our exposure
if default rates increase significantly and if hedges are
available on attractive terms.
Furthermore, a substantial majority of the ABS CDOs in which we
hold equity have invested primarily in RMBS backed by collateral
pools of subprime residential mortgages. The value and returns
of these RMBS may be affected by general economic conditions in
some geographic regions, including increased interest rates and
lower housing prices, which have negatively affected collateral
pools of subprime residential mortgages that underlie certain
RMBS. Generally, our ABS CDOs hold RMBS rated in the range of
“A2” to “Ba2” which, because of their higher
position within the RMBS structure, are less susceptible to loss
than the equity or lower-rated tranches of RMBS. Nevertheless,
increased losses within the underlying collateral pools of
subprime mortgages could also cause the higher-rated RMBS to
suffer losses, which could be material. For a description of
steps we have taken to manage these risks, see
“— Credit Risk.”
For a discussion of additional risks relating to our business
see “Risk Factors” and “— Quantitative
and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.”
Critical
Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements were prepared by
management in accordance with accounting principles generally
accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP.
Although we conduct our operations so that we are not required
to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act, for
financial reporting purposes we follow the AICPA Audit and
Accounting Guide for Investment Companies, or the Guide. Our
significant accounting policies are fundamental to understanding
our financial condition and results of operations because some
of those policies require that we make significant estimates and
assumptions that may affect the value of our assets or
liabilities and our financial results.
Principles
of Consolidation
Our consolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in
this prospectus include the accounts of Everquest Financial Ltd.
and its subsidiaries, Everquest LLC and Everquest Cayman, Ltd.
We have eliminated all intercompany accounts and transactions.
On December 24, 2003, the Financial Accounting Standards
Board, or FASB, issued FASB Interpretation No. 46 (Revised
December 2003), “Consolidation of Variable Interest
Entities,” or FIN 46(R), to clarify the application of
Accounting Research Bulletin (“ARB”) No. 51,
“Consolidated Financial Statements,” as amended by
FASB Statement No. 94, “Consolidation of All
Majority-Owned Subsidiaries.” The effective date of
FIN 46(R) has been deferred for investment companies
(including nonregistered investment companies) that are
accounting for investments in accordance with the Guide. For
accounting purposes, we have evaluated all CDO equity
investments, including Parapet 2006, Ltd., under a control based
model in accordance with ARB No. 51 and have not
consolidated any of our CDO equity investments. As required by
the Guide, all investments are reported at fair value.
Valuation
We use the discounted cash flow valuation technique to estimate
the fair value of our equity in a CDO. Our methodology is a
three step process which includes the following:
Forecast expected cash flow. We
generally use INTEX, a third party vendor of CDO analytical
software, which is a widely used industry tool, to forecast,
based on assumptions we provide, the timing and amount of
expected cash flows we receive as an equity owner in our CDOs.
While INTEX itself renders an objective analysis, management is
required to provide assumptions, based on observable market
parameters and standard
industry practice, such as default and recovery scenarios,
prepayment, reinvestment spread, future interest rates, and call
optionality.
Generally, there is a three to six month delay between when a
CDO closes and the time it is modeled on INTEX. Until the deal
is modeled on INTEX, we use either the CDO underwriter’s
cash flow model or the collateral manager’s model. There
are also instances when a CDO equity holding may never be
modeled on INTEX and in such instances we will continue to use
either the CDO underwriter’s cash flow model or its
collateral manager’s model.
When we form or acquire CDO equity, the assumptions initially
used are typically based on those made by the CDO underwriter.
These are market conventions that are found in the standard
marketing literature, which we review in making our own
determination as to the assumptions to use. As part of ongoing
surveillance and portfolio management, the assumptions we use
are constantly tested in relation to the market parameters and
actual performance of the underlying collateral. As a result,
our assumptions may change.
Calculate the discount rate. The
initial discount rate we use in valuing each CDO is determined
by reference to the internal rate of return (IRR), which is
calculated based on the estimated future cash flows and our
initial investment or cost.
In subsequent periods we continue to use a discount rate to
revalue the assets using our best estimate of the rate market
participants would use to value a similar asset, based on actual
performance of the underlying collateral, the surveillance
results or other market parameters.
Calculate the fair value of our equity in the
CDO. The fair value of our equity in a CDO is
the net present value of the expected future cash flows
calculated using our current assumptions and the applicable
discount rate.
We revalue our CDO equity on a monthly basis based on newly
generated cash flow estimates using our current assumptions and
discount rate. The current and future characteristics of the
underlying CDO portfolio, the interest rate environment, market
parameters and all other assumptions are continuously monitored.
As part of the valuation, we currently carry out the following
process:
•
first, each quarter our managers value the investments;
•
second, preliminary valuation conclusions are documented and
discussed with our senior management; and
•
third, any changes to the discount rate or cash flow assumptions
used to value assets are approved by our senior management and
the BSAM pricing committee, which includes an Everquest board
member and BSAM’s Head of Risk Management, CFO, Head of
Compliance, CIO, the General Counsel and Chief Strategist.
Because of the methodology described above, fair value is highly
sensitive to both the discount rate we select and our estimates
of future cash flows attributable to our CDO equity ownership.
Our estimates of future cash flows are, in turn, highly
subjective and sensitive to the assumptions we make, which
require considerable judgment and knowledge of market factors.
The actual items set forth in our assumptions and therefore the
actual future cash flows attributable to our CDO equity
ownership may vary materially from our current assumptions and
estimated cash flows.
Due to uncertainty inherent in the valuation process, our
estimates of fair value may differ materially from the values
that would have been used had a more developed market for the
CDO holding existed. Additionally, changes in the market
environment and other events that may occur over the life of a
CDO may cause the gains and losses ultimately realized on these
CDOs to be different from the valuations currently assigned.
Amortized Cost. For accounting purposes,
equity in CDOs is treated as a debt-like instrument accounted
for under the principles of Emerging Issues Task Force Issue
No. 99-20,
“Recognition of Interest Income and Impairment on Purchased
and Retained Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial
Assets,” or EITF 99-20. We recognize interest and realized
gains and losses in accordance with EITF 99-20.
Under EITF 99-20, at any balance sheet date, the amortized cost
of the investment is equal to (1) the initial investment
plus (2) the yield accreted to date less (3) all cash
received to date regardless of whether labeled interest or
principal less (4) any write downs for impairment.
Accretion of periodic interest. As of the
purchase date, the excess of the estimated future cash flows
over the initial investment is the accretable yield, which is
recognized as interest income over the life of the CDO using the
effective yield method.
On a quarterly basis, if estimated cash flows generated from the
CDOs differ from the cash flows previously estimated, revised
yields are calculated based on the current amortized cost of the
CDO and the revised estimated cash flows. The revised yields are
then applied prospectively to recognize interest income.
The revised yield is determined by solving for the IRR which
equates those future cash flows back to the amount of the
amortized cost.
As is the case with our valuation methodology described above,
the amount of accretion of interest is based on our estimates of
future cash flows attributable to our CDO equity ownership and
is therefore highly subjective and sensitive to the assumptions
we make, which require considerable judgment and knowledge of
market factors. Our actual yield and cash flows may vary
materially from those estimated.
Unrealized Gains and Losses and Realized
Losses. Any difference between the fair value and
the amortized cost is reflected as unrealized gain or loss. The
difference in the amortized cost and the fair value is caused
primarily by changes in the future expected cash flows and
variations in actual cash flows compared to previously expected
cash flows.
Determining realized loss. The rules under
EITF 99-20 requires a specific impairment analysis to be done on
a security by security basis to determine if there has been an
other-than-temporary
change to a CDO holding. We evaluate securities for impairment
as of each calendar quarter end, or more frequently if we become
aware of any material information that would lead us to believe
that our equity in a CDO may be impaired.
If the fair value of the CDO holdings is less than amortized
cost and the fair value based on the current yield and revised
cash flows is less than the fair value based on the current
yield and original cash flows, then an
other-than-temporary
impairment must be recognized. The recognized impairment will
equal the difference between the current fair value and the
amortized cost. The amortized cost of the CDO is written down by
the recognized impairment which will impact future accretion of
income.
Our net increase in net assets resulting from operations for the
period was $22.0 million, or $0.94 per weighted
average number of shares outstanding. This result reflects
interest income accrued during the period on our fully invested
portfolio of CDO equity, after deducting operating expenses,
which included in significant part organizational fees which
under GAAP are required to be expensed in total.
Set forth below are certain ratios for the period, which are
calculated by dividing the specified items for the period by the
average of total monthly net assets. The net investment income
ratio and total expense ratio includes accrued incentive fees.
Ratio*
Net investment income
12.25
%
Total expenses before incentive,
interest and organizational fees
3.00
%
Incentive fees
0.64
%
Interest expense
0.03
%
Organizational fees
0.38
%
Total expenses
4.05
%
*
Annualized, except for incentive
and organizational fees.
Revenue
Total revenue for the period was $25.0 million, which
consists primarily of interest income earned from our holdings
in CDO equity.
Operating
Expenses and Net Investment Income
Operating expenses for the period totaled $10.7 million,
which includes one-time organizational fees of
$2.2 million, management and incentive fees of
$6.6 million and professional fees payable of
$1.1 million, and which resulted in net investment income
of $14.3 million.
Realized
and Unrealized Gain/Loss on Investment
Transactions
During the period from September 28, 2006 through
December 31, 2006, we realized a net loss of $1,837,691, of
which $2,157,691 related to losses taken as a result of other
than temporary impairment on investments and $320,000 pertained
to realized gains. Unrealized gains for the period from
September 28, 2006 through December 31, 2006 were
$9,437,212.
Net
Increase in Net Assets Resulting from Operations
As a result of the foregoing, net increase in net assets
resulting from operations was $22.0 million.
Financial
Condition
Assets
As of December 31, 2006 our share capital (including
additional paid-in capital) was fully invested in our holdings
of CDO equity, consisting primarily of CDOs where we held all or
a majority of the equity. At that date, our total assets of
$726.2 million included affiliated investments in
securities, at fair value of $443.2 million, which
primarily represented our holdings in our subsidiary
Parapet CDO, and nonaffiliated investments in securities,
at a fair value of $253.7 million, which represented our
holding in CDOs where the collateral manager was an unrelated
third party.
Liabilities
As of December 31, 2006 we had total liabilities of
approximately $106.8 million, of which $72.4 million
consisted of amounts due to brokers, relating to acquisitions of
CDO equity that had not settled as of the balance sheet date,
and $25.6 million consisted of loans incurred under our
secured credit facility. See “— Liquidity and
Capital Resources” below for a description of liabilities
entered into subsequent to the balance sheet date.
As of December 31, 2006, we had net assets of approximately
$619.5 million, consisting almost entirely of share capital
(including additional
paid-in-capital),
representing a net asset value per share of $25.93.
Subsequent to December 31, 2006, we raised additional share
capital as described below under “— Liquidity and
Capital Resources.” See also “Dilution.”
Liquidity
and Capital Resources
We held cash and cash equivalents of approximately
$2.6 million as of December 31, 2006.
We used approximately $214.1 million of net cash and cash
equivalents in operating activities for the period
September 28, 2006 (commencement of operations) to
December 31, 2006, primarily reflecting $307.5 million
of cost of securities purchased offset by an increase of
liabilities due to brokers of $72.4 million. These
securities purchased include the equity tranches in CDOs, other
than Parapet CDO, acquired in connection with our formation
as well as subsequent acquisitions of CDO equity contracted for
but not closed between our formation and December 31, 2006.
These subsequent acquisitions resulted in the due to brokers
liability of $72.4 million and were settled after the
balance sheet date with cash generated by private-round
financings and amounts drawn under our secured credit line.
Cash flows from financing activities were approximately
$216.7 million, reflecting the proceeds from issuances of
our ordinary shares in connection with our formation.
On December 15, 2006 we entered a $200 million credit
facility for a term of one year with Citigroup Financial
Products Inc., or CFPI, secured by a first-priority perfected
security interest on 100% of our assets. This facility has been
drawn upon and is available to fund investments, pre-approved by
CFPI, prior to an initial public offering, or IPO. At
December 31, 2006, there was approximately
$174.4 million of availability under this facility. We are
required to repay any outstanding amounts under the facility
with proceeds of our initial public offering. See “Use of
Proceeds.”
Subsequent to December 31, 2006, and through March 31,2007, we received an additional $62.3 million of
private-round financing. The proceeds of this financing have
been used in part to pay down certain amounts outstanding under
the CFPI credit facility and in part to purchase additional CDO
equity.
The offering will provide additional estimated net proceeds of
approximately $ million. See
“Use of Proceeds.”
In connection with the offering, we expect to enter into a new
credit facility of approximately
$ million. We expect that the
proceeds of a new credit facility would be used to finance the
formation or acquisition of additional CDO subsidiaries.
We believe cash generated by our CDO holdings, together with
cash available from the offering and under the new credit
facility, will permit us to satisfy our liquidity needs during
the foreseeable future. If, in the future, we need additional
capital we would expect to raise funds primarily through
additional equity offerings, although we may not be able to
obtain additional equity financing on attractive terms or at all.
We expect that any new CDO subsidiaries will finance their
operations in the ordinary course through the issuance of CDO
debt to third parties. Pending permanent CDO financing, to the
extent we form new CDO subsidiaries we would expect to use
traditional financing techniques such as warehousing facilities
(through which third parties, typically large banks, hold the
underlying assets funded with warehousing facility borrowings),
or repurchase agreements.
Contractual
Obligations and Commitments
As of September 28, 2006, we entered into a management
agreement with each of BSAM and Stone Tower whereby we will pay
to the managers a base management fee quarterly in arrears in an
amount equal to (i) 1.75% on an annualized basis of the
company’s net assets up to $2 billion, plus
(ii) 1.50% on an annualized basis of the company’s
equity over $2 billion and up to $3 billion, plus
(iii) 1.25% on an annualized basis of
the company’s net asset over $3 billion and up to
$4 billion, plus (iv) 1% on an annualized basis of the
company’s net asset over $4 billion. Each manager uses
its management fee in part to pay compensation to its officers
and employees who, notwithstanding that certain of them also are
our officers, receive no cash compensation directly from us.
For purposes of calculating the management fee, the
company’s net assets will be adjusted to exclude special
one-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP, as well as noncash
charges after discussion between the company and the independent
directors on our board of directors and approval by a majority
of the independent directors.
In addition to the management fee, the managers are entitled to
receive a quarterly incentive allocation in an amount equal to
25% of the amount by which the company’s net increase in
net assets resulting from operations, as calculated prior the
incentive allocation and excluding noncash charges and special
one-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP, exceeds the greater
of 2.0%, or 0.50% plus one-fourth of the U.S. Ten Year
Treasury Rate of the company’s capital at the beginning of
the quarter. As of December 31, 2006 the incentive
allocation accrued was approximately $3.8 million.
As described in “Use of Proceeds,” we are required to
repay outstanding amounts under our existing secured credit
facility.
Off-Balance
Sheet Arrangements
Swaps
In the normal course of business, we may enter into swap
agreements, or Swaps, for investment, financing or hedging
purposes. The Swaps are utilized to structure and hedge CDO
holdings and to economically meet our objectives and help us
manage risk. We may enter into total return, credit default,
interest rate and currency swap agreements.
Swaps are contractual agreements between a company and a third
party to exchange a series of cash flows. Total return swaps are
agreements where one party receives equity returns based on
reference pools of assets in exchange for short term floating
rate payments based on notional amounts. Credit default swaps,
are agreements in which one party pays fixed periodic payments
to a counterparty in consideration for a guarantee from the
counterparty to make specific payment should a negative credit
event take place. Risks arise from the possible inability of
counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. See
“ — Credit Risk.”
As of December 31, 2006, Everquest had four credit default
swaps valued at $701,117 in its portfolio.
Deposits
in Warehouse Agreements
In the normal course of business, we may enter into an agreement
which requires a deposit for the purpose of covering a portion
of any losses or cost associated with the accumulation of
securities under a warehouse agreement. Such a deposit of cash
allows for notional participation in the income, or the carry,
generated by the assets acquired within the warehouse
arrangement, after deducting the notional debt cost. At the
termination of the agreement, depending on the performance of
the collateral securities accumulated in the warehouse, we have
the potential to either lose our deposit or earn a residual
carry and LIBOR based interest along with the return of our
deposit. We are obligated to acquire 100% of the equity of the
CDO should the CDO closing fail to occur and the existing
collateral manager is replaced by BSAM.
These agreements are treated as derivatives for accounting
purposes and are reported at fair value.
As of December 31, 2006, Everquest had deposited
$22.0 million in two such warehouses which also represents
the fair value.
Credit
Risk
Credit risk is the principal form of risk that we face.
Substantially all of the assets held by our CDOs are
credit-related assets. Credit risk represents the maximum
potential loss we face if a counterparty fails to
perform pursuant to the terms of the applicable agreement or
instrument. We face credit risk at multiple levels within our
structure. Within our CDOs, we face the risk that the
counterparties to the underlying debt instruments held by our
CDOs, such as corporate borrowers in the case of loans or the
issuer in the case of RMBS or other asset-backed securities,
fail to make interest or principal payments on their obligations.
As a holder of CDO equity, or the so-called
“first-loss” tranche of a CDO, our cash flow will
decrease for any failure on the part of an obligor to pay its
obligations that we are unable to recover subsequently. As a
result, all of our equity holdings in CDOs are sensitive to
changes in the credit quality of the borrowers of corporate
credits or the issuers of the asset-backed securities, including
changes in the forecasted default rates and any declines in the
anticipated recovery rates. In periods of increasing default
rates or decreasing recovery rates, our cash flows from our CDOs
would be reduced. Our financial exposure is limited to its
investments in the equity interests in the CDOs.
The asset-backed securities held by our asset-backed CDO
subsidiaries are themselves also subject to credit risk. For
example, RMBS are collaterized by pools of residential
mortgages, where the cash flow depends on homeowners making
payments of principal and interest on their residential
mortgages.
Because of the credit risk we face, we are required to monitor
continually the overall credit quality of the underlying
collateral. See “Our Company — Risk
Management — Monitoring and Surveillance.” We
also monitor whether the collateral managers of the structures
in which we hold equity manage the underlying collateral in
accordance with the criteria established in the collateral
management agreements. We seek to manage credit risk in various
ways. We may seek to sell credit impaired assets or if we are
not the collateral manager recommend to the collateral manager
that it sell the asset. We also seek to manage our risk by
monitoring our exposure to any one issuer or corporate borrower.
We may also seek to hedge our exposure to an issuer, borrower or
credit (including, for example, tranches of subprime RMBS held
by our CDO subsidiaries) by entering into credit default swaps,
total return swaps or similar hedging techniques.
Prior to and since our formation, our manager BSAM has hedged
exposures to certain tranches of ABS held by some of our CDOs,
particularly RMBS with a high degree of exposure to sub-prime
residential mortgage loans. These hedging transactions were
originally entered into between the BSHG Funds and third parties
and were not initially transferred to us pending our entry into
relevant International Swaps and Derivatives Association, or
ISDA, master agreements or other appropriate documentation with
the third-party counterparties to the swaps. On May 8,2007, the BSHG Funds transferred to us their interests in credit
default swaps that reference 48 tranches of ABS securities held
by our CDOs with a notional amount of approximately
$201 million. We have agreed to pay the BSHG Funds
approximately $4.4 million, representing accrued premiums
on the swaps from the date of our formation or the effective
date of the swaps, if later, through May 8, 2007 and, in
the case of swaps in existence at the time of our formation, the
fair value of such swaps as of that date. As a result of these
transfers, we bear the risk of any decrease in value, and
benefit from any gain or payments, with respect to these credit
default swap contracts from May 8, 2007. We are also
required to pay the ongoing premiums relating to the contracts.
The consideration we paid for the swaps was less than their fair
value as of the date of transfer, which BSAM estimated to be
approximately $21.6 million as of that date, and was
designed to represent the amount we would have paid if the swaps
that were in existence at the time of our formation had been
transferred to us at that time and if we had otherwise directly
entered into the swaps that were entered into after our
formation. As a result, to the extent the fair value continues
to exceed the amount we paid, we would expect our second quarter
results to include a gain relating to the recognition of the
swaps on our balance sheet as of the transfer date. While the
BSHG Funds as principal shareholders will continue to benefit
from the swaps they transferred to us to the extent of their
equity ownership in us, we have been advised that BSAM has
agreed to compensate the BSHG Funds for the decrease in their
net asset value resulting from the transfer of their interests
in the swaps to us.
The hedges will not cover all our exposure to RMBS held by our
CDOs that are backed primarily by sub-prime residential mortgage
loans. Our CDOs may experience negative credit events relating
to RMBS tranches that are not hedged. However, the contracts
were designed to hedge tranches that our manager BSAM believed
were appropriate in light of exposures to sub-prime residential
mortgage loans. Prior to their expiration, the fair value of
these credit default swaps may increase or decrease in ways that
may not ultimately be reflected
by the amounts actually received under these hedges, if any.
Further, decreases in the fair value of our CDOs relating to
their sub-prime residential loan exposure may not necessarily be
offset in whole by increases in the fair value of these credit
default swaps. Similarly, any increases in the fair value of our
CDOs relating to favorable developments relating to the RMBS
held by our CDOs that are backed by sub-prime residential
mortgage loans could be more than offset by decreases in the
fair value of these credit default swaps as a result of the same
developments.
Market
Risk
Interest Rate Risk. With respect to our
consolidated entities, the borrowings under our
$200 million credit facility will be repaid upon the
closing of the offering. We expect to have a new facility in
place upon closing of the offering, which will similarly be
sensitive to interest rate risk. At December 31, 2006, we
had $25.6 million outstanding on our current facility,
which bears interest at a floating rate. Based on this amount
outstanding, an increase in interest rates of 1% held over the
course of a year, with all other factors remaining the same,
would increase our consolidated interest expense by
approximately $0.26 million.
Our other assets, which consist almost entirely of our equity
ownership in our CDOs, which are not consolidated, are not per
se market rate sensitive instruments, but the cash flows we
derive by virtue of our ownership of our CDOs primarily result
from the difference between earnings of the assets our CDOs
hold, which consist generally of a portfolio of assets that
typically bear interest at floating rates or other CDO equity
securities, and the financing costs associated with the multiple
tranches of debt issued by the CDOs, which also typically bear
interest at floating rates. Generally, the assets and
liabilities of the CDO are matched so that the CDO and our
equity interest therein are not per se highly sensitive to
changes in interest rates, i.e. an increase in floating rates,
with all other things being equal, would typically result in an
increase in the interest expense associated with the CDO’s
debt tranches, but would be offset depending on the match by
increased earnings on the floating rate assets. However, in
managing asset and liabilities in a CDO, reinvestment risk and
yield spread risk arise, as further described below.
Reinvestment Risk. We intend to continue to
fund a substantial portion of our investments with borrowings
that, after the effect of hedging, have interest rates based on
indices and repricing terms similar to, but of somewhat longer
maturities than, the interest rate indices and repricing terms
of our assets. Thus, we anticipate that in most cases the
interest rate indices and repricing terms of our assets and our
funding sources will not be identical, thereby creating a
reinvestment risk on a significant portion of our portfolio.
During periods of changing interest rates, such reinvestment
risk could impact our financial condition, cash flows and
results of operations.
Yield Spread Risk. Most of our investments are
also subject to yield spread risk. For a majority of these
securities, value is based on a market credit spread over the
rate payable to LIBOR or U.S. Treasuries of like maturity.
An excessive supply of these securities combined with reduced
demand will generally cause the market to require a higher
spread on these securities, resulting in the use of a higher or
“wider” spread over the benchmark rate to value these
securities. Under these conditions, the value of our securities
portfolio would tend to decrease. Conversely, if the spread used
to value these securities were to decrease or
“tighten,” the value of our securities would tend to
increase. Such changes in the market value of our securities
portfolio may affect our net equity or cash flow either directly
through their impact on unrealized gains or losses on
available-for-sale
securities by diminishing our ability to realize gains on such
securities, or indirectly through their impact on our ability to
borrow, access capital or receive structured product flows.
Our analysis of risks is based on management’s experience,
estimates, models and assumptions. These analyses rely on models
that utilize estimates of fair value and interest rate
sensitivity. Actual economic conditions or the implementation of
investment decisions by our management may produce results that
differ significantly from the estimates and assumptions used in
our models and the projected results shown in this prospectus.
In respect of floating rate syndicated bank loans, we enter into
a contractual relationship directly with the corporate borrower,
and as such we are exposed to certain degrees of risk, including
interest rate, market risk and the potential nonpayment of
principal and interest, including the default or bankruptcy of
the corporate borrower or early payment by the corporate
borrower.
In general, CDOs are bankruptcy remote, special purpose
investment vehicles formed to acquire, monitor and, to varying
degrees, manage a pool of fixed-income or other cash-generating
assets. CDOs are financing vehicles that allow owners of
financial assets to obtain long-term funding, manage refinancing
and maturity risks, and secure a fixed cost of funds over an
underlying market interest rate. Issuers have different
motivations for creating or sponsoring CDOs. Investment advisory
firms create and sponsor CDOs as a means of maximizing for the
CDO equity holders the spread between the cost of borrowings and
the return profile of the CDOs underlying collateral. This type
of CDO is commonly referred to as an “arbitrage CDO.”
CDOs are also created by commercial banks and other financial
institutions to efficiently finance and transfer the risk of
owning fixed-income assets. Commercial banks and other financial
institutions usually structure this type of CDO for the purpose
of addressing regulatory capital and balance sheet
considerations. This type of CDO is commonly referred to as a
“balance sheet CDO.”
The CDO market can be further divided into two major sectors
based on the types of fixed-income assets that comprise their
underlying collateral pool: (i) asset-backed CDOs and
(ii) corporate credit CDOs, or CLOs. The following chart
contains estimates of the approximate percentage of total CDO
issuance volume for the year ended December 31, 2006 in
each of the two major CDO categories, as well as for other CDOs
that do not fall into either of the two major CDO categories.
2006
Global CDO Issuance Volume
and Underlying Collateral
Total
Issuance Volume: $329.3 billion Source:
Moody’s Quarterly Review
According to Moody’s Quarterly Review, the annual volume of
CDO issuances rated by Moody’s has increased from
approximately $14 billion in 1996 to approximately
$158 billion in 2006, representing a compound annual growth
rate, or CAGR, of approximately 27%. We believe the growth in
the sector has been driven by the continued search for returns
by CDO equity investors and that investors in general have been
attracted to the market by strong collateral performance,
attractive asset and liability spreads when compared to
alternatives, and the value of structural considerations such as
diversification, subordination, increasingly experienced
collateral managers and the benefits of a maturing and more
sophisticated market. We believe the
combination of these factors has provided investors with
consistent returns, improved liquidity and transparency in a
variety of market and economic conditions.
Structure
Overview
A CDO issues different classes of securities, the repayment of
which is linked to the performance of the underlying collateral.
The securities issued by a CDO are tranched into rated and
unrated classes. The rating of each class is determined by a
variety of factors, including but not limited to the priority of
the claim on the cash flows generated by the underlying
collateral. The following is a brief description of each CDO
tranche:
•
The senior notes issued by a CDO are typically rated by one or
more rating agencies in one of the two highest rating categories
(e.g., “Double A” or above), may pay interest at a
fixed or a floating rate and have the highest priority claim on
cash flows.
•
The mezzanine debt classes issued by a CDO are typically rated
by one or more rating agencies in the third or lower rating
categories (e.g., “Single A” and below), may pay
interest at a fixed or floating rate, may be required to defer
and capitalize interest payments and have a claim on the cash
flows subordinate to that of the senior notes.
•
CDO equity, the most junior tranche of securities issued by a
CDO, commonly structured as preferred shares, income notes or
subordinated notes, is generally unrated and represents the
first loss position in a CDO. The holders of CDO equity receive
a payment from any residual interest proceeds or principal
proceeds generated by the underlying collateral, after the
payment of debt service and expenses on the securities that rank
senior to the CDO equity.
In a typical CDO, a substantial portion of the capital is
represented by CDO debt, which normally can be raised at a low
cost in the debt markets relative to the yield earned on the
collateral purchased since most of the CDO debt is highly rated.
Ownership of the CDO equity represents a leveraged exposure
primarily to the credit performance of the underlying
collateral, and is characterized by a combination of expected
significant current cash flow as well as the opportunity for
positive returns through long-term appreciation of the
underlying portfolio due primarily to credit improvement.
However, due to the level of payment subordination of CDO
equity, these securities usually receive lower ratings or no
ratings at all.
CDO securities representing the tranches in a CDO capital
structure generally are limited recourse obligations of the CDO,
payable solely from the underlying assets of the CDO or proceeds
thereof. Consequently, holders of CDO securities must rely
solely on distributions on the underlying collateral or proceeds
thereof for payments. If distributions on the underlying
collateral are insufficient to make payments on the CDO
securities, no other assets will be available for payment of the
deficiency, and following realization or liquidation of the
underlying assets, the obligations of the issuer to pay such
deficiency will be extinguished. As an additional credit
enhancement, many CDOs provide for the deferral of interest on
all but the most senior tranches. The subordinate tranches of
many CDOs provide that a deferral of interest does not
constitute an event of default that would provide holders of
such tranches with associated default remedies. During periods
of nonpayment, deferred interest will generally be capitalized
and added to the outstanding principal balance of the related
security. Any such deferral will reduce the amount of current
payments made on such securities.
Synthetic vs. Asset Purchase Structure
CDOs do not always own their underlying collateral outright, but
rather achieve collateral exposure synthetically by entering
into total return and/or credit default swaps. In a total return
swap, the CDO receives the total return (interest, fees and
capital gains/losses on underlying securities) in exchange for a
fixed rate of interest payment. The CDO may also be required to
pay a fraction of the value of the total amount of the
securities that are referenced in the swap as collateral posted
with the swap counterparty. The total return swap, therefore, is
a leveraged investment in the underlying securities portfolio.
By contrast, in a credit default swap, the CDO receives periodic
payments from a counterparty that seeks protection against the
default of a
referenced fixed-income asset. In return for this payment, the
CDO must pay the protection buyer default losses on the
referenced assets if the obligor of the referenced assets
defaults. A CDO may have a few synthetic exposures or be
comprised entirely of synthetic exposures.
Typical
CDO Terms
The terms of a typical CDO may vary depending on the type of
underlying collateral, prevailing market and economic
conditions, and the quality of the portfolio manager. As
discussed in detail below, most of our CDOs rely on a different
exclusion from the 1940 Act than the majority of CDOs in the
marketplace. The following summarizes certain of the material
terms of a typical CDO and some of the areas in which our CDOs
will differ.
Ramp-up
Period
At closing, a cash CDO typically will have purchased
approximately
50-75% of
its targeted assets and is given an additional period, known as
the ramp-up
period, to complete the purchase of its remaining targeted
assets. This
ramp-up
period typically ranges from 90 to 180 days. A synthetic
CDO, which purchases some or all of its assets in swap form, may
have a significantly shorter
ramp-up
period.
Maturity
The maturity date of a CDO refers to the last date on which any
remaining CDO debt must be repaid. In general, CDO debt matures
between 12 to 40 years from the closing date.
Duration
Duration measures the price sensitivity of a CDO and is
calculated based on the weighted average of the present values
for all anticipated cash flows over its expected life. CDO
equity often has a relatively short expected duration (usually
less than 10 years), as a typical CDO distributes excess
cash flows quarterly or semi-annually concurrent with the
payment of interest on its liabilities subject to compliance
with overall collateral quality tests and other performance
criteria.
Trading
Baskets
Most CDOs allow the portfolio manager to trade fixed-income
assets, subject to compliance with selected collateral tests and
annual volume limitations, which typically allow trading of up
to 15% of the aggregate par amount of non-credit-impaired
assets, or free trading basket, and unlimited trading with
regard to credit-impaired and credit-improved assets. By
contrast, most of our CDOs that are structured to comply with
Rule 3a-7
are limited by the terms of their indentures with respect to
trading fixed-income assets. The indentures of such CDOs
generally do not contain any free trading basket and generally
do not permit trading with regard to credit-improved assets.
However, the managers may substitute for or sell assets that are
credit-impaired or may substitute for or sell other assets in
order to cause, maintain or restore compliance with a collateral
coverage test, collateral quality test or eligibility criteria
set forth in the related indentures that would not be satisfied
in the absence of such substitution. In no event will any
dispositions or acquisitions be permitted for the primary
purpose of recognizing gains or decreasing losses resulting from
market value changes.
Reinvestment
Period
Since many of the fixed-income assets held by a CDO represent
debt obligations, which may mature or be prepaid during its
life, many CDOs are structured to allow the portfolio manager,
at its discretion, to reinvest the principal payments, subject
to certain restrictions. The reinvestment period for a typical
CDO commences on the closing date and extends for a period of
three to seven years, subject to earlier termination in the
event of a default.
Generally, the portfolio manager is required to reinvest
principal payments received during the reinvestment period in
accordance with specified investment guidelines that are
designed to preserve or enhance the credit ratings assigned to
the CDO debt. The primary difference between a typical CDO and
our CDOs that will be structured to comply with
Rule 3a-7
with respect to reinvestment criteria is that the indentures of
our CDOs will contain prohibitions against disposing of assets
or acquiring new assets for the primary purpose of recognizing
gains or decreasing losses due to changes in market value.
Collateral
Tests
CDOs typically are subject to a number of collateral tests that
are designed to protect the holders of, and to maintain the
credit ratings associated with, CDO debt, including the
following:
Collateral
Coverage Tests
Collateral coverage tests exist to ensure that the collateral
securing the underlying assets of a CDO is sufficient to pay CDO
debt in case of defaults on the underlying assets. The two main
collateral coverage tests are the over-collateralization test
and the interest coverage test. Additionally, some CDOs utilize
a ratings-based test. Collateral coverage tests can divert cash
flows from subordinated tranches, prevent reinvestment in new
CDO assets and cause senior tranches to be paid down before
payments to subordinated tranches.
Collateral
Quality Tests
Collateral quality tests ensure that the type of collateral
securing the underlying assets of a CDO are of a sufficient
quality such that the collateral may be used to pay CDO debt
upon the default of the underlying assets. These tests restrict
portfolio trading, and may include objective measures of
portfolio diversity, average rating, average life, prospective
average recovery and minimum weighted average coupon or spread.
Diversity
Score
A diversity score is a rating agency’s index of a
portfolio’s diversification, which generally focuses on the
number of credits, the number of industries, geographical
diversity and the asset categories of the underlying collateral.
The purpose of the diversity score is to measure the potential
collateral effects that a default on some of the assets
underlying the CDO will have on the other assets underlying the
CDO.
Concentration
Tests
Concentration tests address the presence in the portfolio of
single issuers, the percentage of the collateral represented by
loan participations,
non-U.S.
obligors, triple-C credits, deferred interest instruments and
other factors. Like the diversity score, concentration tests are
utilized to prevent the concentration of the underlying assets
of a CDO in a particular asset type.
Fees
The portfolio manager in a typical CDO is entitled to receive
senior and subordinate management fees periodically. In
addition, portfolio managers may be entitled to receive
incentive fees periodically.
Redemption
CDO debt is typically subject to a right of redemption at the
direction of at least a majority of the CDO equity generally
after a three- to five-year non-call period and subject, in many
cases, to the payment of a make-whole premium. The exercise of
this right is typically also conditioned on the availability of
sufficient funds to satisfy the redemption obligation, including
any make-whole premium. CDO debt is also typically subject to
special redemption in the event that during the reinvestment
period the portfolio manager is unable to reinvest principal
payments in additional qualifying collateral. In addition, CDO
debt will be mandatorily redeemed, subject to the availability
of sufficient funds, in the event of a collateral coverage test
failure.
Most CDO issuers are excluded from the registration requirements
of investment companies under the 1940 Act by reason of their
compliance with Section 3(c)(7). Section 3(c)(7)
essentially requires such issuers to engage in private offerings
made only to “qualified purchasers” (as defined in the
1940 Act), but places no limitations on the ability of the
issuer to purchase or sell assets or otherwise trade the
underlying portfolio of securities.
However, CDOs may also be structured to be excluded from
investment company status under
Rule 3a-7.
Rule 3a-7
does not have restrictions on the manner of offering. Instead,
Rule 3a-7
excludes from treatment as investment companies issuers engaged
in the business of purchasing, or otherwise acquiring, and
holding “eligible assets” (as defined in
Rule 3a-7),
including financial assets that by their terms convert into cash
within a finite period of time, and in activities related or
incidental thereto, and who do not issue redeemable securities.
Rule 3a-7
imposes certain restrictions on the activities of such issuers,
including the following:
(i) the issuer issues securities that entitle holders thereof to
receive payments that depend primarily on the cash flow from
such eligible assets;
(ii) the securities sold are fixed-income securities rated
investment-grade by at least one nationally recognized
statistical rating agency (fixed-income securities that are
unrated or rated below-investment-grade may be sold to
institutional accredited investors and any securities may be
sold to qualified institutional buyers and to persons involved
in the organization or operation of the issuer);
(iii) the issuer acquires and disposes of eligible assets only
if:
•
done in accordance with the agreements pursuant to which the
securities are issued;
•
the acquisition or disposition does not result in a downgrading
in the rating of the issuer’s fixed-income securities;
•
the eligible assets are not acquired or disposed of for the
primary purpose of recognizing gains or decreasing losses
resulting from market value changes; and
(iv) unless the issuer is issuing only commercial paper, the
issuer appoints an independent trustee, takes reasonable steps
to transfer to the trustee an ownership or perfected security
interest in the eligible assets, and meets rating agency
requirements for commingling of cash flows.
Compliance by our CDO subsidiaries with
Rule 3a-7
may be viewed as requiring that the indenture governing a CDO
subsidiary include limitations on the types of assets the CDO
subsidiary may sell or acquire out of the proceeds of assets
that mature, are refinanced or otherwise sold, on the period of
time during which such transactions may occur, on the overall
level of transactions that may occur or on other provisions of
the indentures that govern the operation of the particular CDO
subsidiary. It is intended that the indentures of our CDO
subsidiaries will contain these types of provisions.
Most of our CDO subsidiaries are excluded from investment
company status under
Rule 3a-7.
Some of our CDO subsidiaries may also be structured to be
excluded from investment company status under
Section 3(c)(7), which excludes from investment company
status issuers that are engaged in private offerings made only
to “qualified purchasers” (as defined in the 1940 Act).
We are a specialty finance holding company that provides our
shareholders with returns derived primarily from our structured
finance subsidiaries, commonly known as collateralized debt
obligations issuers, or CDOs. We are jointly managed and advised
by our managers, Bear Stearns Asset Management Inc., or BSAM,
and Stone Tower Debt Advisors LLC, or Stone Tower. Relying on
the structured finance expertise of our managers, our objective
is to create, structure and own CDOs and other structured
finance assets that will provide attractive risk-adjusted
returns to us and our shareholders.
We generate earnings primarily through a diversified portfolio
of CDOs in which we beneficially own all or a majority of the
equity. Our CDOs are special purpose vehicles that hold a range
of cash-generating financial assets, such as corporate leveraged
loans, asset-backed securities and securities issued by other
CDOs. To finance the acquisition of these assets, our CDOs
typically issue multiple tranches of securities, ranging from
highly rated senior debt securities, which are secured or
collateralized by these assets, to unrated equity tranches. As
the sole or principal equity owner in our CDO subsidiaries, we
are entitled to all or a portion of any cash flow, which is
typically paid quarterly, generated by the underlying financial
assets, after deducting the interest and required principal
payments made to holders of CDO debt securities and other
expenses.
We expect to continue to increase our holdings of CDOs,
primarily through the formation and acquisition of additional
CDO subsidiaries in which we plan to hold all or a majority of
the equity. To a lesser extent, we also acquire and hold
minority equity positions in CDOs. We expect to form and hold
CDOs structured by our managers as well as to help structure and
opportunistically acquire CDOs sponsored by third parties where
we believe we can do so on attractive terms. We may also form or
hold, from time to time, other structured finance assets.
We expect to allocate capital primarily to creating and owning
two types of CDOs: (i) corporate credit CDOs, or CLOs, that
primarily hold corporate leveraged loans and high-yield bonds,
and (ii) asset-backed securities CDOs, or ABS CDOs, which
hold asset-backed securities, including residential
mortgage-backed securities and commercial mortgage-backed
securities. These two types of CDOs include cash CDOs, which
hold an underlying portfolio of cash-generating assets, and
synthetic CDOs, which enter into total return swaps, credit
default swaps or other derivative instruments designed to
replicate the economic consequences of holding a referenced
portfolio of assets. A synthetic CDO may generally be structured
more rapidly to capitalize on favorable market conditions.
Competitive
Advantages
We believe that we enjoy the following competitive advantages:
Fully Employed Paid-in Capital and Diversified Portfolio of
CDOs. We have fully employed our paid-in capital
to date in a seasoned portfolio of CDOs diversified by manager,
collateral type, vintage and duration. As of December 31,2006, our CDO holdings consisted of 19 CDOs, including
11 CDOs in which we own all or a majority of the equity
tranches, one of which we own 50% of the equity and seven in
which we own a minority interest. In addition, at that date, our
largest CDO subsidiary, Parapet CDO, held a portfolio
consisting of preference share and income note tranches of 15
CDOs and mezzanine debt securities of 22 CDOs. As of
December 31, 2006, five of the CDOs in which we hold equity
securities were managed by our managers. We believe that this
diversification reduces our exposure to individual market
sectors or credit events.
Management Expertise. Our co-chief executive
officers, Ralph R. Cioffi and Michael J. Levitt, have a combined
total of more than 54 years of experience in structured
finance, non-investment-grade debt investing, leveraged finance
and private equity. Mr. Cioffi joined Bear Stearns in 1985,
and founded the BSHG Funds in March 2003. He was instrumental in
the creation of the structured credit effort at Bear Stearns,
which is a leading underwriter and secondary trader in
structured credit securities. Mr. Levitt founded Stone
Tower
Capital LLC, or STC, in 2001. Before that, he was instrumental
in building the leveraged finance business at Morgan Stanley and
subsequently at Smith Barney (a Citigroup predecessor).
Mr. Levitt was also a managing partner of the New York
office of the private equity firm of Hicks, Muse
Tate & Furst Incorporated. Messrs. Cioffi and
Levitt will have principal management responsibility for
Everquest. We believe that their experience, together with the
experience of the other investment professionals at BSAM and
Stone Tower in investing in debt and equity securities and
managing investments in structured credit securities, will
afford us a competitive advantage in identifying and creating
new CDO opportunities with the potential to generate attractive
returns.
Strengths of Our Managers. We believe that we
will be able to leverage the strengths of our managers, which
include the following:
•
Strong Track Record. We believe BSAM has a
strong track record of developing transaction structures,
managing structured vehicles and selecting vehicles managed by
third parties. In particular, BSAM has developed innovative
transaction structures that increase the efficiency with which
pools of structured securities can be funded. For example, BSAM
designed and marketed the Klio series of CDOs, which use
commercial paper as a funding mechanism for highly rated
structured finance assets and which BSAM believes were the first
transactions of their kind. BSAM often takes an active role in
structuring the securities it buys on issue from third parties,
and from time to time restructures them to increase their
funding efficiency.
As of December 31, 2006, the BSAM Team had managed seven
CDOs, excluding Parapet CDO, which are described in
“Our Management and Corporate Governance —
Managers’ Personnel and Track Record —
BSAM’s Track Record,” and had purchased for funds it
manages equity tranches in 18 CDOs managed by third parties,
which are described in “Our Management and Corporate
Governance — Managers’ Personnel and Track
Record — BSAM’s Track Record.” As of
December 31, 2006, the weighted average annualized cash
return of the seven CDOs managed by the BSAM Team was 12.3%, net
of management fees, or 19.9%, on an adjusted gross basis before
deducting management fees, and the weighted average annualized
cash return of the 17 CDO equity tranches it purchased that have
made at least one quarterly distribution was 24.5%.
Stone Tower has developed a reputation among market participants
as one of the leading cash flow CLO managers in North America.
As of December 31, 2006, the weighted average annualized
cash return of the nine CDOs sponsored by Stone Tower that have
made at least one quarterly distribution, which are described in
“Our Management and Corporate Governance —
Managers’ Personnel and Track Record — Stone
Tower’s Track Record,” was 14.0%, net of management
fees, or 18.3%, before deducting management fees.
•
Complementary Expertise. We believe that one
of our competitive strengths is the extensive and complementary
expertise of each of our managers. BSAM generally invests in a
range of structured finance assets, with particular expertise in
ABS CDOs, and Stone Tower focuses on non-investment-grade
corporate credit assets. We believe that the complementary
expertise of our managers will help us form new CDOs and
allocate our capital among either ABS CDOs or CLOs and related
asset classes where we believe we can achieve the best relative
value, in light of prevailing market conditions.
•
History of Cooperation. BSAM and Stone Tower
have worked together for more than four years in a variety of
capacities. They have jointly identified and evaluated potential
opportunities, including collateral portfolios, based on each
entity’s particular expertise. They also have acted as
subadvisor for funds managed by each other and jointly
structured and managed CDOs. Currently, BSAM and Stone Tower
jointly manage two CDOs, portions of the equity of which are
held by us and by Parapet CDO. They have also jointly
established three CDOs that were structured by them with assets
selected by them and in which funds they manage have invested.
We believe their history of cooperation will enable them to work
together effectively on our behalf.
Access to Proprietary and High-Quality Deal
Flow. We believe BSAM and Stone Tower’s
market position, expertise and long-standing relationships with
a broad range of market participants have provided and
will continue to provide us with the opportunity to evaluate a
pipeline of attractive opportunities before they become
available to the wider market. These opportunities include the
ability to source high-quality collateral for CDOs that may be
structured by our managers, including potentially CDOs of CDOs,
as well as the ability to structure and acquire equity in CDOs
managed by third parties on attractive terms.
High-Quality Risk Management Systems. We
believe the strong track record to date of our managers is due,
among other things, to the surveillance and risk management
systems they utilize. We believe that access to those systems is
a significant competitive advantage. The proprietary and
third-party surveillance systems used by BSAM were designed to
ensure that all assets are reviewed real time and those showing
signs of potential credit deterioration or poor performance are
designated for further review. BSAM’s surveillance systems
track over 80,000 securities on a daily basis and monitor the
performance of all of our CDO holdings as well as perform
in-depth analysis on all the underlying collateral backing such
holdings. We believe our managers’ systems enhance our
ability to quickly identify, and where possible, sell or
otherwise hedge potentially credit-impaired assets before
significant credit deterioration begins or rating downgrades
occur. We benefit from these systems not only in the case of
CDOs managed by our managers but also with respect to those
managed by third parties. With respect to CDOs managed by third
parties, we integrate the underlying credits into our
surveillance systems so that they can be monitored in the same
way as CDOs managed by our managers. When we identify a
potential credit-impaired asset in a third party managed CDO, we
notify the manager and work with the manager to sell or hedge
the asset. If the asset is not sold, we attempt to hedge our
exposure to the asset. Additionally, Stone Tower performs daily
surveillance on all loans underlying each of our CLO
investments. Both BSAM and Stone Tower monitor assets in real
time with systems that are designed to be early warning in
nature, as opposed to systems that provide alerts only after an
asset begins to deteriorate.
Access to BSAM and Stone Tower Investment Professionals and
Infrastructure. We also believe we have a
significant competitive advantage through our access to
BSAM’s and Stone Tower’s structured finance
professionals, who are supported by an established operational
infrastructure. As of December 31, 2006 the combined BSAM
Team and Stone Tower team responsible for Everquest included a
total of approximately 52 professionals, consisting of portfolio
managers, research analysts and other professionals. In
addition, Everquest has access to the broader operational
infrastructure of BSAM and Stone Tower, including information
technology, legal, administrative and other back office
operational infrastructure. As of December 31, 2006, BSAM
and Stone Tower had more than 440 employees in the aggregate.
Strong Alignment of Interest among Everquest, BSAM and Stone
Tower. The interests of BSAM and Stone Tower are
strongly aligned with ours. The BSHG Funds, which are managed by
BSAM, owned approximately 67.0% of our ordinary shares as of
December 31, 2006, and are expected to own
approximately % of our ordinary shares after this
offering. I/ST, a fund managed by an affiliate of Stone Tower,
owned approximately 8.4% of our ordinary shares as of
December 31, 2006, and is expected to own
approximately % of our ordinary
shares after this offering. In addition, as a result of this
offering each of BSAM and Stone Tower, or their designees, will
be entitled to receive share grants representing 2.5% (or
together an aggregate of 5.0%) of our ordinary shares
outstanding upon completion of this offering.
Our
Business Strategy
We intend to continue to grow our holdings in CDOs and other
structured finance assets. We seek to generate attractive
returns by leveraging the strengths of our managers to:
•
evaluate and source attractive opportunities with the best
relative value in varying market environments, through both CDOs
we structure ourselves and opportunities presented to us by
third parties;
•
select high quality assets to be held by the CDOs that are
managed by our managers and in which we hold interests, and
actively participate in the structuring of, and asset selection
for, CDOs that are managed by third parties and in which we hold
interests managed by third parties;
•
maximize the yield on the underlying assets relative to our cost
of financing their acquisition;
achieve a level of diversification in our overall portfolio in
terms of asset type and manager to minimize the effect of
negative credit events;
•
employ and develop innovative strategies, including synthetic
techniques, to improve the quality, execution and performance of
our CDO assets;
•
actively monitor through proprietary and third-party
surveillance systems the performance and management of assets
held by the CDOs in which we hold interests, including those
managed by third parties; and
•
utilize credit default swaps to manage risks of credit events
relating to our assets and other hedging techniques to manage
interest rate risks.
Our CLO subsidiaries primarily acquire corporate leveraged loans
and high-yield bonds. Most of the assets held by our CLO
subsidiaries are rated below-investment-grade by one or more of
the rating agencies. The composition of each CLO is generally
governed by the specific asset limitations provided in each CLO
and the rating criteria attributed to a particular CLO.
Corporate
Leveraged Loans
Corporate leveraged loans are debt obligations of highly
leveraged corporations, partnerships and other entities in the
form of first and second lien loans, participations in corporate
leveraged loans, commercial real estate mezzanine loans and
bridge facilities. Given the high proportion of debt that is
typically found in the capital structure of this type of
borrower, these debt obligations are referred to as leveraged
loans. Our CLO subsidiaries may acquire leveraged loans that are
(i) widely syndicated, (ii) middle-market loans, which
are not widely syndicated, (iii) U.S. dollar-denominated,
and (iv) euro-denominated. Our CLOs, to the extent allowed
by a CLO indenture, may also hold the second lien loans and
commercial real estate mezzanine loans of certain issuers. A
second lien loan is a loan in which the holder of such loan is
subordinated in its right to receive principal and interest
payments from the borrower to the rights of the holder of the
senior loan. Commercial real estate mezzanine loans are loans
that are subordinated to a first mortgage loan on the same
property, and are typically secured by pledges of ownership
interests in the property and/or property owner.
High-Yield
Bonds
High-yield bonds are below-investment-grade debt obligations of
corporations and other non-governmental entities. These bonds
could be secured by a borrowers’ assets or unsecured, and
could have an interest-only payment schedule, with the principal
amount remaining outstanding and at risk until the bond matures.
Our asset-backed CDO subsidiaries primarily acquire RMBS, CMBS,
diverse consumer and commercial ABS and debt tranches of other
asset-backed CDOs.
Residential
Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS)
RMBS represent interests in pools of residential mortgage loans
secured by one- to four-family residential mortgage loans in
which payments of both principal and interest are generally made
monthly, net of any fees paid to the issuer, servicer or
guarantor of the securities. The RMBS held by our CDOs are
principally collateralized by adjustable rate RMBS, fixed rate
RMBS, hybrid adjustable rate RMBS and agency-backed RMBS. A
majority of the RMBS held by our CDOs consist of non-agency
adjustable rate and three- and five-year hybrid adjustable rate
mortgage-backed securities. Most of the RMBS held by our CDOs
are rated investment-grade by one or more rating agencies.
Residential A Mortgage-Backed Securities (Residential A
MBS). Residential A MBS entitle the holders
thereof to receive payments that depend on the cash flow from
prime residential mortgage loans secured, on a first priority
basis, by residential real estate (single or multifamily
properties) the proceeds of which are used to purchase real
estate and purchase or construct dwellings thereon (or to
refinance indebtedness previously so used).
•
Residential B/C Mortgage-Backed Securities (Residential B/C
MBS). Residential B/C MBS entitle the holders
thereof to receive payments that depend on the cash flow from
subprime residential mortgage loans secured, on a first priority
basis, by residential real estate (single or multi-family
properties) the proceeds of which are used to purchase real
estate and purchase or construct dwellings thereon (or to
refinance indebtedness previously so used).
The subprime residential mortgage loans backing Residential B/C
MBS are originated using underwriting standards that are less
restrictive than the underwriting requirements used as standards
for other first and junior lien mortgage loan purchase programs,
including the programs of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. These
lower standards include mortgage loans made to borrowers having
imperfect or impaired credit histories, mortgage loans where the
amount of the loan at origination is 80% or more of the value of
the mortgaged property, mortgage loans made to borrowers with
low credit scores, mortgage loans made to borrowers who have
other debt that represents a large portion of his or her income
and mortgage loans made to borrowers whose income is not
required to be disclosed or verified. Additionally, some of the
subprime residential mortgage loans backing Residential B/C MBS
are “non-conforming loans” and are not eligible for
purchase by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac due to either credit
characteristics of the related mortgagor or documentation
standards in connection with the underwriting of the related
mortgage loan that do not meet the Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac
underwriting guidelines for “A” credit mortgagors.
These credit characteristics include mortgagors whose
creditworthiness and repayment ability do not satisfy such
Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac underwriting guidelines and mortgagors
who may have a record of credit write-offs, outstanding
judgments, prior bankruptcies and other credit items that do not
satisfy such Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac underwriting guidelines.
These documentation standards may include mortgagors who provide
limited or no documentation in connection with the underwriting
of the related mortgage loan. In addition, certain mortgage
loans may fail to conform to the underwriting standards of the
related originators.
The substantial majority of the asset-backed CDOs in which we
hold equity have invested in RMBS, including primarily RMBS
backed by collateral pools of subprime residential mortgages.
The value and returns of these RMBS may be affected by general
economic conditions in some geographic regions, including
increased interest rates and lower housing prices, which have
negatively affected collateral pools of subprime residential
mortgages that underlie certain RMBS. Generally, our
asset-backed CDOs hold RMBS rated in the range of “A2”
to “Ba2,” which because of their higher position
within the RMBS structure are less susceptible to loss than the
equity or lower-rated tranches of RMBS. Nevertheless, increased
losses within the underlying collateral pools of subprime
mortgages could also cause the higher rated RMBS to suffer
losses, which could be material. For a description of steps we
have taken to manage these risks, see “Management’s
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations — Credit Risk.”
•
Home Equity Loan Securities (HEL). HEL entitle
the holders thereof to receive payments that depend on the cash
flow from balances (including revolving balances) outstanding
under lines of credit secured by (but not, upon origination, by
a first priority lien on) residential real estate (single or
multifamily properties) the proceeds of which lines of credit
are not used to purchase such real estate or to purchase or
construct dwellings thereon (or to refinance indebtedness
previously so used).
CMBS are securities backed by obligations (including
certificates of participation in obligations) that are
principally secured by mortgages on real property or interests
therein having a multifamily or commercial use, such as regional
malls, other retail space, office buildings, industrial or
warehouse properties, hotels, nursing homes and senior living
centers. These securities may be senior, subordinate,
investment-grade or non-investment-grade securities. The
majority of the CMBS assets that our CDOs acquire are rated
between A2 – Baa2 and A – BBB by
Moody’s and S&P, respectively. The majority of these
CMBS assets consist of securities that are part of a capital
structure or securitization where the rights of such class to
receive principal and interest are subordinate to senior classes
but senior to the rights of lower-rated classes of securities.
Our CDOs acquire CMBS with high-yield current interest income
and where we consider the return of principal to be likely. Our
CDOs acquire CMBS from private originators of, or investors in,
mortgage loans, including savings and loan associations,
mortgage bankers, commercial banks, finance companies,
investment banks and other entities.
Other
Asset-Backed Securities (ABS)
ABS are securities backed by either consumer or commercial
receivables in sectors such as auto, credit cards, student loans
and equipment. Our CDO subsidiaries acquire investment-grade and
non-investment-grade ABS. The structure of an asset-backed
security and the terms of the investors’ interest in the
collateral can vary widely depending on the type of collateral,
the desires of investors and the use of credit enhancements. ABS
issuers are special-purpose entities owned or sponsored by banks
and finance companies, captive finance subsidiaries of
nonfinancial corporations or specialized originators such as
credit card lenders. Most of the asset-backed securities that we
acquire are rated between A2 – Baa2 and A –
BBB by Moody’s and S&P, respectively.
CDO
Debt Securities
CDO debt securities consist of the senior and mezzanine debt
securities of CDOs. Our CDO subsidiaries acquire the debt
tranches of CDOs sponsored by third parties as well as by the
managers. We believe that CDO debt represents a potentially
attractive acquisition opportunity for our CDO subsidiaries.
Most of the CDO debt tranches that we acquire are rated between
A2 – Baa2 and A – BBB by Moody’s and
S&P, respectively.
Other
To a lesser extent, our CDO subsidiaries also invest in
commercial real estate subordinated loans, or B –
Notes, mezzanine loans and trust preferred securities.
B – Notes are loans that are (i) secured by a
first mortgage on a single large commercial property or group of
related properties, and (i) subordinated to an
A – Note secured by the same first mortgage on the
same property. Mezzanine loans are loans that are subordinated
to a first mortgage loan on a commercial property and are senior
to the borrower’s equity in the property. Mezzanine loans
are typically secured by pledges of ownership interests in the
property
and/or
property owner. Trust preferred securities are hybrid
instruments that have characteristics of debt and equity
securities.
Collateral type refers to the primary holdings of each issuer.
(2)
‘Portfolio Implied Rating’ refers to the weighted
average rating factor, or WARF, of the issuer. WARF is a measure
that considers a portfolio as a single security, and assigns it
a single rating. Data is based on (i) the closing documents
for the transaction or (ii) the most recent monthly report
issued on or prior to December 31, 2006.
(3)
Total initial face or notional amount of all debt and equity
securities issued.
(4)
Total initial face or notional amount of equity shares issued.
Our subsidiary, Parapet CDO, is a CDO of CDO securities
which holds CDO mezzanine securities and preference share and
income notes tranches. All of Parapet CDO’s assets,
including the preference share and income note tranches, by
their terms convert into cash within a finite time period.
Parapet CDO has issued an AA/Aa3-rated tranche of
Class A floating rate notes that as of December 31,2006, had an aggregate principal amount of $136.9 million,
as well as a tranche of preference shares and ordinary shares.
We acquired all the outstanding preference shares and ordinary
shares of Parapet CDO from the BSHG Funds in connection
with our formation. The Class A floating rate notes were
retained by the BSHG Funds.
The following summarizes the assets in Parapet CDO, as of
December 31, 2006, including asset type and value:
Parapet CDO
Portfolio
Par
Credit Rating
Mezzanine Tranches
Amount
of Mezzanine
Portfolio
Closing
Held
Tranches(2)(3)
Implied
Fair Value
Date
Issuer/Tranche
Manager
CDO Type
Collateral
Type(1)
($)
Coupon(2)
Moody’s
S&P
Rating(2)(4)
$
Maturity
03/2004
Vertical CDO Ltd. 2004-1A
Vertical Capital, LLC
Managed Cashflow CDO
of CDOs
Senior Tranches of CDO debt
3,000,000
3ML + 4.5
Baa1
NR/WR
Aaa/AAA
3,002,507
09/10/2042
10/2004
High Grade Structured Credit
2004-1 E
BSAM
Managed Synthetic CDO
of CDOs
RMBS
4,000,000
1ML + 2.75
A1
NR
A2/A
4,054,315
10/15/2044
10/2004
High Grade Structured Credit
2004-1 F
BSAM
Managed Synthetic CDO
of CDOs
RMBS
10,000,000
1ML +3.00
A3
NR/WR
A2/A
10,114,092
10/15/2044
10/2004
Klio Funding Ltd.
2004 2-A
BSAM
Managed Cashflow CDO
RMBS, CDO debt, CMBS, ABS
18,922,035
3ML + 1.50
A3
A-
Aa2/AA
19,181,562
10/29/2039
10/2004
Klio Funding Ltd.
2004-2A
BSAM
Managed Cashflow CDO
RMBS, CDO debt, CMBS, ABS
30,000,000
3ML + 2.00
Baa2
BBB
Aa2/AA
28,670,345
10/29/2039
10/2004
Merrill Lynch Mortgage Investors
Trust 2004-WMC5
None
Static CDO
RMBS
6,000,000
1ML + 1.85
Baa1
AA-
NA
6,060,949
7/25/2035
10/2004
Structured Asset Investment Loan
Trust, Series 2004-10
None
Static CDO
CDO debt
2,000,000
1ML + 2.35
NR/WR
A-
NA
2,017,419
11/25/2034
10/2004
Structured Asset Investment Loan
Trust, Series 2004-BNC2
None
Static CDO
CDO debt
8,943,000
1ML + 2.00
NR/WR
A
NA
9,078,977
12/25/2034
12/2004
Stone Tower CDO Ltd. 2004 1A
Stone Tower
Managed Cashflow CDO
of CLOs
Corporate leveraged loans, CDO debt
17,000,000
3ML + 1.75
A2
A
Ba1/BB+
17,140,267
01/29/2040
12/2004
Stone Tower CDO Ltd. 2004 1A
Stone Tower
Managed Cashflow CDO
of CLOs
Corporate leveraged loans, CDO debt
918,196
3ML + 2.75
Baa2
BBB
Ba1/BB+
925,849
01/29/2040
(1)
Collateral type refers to the primary holdings of each issuer.
(2)
Data based on the most recent monthly report issued on or prior
to December 31, 2006. “1ML” and “3ML”
refer to the one month LIBOR rate and three month LIBOR rate,
respectively.
(3)
The ratings in the “Credit Rating” column pertain to
the specific tranche identified.
(4)
“Portfolio Implied Rating” refers to the WARF of the
issuer.
Our significant business operations include the following
principal activities:
•
CDO formation and acquisition;
•
asset sourcing; and
•
risk management, including asset monitoring, surveillance and
hedging.
Currently, our managers act as collateral manager for the
majority of our CDO subsidiaries. Whether our CDO subsidiaries
are managed by the managers or by third parties, we actively
participate in and oversee each key aspect of our CDO
subsidiaries’ operations.
Operating
Committee
Our
day-to-day
operations are supervised by our operating committee, which is
composed of our CEOs, Ralph R. Cioffi and Michael J. Levitt, our
CFO and certain other BSAM and Stone Tower investment
professionals. Our operating committee meets regularly to
discuss business opportunities, review the performance of our
CDO holdings and oversees our business operations. The operating
committee considers, among other things:
•
investments in our existing portfolio;
•
our deal flow pipeline (including investments and rejections);
our cash status (including amounts currently available,
projections and financing);
•
compliance with regulations;
•
the valuation of our assets; and
•
the returns on our previous and current investments.
All of our investments must be approved by our operating
committee, which requires the unanimous approval of both CEOs.
The operating committee operates pursuant to general policies,
procedures and guidelines established by our board of directors.
Under these guidelines, the operating committee is required to
seek board approval for investments that meet certain amount
thresholds and in cases where certain conflicts of interest have
been identified.
CDO
Formation and Acquisition
To meet our business objectives, we are continually seeking
opportunities to form or acquire additional CDO subsidiaries.
Through our managers we have the opportunity to form new CDO
subsidiaries. We also believe that the ability of the managers
to identify and work with high-quality third-party CDO
collateral managers is important to our success, and gives us a
competitive advantage over our competitors. In either case, in
forming and acquiring new CDO subsidiaries we take an active
role in structuring the overall CDO, determining the rights and
conditions attaching to our equity interests, negotiating the
management fee if a third party is retained, negotiating the
underwriting fees charged by the underwriter in connection with
the financing of the CDO, and negotiating and determining the
overall return profile and other economic characteristics of our
equity interests.
Portfolio
Construction and Asset Sourcing
The portfolio of each CDO subsidiary is constructed utilizing
strict sector and asset diversification parameters within the
managers’ rigorous credit processes, focusing on principal
preservation. Each portfolio is constructed based on the
specific business parameters of the CDO’s indenture and
working within rating
agency constraints. The CDO indentures contain numerous criteria
for their portfolios relating to credit quality, type of
instrument, maturity, industry, issuer, and other
diversification and credit quality parameters. The
managers’ overall goals in portfolio construction, executed
within the portfolio guidelines and the constraints of the
indenture, are (i) to maximize relative value based on its
credit views and (ii) to maximize diversification in order
to minimize the effect of isolated credit events on the overall
portfolio.
The managers currently source many of the assets they manage
through close relationships with a large and diverse group of
financial intermediaries, including investment banks, financial
sponsors, specialty dealers and brokerage firms. The managers
also capitalize on their relationships in the financial
community through their management of multiple CDOs and their
involvement in a vast number of credit positions. We also rely
on the relationships that the managers’ asset management
professionals have developed in their many years of involvement
in the financial services industry. A primary function of the
managers’ asset management professionals is to maintain
relationships with these institutions and maximize the
managers’ asset sourcing capabilities.
We also rely, where applicable, on the asset sourcing capability
of third-party collateral managers. In such cases, we also
advise and oversee the asset selection process carried out by
the collateral manager.
Asset
Allocation/Diversification
One of the major steps in constructing the portfolio for a CDO
is to achieve the levels of diversification among credit
quality, type of instrument, industries, issuers and other
parameters that are necessary in order to obtain the desired
ratings of the CDO debt. The CDO is then required to maintain
compliance with various tests in order to protect these ratings
and the cash flow expected to be available to the holders of the
CDO equity. This process requires identifying and acquiring a
wide variety of fixed-income instruments, each of which plays a
role in achieving on a portfolio-wide basis the levels of
diversification required under the indenture. In the
managers’ experience, a typical ABS CDO will own
approximately 100 different credit assets. We view our access to
a large number and variety of assets through the managers
and/or their
affiliates and through the high-quality collateral managers with
whom we have relationships as a critical component of our
ability to achieve these asset allocation and diversification
requirements.
Asset
Sourcing
The following summarizes some features of the credit process
employed by the managers with respect to our CDO assets and the
ABS and corporate credit assets underlying the CDOs.
CDOs
Deal Structure. The managers’ CDO credit
process begins with understanding the CDO’s structure. The
CDO type and size are studied and reviewed to determine if the
deal is static or has a reinvestment period. They also analyze
the CDO’s amortization schedules and payment structure as
well as interest rate hedges. Pricing of the CDO tranches is
also analyzed.
Manager Review. The managers conduct an
in-depth review of the CDO manager, focusing on the
manager’s CDO experience, organization staffing and
stability and past CDO performance. Finally, the managers
examine the manager’s ownership of CDO equity and
liabilities, assets under management and CDOs under management.
Documentation Review. The documentation of a
CDO deal, including the CDO indenture, is reviewed by the
managers, with particular attention to hedge agreements on
high-grade ABS transactions, manager removal provisions,
amendment procedures and trading restrictions.
Transaction Parties. In addition to a manager
review, the managers analyze the other parties to a CDO deal,
including the underwriter, trustee and rating agencies
participating in the transaction.
Collateral/Trigger Analysis. The managers also
analyze the collateral coverage tests, collateral quality tests
and eligibility criteria that are incorporated into each CDO
deal. In particular the managers’ analysis
focuses on the senior securities’ over-collateralization
requirements, the subordinate securities’
over-collateralization requirements, the WARF of the collateral
portfolio, the portfolio diversity score and asset correlation,
obligor and sector concentrations and minimum coupon and spread
requirements.
Structure Default Analysis. The managers apply
a structure default analysis to each CDO it reviews. The equity
return profile of the CDO is an especially important component
of this analysis, as are any special features of the cash flow
waterfall. The managers also examine the possibility of early
redemption of the CDO as a result of the exercise of any
optional redemption right or
clean-up or
auction call mechanism.
Break-even Analysis. The managers’ also
perform a customized break-even analysis on each CDO. This
analysis examines the CDO’s constant default rate, recovery
rate and cumulative default loss, as well as payment speed and
reinvestment rates.
In addition, we may also perform customized default analysis
where return profiles are measured by varying the timing and
severity of loss for the default of specific assets within the
portfolio.
ABS
Knowing the Originator and Servicer. Knowing
the originator and servicer of ABS, particularly RMBS servicers,
is paramount to the managers’ ABS credit process. The
managers regularly meet with originators and servicers. The
managers review the origination channels and analyze the
originators’ underwriting philosophies and processes. The
managers also review the originators’ and services track
records.
Understanding Collateral and Enhancement. The
managers’ also focus on understanding the underlying
collateral and the credit enhancement provisions of ABS assets.
The managers utilize proprietary and third-party surveillance
and risk management systems in assessing ABS assets. The
managers develop tailored loan stratifications, review
geographic exposures and apply their adjusted FICO score
analysis to ABS assets. With respect to geographic exposures,
BSAM has developed and maintains a proprietary system that
provides analysis of the demographics of metropolitan structural
areas such as employment, population, industry and the
distribution of income. We believe this is a valuable tool in
assessing the credit quality of the underlying collateral pool
of RMBS, which are the principal assets in which our ABS CDOs
invest. Through this examination, the managers are able to
understand and minimize layered risks within ABS assets.
Generating Stress Runs and Cash Flow
Analysis. The managers apply stress runs and cash
flow analysis to each ABS asset. The managers’ generate
customized default vectors and analyze standard default
scenarios, which includes reviewing the available funds cap risk
of ABS assets. Finally, the managers subject ABS assets to a
loss coverage multiple test to determine the suitability of each
asset.
Corporate
Credit
Asset Review Process. The managers review
individual credits in the CDO issuers’ portfolios and
assess the cash flow generation capability and enterprise value
of the underlying corporate credit assets, a process which seeks
to minimize risk of default and maximize recoveries in the event
of a default. When evaluating corporate credit assets, the
managers generally endeavor to, among other things:
(i) conduct credit-based research and analysis;
(ii) assess the fair market value of the enterprise of the
borrower’s business and avoid making investments where the
face value of all of the debt of the business exceeds the
managers’ view of the enterprise value; and
(iii) avoid making investments in companies that do not
generate free cash flow from business operations or, based on
our proprietary financial models, will not be able to meet debt
service on a timely basis. The managers’ credit-based
research and analysis considers, among other things: (i) an
assessment of the default probability of the borrower;
(ii) an analysis of the relative value of the investment
compared to other comparable investment opportunities;
(iii) the nature, adequacy and value of the collateral, if
applicable; and (iv) the creditworthiness of a
borrower’s business, including, but not limited to, its
cash flows, capital structure and future prospects.
The risk management and operational oversight functions for our
CDOs are supervised by the managers’ asset management and
compliance professionals, particularly their specialized credit
and structuring professionals.
Monitoring
and Surveillance
In order to achieve appropriate diversification in our portfolio
and to manage credit risks, we use our proprietary and
third-party surveillance and risk management systems. Our
systems utilize a specialized database designed specifically for
structured credit products and their underlying portfolios. The
surveillance system aggregates data from vendors (including
INTEX, Bloomberg and Loan Performance), trustees, servicers and
rating agencies in order to generate frequent alerts and
collateral management reports. Our managers’ portfolio
managers and credit analysts evaluate these alerts and reports,
using analytic tools including INTEX, Bear Stearns BondStudio,
Salomon Yield Book, Bloomberg and proprietary models. The
monitoring and surveillance process enables effective portfolio
construction, monitoring and management by helping the managers
identify suspect assets before the occurrence of credit
deterioration or ratings downgrades.
Individual portfolio holdings of each CDO managed by each
manager are continually monitored by specific portfolio
managers. The extent of monitoring or intervention is generally
determined by the degree of credit stress that a given
underlying asset is experiencing. The managers conduct monthly
portfolio monitoring meetings. At these meetings, the portfolio
managers provide updated credit reviews, discuss outlooks for
their respective sectors, and defend and justify portfolio
holdings.
The following summarizes some features of the monitoring and
surveillance process employed by the managers with respect to
their CDO assets and the ABS and corporate credit assets
underlying CDOs:
CDOs
Our proprietary and third-party surveillance system assist our
managers in:
•
summarizing each CDO’s current and historical collateral
test compliance as well as portfolio characteristics.
•
comparing collateral performance against historical and
projected performance.
•
reviewing trading activity within a CDO, which provides insight
into a CDO manager’s view of the market and can help
predict future performance.
•
reviewing a CDO’s cashflow structure to determine early
signs of structural problems in a deal.
Our managers also:
•
perform a manual review of troubled credit assets in a deal,
particularly in the more-troubled asset classes; and
•
conduct periodic conference calls
and/or
visits with managers to review operations, including staffing,
specific credits and future CDO plans.
ABS
Using a proprietary surveillance system, all assets are reviewed
monthly and those showing signs of future credit deterioration
or poor performance are “flagged” for further review.
Certain parameters that would cause an asset to be
“flagged” include:
•
For RMBS, changes in delinquencies, cumulative loss, initial and
current credit enhancement and CPR rates over time.
•
For CDOs, changes in all coverage ratios and the weighted
average portfolio rating over time, CCC buckets, loss and
defaulted securities.
Our CDO, RMBS, ABS and corporate portfolio managers and credit
analysts evaluate the reported statistics on flagged positions
and perform additional analysis when necessary. All comments are
passed on to the senior portfolio managers and logged in the
surveillance system.
Hedging
Once our managers detect that our assets are subject to
potential credit deterioration, they may from time to time
utilize derivative financial instruments to hedge all or a
portion of the credit risks of such assets. Our managers may use
credit default swaps to hedge this risk. In a credit default
swap, the investor receives periodic payments from a
counterparty that seeks protection against the default of a
referenced fixed-income asset. In return for this payment, the
investor must pay the protection buyer default losses on the
referenced assets if the obligor of the referenced assets
defaults.
Asset
Replacement
We substitute assets that are credit impaired or in order to
cause, maintain or restore compliance with a collateral coverage
test, collateral quality test or eligibility criteria set forth
in the related indentures that would not be satisfied in the
absence of such substitution. However, pursuant to Rule
3a-7 of the
1940 Act, an asset may not be sold if the primary purpose of
sale is to realize gain or minimize loss resulting from market
value changes. We generally expect to hold most of the assets in
our CDO subsidiaries to maturity and, accordingly, do not expect
to engage in a significant volume of asset replacements. The
proceeds of payoffs at maturity and principal prepayments may
also be redeployed to purchase replacement assets during the
reinvestment period provided by the indenture. Replacement
assets are selected strictly in accordance with the terms of the
indenture through the same process as the construction of the
initial portfolio. The manager’s goal is to minimize
defaults and to the extent defaults do occur, maximize
recoveries.
1940 Act
Exclusion
We conduct our operations so that we are not required to
register as an investment company under the 1940 Act. Pursuant
to Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act, any issuer that is
engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing,
reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns
or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value
exceeding 40% of the value of the issuer’s total assets
(exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on
an unconsolidated basis will be deemed to be an investment
company. Excluded from the term “investment
securities,” among other things, are securities issued by
majority owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment
companies and are not relying on the exception from the
definition of investment company provided by
Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act. We
believe that more than 60% of our assets consist of CDO
subsidiaries that are themselves not investment companies as a
result of the exception for structured finance companies,
Rule 3a-7,
rather than in reliance on Section 3(c)(1) or
Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act. Accordingly, we do not own
or propose to acquire investment securities having a value in
excess of 40% of the value of our total assets on an
unconsolidated basis, and are therefore not required to register
as an investment company.
If it were determined that one or more of our CDO subsidiaries
could not rely on the exclusion from investment company status
under the 1940 Act for structured finance companies, these CDO
subsidiaries would have to restructure their operations in order
to rely on that exclusion. If they could not restructure their
operations to comply with the exclusion, then we could have to
register as investment companies under the 1940 Act, either of
which could adversely affect our earnings.
Competition
We are subject to significant competition in seeking business
opportunities. A number of entities compete with us to make the
types of assets that we or our CDOs seek to acquire, including
REITs, financial and insurance companies, commercial and
investment banks, commercial finance companies, public and
private investment funds and other investors. A number of our
competitors have greater resources than we do and we may not be
able to compete successfully for assets.
The management, operation and policy of the company is vested
exclusively in our board of directors. Our board of directors,
however, has the power to delegate to either of the CEOs or the
managers any of its responsibility for the management and
operation of the company. Our CEOs are employees of the managers
or one or more of their affiliates.
Legal
Proceedings
We and the managers are not currently subject to any material
legal proceedings.
Our
Corporate Information
Our principal executive offices are located at 152 West
57th Street, New York, New York10019. Our telephone number
is
(212) 457-0220.
We are party to a management agreement with each manager,
pursuant to which the managers monitor and manage our assets and
financial activities. Pursuant to each management agreement and
subject to the policies and control of our operating committee
and, in certain instances, our board of directors, the managers,
among other things, (i) perform diligence, structure on our
behalf our CDO subsidiaries and oversee the purchase and sale of
assets (which purchases may be from affiliates of either or both
of the managers) on behalf of our CDO subsidiaries,
(ii) monitor and manage our assets and financial activities
(including through the use of leverage and our hedging
policies), (iii) provide us with certain advisory services,
(iv) are responsible for the
day-to-day
activities relating to its assets, with such allocation of
responsibilities as between the managers as determined by our
board of directors, and (v) such other matters as our board
of directors and the managers may agree upon from time to time.
We believe our managers have well respected and established
management resources for each of our subsidiaries’ targeted
asset classes and a mature infrastructure supporting those
resources. We benefit from the managers’ finance and
administrative capabilities for certain legal, compliance and
other operational matters, including the allocation and
execution of purchases and sales of assets, securities
valuation, risk management and information technology services.
Each management agreement provides that the respective manager
will not be liable to us, our affiliates or representatives for
any acts or omissions or any errors of judgment or any loss
suffered by us. However, each manager will be liable for losses
resulting from its willful misconduct, fraud, criminal
misconduct or gross negligence or by reason of its reckless
disregard of its obligations and duties under its management
agreement.
Each management agreement requires the respective manager to
manage our business affairs in conformity with the policies and
controls of our operating committee, and in certain instances
subject to the approval of our board of directors. The managers,
in conjunction with the CEOs, are responsible for the
day-to-day
management of our assets and financial activities and perform
(or cause to be performed) such services and activities relating
to our assets and financial activities as may be appropriate,
which may include the following:
•
serving as our consultant with respect to the structuring of CDO
subsidiaries, making acquisitions and dispositions of assets for
our CDO subsidiaries prior to putting in place long-term
financing, determining the capitalization and borrowings of our
CDO subsidiaries, and developing such policies, procedures and
guidelines as our board of directors determines are useful to
the management of our business;
•
assisting us in developing criteria for asset purchase
commitments and programs that are specifically tailored to our
business objectives and making available to us their knowledge
and experience;
•
investigating, analyzing, selecting and executing acquisition,
disposition and hedging opportunities (including accumulating
assets for us, participating in the warehouse equity in CDO
entities sponsored by third parties and making short-term
investments of excess cash);
•
conducting negotiations with sellers and purchasers and their
respective agents, representatives and investment bankers with
respect to prospective acquisitions and dispositions of assets
by us;
•
engaging and supervising, on our behalf and at our expense,
independent contractors (which may include affiliates of a
manager) that provide investment banking, securities brokerage,
back office and other financial services, and such other
services as may be required relating to our assets;
•
coordinating and managing operations of any joint venture, asset
acquisition programs, warehousing equity participations or
co-purchased interests held by us;
•
providing executive and administrative personnel, office space
and office services required in rendering services to us, to the
extent that we have not developed internally administrative
capability to handle our
day-to-day
business and operations;
administering and servicing our
day-to-day
operations, assisting and supporting the CEOs and our chief
financial officer with respect to financial, bookkeeping,
accounting and disclosure matters and such other administrative
service functions necessary to manage us and which are mutually
agreed, including in connection with the collection of revenues,
the payment of our obligations, the maintenance of appropriate
computer services and the production on a timely basis of
information, reports and accounts and other assistance to us
relating to financial bookkeeping, accounting and disclosure
matters to assist us in timely satisfying any filing obligations
under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or Exchange Act, as
amended;
•
communicating on our behalf with the holders of any of our
equity or debt securities and helping us to maintain effective
relations with such holders;
•
counseling us in complying with all regulatory requirements
applicable to us in respect of our business activities,
including, where applicable, the maintenance of our exclusions
or exemptions from the 1940 Act and monitoring compliance with
the requirements for maintaining same;
•
monitoring the operating performance of our assets, providing
periodic reports with respect thereto to our operating committee
and board of directors (including comparative information with
respect to such operating performance and budgeted or projected
operating results), and furnishing reports and statistical and
economic research regarding the services performed for us by the
managers;
•
advising us as to our capital structure and capital raising;
•
assisting us in retaining qualified accountants and legal
counsel, as applicable, to assist in the conduct of our business;
•
assisting and counseling us regarding the development of an
annual budget and periodically monitoring our performance
against such budget;
•
advising us with respect to obtaining appropriate warehouse or
other financings;
•
assisting us and our service providers in making required tax
filings and reports;
•
advising us with respect to structuring long-term financing
vehicles for our assets, and with respect to offering and
selling securities publicly or privately in connection with any
structured financings; and
•
performing such other services as may be required from time to
time for management and other activities relating to our assets
and our business and operations as our board of directors shall
reasonably request or the managers deem appropriate under the
particular circumstances.
The managers will not be required to provide services that would
require them to make any certification pursuant to the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act, although they will provide support and
assistance, to the extent necessary, to enable our CEOs and
chief financial officer to provide such certifications.
In addition, the managers will not knowingly take any actions or
conduct themselves in a manner that would cause us to be engaged
in a U.S. trade or business within the meaning of
Section 864 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as
amended. In fulfilling these obligations, the managers may rely
on opinions of tax counsel and on our operating guidelines.
Indemnification
We have agreed to indemnify each manager, its affiliates and
their respective legal or other representatives to the fullest
extent permitted by law against all losses, liabilities,
damages, expenses or costs suffered, incurred or sustained by
reason of the fact that they were in such roles with respect to
the company. However, we will not indemnify them for matters
resulting from their willful misconduct, fraud, criminal
misconduct or gross negligence or their reckless disregard in
the performance of their obligations and duties.
Furthermore, the managers may consult with legal counsel and
accountants in respect of our and our subsidiaries’ affairs
and will be fully protected and justified in any action or
inaction taken in accordance with the advice or opinion of such
counsel or accountants, provided that such legal counsel or
accountants were selected with reasonable care.
Each management agreement is effective until September 28,2007 and will be automatically extended for one-year terms
unless either party gives 30 days’ prior written
notice that it elects to not renew the management agreement at
the end of the one-year term.
In the event we elect to not renew a management agreement
without cause (that is, unless the
non-renewal
is because the manager or the related CEO is finally adjudicated
to have engaged in fraud, willful misconduct or gross negligence
with respect to the company’s assets or business), the
manager will be entitled to the payment of a termination fee. In
such case, the termination fee will be equal to the base fees
and incentive fees that would have been payable to the manager
by us and our subsidiary, Everquest LLC, for either two full
years (based on the average annual fees paid to such manager in
prior years) if such
non-renewal
occurs on or prior to September 28, 2009 or one full year
of such fees if the
non-renewal
occurs after September 28, 2009. An additional termination
fee is payable if the manager is so not renewed prior to
September 28, 2007 so that three full years of fees are
received by the manager.
In the event that we do not renew a management agreement for
cause or a manager does not renew its management agreement, the
manager will receive from us an amount equal to the base
management fees and incentive fees through the end of the
then-current annual term.
If either CEO voluntarily ceases to be a CEO of our company,
dies or becomes disabled, we may not renew the related
management agreement during the
90-day
period following such event and pay the related manager one full
year’s base and incentive fees, calculated as described
above.
The managers will also provide management services to Everquest
LLC on substantially the same terms and conditions as they
provide to the company pursuant to the management agreements.
Either manager may waive or defer the right to payment of fees
to it, and such fees may be paid by the company, Everquest LLC,
or both (without duplication).
Each management agreement will be governed by the laws of the
State of New York.
Management
Fees, Expenses and Incentive Allocation
Base
Fee
We pay the managers a base management fee, quarterly in arrears,
in an amount equal to (i) 1.75% on an annualized basis of
the company’s net assets up to $2 billion, plus
(ii) 1.50% on an annualized basis of the company’s net
assets over $2 billion and up to $3 billion, plus
(iii) 1.25% on an annualized basis of the company’s
net assets over $3 billion and up to $4 billion, plus
(iv) 1% on an annualized basis of the company’s net
assets over $4 billion.
For purposes of calculating the base fee, the company’s net
assets will be adjusted to exclude special one-time events
pursuant to changes in GAAP and non-cash charges. Such
adjustments will be made only after discussion between the
company and the independent directors on our board of directors
and approval by a majority of the independent directors.
To the extent we have purchased after September 28, 2006,
or in the future purchase, an equity stake in a CDO or other
structured finance interest sponsored by BSAM or Stone Tower or
our managers are able to obtain any fee rebates for deals in
which we and other vehicles they manage invest (but, excluding
secondary purchases or other purchases after completion of an
offering), the fees payable by us under the management
agreements will be reduced by the portion of any management or
incentive fees received by BSAM or Stone Tower as manager of the
CDO or other issuer that is allocable to our stake in such CDO
or other issuer, to the extent such fees are not otherwise
waived by BSAM or Stone Tower. The foregoing fee reduction
provision does not apply to our initial portfolio of CDOs that
we acquired in our formation transactions. No management or
incentive fees are paid by Parapet CDO to BSAM or Stone
Tower, although BSAM and Stone Tower may be entitled to
investment management fees with regard to certain of
Parapet CDO’s underlying CDO assets. The managers use
their management fee in part to pay compensation to their
officers and employees.
In addition to the base fee, the managers receive a quarterly
incentive allocation from Everquest LLC and cash distribution
from us in an aggregate amount equal to:
(i) 25% of the dollar amount by which:
(a) the company’s quarterly net increase in net assets
resulting from operations (as determined in accordance with GAAP
before non-cash equity compensation expense), before accounting
for the incentive allocation and distribution, per weighted
average company ordinary shares for such quarter, exceeds
(b) an amount equal to (A) the weighted average of the
price per ordinary share for all issuances of company ordinary
shares, after deducting any underwriting discounts and
commissions and other costs and expenses relating to such
issuances, multiplied by (B) the greater of 2.00% per
quarter (or 8% annually) and 0.50% plus one-fourth of the
U.S. Ten-Year Treasury Rate for such quarter,
multiplied by
(ii) the weighted average number of ordinary shares
outstanding during such quarter.
The foregoing calculation and cash distribution of the incentive
allocation is adjusted to exclude special one-time events
pursuant to changes in GAAP and non-cash charges. Such
adjustments are made only after discussion between the managers
and the independent directors on our board of directors and
approval by a majority of the independent directors on our board
of directors. The incentive allocation calculation and
associated incentive distribution is made quarterly in arrears.
Furthermore, to the extent that Everquest LLC does not have any
net increase in net assets resulting from operations, as
calculated for federal tax purposes during any particular
taxable year, no amounts will be allocated to the manager in
respect of their profits interests.
The compensation paid to the managers is allocated between them
as follows: (i) compensation relating to the first
$562.0 million of book capital of the ordinary shares of
the company outstanding at the time of the determination of such
compensation will be allocated 80%/20% between BSAM and Stone
Tower, respectively, and (ii) compensation relating to the
book capital of the ordinary shares in excess of
$562.0 million will be allocated 60%/40% between BSAM and
Stone Tower, respectively.
Reimbursement
of Expenses
We will reimburse the managers for any expenses incurred on our
behalf as set forth in the management agreements, including
asset purchase and sale expenses (i.e., expenses that the
managers reasonably determine to be related to the purchase of
our assets), such as brokerage commissions, custodial fees, bank
service fees, interest expenses and expenses related to any
proposed acquisition of assets that was not consummated the
costs associated with the establishment of any credit facilities
and other indebtedness of ours (including commitment fees, legal
fees, closing costs and other costs); the costs of preparing,
printing, delivering and filing any notices, proxy materials,
reports and filings to any person, and other expenses connected
with communications to such persons; reasonable travel and other
out-of-pocket
expenses incurred by officers, employees and agents of the
managers and their affiliates in connection with the purchase,
financing, hedging, refinancing, sale or disposition of assets
and proposed assets; hedging expenses; legal expenses;
professional fees (including, without limitation, expenses of
consultants and experts); internal and external accounting
expenses (including costs associated with any computer software
or hardware used by us); accounting, auditing and tax
preparation expenses; the costs and expenses of rendering
financial assistance to or arranging for financing for any
assets; entity-level taxes; our tax-related litigation expenses,
including our attorney’s fees; expenses of any registrar,
custodian and transfer agent; our organizational expenses;
administrative fees and expenses related to third-party asset
valuation services; other expense categories approved by our
board of directors; our
winding-up
costs, and all other expenses actually incurred by the managers
and their affiliates that are reasonably necessary for the
performance by the managers of their functions, duties and
obligations under the management agreements.
The management, operation and policy making functions of the
company are vested exclusively in our board of directors. Our
board of directors, however, has the power to delegate to either
of the CEOs or the managers any of its responsibility for the
management and operation of the company. Our board of directors
consists of the CEOs, an additional director designated by BSAM
and four independent directors as determined by our board using
the standards for independence established by the NYSE.
Directors
and Executive Officers
The following table presents certain information concerning our
board of directors and the individuals who serve as our CEOs and
other executive officers.
Name
Age
Position
James S. Gilmore, III
57
Chairman of the Board of Directors
and Independent Director
Ralph R. Cioffi
51
Co-Chief Executive Officer and
Director
Michael J. Levitt
48
Co-Chief Executive Officer and
Director
Gary Cohen
64
Independent Director
John W. Geissinger
47
Director
Jay M. Green
60
Independent Director
Gregory J. Parseghian
46
Independent Director
Smita Conjeevaram
46
Chief Financial Officer
Set forth below is biographical information for our CEOs, chief
financial officer and directors.
James S. Gilmore, III. Mr. Gilmore
is the chairman of the board of directors. Mr. Gilmore has
been a partner at the law firm of Kelley Drye & Warren
LLP since 2002, where he practices corporate and technology law
and provides advice to clients on homeland security issues in
the areas of public relations, information technology and
international relations. He also currently serves as chairman of
the National Council on Readiness and Preparedness, a nonprofit
community-based organization. From 1998 to 2002, he was Governor
of the Commonwealth of Virginia and was Attorney General of the
Commonwealth of Virginia in 1993. Previously, he served in
various public and private legal positions, as well as in the
U.S. Army. Mr. Gilmore serves as a director of Atlas
Air, Inc., Barr Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Cypress
Telecommunications Corp. Mr. Gilmore received a B.A. in
Foreign Affairs from the University of Virginia, and a J.D. from
the University of Virginia Law School.
Ralph R. Cioffi. Mr. Cioffi is a co-chief
executive officer and a director of the company. Mr. Cioffi
is a senior managing director at BSAM, has been with Bear
Stearns since 1985 and is a member of BSAM’s board of
directors. From 1985 through 1991 Mr. Cioffi worked in
institutional fixed-income sales where he specialized in
structured finance products. He served as the N.Y. head of
fixed-income sales from 1989 through 1991. From 1991 through
1994 Mr. Cioffi served as global product and sales manager
for high-grade credit products. He was involved in the creation
of the structured credit effort at Bear Stearns and was a
principal force behind Bear Stearns’ position as a leading
underwriter and secondary trader of structured finance
securities, specifically CDOs and esoteric ABS. Mr. Cioffi
founded and has been managing the High Grade Structured Credit
Strategies Fund since March 2003. He holds a B.S. degree in
Business Administration with distinction from Saint
Michael’s College, Vermont, and is a member of the
international business management and administration honor
society, Sigma Beta Delta.
Michael J. Levitt. Mr. Levitt is a
co-chief executive officer and a director of the company.
Mr. Levitt founded Stone Tower Capital LLC, or STC, in
2001. He is responsible for the overall strategic direction of
STC and the development of the firm’s investment
philosophies. He also serves as Chairman and Chief Executive
Officer of I/ST and Chairman of Hanover-STC. He has spent his
entire twenty-five year career managing or advising
non-investment-grade companies and investing in
non-investment-grade assets. Previously, Mr. Levitt worked
as a partner in the New York office of Hicks, Muse,
Tate & Furst Incorporated, where he was involved in
many of the firm’s investments. Additionally, he managed
the firm’s relationships with
banking firms. Prior thereto, Mr. Levitt served as the
Co-Head of
the Investment Banking Division of Smith Barney Inc. with
responsibility for the advisory, private equity sponsor and
leveraged finance activities of the firm. Mr. Levitt began
his investment banking career at, and ultimately served as a
Managing Director of, Morgan Stanley & Co., Inc.
Mr. Levitt oversaw the firm’s corporate finance and
advisory businesses related to private equity firms and
non-investment-grade companies. Mr. Levitt has a B.B.A.
from the University of Michigan and a J.D. from the University
of Michigan Law School. Mr. Levitt serves on the
University’s Investment Advisory Board.
Gary Cohen. Mr. Cohen is a director of
the company. He currently teaches classes at various graduate
business schools and serves as a consultant to
start-up
hedge funds. From 2001 to 2003, he was chief investment officer
and chief operating officer for the Americas at Deutsche
Bank’s Deutsche Asset Management. From 1973 to 2000,
Mr. Cohen served in various positions at Citibank and
Citigroup, eventually becoming a senior managing director at
Citi Alternative Investment Strategies and global chief
investment officer at Citigroup Alternative Investments.
Previously, he served as a U.S. Army officer.
Mr. Cohen holds a B.S. in Social Science Education from
Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and an M.B.A. in Finance and
Operations Research from Syracuse University.
John W. Geissinger. Mr. Geissinger is a
director of the company. He joined BSAM in 1998, and is
currently the chief investment officer of BSAM. Prior to joining
BSAM, he served as managing director and head of
investment-grade fixed income at Chancellor LGT Asset
Management. From 1986 to 1993, Mr. Geissinger was senior
vice president and senior portfolio manager at Putnam
Investments. Prior to that, he was director of quantitative
fixed income research at Aetna Life and Casualty from 1983 to
1986. Mr. Geissinger received a B.S. in Mathematics and
Economics from Wake Forest University and an M.B.A. in
Statistics from New York University. Mr. Geissinger is a
member of the Fixed Income Analyst Society and is a CFA
charterholder.
Jay M. Green. Mr. Green is a director of
the company. Mr. Green has been a private investor since
1998. Mr. Green was executive vice president and chief
financial officer of General Cigar Holdings, Inc. and its
predecessor parent, Culbro Corporation, from 1988 to 1998, which
at the time were NYSE-listed companies. From 1981 to 1988, he
served in various leadership positions at Columbia Pictures and
its then parent, The
Coca-Cola
Company. From 1969 through 1981, Mr. Green was with Price
Waterhouse where he supervised audit examinations of large
domestic and international companies. Mr. Green has
previously served as a director of the following entities: The
Smith & Wollensky Restaurant Group; The Walter Reade
Organization; The Burbank Studios; Fedcap Rehabilitation
Services, Inc.; and Griffin Gaming and Entertainment.
Mr. Green graduated with a B.S. from Boston University in
1969 and is a Certified Public Accountant.
Gregory J. Parseghian. Mr. Parseghian is
a director of the company. He is the founder and chief executive
officer of Parseghian Investment Advisors, LLC, an independent
consultant to investment managers. From 1996 to 2003,
Mr. Parseghian was employed by the Freddie Mac Corporation,
serving first as Chief Investment Officer and subsequently from
June to December 2003 as President and Chief Executive Officer.
Previously, Mr. Parseghian was a managing director of
Salomon Brothers and Credit Suisse First Boston and a partner in
BlackRock Financial Management. Mr. Parseghian graduated
from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania with a
B.S. in Economics and an M.B.A. in Finance.
Smita Conjeevaram. Ms. Conjeevaram is the
chief financial officer of the company. Ms. Conjeevaram has
been actively involved in the hedge fund industry for over
15 years and has held senior positions at several large
hedge funds. From September 2005 to August 2006;
Ms. Conjeevaram was the COO/CFO of a newly launched private
equity fund, SC Capital. Prior to SC Capital,
Ms. Conjeevaram was a Partner and CFO of Strategic Value
Partners, a distressed debt fund, from July 2004 to September
2005. From March 2003 to May 2004 Ms. Conjeevaram was the
CFO of ESL Investments, a hedge fund. From 1999 to 2002
Ms. Conjeevaram was a Principal of Sentinel Advisors, LLC.
Prior to joining Sentinel Advisors, Ms. Conjeevaram was a
Tax Manager at Long Term Capital Management, L.P. beginning in
1994. Ms. Conjeevaram served as Tax Manager at Price
Waterhouse from l987 to l994. Her education includes a B.S. in
Accounting from Butler University, Indiana and a B.A. in
Economics from Ethiraj College, Madras, India.
Ms. Conjeevaram is a Certified Public Accountant.
The structure, practices and committees of our board of
directors, including matters relating to the size, independence
and composition of our board of directors, the election and
removal of directors, requirements relating to board of
directors’ action, the powers delegated to board of
directors committees and the appointment of executive officers,
are governed by our memorandum and articles of association. The
following is a summary of certain provisions of our memorandum
and articles of association that affect our corporate
governance. This summary is qualified in its entirety by
reference to all of the provisions of the memorandum and
articles of association. Because this description is only a
summary of our memorandum and articles of association, it does
not necessarily contain all of the information that you may find
useful. We therefore urge you to review our memorandum and
articles of association in their entirety.
During the preceding five years, none of our directors, the CEOs
or our chief financial officer has been convicted of any
fraudulent offenses, served as an officer or director of any
company subject to a bankruptcy proceeding, receivership or
liquidation, been the subject of sanctions by a regulatory
authority or been disqualified by any court of competent
jurisdiction from acting as a member of the administrative,
management or supervisory body of any issuer or from
participating in the management or conduct of the affairs of any
issuer.
Size,
Independence and Composition of Our Board of
Directors
Our board of directors, which currently has seven members, may
consist of between seven and 12 directors. At least a
majority of the directors holding office must be independent, as
determined by the full board of directors using the standards
for independence established by the NYSE. If the death,
resignation or removal of an independent director results in our
board of directors consisting of less than a majority of
independent directors, the vacancy must be filled promptly with
another independent director appointed by majority vote of the
remaining directors. Pending the filling of such vacancy, our
board of directors may temporarily consist of less than a
majority of independent directors.
Election
and Removal of Directors
Shareholders elect all our directors, except the BSAM and Stone
Tower designated directors. The special voting share classes
granted to BSAM and Stone Tower entitle each to elect one
director. These special voting shares remain valid so long as
the relevant management agreement remains in effect, or the
relevant manager or its affiliates have over $50 million
invested in our company. BSAM’s special voting shares
entitle it to designate one additional director so long as the
BSAM-affiliated investment in our company is over
$100 million. Independent directors may be removed for
cause at any time by the vote of holders of two-thirds of our
outstanding shares. BSAM and Stone Tower may remove any director
they are entitled to designate. A director who is a BSAM or
Stone Tower designee may also be removed for cause by the
two-thirds vote of the independent directors. Any vacancy of a
BSAM or Stone Tower designated director will be filled by BSAM
or Stone Tower, and any other vacancy will be filled by majority
vote of the remaining directors.
Action
by Our Board of Directors
Members of our board of directors may take action in a meeting
in which a quorum is present or by a written resolution signed
by all directors then holding office. A quorum of our board of
directors consists of a majority of our board of directors,
which includes a majority of the independent directors. Our
board of directors generally acts by majority vote. Under our
management agreements, our board of directors has delegated to
the managers substantial authority for carrying out the
day-to-day
management and operations of our business, including making
specific investment decisions.
Transactions
in Which a Director Has an Interest
A director who directly or indirectly has an interest in a
contract, transaction or arrangement with us or certain of our
affiliates is required to disclose the nature of his or her
interest to the full board of directors. Such disclosure may
generally take the form of a general notice given to our board
of directors to the effect
that the director has an interest in a specified company or firm
and is to be regarded as interested in any contract, transaction
or arrangement entered into by the company. A director may
participate in any meeting called to discuss or any vote called
to approve the transaction in which the director has an
interest, and any transaction approved by our board of directors
will not be void or voidable solely because the director was
present at or participates in the meeting in which the approval
was given, provided that our board of directors or a committee
of the board of directors authorizes the transaction in good
faith after the director’s interest has been disclosed or
the transaction is fair to us.
Audit
Committee
The audit committee consists solely of independent directors,
and all members are financially literate. In addition, at least
one member of the audit committee has accounting or related
financial management expertise. The audit committee presently
consists of each independent director. We consider
Messrs. Green, Parseghian, Gilmore and Cohen to be
financially literate, and Messrs. Green, Parseghian and
Cohen to have accounting or related financial management
expertise.
The audit committee is responsible for assisting and advising
our board of directors with matters relating to:
•
our accounting and financial reporting processes;
•
the integrity and audits of our financial statements;
•
our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements;
•
the compliance of the investments selected by the managers with
our investment policies and procedures;
•
the review of the managers’ performance under the
management agreements;
•
the qualifications, performance and independence of our
independent registered public accounting firm; and
•
the qualifications, performance and independence of any third
party that provides valuations for our investments.
The audit committee will also be responsible for engaging our
independent registered public accounting firm, reviewing the
plans and results of each audit engagement with our independent
registered public accounting firm, approving professional
services provided by our independent registered public
accounting firm, considering the range of audit and nonaudit
fees charged by our independent registered public accounting
firm and reviewing the adequacy of our internal accounting
controls.
Nominating
and Corporate Governance Committee
Our board of directors is required to establish and maintain a
nominating and corporate governance committee at all times. The
nominating and corporate governance committee is required to
consist only of directors who are independent directors.
Currently, the nominating and corporate governance committee
shall be required to recommend a slate of nominees for election
as directors. It also reviews and makes recommendations on
matters involving the general operation of the board of
directors and our corporate governance, and annually recommends
to the board of directors nominees for each committee of the
board of directors. In addition, the nominating and corporate
governance committee annually facilitates the assessment of the
board of directors’ performance as a whole and of the
individual directors and reports thereon to the full board of
directors.
Compensation
Committee
Our board of directors is required to establish and maintain a
compensation committee at all times. The compensation committee
is required to consist of only directors who are independent
directors. Currently, the compensation committee shall be
required to set the salary of our chief financial officer.
We have adopted a corporate code of business conduct and ethics
relating to the conduct of our business by our employees,
officers and directors. We intend to maintain the highest
standards of ethical business practices and compliance with all
laws and regulations applicable to our business.
Director
Compensation
Each independent director will receive an annual fee of $50,000.
The chairman of the board of directors and the co-chairmen of
the audit committee will receive an additional $25,000 annually.
Each independent director will also receive $1,000 for each
board of directors or committee meeting attended, whether in
person or telephonically, plus reimbursement of reasonable
out-of-pocket
expenses incurred in connection with attending each board of
directors or committee meeting. Independent directors each
additionally receive an annual grant of 4,000 restricted shares.
In December 2006, the independent directors each earned $1,000
plus expenses as compensation for attending one board of
directors meeting.
Executive
Compensation
We have not paid, and do not intend to pay, any annual cash
compensation to the company’s executive officers for their
services as executive officers, other than the chief financial
officer. Our other executives are employees of the managers and
are compensated by the managers or their affiliates. The
managers’ fees are set forth in the respective management
agreements.
During 2006, our chief financial officer Ms. Conjeevaram,
who was appointed to her position in September 2006, received
salary of $83,333 and bonus of $150,000, totaling $233,333,
pursuant to her compensation arrangements set forth in her
employment agreement described in “— Employment
Agreements.”
Compensation
Discussion and Analysis
We have not paid, and do not intend to pay, any compensation to
the company’s executive officers for their services as
executive officers, other than the chief financial officer. Our
other executives are employees of the managers and are
compensated by the managers or their affiliates. The
managers’ fees are set forth in the management agreements,
which were entered into in connection with our formation. We do
not have any influence over the compensation our managers’
pay to our executive officers.
Our chief financial officer is paid pursuant to an employment
agreement entered into prior to our formation as a private
company. Her compensation was set through negotiation that took
into account her past experience, the compensation of similarly
senior financial company officers and the start-up nature of our
business. The policies and principles upon which our chief
financial officer’s compensation will be set in future
periods not covered by her employment agreement will be
established by our compensation committee following its
formation.
Equity
Incentive Plan
We do not have in place an equity incentive plan. As a result of
the offering, each of BSAM and Stone Tower will be entitled to
receive share grants representing 2.5% (or together an aggregate
of 5.0%) of our ordinary shares outstanding after giving effect
to the issuance of shares in our initial public offering.
Employment
Agreements
The CEOs and directors of the company have not entered into any
employment agreements with us and are not entitled to any
benefits upon the termination of their respective offices.
We have entered into an employment agreement with
Ms. Conjeevaram, pursuant to which she will be given the
title of Chief Financial Officer of the company and will receive
an initial annual salary of $250,000
(subject to proration in the event her employment is terminated
prior to September 2007). She is also eligible to receive an
annual bonus based on the success of the company and her
contribution thereto as determined by the CEOs.
Ms. Conjeevaram’s bonus for the year ended
August 31, 2007 will be $350,000 so long as she is an
employee in good standing on the date on which the bonus is paid
in September 2007 (subject to proration in the event her
employment is terminated prior to September 2007 other than for
cause). Contingent on the closing of this offering,
Ms. Conjeevaram will be granted restricted shares in an
amount equal to 0.25% of the fully diluted equity of the company
at the closing of the offering. Such restricted shares will be
subject to a plan approved by our board of directors that is
expected to provide that one-third of such stock will vest on
each of the first three anniversaries of the grant thereof,
provided that she is employed by the company on the vesting
dates. Ms. Conjeevaram will also be eligible to participate
in any employee benefit plans, policies or programs established
by the company for similarly situated employees. She has agreed
to adhere to the terms of the company’s employee policy
manual, code of ethics or other policies that may be adopted by
the company. Except as provided above, her employment by the
company is at will.
Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a
company’s articles of association may provide for the
indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent
that any such provision may be held by Cayman Islands courts to
be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification
against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime.
The company’s memorandum and articles of association permit
us to indemnify officers and directors for losses, damages,
costs and expenses incurred in their capacities as such, other
than in relation to acts or failure to act which are finally
adjudicated to have been grossly negligent or fraudulent or
which resulted from willful misconduct or criminal misconduct.
If the director or officer is found liable by the court, we may
indemnify him or her only if the court determines that the
director or officer is fairly and reasonably entitled to
indemnity.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the
U.S. Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers
or persons controlling the registrant pursuant to the foregoing
provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC
such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in
the U.S. Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable as a
matter of U.S. law.
Insurance
We currently maintain an insurance policy under which our
directors and officers are insured, subject to the limits of the
policy, against certain losses arising from claims made against
such directors and officers by reason of any acts or omissions
covered under the policy in their respective capacities as
directors or officers of the company, including certain
liabilities under securities laws.
Compliance
with Cayman Islands Corporate Governance Requirements
We comply in all material respects with the corporate governance
requirements that are applicable to the company under Cayman
Islands law.
Our chief financial officer is paid pursuant to an employment
agreement entered into prior to our formation as a private
company.
The following table summarizes the organizational structure of
the BSAM team as of December 31, 2006.
We will use the resources of BSAM. Certain information regarding
some of BSAM’s professionals who will be most directly
involved with managing Everquest is set forth below.
Ralph R. Cioffi. Mr. Cioffi is senior
managing director at BSAM. See “— Directors and
Executive Officers” for more biographical information.
Matthew Tannin. Mr. Tannin is the chief
operating officer of the BSHG Funds and a senior managing
director at BSAM. Mr. Tannin has been with Bear Stearns
since 1994. In 2003 he and Mr. Cioffi started the Bear
Stearns High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Fund. Prior to
this, he spent seven years on the
collateralized debt obligation structuring desk focusing on
emerging markets, high-grade and market value transactions. From
June 2001 through February 2003 he followed the CDO market as a
Bear Stearns CDO research analyst in the asset-backed research
group. Mr. Tannin has a J.D. from the University of
San Francisco, was a law clerk on the California Court of
Appeal and a Preston Warren scholar in philosophy at Bucknell
University. He is a registered investment advisor.
Raymond McGarrigal. Mr. McGarrigal is a
senior managing director and senior portfolio manager at BSAM.
Mr. McGarrigal started his Wall Street career with Bear
Stearns in 1991 in the Financial Analytics and Structured
Transactions (F. A.S.T.) group as an analyst. He moved to
UBS in 1993 and worked as a CMO structurer and CMO floater
trader until 1995. Following his time at UBS,
Mr. McGarrigal was a member of the New York Mercantile
Exchange, where he traded options on energy futures as a local.
He returned to Bear Stearns in 1997 and has structured a wide
variety of fixed-income structured products in the
F. A.S.T. group. His product specialties include all types
of CDOs, RMBS and structured credit derivatives. He brings to
BSAM an in-depth understanding of structure, risk, the ratings
process and relative value analysis across a wide range of
fixed-income structured credit products. Mr. McGarrigal
holds an M.B.A. in Finance from New York University and a B.S.
in Mathematics and Business Economics from the State University
College at Oneonta.
James Crystal. Mr. Crystal is a senior
managing director and senior portfolio manager at BSAM with
18 years of derivatives, investment banking and portfolio
management experience. From 2004 to 2005 Mr. Crystal was a
managing director at Silverback Asset Management, a hedge fund
specializing in convertible arbitrage and structured credit
investments. Prior to joining Silverback, he was a senior
managing director at Bear Stearns, in the investment banking
department and in the asset-backed investments department.
Before joining Bear Stearns in 1997, Mr. Crystal worked for
nine years at predecessor companies to UBS Investment Bank (S.G.
Warburg Securities, S.G. Warburg & Co. and SBC
Warburg), in Tokyo, London and New York. Mr. Crystal holds
a B.A., magna cum laude, from Yale University and an A.M. in
Regional Studies — East Asia from Harvard University.
Stuart Rothenberg. Mr. Rothenberg is a
managing director, portfolio management and surveillance at
BSAM. Mr. Rothenberg joined BSAM in November of 2005. He is
currently responsible for structuring, analysis and surveillance
of CDOs issued by BSAM as well as the CDO investments of the
BSHG Funds. Prior to joining BSAM, he spent six years at
S&P, where he was a director in the CDO group. Prior to
S&P, he was the product manager of structured finance trust
services at IBJ Schroder. Mr. Rothenberg holds an M.B.A. in
Finance & Investments from Baruch College and B.S.
degree in Business Administration from the State University of
New York at Oswego.
Andrew Lipton. Mr. Lipton is a managing
director, portfolio management and surveillance at BSAM. Prior
to joining BSAM, Mr. Lipton was vice president and senior
credit officer in the structured finance group at Moody’s
Investors Service. Mr. Lipton analyzed and wrote about many
asset-backed and mortgage-backed securitizations at
Moody’s, involving numerous asset classes. His background
in mortgage-related assets includes the prime and subprime
sectors, Alt-A mortgages, home equity, HELOCs, high LTV,
seasoned mortgages, tax liens and timeshares. Mr. Lipton
was as an attorney with the Department of Housing Preservation
and Development of the City of New York before going to
Moody’s. Mr. Lipton obtained his J.D. from Hofstra Law
School and his B.A. from Queens College.
Steven Van Solkema. Mr. Van Solkema is a
managing director, portfolio management and surveillance, at
BSAM. Mr. Van Solkema has worked for BSAM since 2003. He is
currently responsible for structuring, analysis and surveillance
of CDOs issued by BSAM as well as the CDO investments of the
Bear Stearns High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Funds.
Prior to that, he spent five years at Goldman Sachs as a
performance and risk analyst, specializing in attribution
analysis of leveraged fixed income accounts. He holds an M.B.A.
in Finance from New York University, and a B.B.A. in Finance and
Investments from Baruch College, where he was Solon E.
Summerfield Scholar. Mr. Van Solkema is a CFA charterholder.
Dhruv Mohindra. Mr. Mohindra is an
associate director, portfolio management and surveillance, at
BSAM. Mr. Mohindra joined BSAM in 2005 as research analyst
responsible for the analysis and trading of residential and
commercial mortgage-backed securities. Prior to joining BSAM,
Mr. Mohindra worked at
Moody’s Investors Service as a residential mortgage-backed
analyst and prior to that worked in structured product sales at
Deutsche Bank in London. Prior to attending business school
Mr. Mohindra worked at Goldman, Sachs & Co.,
initially in a risk management capacity and subsequently in
equity sales. Mr. Mohindra holds an M.B.A. in Finance from
New York University and undergraduate degrees in Economics as
well as Business Administration from Boston University, which he
attended on a full academic scholarship. In addition, he is a
CFA charterholder and a Licensed Real Estate Broker.
Jamie Karper. Mr Karper is an associate
director, portfolio management and surveillance, at BSAM.
Mr. Karper has been with Bear Stearns since 2001. He is
presently an analyst focusing on
sub-prime
and residential mortgage-backed securities. Prior to joining
BSAM, he was a trader on the Institutional Futures Agency Desk
covering financial and energy products for Asia/Pacific hours.
Mr. Karper received his B.A. in History from Hobart and
William Smith College in 1998.
BSAM’s
Track Record
Founded in 1923, The Bear Stearns Companies Inc. (NYSE: BSC) is
a holding company that, through its broker-dealer and
international bank subsidiaries, principally Bear,
Stearns & Co. Inc., Bear, Stearns Securities Corp., or
BSSC, Bear, Stearns International Limited and Bear Stearns Bank
plc, is a leading investment banking, securities and derivatives
trading, clearance and brokerage firm serving corporations,
governments, institutional and individual investors worldwide.
Through BSSC, it offers financing, securities lending, clearing
and technology solutions. Headquartered in New York City, the
company has approximately 13,000 employees worldwide.
BSAM is the asset management subsidiary of The Bear Stearns
Companies Inc. BSAM was incorporated in the State of New York on
March 15, 1985. BSAM is a registered investment advisor
with the SEC, and provides investment management services to
corporations, trusts, employee benefit plans, public
authorities, foundations, endowments, religious organizations,
high net worth individuals, mutual funds, private investment
funds, venture capital funds and issuers of collateralized bond
and loan obligations and other structured securities products.
BSAM offers investment expertise across a wide spectrum of
investment strategies, including: hedge funds; private equity;
large, small and mid-cap domestic equities; corporate,
government, municipal and high-yield bonds; balanced portfolio
management; mortgage-backed and mortgage derivative securities;
and systematic equity and collateralized loan accounts.
BearMeasurisk, an affiliate of BSAM, provides performance and
risk analysis for institutional clients.
BSAM employed approximately 409 individuals at December 31,2006, of which approximately 150 were classified as investment
professionals and 259 as administrative personnel. The
investment professionals total is comprised of approximately 42
portfolio managers, 53 research analysts and 55 other
professionals — a category that includes traders,
hedge fund administrators and private equity professionals. The
majority of BSAM’s business, including portfolio
management, research, administration and operations, is
conducted at Bear Stearns’ world headquarters in New York
City, although BSAM also has an investment management presence
in San Francisco. The Marketing and Client Service Group is
headquartered in the New York City office, but is represented
through branch offices in Chicago and San Francisco.
Internationally, the firm is represented through offices in
London and Tokyo.
When considering the track record information contained below,
you should take note of the fact that the historical track
record information may not be representative of the performance
of CDOs currently held by us or CDOs we hold in the future,
including for the reasons described in “Risk
Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business —
BSAM’s and Stone Tower’s track record information may
not be indicative of their or our future performance.”
The following table sets forth certain information as of
December 31, 2006, for the seven CDOs, excluding
Parapet CDO, managed by the BSAM Team and all or a portion
of the equity of which BSAM retained for funds it manages.
Managed
Deals (Excluding Parapet CDO)
Annualized
Original
Cumulative
Cash
Return(5)
(%)
Closing
Total
Total
Investment
Distributions
Adjusted
Date
Entity Name
Capitalization(1)
Equity(2)
in
Equity(3)
Made(4)
Gross
Gross
Net
($ in millions)
($ in millions)
($ in millions)
($ in millions)
04/2004
Klio Funding, Ltd.
2,423.24
38.40
(6)
38.40
13.3677
20
.8
15
.7
12
.2
10/2004
Klio II Funding, Ltd.**
5,048.75
86.25
(7)
86.25
23.0215
22
.5
17
.5
13
.9
12/2004
Kirkwood CDO, Ltd.
2004-1
550.80
9.25
9.25
4.8913
30
.4
30
.4
30
.4
12/2004
Stone Tower CDO Ltd.*
306.00
33.00
8.25
2.0233
20
.1
16
.9
13
.9
04/2005
High Grade Structured Credit CDO, Ltd.
2005-1
811.90
19.25
14.25
1.6610
13
.5
13
.5
7
.3
10/2005
Stone Tower CDO II Ltd.**
307.50
22.50
14.85
1.7796
22
.4
19
.2
12
.1
11/2005
Klio III Funding, Ltd.**
4,030.00
60.00
60.00
4.3832
14
.9
12
.4
8
.1
Weighted Average
19
.9
%
16
.2
%
12
.3
%
(1)
Total initial face or notional
amount of all debt and equity securities issued.
(2)
Total initial face or notional
amount of equity securities issued.
(3)
Total notional investment in equity
securities acquired by BSAM managed funds.
(4)
Cumulative actual cash distributed
to the BSAM managed funds in respect of equity securities held
by them.
(5)
Annualized cash return is
calculated as the cumulative cash distributions paid through the
last distribution date as a percentage of the total purchase
price of the equity investment amount divided by the number of
years from the closing date, assuming a 365-day year. Adjusted
gross returns reflect annualized cash returns, including
(i) any collateral management fees paid to BSAM which may
include a proportionate share of fees on equity held by third
parties; and (ii) certain cash flows which would, in
transactions of this kind, typically be paid to the
equityholders, but where the priority of payments of each
transaction indicated above diverts either to (a) amortize
the highest-cost debt in the transaction; or (b) purchase
additional collateral. It has been the practice of the BSAM Team
to structure the priority of payments in this way in each
transaction managed by it. Gross returns reflect annualized cash
returns including (i) and excluding (ii) above. Net returns
reflect annualized cash returns excluding (i) and
(ii) above. Due to the timing of cash payments received by
CDO equity holders and other factors, the annualized cash
returns on outstanding CDOs to date may not be reflective of the
final annualized cash returns ultimately received. See
“Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our
Business — BSAM’s and Stone Tower’s track
record information may not be indicative of their or our future
performance.” The annualized cash return is as of the
latest payment date in 2006.
(6)
Total notional amount of equity of
Klio Funding, Ltd. was restructured from $57,440,000 to
$38,440,000 as of July 21, 2005.
(7)
Total notional amount of equity of
Klio II Funding, Ltd. was restructured from $34,500,000 to
$86,250,000 as of April 1, 2005.
The following table sets forth certain information as of
December 31, 2006, for the 18 CDO equity tranches managed
by third parties that were purchased by the BSAM Team for funds
it manages.
Non-Managed
Deals
Original
Cumulative
Annualized
Closing
Investment
Distributions
Cash
Return(3)
Date
Entity Name
Manager
in
Equity(1)
Made(2)
(%)
($ in millions)
($ in millions)
03/2002
North Street Referenced Linked
Notes 2002-4
UBS Principal Investment Group
11.00
1.1000
34
.7
01/2005
Neptune CDO 2004-1 Ltd. **
Fund America Management Corporation
2.50
0.6588
15
.6
03/2005
North Street Referenced Linked
Notes 2005-7**
UBS Principal Investment Group
9.50
3.4273
23
.9
05/2005
Athos Funding, Ltd 2005-1
Terwin Money Management LLC
10.35
2.4051
17
.4
06/2005
Independence VI CDO, Ltd.
Declaration Management & Research LLC
13.00
2.8317
20
.4
07/2005
North Cove CDO, Ltd.
2005-1**
250 Capital LLC
16.70
5.099
25
.4
07/2005
North Street Referenced Linked
Notes 2005-9 G**
UBS Principal Investment Group
35.00
10.3424
25
.7
07/2005
North Street Referenced Linked
Notes 2005-9 H**
UBS Principal Investment Group
8.00
3.0286
43
.2
09/2005
Endeavor Funding, Ltd.
2005-1 S1**
Silvermine Capital Management
21.30
4.0357
18
.5
11/2005
Duke Funding IX CDO, Ltd.**
Duke Funding Management LLC
9.10
1.8126
22
.2
11/2005
Symphony CLO, Ltd.
2005-1**
Symphony Asset Management LLC
9.00
1.8353
24
.4
01/2006
Static Residential CDO 2005-C Ltd.**
None
10.00
2.2527
35
.6
02/2006
Montauk Point CDO, Ltd 2006-1*
Fortis Investment Management USA, Inc.
9.80
0.6704
15
.7
05/2006
Class V Funding II, Ltd.
2006-1*
Credit Suisse Alternative Capital, Inc.
12.00
1.1895
22
.4
05/2006
Mt. Wilson CLO, Ltd.
2006-1A**
Western Asset Management Company
23.50
***
***
05/2006
Vertical CRE CDO 2006-1, Ltd*
Vertical Capital LLC
12.30
0.7565
16
.5
07/2006
Aimco CLO 2006-AA
Allstate Investment Management Company
3.00
0.0974
11
.1
07/2006
Cherry Creek CDO, Ltd. 2006-1*
Surge Capital Management
14.00
1.1740
33
.5
Weighted
Average(4)
24
.5
%
(1)
Total investment in equity
securities by BSAM managed funds.
(2)
Cumulative actual cash distributed
to the BSAM managed funds in respect of equity securities held
by them.
(3)
Annualized cash return is
calculated as the cumulative cash distributions (including any
fee rebates) paid through the last distribution date as a
percentage of the total equity amount divided by the number of
years from the closing date of the acquisition of the
securities, assuming a
365-day
year. For outstanding CDOs, the annualized cash returns to date
may not be reflective of the final annualized cash returns
ultimately received. The annualized cash return is as of the
last payment date in 2006.
(4)
Includes only those CDOs that have
made at least one quarterly distribution prior to
December 31, 2006.
*
In Everquest portfolio.
**
In Parapet CDO portfolio.
***
As of December 31, 2006, no
cash had been distributed to the CDO equity holders.
The following table summarizes the organizational structure of
the Stone Tower team as of March 31, 2007.
We will use the resources of Stone Tower. Certain information
regarding some of Stone Tower’s key professionals who will
be most directly involved with managing Everquest is set forth
below:
Michael J. Levitt. Mr. Levitt is the
chairman and chief investment officer of Stone Tower. See
‘‘— Directors and Executive Officers”
for more biographical information.
W. Anthony Edson. Mr. Edson is a senior
managing director and chief strategy officer of Stone Tower.
Mr. Edson was one of the original founders of STC in 2001.
He is primarily responsible for the implementation of the
firm’s strategic initiatives. In addition, he
co-chairs
and oversees daily credit and investment committee reviews.
Previously, Mr. Edson was an executive with Hicks, Muse,
Tate & Furst Incorporated in the firm’s New York and
London offices. Prior thereto, Mr. Edson worked in the
Merger, Acquisition and Restructuring Department of Morgan
Stanley & Co. Mr. Edson holds a B.A. in Business
Administration with a concentration in Finance from Morehouse
College.
William J. Sheoris. Mr. Sheoris is a
senior managing director and chief financial officer of Stone
Tower. Mr. Sheoris was one of the original founders of STC
in 2001. He is responsible for all administrative, compliance
and reporting activities of STC, as well as advising on the
investment activities of the firm. Previously, Mr. Sheoris
was a general partner of a venture capital fund and a venture
capital fund-of-funds. Prior thereto, Mr. Sheoris was the
Manager of Finance for Barnes & Noble, Inc., where he
participated in all aspects of financial and treasury
management. Prior to joining Barnes & Noble,
Mr. Sheoris worked for Smith Barney Inc. in the Equity
Capital Markets Group. Mr. Sheoris holds a B.S. in Business
Administration with majors in Finance and Management Information
Systems from the University of Arizona.
Gregory M. Stover. Mr. Stover is a senior
portfolio manager at Stone Tower. Mr. Stover is responsible
for analyzing, monitoring and overseeing STC’s investment
activities and portfolios in corporate credit. In addition, he
co-chairs and oversees daily credit and investment committee
reviews. Mr. Stover has twenty-two
years of experience in various aspects of corporate finance and
credit analysis. Previously, he was with Tyco Capital and its
predecessor companies including The CIT Group, Inc.
Mr. Stover was a founding member of Tyco Capital’s
Merchant Banking and CIT’s Private Equity Sponsor Groups.
Prior thereto, Mr. Stover spent over ten years with
Chase Manhattan Bank’s corporate finance group.
Mr. Stover holds a B.A. in Psychology and a B.B.A. in
Finance from Southern Methodist University and an M.B.A. in
Finance from the Wharton School of the University of
Pennsylvania.
James E. Galowski. Mr. Galowski is a
senior portfolio manager at Stone Tower. Mr. Galowski is
responsible for overseeing STC’s investment activities in
asset-backed securities. He has over twenty-five years
experience in the financial services industry. Previously,
Mr. Galowski was with WestLB in New York, London and
Singapore. In Singapore, he was responsible for the bank’s
Financial Markets activities in the APAC region with trading
rooms in Hong Kong, Singapore, Tokyo, Sydney and Shanghai. He
was a Managing Director and served on the Board and Executive
Committee of WestLB Asset Management (U.S.) LLC, which
ultimately became Brightwater Capital Management. While in
London, Mr. Galowski focused on the reorganization of the
bank’s European treasury operations and served as the
acting Group Treasurer of the Thomas Cook Group. While with
WestLB in New York, Mr. Galowski was responsible for the
ABS portfolio management business. Prior to WestLB,
Mr. Galowski was with the Canadian Imperial Bank of
Commerce. Mr. Galowski holds a B.S. in Finance from St.
John’s University and an M.B.A. from Fordham
University’s School of Business.
Alexander T.D. Clarke. Mr. Clarke is a
portfolio manager at Stone Tower. Mr. Clarke is responsible for
analyzing, monitoring and overseeing STC’s investment
positions in the healthcare, printing and publishing sectors.
Mr. Clarke has over twenty years of experience in various
aspects of asset management, credit analysis and distressed debt
management. Previously, he was a founding member and Portfolio
Manager of Citadel Hill Advisors LLC, a credit-based asset
management firm formed by Scotiabank. Prior thereto,
Mr. Clarke spent eight years in Scotiabank’s Global
Risk Management division where he was a Managing Director in the
Loan Workout Group. Prior to joining Global Risk Management,
Mr. Clarke worked in Scotiabank’s Corporate Banking
division. Mr. Clarke holds a B.A. in Economics and an
M.B.A. with concentrations in Finance and Marketing from
Queen’s University of Kingston, Ontario.
Andy Y. Wong. Mr. Wong is an analyst at
Stone Tower. He is responsible for analyzing, monitoring and
overseeing STC’s investment positions in the chemical,
industrial and packaging sectors. Previously, Mr. Wong was
with GE Capital Corporation, where he was responsible for the
identification, evaluation and execution of distressed debt
investments. Prior thereto, he worked in private equity
investing at Schroder Ventures. Mr. Wong holds a B.S. with
a concentration in Finance from the Wharton School of the
University of Pennsylvania and an M.B.A. with concentrations in
Finance and Management & Strategy from the Kellogg
School of Management at Northwestern University.
David Saitowitz. Mr. Saitowitz is an
analyst at Stone Tower. He is responsible for analyzing and
monitoring STC’s investment positions in the cable,
communications and business services sectors. Previously,
Mr. Saitowitz was with JPMorgan Chase & Co.,
where he was responsible for analyzing and evaluating the
bank’s corporate loan portfolio. Prior thereto, he was in
the Syndicated and Leveraged Finance group where he structured
various financing transactions. Mr. Saitowitz holds a B.S.
in Finance from the University of Colorado at Boulder.
Stone Tower is an affiliate of Stone Tower Capital LLC, which
was founded in 2001 as an alternative investment firm focused on
credit and credit-related assets. Through its affiliates, Stone
Tower managed approximately $7.7 billion in leveraged
finance-related assets across several structured fund vehicles
and a limited partnership, as of December 31, 2006. Stone
Tower was established to provide a variety of asset management
and investment advisory services. Stone Tower’s general
investment approach stresses investments in credit-intensive
leveraged finance investments with objectives of achieving a
superior return on invested capital while preserving principal.
Under this investment approach, Stone Tower focuses on
investments in companies with stable or improving credit
profiles and selects investments according to their assessed
ability to withstand and adapt to then current business cycles.
As of December 31, 2006 the Stone Tower team had
37 employees, which included 19 investment professionals.
Stone Tower’s objective is to generate stable and
consistent returns for its investors, which include domestic and
international banking institutions, insurance companies,
institutional money management firms, family offices and high
net worth individuals.
When considering the track record information provided below,
you should take note of the fact that the historical track
record information may not be representative of the performance
of CDOs currently held by us or CDOs we will hold in the future,
including for the reasons described in “Risk
Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business —
BSAM’s and Stone Tower’s track record information may
not be indicative of their or our future performance.”
The following table identifies the performance of the nine CDOs
sponsored by Stone Tower that closed and that have made at least
one distribution as of December 31, 2006.
Stone
Tower’s Track Record
Cumulative
Total
Distributions
Annualized Cash
Return(4)
Capitalization(1)
Total
Equity(2)
Made(3)
(%)
Closing Date
Entity Name
($ in millions)
($ in millions)
($ in millions)
Gross
Net
7/2003
Stone Tower CLO
Ltd.(5)
325.50
15.13
23.6912
37.2
(6)
27.1
(6)
8/2004
Stone Tower CLO II Ltd.
300.00
22.00
10.0919
24.6
21.2
12/2004
Stone Tower CDO Ltd. (CDO of
CLOs)(7)*
306.00
33.00
8.0930
15.9
13.2
4/2005
Granite Ventures I Ltd.
360.40
28.90
9.4986
23.6
20.6
5/2005
Stone Tower CLO III Ltd.
700.00
56.25
10.9944
17.6
12.9
10/2005
Stone Tower CDO II Ltd. (CDO
of
CLOs)(7)**
307.50
22.50
2.6964
17.0
10.9
12/2005
Granite Ventures II Ltd.
361.00
32.00
4.8626
20.8
18.1
3/2006
Stone Tower CLO IV Ltd.***
750.00
60.00
2.0300
11.0
5.8
5/2006
Granite Ventures III Ltd.
412.00
37.00
2.1503
16.2
13.5
Weighted Average
18.3
%
14.0
%
(1)
Total initial face or notional
amount of all debt and equity securities issued.
(2)
Total initial face or notional
amount on all equity securities issued.
(3)
Cumulative actual cash distributed
to holders of equity securities since issuance.
(4)
Annualized cash return is
calculated as the cumulative cash distributions paid through the
last distribution date as a percentage of the total notional
equity amount divided by the number of years from the closing
date, assuming a
365-day
year. Gross returns reflect annualized cash returns before
deducting fees paid to the manager. Net returns reflect
annualized cash returns net of fees paid to the manager. Due to
the timing of cash payments received by CDO equity holders and
other factors, the annualized cash returns on outstanding CDOs
to date may not be reflective of the final annualized cash
returns ultimately received. See “Risk Factors —
Risks Relating to Our Business — BSAM’s and Stone
Tower’s track record information may not be indicative of
their or our future performance.”
(5)
Due to the optional redemption
exercised by preferred shareholders in August 2005, the
annualized cash returns reflect the final annualized cash
returns received.
(6)
Accrued and unpaid interest as of
redemption date assumed received on the August 2005 redemption
date. Cash return excludes repayment of initial equity.
(7)
The gross annualized cash returns
to Stone Tower CDO Ltd. and Stone Tower CDO II Ltd.,
including certain cash flows which would, in transactions of
this kind, typically be paid to equityholders, but which the
priority of payments of each transaction indicated above diverts
to amortize the highest-cost debt in the transaction, were 18.7%
and 19.6%, respectively.
*
Portion of equity securities in
each of Everquest’s and Parapet CDO’s portfolio.
**
Portion of equity securities in
Parapet CDO portfolio.
***
Portion of equity securities in
Everquest portfolio.
We are subject to conflicts of interest relating to BSAM and its
affiliates, including Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc., which
is one of the underwriters of this offering, and Stone Tower and
its affiliates, including, among others, the following:
•
Each of our CEOs also serves as an executive officer of BSAM or
Stone Tower. As a result of these relationships, these persons
have a conflict of interest with respect to our agreements and
arrangements with our managers, which were not negotiated at
arm’s length, and the terms of which may not be as
favorable to us as if they had been negotiated with an
unaffiliated third party.
•
Substantially all of our initial CDO holdings were contributed
by the BSHG Funds, which are managed by BSAM. Thus, the
consideration given by us in exchange for these assets was not
negotiated at arm’s length and may exceed the values that
could be achieved upon the sale or other disposition of these
assets to third parties. In addition, the performance of the CDO
holdings retained by the BSHG Funds may differ from the
performance of those initially contributed to us.
•
BSAM, Stone Tower
and/or their
affiliates currently advise, sponsor or act as manager to other
business ventures or clients that have investment objectives
that overlap with our business plan and strategies and therefore
compete with us for asset acquisition, investment and other
opportunities and may create additional vehicles in the future
that compete for such opportunities. We will therefore face
conflicts of interest with the managers
and/or their
affiliates with respect to the allocation of asset acquisition,
investment and other opportunities.
•
We may purchase assets from, finance the assets of or make
co-purchases alongside BSAM or Stone Tower, their affiliates
and/or business ventures or clients that they manage, including
assets of CDOs structured by BSAM or Stone Tower. These
transactions will not be the result of arm’s length
negotiations and will involve conflicts between our interests
and the interests of BSAM or Stone Tower
and/or their
affiliates in obtaining favorable terms and conditions.
•
In structuring our CDO subsidiaries, our managers may have
conflicts between us and other entities managed by them that
purchase debt securities in our CDOs with regard to setting
subordination levels, determining interest rates, pricing the
securities, providing for divesting or deferring distributions
that would otherwise be made to CDO equity, or otherwise setting
the amounts and priorities of distributions to the holders of
debt and equity interests in the CDOs.
•
Not all of the CDO equity assets of the BSHG Funds were
contributed to us. The retained assets include CDO equity
interests in CDOs in which we acquired an interest, which may
result in the BSHG Funds having an interest that conflicts with
ours.
•
We may also compete with BSAM’s and Stone Tower’s
current and future business ventures or clients for access to
management time, resources, services and functions. The managers
are only required to devote as much of their time and resources
to our business as they deem necessary and appropriate to
fulfill their obligations under their respective management
agreements, and neither CEO is required to devote a specific
amount of time to our affairs.
•
Ralph R. Cioffi, one of our CEOs, is a director of BSAM, the
founder of the BSHG Funds and beneficially owns equity in the
BSHG Funds and in Bear Stearns. Affiliates of Bear Stearns,
including the BSHG Funds and other
BSAM-managed
funds, may compete with us for asset acquisitions and CDO
investments either directly or as brokers, dealers or
underwriters of CDO securities or the assets underlying such
securities.
•
Michael J. Levitt, one of our CEOs, is the founder of and
beneficially owns equity interests in Stone Tower. Affiliates of
Stone Tower may compete with us for asset acquisitions and CDO
investments. Therefore, he has interests in our relationship
with Stone Tower that are different from the interests of our
shareholders.
Subject to certain conditions, BSAM and Stone Tower are entitled
to elect two and one of our directors, respectively. Although
all of our directors will owe fiduciary duties to all
shareholders, the directors elected by our managers may have
interests different from those of our independent directors and
aligned with the interests of our managers.
•
Each of BSAM and Stone Tower manages funds or is affiliated with
funds that are significant shareholders of Everquest. Each of
our CEOs has beneficial interests in their related funds. BSAM
and Stone Tower may enter into transactions at the shareholder
level, such as transactions that hedge exposures to
Everquest’s assets, which provide benefits to these
shareholders that are not provided to Everquest or our other
shareholders.
•
Affiliates of HY have significant beneficial interests in Stone
Tower. As a contributor, in exchange for shares in the company,
of two of our initial CDO holdings and as a holder of an
indirect economic interest in Stone Tower, these affiliates may
have interests that are not aligned with those of other
shareholders.
•
I/ST, an entity controlled by Michael J. Levitt,
beneficially owned approximately 8.4% of our shares at
December 31, 2006. In exercising his management discretion
on behalf of I/ST, Mr. Levitt may take actions, or refrain
from taking actions, which would not benefit us or our other
shareholders.
•
BSAM and Stone Tower, through their activities on behalf of
other clients or entities, may acquire confidential or material
nonpublic information or be restricted by internal policies from
initiating transactions in certain securities. These
restrictions may prevent us from managing our assets in a manner
that is otherwise in our best interests.
•
We may purchase assets that are senior or junior to, or have
rights and interests different from or adverse to, assets held
by other accounts or funds managed by BSAM or Stone Tower. Our
interests in such assets may conflict with the interests of such
other accounts in related investments at the time of origination
or in the event of a default or restructuring of a company,
property or other asset.
•
We purchase additional assets from third parties in negotiated
transactions. Some of the asset sellers may be entities with
which BSAM or Stone Tower or their affiliates has engaged in
other commercial transactions, are clients of BSAM or Stone
Tower or their affiliates or have other business relationships
and may include shareholders. Such relationships could influence
the purchase price for the additional assets.
•
Although both our and our managers are expected to benefit from
the ability to jointly develop relationships with dealers,
sponsors, originators and other participants in the CDO markets,
there may be instances in which our managers receive greater
benefits in these relationships by reason of their roles with
us. We will benefit from reduced fees payable to our managers to
the extent they receive fees from third parties in transactions
in which we invest, the degree of this benefit will depend in
part on the manner in which our managers allocate investments
between us and third parties.
•
Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc., one of the underwriters of
this offering and an affiliate of BSAM, may in the future
execute trades with us or on our behalf, perform valuation
services for BSAM on our behalf, extend or arrange debt
financing to us or on our behalf, assist with structuring and
placing securities of our CDO subsidiaries and perform other
services for us.
Conflicts
Relating to the Management Agreements
We are subject to conflicts of interests relating to our
managers’ roles under the management agreements, including,
among others, the following:
•
Although our management agreements are subject to annual
renewal, failure by us to renew the management agreements in
certain circumstances and at certain times may result in us
incurring additional costs. Upon the termination of a management
agreement other than for cause, we are required to pay the
manager a termination fee if the termination occurs before
September 2009.
Our managers’ liability is limited under the management
agreements. Except under certain circumstances, we have agreed
to indemnify our managers, their affiliates to the fullest
extent permitted by law against all liabilities and expenses
arising from acts or omissions of any such indemnified party
arising from, or in connection with, the provision of services
by BSAM and Stone Tower, or on behalf of BSAM and Stone Tower,
under the management agreements.
•
The amounts payable to our managers were not approved by our
independent directors and may be higher than the company could
achieve on an arm’s length basis with third parties.
•
The Incentive Fee, which is based upon the company’s
achievement of targeted levels of net increase in net assets
resulting from operations, may lead our managers to place undue
emphasis on the maximization of net increase in net assets
resulting from operations at the expense of other criteria, such
as the preservation of capital, maintaining sufficient liquidity
and/or
management of credit risk or market risk, in order to achieve
higher incentive compensation.
•
The Base Fee, which is based on the amount of our net assets (as
defined in the management agreements), is generally payable
regardless of our operating performance. The Base Fee may reduce
our managers’ incentive to devote the time and effort of
their professionals to seeking profitable opportunities for our
portfolio.
•
The Base Fee and Incentive Fee are based on the value of our net
assets. The value of our net assets is based on highly
subjective assumptions by our managers, who also receive the
Base Fee and Incentive Fee.
•
No members of the BSAM Team or Stone Tower including the CEOs,
have entered into contracts with us requiring them to provide us
or the managers with their services. Consequently, members of
the BSAM Team and Stone Tower Team may devote a significant
amount of time managing other BSAM or Stone Tower-managed
vehicles and may not be available to our managers to provide
services pursuant to our management agreements.
Resolution
of Potential Conflicts of Interest; Equitable Allocation of
Investment Opportunities
The management services to be provided by our managers under the
management agreements are not exclusive to us and our
subsidiaries. Our managers
and/or their
affiliates engage in a broad spectrum of activities, including
investment advisory activities, and have extensive investment
activities that are independent from, and may conflict or
compete with, our business plan and strategies. BSAM, Stone
Tower and/or
their affiliates currently advise, sponsor or act as manager to
other business ventures or clients that have investment
objectives that overlap with our business plan and therefore
compete with us for asset acquisition, development and
structuring opportunities. Each of BSAM, Stone Tower
and/or their
affiliates sponsor or manage structured products funds, hedge
funds, CDOs and separate accounts that invest in CDO equity,
asset-backed securities, corporate debt securities and other
structured fixed-income securities. We will therefore face a
number of conflicts of interest with our managers
and/or their
affiliates with respect to the allocation of asset acquisition
opportunities. In addition, our managers may raise new
investment funds whose investment objectives overlap with our
business plan, which may further compound these conflicts.
Our managers are required to act in a manner which they consider
fair and equitable in the allocation of business opportunities,
and each of the managers internally oversees conflicts in a
manner designed to prevent any client from receiving unduly
favorable treatment over time. However, because the decision to
offer any business opportunity to us lies within the discretion
of the managers, it is possible that we may not be given the
opportunity to participate in certain opportunities which meet
our business objectives and which are made available to other
clients or affiliates of the managers.
Each manager intends to allocate asset acquisition opportunities
between us, on the one hand, and the investment management
accounts managed or advised by it, on the other, in accordance
with its asset allocation policies and procedures. Under these
policies and procedures, the respective manager will use its
reasonable best judgment and act in a manner that it considers
fair and reasonable in allocating asset acquisition
opportunities. When it is determined that it would be
appropriate for us or one of our subsidiaries
and one or more of such other investment management accounts to
participate together in an acquisition opportunity, the
respective manager will seek to allocate opportunities for all
of the participating entities, including us, on an equitable
basis, taking into account, among other things, such factors as
the relative amounts of capital available for new purchases, the
financing available in respect of an asset, legal restrictions,
the size, liquidity and anticipated duration of the proposed
asset acquisition, and the respective business objectives and
policies and asset portfolios of us and the other entities for
which participation is appropriate. Accordingly, we may not be
given the opportunity to participate at all in certain
acquisitions made by such other investment management accounts
that meet our business objectives, but we expect over time to
receive a fair allocation of such opportunities.
To further address potential conflicts arising out of
transactions between us, on the one hand, and our managers
and/or their
affiliates, on the other, a majority of the members of our board
of directors are directors who are unaffiliated with either BSAM
or Stone Tower
and/or their
affiliates and satisfy the NYSE independence standard. Our
policies state that certain transactions involving our managers
and/or their
affiliates or directors who are not independent must be approved
by a majority of our disinterested directors.
We co-purchase assets alongside affiliates of our managers,
including purchases of assets from, and interests in loans to,
unaffiliated third parties. In addition, we may acquire
interests in unaffiliated third parties where an affiliate of
one of our managers has acquired, is concurrently acquiring, or
intends to acquire, a different interest in the same
counterparty. In such instances our interest may be senior or
junior to, or have rights different from or adverse to, the
interest owned by the manager’s affiliates. These
acquisitions will be in compliance with applicable law and the
manager’s internal procedures.
Our managers may determine, in light of differing business
objectives of an affiliate that has an interest in a transaction
in which we also have a financial interest and other factors
applicable to the specific situation, to dispose of all or a
portion of an asset on our behalf at the same time as such asset
or portion thereof or a related asset is being retained by such
affiliate. Conversely, the managers may determine to retain all
or a portion of an asset on our behalf where such asset or a
related instrument is being disposed of on behalf of such
affiliate. Each of these determinations may present an actual or
potential conflict of interest that is subject to either of the
managers’ internal procedures.
Under the management agreements, there are no limits on the
percentage of our total assets that may be comprised of assets
of the type described above. Assets of the type described above
may not be the result of arm’s length negotiations and may
involve actual or potential conflicts between our interests and
the interests of other affiliates of our managers. In addition,
where we co-purchase assets with another affiliate of our
managers, our returns on these assets may differ, in some cases
materially, from our managers’ affiliates’ returns as
a result of a variety of factors, including differences in the
rates at which we are able to finance our assets as compared to
the managers’ affiliates and differences in the timing of
our disposition of such asset as compared to the managers’
affiliates.
Three of our directors, including our CEOs, are affiliated with
BSAM or Stone Tower.
Transactions
with BSAM and Stone Tower
Management
Agreements
We have entered into management agreements with BSAM and Stone
Tower, our managers, pursuant to which they will provide the
day-to-day
management of our operations. The management agreements require
BSAM and Stone Tower to manage our business affairs in
conformity with the policies and investment guidelines that are
approved and monitored by our board of directors. Both of our
CEOs also serve as officers of BSAM and Stone Tower. As a
result, the management agreements between us and BSAM and Stone
Tower were negotiated between related parties, and the terms,
including fees payable, may not be as favorable to us as if they
had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third party.
Profit-Sharing
Arrangement between Our Company and the Managers
BSAM and Stone Tower are each party to the limited liability
company agreement with our subsidiary Everquest LLC pursuant to
which each of them is entitled to share in the profits of
Everquest LLC. Everquest LLC’s business is similar to
Everquest’s; BSAM and Stone Tower are the managers of its
assets.
Under the terms of Everquest LLC’s limited liability
company agreement, BSAM and Stone Tower are entitled to base
profits interest and incentive profits interest. They are
entitled to base profit interests in an amount equal to the sum
of: (i) 1.75% on an annualized basis of Everquest
LLC’s net assets up to $2 billion; plus
(ii) 1.50% on an annualized basis of Everquest LLC’s
net assets over $2 billion and up to $3 billion; plus
(iii) 1.25% on an annualized basis of Everquest LLC’s
net assets over $3 billion and up to $4 billion; plus
(iv) 1% on an annualized basis of Everquest LLC’s net
assets over $4 billion.
In addition, BSAM and Stone Tower are entitled to incentive
profits interest payable quarterly in arrears equal to
(i) 25% of the dollar amount by which (a) the
quarterly net increase in net assets resulting from operations
of Everquest LLC, as determined in accordance with GAAP, before
accounting for the incentive profits, per weighted average unit,
exceeds (b) the product of an amount equal to the weighted
average of the capital contributions per unit, multiplied by the
greater of 2.00% or 0.50% plus one-fourth of the U.S. Ten
Year Treasury Rate for such quarter, multiplied by (ii) the
weighted average number of units outstanding during the quarter;
provided that the foregoing calculation of the incentive profits
interest will be adjusted to exclude special one-time events
pursuant to changes in GAAP, as well as non-cash charges, after
discussion between Everquest LLC and the independent directors
of Everquest and approval by a majority of independent directors.
Management
of CDOs
As of December 31, 2006, BSAM and Stone Tower also managed
10 CDOs in which we or Parapet CDO hold an interest, for
which they receive customary collateral management fees. Each of
BSAM and Stone Tower has agreed to rebate to us any management
or incentive fee otherwise payable by us on newly created CDOs
sponsored by either of them following our formation. However,
BSAM and/or
Stone Tower will not rebate to us, and will keep, any fees that
they receive relating to their management of the CDOs
contributed to us at the time of our formation or CDOs held by
Parapet CDO. Transactions where the managers have principal
interests will require approval of a majority of the independent
members of our board of directors.
Grants
of Shares
As a result of the offering, each of BSAM and Stone Tower, or
their designees, will be entitled to receive shares grants
representing 2.5% (or together an aggregate of 5.0%) of our
ordinary shares outstanding upon the completion of this offering.
Contribution
of Our Initial Assets and Purchase of Ordinary
Shares
Contribution
of Initial Assets by the BSHG Funds
The BSHG Funds, which are managed by BSAM and in which BSAM and
its affiliates own a small interest, contributed approximately
$548.8 million of our initial assets to us in return for
approximately
$148.8 million in cash and 16,000,000 of our ordinary
shares. The value of the initial assets contributed by the BSHG
Funds were determined based on certain models, assumptions and
methods and do not necessarily reflect the values that could
have been achieved by us upon sale or other disposition of such
assets, and performance of the assets is expected to differ, and
may differ materially, from that used in such model.
Contribution
of Initial Assets by HY
HY, which has an indirect economic interests in Stone Tower,
contributed approximately $6.4 million of our initial
assets to us and $18.6 million in cash in return for
1,000,000 of our ordinary shares. The value of the initial
assets contributed by HY were determined based on certain
models, assumptions and methods and do not necessarily reflect
the values that could have been achieved by us upon the sale or
other disposition of such assets, and the performance of the
assets is expected to differ, and may differ materially, from
that used in such model.
Purchase
of Ordinary Shares by Stone Tower Affiliates
I/ST subscribed to 2,000,000 shares priced of $25 per
share. In January 2007 I/ST invested an additional
$25 million in shares at a price based on the
December 31, 2006 NAV per share.
Purchase
of Ordinary Shares by Bear Stearns Strategic Investment
Corp.
Bear Stearns Strategic Investment Corp., an affiliate of Bear
Stearns, subscribed to 1,000,000 shares at a price of
$25 per share.
Transfer
of Credit Default Swaps
Prior to and since our formation, our manager BSAM has hedged
exposures to certain tranches of ABS held by some of our CDOs,
particularly RMBS with a high degree of exposure to sub-prime
residential mortgage loans. These hedging transactions were
originally entered into between the BSHG Funds and third parties
and were not initially transferred to us pending our entry into
relevant International Swaps and Derivatives Association, or
ISDA, master agreements or other appropriate documentation with
the third-party counterparties to the swaps. On May 8,2007, the BSHG Funds transferred to us their interests in credit
default swaps that reference 48 tranches of ABS securities held
by our CDOs with a notional amount of approximately
$201 million. We have agreed to pay the BSHG Funds
approximately $4.4 million, representing accrued premiums
on the swaps from the date of our formation or the effective
date of the swaps, if later, through May 8, 2007 and, in
the case of swaps in existence at the time of our formation, the
fair value of such swaps as of that date. As a result of these
transfers, we bear the risk of any decrease in value, and
benefit from any gain or payments, with respect to these credit
default swap contracts from May 8, 2007. We are also
required to pay the ongoing premiums relating to the contracts.
The consideration we paid for the swaps was less than their fair
value as of the date of transfer, which BSAM estimated to be
approximately $21.6 million as of that date, and was
designed to represent the amount we would have paid if the swaps
that were in existence at the time of our formation had been
transferred to us at that time and if we had otherwise directly
entered into the swaps that were entered into after our
formation. As a result, to the extent the fair value continues
to exceed the amount we paid, we would expect our second quarter
results to include a gain relating to the recognition of the
swaps on our balance sheet as of the transfer date. While the
BSHG Funds as principal shareholders will continue to benefit
from the swaps they transferred to us to the extent of their
equity ownership in us, we have been advised that BSAM has
agreed to compensate the BSHG Funds for the decrease in their
net asset value resulting from the transfer of their interests
in the swaps to us.
Other
Everquest has a sub-lease agreement with I/ST Equity Partners
LLC, the manager of Everquest’s investor IST Offshore
Holdings Ltd. I/ST Equity Partners LLC indirectly owns a portion
of Stone Tower. Everquest pays a monthly rent of $7,155 to I/ST
Equity Partners LLC, based on the square footage of office space
that Everquest occupies.
We have 200,000,000 ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per
share, authorized. The following table presents certain
ownership information with respect to our ordinary shares for
persons who directly or indirectly own, control or hold with
power to vote, 5% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares and
all executive officers, directors, and director nominees
individually and as a group, immediately prior to and after the
completion of the offering, assuming that we
issue
ordinary shares in the offering.
Prior to this offering, our share capital was divided between
ordinary shares and limited voting participating shares. In
connection with this offering, all limited voting participating
shares will automatically become ordinary shares.
Holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to elect the
independent members of our board of directors.
Number of Shares
Approximate Percentage of Outstanding Shares
Name and Address of Beneficial
Owner(1)
Beneficially Owned
Before Offering
After Offering
5% Shareholders:
The BSHG
Funds(2)
16,000,000
IST Offshore Holdings
Ltd.(3)
2,000,000
Directors and Executive
Officers:
James S. Gilmore, III
4,000
Ralph R.
Cioffi(4)
16,000,000
Michael J.
Levitt(5)
2,000,000
Gary Cohen
4,000
John W. Geissinger
—
Jay M. Green
4,000
Gregory J.
Parseghian(6)
4,000
Smita
Conjeevaram(7)
—
(All directors and executive
officers as a group (eight individuals))
18,016,000
(1)
Unless otherwise indicated the business address of each
shareholder is c/o Everquest Financial Ltd., 152 West 57th
Street, New York, New York10019.
(2)
The business address of the BSHG Funds is c/o BSAM,
383 Madison Ave., New York, New York10179.
(3)
An affiliate of I/ST.
(4)
Mr. Cioffi is a Senior Managing Director and Board member of
BSAM, the manager of the BSHG Funds, and may be considered to
have beneficial ownership of the BSHG Funds’ interests in
us. Mr. Cioffi disclaims beneficial ownership of any shares
in which he does not have a pecuniary interest.
(5)
Mr. Levitt is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of I/ST and
may be considered to have beneficial ownership of I/ST’s
interests in us. Mr. Levitt disclaims beneficial ownership
of any shares in which he does not have a pecuniary interest.
(6)
Does not include shares purchased in the February 2007 private
round of financing.
(7)
Contingent on the closing of this offering, Ms. Conjeevaram
will be granted restricted shares in an amount equal to 0.25% of
the fully diluted equity of the company at the closing of the
offering.
We expect to grant to BSAM and Stone Tower
and/or their
employees options or share grants representing up to 5% of our
outstanding ordinary shares after giving effect to the offering.
The foregoing table does not give effect to this grant.
BSAM and Stone Tower, or their respective designees, will each
beneficially own a nominal amount of shares of a separate
special class of voting shares of the company. The special class
of our shares beneficially owned by BSAM will entitle BSAM to
nominate and elect up to two directors to our board of
directors, and the special class of our shares that are
beneficially owned by Stone Tower will entitle Stone Tower to
nominate and elect one director to our board of directors, in
each case so long as each entity is a manager or each entity or
its respective affiliates maintain a specified level of
investment in our company as described above under “Our
Management and Corporate Governance — Board
Committees — Election and Removal of Directors.”
The following is a description of the material terms of our
share capital and is qualified in its entirety by reference to
all of the provisions of our memorandum and articles of
association. Because this description is only a summary of the
terms of our share capital and our memorandum and articles of
association, it does not contain all of the information that you
may find useful.
As of the date hereof, our authorized share capital is $200,000,
consisting of 200,000,000 ordinary voting shares, par value
$0.001 per share, and the issued share capital is
$ , consisting
of
ordinary shares fully paid or credited as fully paid. The shares
being offered hereby are ordinary shares, entitled to one vote
per share.
Prior to this offering, our share capital was divided between
ordinary shares and limited voting participating shares. In
connection with this offering, all limited voting participating
shares will automatically become entitled to all rights of
ordinary shares.
We were incorporated in the Cayman Islands on September 5,2006 as an exempted company with limited liability under the
Companies Law of the Cayman Islands. Our shareholders may freely
hold and vote their shares. A Cayman Islands exempted company:
•
is a company the objectives of which are to be carried on mainly
outside of the Cayman Islands;
•
is exempted from certain requirements of the Companies Law of
the Cayman Islands, including the filing annual returns of its
shareholders with the Registrar of Companies;
•
does not have to make its register of shareholders open to
inspection; and
•
may obtain an undertaking from the Governor in Cabinet of the
Cayman Islands against the imposition of any future taxation.
The following summarizes the terms and provisions of our share
capital upon the completion of the offering, as well as the
material applicable laws of the Cayman Islands. This summary is
not complete, and you should read our memorandum and articles of
association, which have been filed as an exhibit to the
registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
Rights
Attaching to Our Shares
Ordinary
Shares
The ordinary shares have rights as follows:
•
the right to receive notice of, and attend and vote at, any
general meeting of the company: every holder of ordinary shares
is entitled, on a poll, to one vote per ordinary share;
•
the right to receive dividends as and when declared by our board
of directors; and
•
the right to a return on capital of a winding-up in accordance
with our memorandum and articles of association.
No person shall be entitled to vote at any general meeting
unless he or she is registered as a member on the record date
for such meeting nor unless all calls or other monies then
payable by him or her in respect of such shares have been paid.
The ordinary shares are subject to compulsory redemption in
accordance with our memorandum and articles of association.
While there is nothing under the laws of the Cayman Islands that
specifically prohibits or restricts the creation of cumulative
voting rights for the election of directors of the company,
unlike the requirement under Delaware law that cumulative voting
for the election of directors is permitted only if expressly
authorized in the certificate of incorporation, it is not a
concept that is accepted as a common practice in the Cayman
Islands, and the company has made no provisions in its articles
of association to allow cumulative voting for such elections.
The special voting share classes granted to BSAM and Stone Tower
entitle each to elect one director so long as the relevant
management agreement remains in effect, or the relevant manager
or its affiliates has over $50 million invested in
Everquest and in the case of BSAM to entitle it to elect one
additional director so long as the BSAM-affiliated investment in
Everquest is over $100 million.
Protection
of Minority Shareholders
The Grand Court of the Cayman Islands may, on the application of
shareholders holding not less than one-fifth of our shares in
issue, appoint an inspector to examine our affairs and report
thereon in a manner as the Grand Court shall direct.
Any shareholder may petition the Grand Court of the Cayman
Islands which may make a
winding-up
order, if the court is of the opinion that it is just and
equitable that we should be wound up.
Claims against us by our shareholders must, as a general rule,
be based on the general laws of contract or tort applicable in
the Cayman Islands or their individual rights as shareholders as
established by our articles of association.
The Cayman Islands courts ordinarily would be expected to follow
English case law precedents which permit a minority shareholder
to commence a representative action against, or derivative
actions in our name to challenge (i) an act which is ultra
vires or illegal, (ii) an act which constitutes a fraud
against the minority and the wrongdoers are themselves in
control of us and (iii) an irregularity in the passing of a
resolution that requires a qualified (or special) majority.
Pre-emption
Rights
There are no pre-emption rights applicable to the issuance of
new shares under either Cayman Islands law or our memorandum and
articles of association after the consummation of the offering.
Liquidation
Rights
Subject to any special rights, privileges or restrictions as to
the distribution of available surplus assets on liquidation for
the time being attached to any class or classes of shares
(i) if we are wound up and the assets available for
distribution among our shareholders are more than sufficient to
repay the whole of the capital paid up at the commencement of
the winding-up, the excess shall be distributed pari passu
among those shareholders in proportion to the amount paid up
at the commencement of the winding-up on the shares held by
them, respectively, and (ii) if we are wound up and the
assets available for distribution among the shareholders as such
are insufficient to repay the whole of the
paid-up
capital, those assets shall be distributed so that, as nearly as
may be, the losses shall be borne by the shareholders in
proportion to the capital paid up, or which ought to have been
paid up, at the commencement of the winding-up on the shares
held by them, respectively.
If the company shall be wound up (whether the liquidation is
voluntary or by or under the supervision of the court) the
liquidator may, with the authority of a resolution or
resolutions passed by the holders of shares, divide among the
members in kind the whole or any part of the assets of the
company. The liquidator may vest any part of the assets in
trustees upon such trusts for the benefit of members as the
liquidator sees fit, and the liquidation of the company may be
closed and the company dissolved, but so that no member shall be
compelled to accept any shares in respect of which there is a
liability.
Modification
of Rights
Except with respect to share capital (as described below),
alterations to our memorandum and articles of association may
only be made by special resolution. A special resolution is a
resolution passed by a majority of two-thirds of such
shareholders as, being entitled to do so, vote in person or by
proxy or by unanimous
written resolution of all shareholders entitled to vote. In
determining the majority on a poll regard is had to the number
of votes to which each shareholder is entitled.
Subject to the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands, all or any
of the special rights attached to shares of any class (unless
otherwise provided for by the terms of issue of the shares of
that class) may be varied, modified or abrogated with the
sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate general
meeting of the holders of the shares of that class or by the
consent in writing of the holders of two-thirds of the issued
shares of that class. The provisions of our memorandum and
articles of association relating to general meetings shall apply
similarly to every such separate general meeting, but so that
the quorum for the purposes of any such separate general meeting
or at its adjourned meeting shall be a person or persons
together holding (or represented by proxy) not less than
one-third in nominal value of the issued shares of that class,
every holder of shares of the class shall be entitled on a poll
to one vote for every such share held by such holder and that
any holder of shares of that class present in person or by proxy
may demand a poll.
The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class
issued with preferred or other rights shall not, unless
otherwise expressly provided by the terms of issue of the shares
of that class, be deemed to be varied by the creation, allotment
or issue of further shares ranking pari passu therewith.
Alteration
of Capital
We may from time to time by ordinary resolution in accordance
with the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands:
•
increase the share capital by such sum as the resolution shall
prescribe and with such rights, priorities and privileges
annexed thereto, as the company in general meeting may determine;
•
consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into
shares of larger amount than our existing shares;
•
by subdivision of our existing shares or any of them divide the
whole or any part of our share capital into shares of smaller
amount than is fixed by the memorandum of association or into
shares without par value; and
•
cancel any shares that at the date of the passing of the
resolution have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any
person.
We may, by special resolution, subject to any confirmation or
consent required by the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands,
reduce our share capital or any capital redemption reserve or
other distributable reserve in any manner authorized by law.
All new shares so created shall be subject to the same
provisions of the articles of association with reference to the
payment of calls, liens, transfer, transmission, forfeiture and
otherwise as the shares in the original share capital.
Transfer
of Shares
Subject to any applicable restrictions set forth in our
memorandum and articles of association, any of our shareholders
may transfer all or any of his or her shares by an instrument of
transfer which shall be in writing and shall be executed by or
on behalf of the transferor, or signed by the transferee if the
company’s directors so require. Our directors may, in their
absolute discretion, decline to register any transfer of any
share that is not paid up or on which we have a lien.
Share
Repurchase
We are empowered by the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands and
our articles of association to purchase our own shares, subject
to certain restrictions (including obtaining the approval to any
repurchase by ordinary resolution of the shareholders). Our
directors may only exercise this power on our behalf, subject to
the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands, our memorandum and
articles of association and to any applicable requirements
otherwise imposed by regulation or law.
Dividends
Subject to the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands, the
directors may, in their absolute discretion, declare, and
authorize payment of, dividends and distributions on shares in
issue. No dividend or distribution shall be paid except out of
the realized or unrealized profits of the company, or out of the
share premium account or as otherwise permitted by statute.
Except as otherwise provided by the rights attached to shares,
all dividends in respect of shares shall be declared and paid
according to the par value of the shares that a member holds. If
any share is issued on terms providing that it shall rank for
dividend as from a particular date, that share shall rank for
dividend accordingly.
The directors may deduct and withhold from any dividend or
distribution payable to any member all sums of money (if any)
then payable by him or her to the company on account of calls or
otherwise or any monies that the company is obligated by law to
pay to any taxing or other authority.
The directors may resolve to accumulate the income or profits
arising or accruing to shares and for so long as such resolution
remains in effect, no dividend shall be declared or paid in
respect of those shares.
The directors may declare that any dividend or distribution be
paid wholly or partly by the distribution of specific assets and
in particular of shares, debentures or securities of any other
company or in any one or more of such ways and where any
difficulty arises in regard to such distribution, the directors
may settle the same as they think expedient and in particular
may issue fractional shares and fix the value for distribution
of such specific assets or any part thereof and may determine
that cash payments shall be made to any members upon the basis
of the value so fixed in order to adjust the rights of all
members and may vest any such specific assets in trustees as may
seem expedient to the directors.
Any dividend, distribution, interest or other monies payable in
cash in respect of shares may be paid by wire transfer to the
holder or by check or warrant sent through the post directed to
the registered address of the holder or, in the case of joint
holders, to the registered address of the holder who is first
named on the register of members or to such person and to such
address as such holder or joint holders may in writing direct.
Every such check or warrant shall be made payable to the order
of the person to whom it is sent. Any one of two or more joint
holders may give effectual receipts for any dividends, bonuses
or other monies payable in respect of the share held by them as
joint holders.
Any dividend that cannot be paid to a member
and/or which
remains unclaimed after six months from the date of declaration
of such dividend may, in the discretion of the directors, be
paid into a separate account in the company’s name,
provided that the company shall not be constituted as a trustee
in respect of that account and the dividend shall remain as a
debt due to the member. Any dividend that remains unclaimed
after a period of six years from the date of declaration of such
dividend shall be forfeited and shall revert to the company.
No dividend or distribution shall bear interest against the
company.
Meetings
Subject to the company’s regulatory requirements, an annual
general meeting and any extraordinary general meeting shall be
called on not less than five days’ notice. Notice of every
general meeting will be given to all of our shareholders other
than those that, under the provisions of our memorandum and
articles of association or the terms of issue of the shares they
hold, are not entitled to receive such notices from us. The
directors may call general meetings. The directors shall on a
members’ requisition forthwith proceed to convene an
extraordinary general meeting of the company. A members’
requisition is a requisition of members of the company holding
at the date of deposit of the requisition more than 50% of the
aggregate number of shares of the company in issue as at that
date. The requisition must state the objectives of the meeting
and
must be signed by the requisitionists and deposited at the
registered office, and may consist of several documents in like
form each signed by one or more requisitionists. If the
directors do not within 21 days from the date of the
deposit of the requisition duly proceed to convene a general
meeting to be held within a further 21 days, the
requisitionists, or any of them representing more than one-half
of the total voting rights of all of them, may themselves
convene a general meeting, but this meeting shall not be held
more than three months after the expiration of the said
21 days.
Notwithstanding that a meeting is called by shorter notice than
that mentioned above, it will be deemed to have been duly
called, if it is so agreed (i) in the case of a meeting
called as an annual general meeting by all members entitled to
attend and vote at the meeting; and (ii) in the case of any
other meeting, by a majority in number of the members having a
right to attend and vote at the meeting, being a majority
together holding not less than 95% in par value of the shares
giving that right. The accidental omission to give notice of a
general meeting to, or the non-receipt of notice of a meeting
by, any person entitled to receive notice shall not invalidate
the proceedings of that meeting.
No business shall be transacted at any meeting unless a quorum
is present. Two members entitled to attend and vote being
individuals present in person or by proxy or if a corporation or
other non-natural person by its duly authorized representative
shall be a quorum unless the company has only one member
entitled to vote at such general meeting, in which case the
quorum shall be that one member present in person or by proxy or
(in the case of a corporation or other non-natural person) by a
duly authorized representative.
The quorum for a separate general meeting of the holders of a
separate class of shares is described in
“— Modification of Rights.”
Differences
in Corporate Law
The Companies Law of the Cayman Islands is modeled after similar
laws in England and Wales but does not follow recent changes in
English law. In addition, the Companies Law of the Cayman
Islands differs from laws generally applicable to U.S.
corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a
summary of the significant differences between the provisions of
the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands applicable to us and the
laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States
(particularly Delaware).
Cayman Islands
U.S. Law (Delaware)
Duties of
Directors
Under Cayman Islands law, at common law, members of a board of directors owe a fiduciary duty to the company to act in good faith in their dealings with or on behalf of the company and exercise their powers and fulfill the duties of their office honestly. This duty has four essential elements:
• to act in good faith in the best interests of the company;
• not to personally profit from opportunities that arise from the office of director;
Under Delaware law, the business and affairs of a corporation are managed by or under the direction of its board of directors. In exercising their powers, directors are charged with a fiduciary duty of care to protect the interests of the corporation and a fiduciary duty of loyalty to act in the best interests of its shareholders. The duty of care requires
that directors act in an informed and deliberative manner and inform themselves, prior to making a business decision, of all material information reasonably available to them. The duty of care also requires that directors exercise care in overseeing and investigating the conduct of the corporation’s employees. The duty of loyalty may be summarized as the duty to act in good faith, not out of self-interest,
and in a manner which the director reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the shareholders.
Under Delaware law, a party challenging the propriety of a decision of a board of directors bears the burden of rebutting the applicability of the
• to
avoid conflicts of interest; and
• to
exercise powers for the purpose for which such powers were
intended.
In general, the
Companies Law of the Cayman Islands imposes various duties on
officers of a company with respect to certain matters of
management and administration of the company. The Companies Law
of the Cayman Islands contains provisions which impose default
fines on persons who fail to satisfy those
requirements. However, in many
circumstances, an individual is only liable if such individual
knowingly commits the default or knowingly and willfully
authorizes or permits the default.
presumptions afforded to
directors by the ‘‘business judgment rule.” If
the presumption is not rebutted, the business judgment rule
protects the directors and their decisions, and their business
judgments will not be second- guessed. Where, however, the
presumption is rebutted, the directors bear the burden of
demonstrating the entire fairness of the relevant transaction.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, Delaware courts subject
directors’ conduct to enhanced scrutiny in respect of
defensive actions taken in response to a threat to corporate
control and approval of a transaction resulting in a sale of
control of the corporation.
Interested Directors
Under Cayman Islands law a director who is interested in a transaction entered into by a Cayman Islands company must make appropriate disclosure of his or her interest to ensure such director is not liable to such company for any profit realized pursuant to such transaction. Our articles of association contain provisions that preclude one from voting
on any matter that the directors deem to involve a conflict of interest between the director or an affiliate, on the one hand, and the company and its subsidiaries, on the other hand, and on such other matters as the directors deem necessary or appropriate.
Under Delaware law, a transaction in which a director who has an interest in such transaction would not be voidable if (a) the material facts as to such interested director’s relationship or interests are disclosed or are known to the board of directors and the board in good faith authorizes the transaction by the affirmative vote of a majority
of the disinterested directors, even though the disinterested directors are less than a quorum, (b) such material facts are disclosed or are known to the shareholders entitled to vote on such transaction and the transaction is specifically approved in good faith by vote of the shareholders, or (c) the transaction is fair as to the corporation as of the time it is authorized, approved
or ratified. Under Delaware law, a director could be held liable for any transaction in which such director derived an improper personal benefit.
Voting Rights and Quorum
Requirements
Under Cayman Islands law, the voting rights of shareholders are regulated by the company’s articles of association and, in certain circumstances, the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands. The articles of association will govern matters such as the quorum for the transaction of business, rights of shares and majority votes required to approve any action
or resolution at a meeting of the shareholders or board of directors. Under Cayman Islands law, certain matters must be approved by a special resolution, as defined above. Otherwise, unless the articles of association otherwise provide, all matters may be approved by ordinary resolution, which is usually a simple majority of votes cast.
Under Delaware law, unless otherwise provided in the corporation’s certificate of incorporation, each shareholder is entitled to one vote for each share of stock held by the shareholder. Unless otherwise provided in the corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, a majority of the shares entitled to vote, present in person or represented
by proxy, constitutes a quorum at a meeting of shareholders. In matters other than the election of directors, with the exception of special voting requirements related to extraordinary transactions and except as otherwise provided in the corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, the affirmative vote of a majority of shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and
entitled to vote is required for shareholder action, and
the affirmative vote of a
plurality of shares is required for the election of directors.
Mergers and Similar
Arrangements
Cayman Islands law does not provide for mergers as that expression is understood under U.S. corporate law. However, there are statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies, provided that the arrangement in question is approved by a majority in number of each class of shareholders and creditors with whom the arrangement
is to be made, and who must in addition represent three-fourths in value of each such class of shareholders or creditors, as the case may be, that are present and voting either in person or by proxy at a meeting or meetings convened for that purpose. The convening of the meetings and subsequently the arrangement must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder
would have the right to express to the court the view that the transaction should not be approved, the court can be expected to approve the arrangement if it satisfies itself that:
• the company is not proposing to act illegally or beyond the scope of its authority and the statutory provisions as to majority vote have been complied with;
Under Delaware law, with certain exceptions, a merger, consolidation, exchange or sale of all or substantially all the assets of a corporation must be approved by the board of directors and a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote thereon. Under Delaware law, a shareholder of a corporation participating in certain major corporate transactions
may, under certain circumstances, be entitled to appraisal rights pursuant to which such shareholder may receive cash in the amount of the fair value of the shares held by such shareholder (as determined by a court) in lieu of the consideration such shareholder would otherwise receive in the transaction.
Delaware law also provides that a parent corporation, by resolution of its
board of directors, may merge with any subsidiary of which it owns at least 90% of each class of capital stock without a vote by shareholders of such subsidiary. Upon any such merger, dissenting shareholders of the subsidiary would have appraisal rights.
• the
shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in
question;
• the
arrangement is such as a businessman would reasonably approve;
and
• the
arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned
under some other provision of the Companies Law of the Cayman
Islands or that would amount to a “fraud on the
minority.”
When a takeover offer
is made and accepted by holders of 90% of the shares within four
months, the offerer may, within a two- month period after the
expiration of the four-month period, by notice require the
holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares on the
terms of the offer. An objection may be made to the Grand Court
of the Cayman Islands within one month of the notice objecting
to the transfer but is unlikely to succeed unless there is
evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion between the offeror
and the holders of the shares who have accepted the offer as a
means of unfairly forcing out minority shareholders.
If the arrangement and
reconstruction are thus approved, any dissenting shareholders
would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, which would
otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of
U.S. corporations, providing rights to receive payment in cash
for the judicially determined value of the shares.
Shareholder
Suits
We are not aware of any reported class action or derivative action having been brought in a Cayman Islands court. In principle, we will normally be the proper plaintiff and a derivative action may not be brought by a minority shareholder. However, based on English authorities, which would be of persuasive authority in the Cayman Islands, exceptions to
the foregoing principle apply in circumstances in which:
Class actions and derivative actions generally are available to shareholders under Delaware law for, among other things, breach of fiduciary duty, corporate waste and actions not taken in accordance with applicable law. In such actions, the court generally has discretion to permit the winning party to recover attorneys’ fees incurred in connection
with such action.
• a
company is acting or proposing to act illegally or beyond the
scope of its authority;
• the act
complained of, although not beyond the scope of its authority,
could be effected duly if authorized by more than a simple
majority vote which has not been obtained; and
• those
who control the company are perpetrating a “fraud on the
minority.”
Corporate
Governance
Cayman Islands law does not restrict transactions with directors, requiring only that directors exercise a duty of care and owe a fiduciary duty to the companies for which they serve. Our articles of association, preclude a director from voting on any contract or proposed contract or arrangement in which such director is interested (see ‘‘—
Interested Directors”).
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and therefore is unenforceable.
Inspection of Corporate
Records
Shareholders of a Cayman Islands company have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of corporate records of the company. Shareholders of a company, other than an exempted company, have the general right to inspect or obtain copies of the register of members of the company. However, these rights may be provided in the articles
of association. Our amended and restated articles of association allow our shareholders and the public to inspect our register of shareholders. In addition, we will provide our shareholders with annual financial statements.
Under Delaware law, shareholders of a Delaware corporation have the right during usual business hours to inspect for any proper purpose, and to obtain copies of list(s) of shareholders and other books and records of the corporation and its subsidiaries, if any, to the extent the books and records of such subsidiaries are available to the corporation.
The Companies Law of the Cayman Islands does not provide shareholders any right to bring business before a meeting or requisition a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in the articles of association but they are not provided in our articles of association.
Unless provided in the corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, Delaware law does not include a provision restricting the manner in which shareholders may bring business before a meeting.
Approval of Corporate Matters
by Written Consent
The Companies Law of the Cayman Islands allows a special resolution to be passed in writing if signed by all the shareholders and authorized by the articles of association. Our articles of association do authorize resolutions (including special resolutions) in writing.
Unless otherwise provided in the corporation’s certificate of incorporation, Delaware law permits shareholders to take action by written consent signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting of shareholders.
Calling of Special Shareholders
Meetings
The Companies Law of the Cayman Islands does not have provisions governing the proceedings of shareholders meetings which are usually provided in the articles of association. See ‘‘— Meetings” for a summary of the proceedings of our shareholder meetings.
Delaware law permits the board of directors or any person who is authorized under a corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws to call a special meeting of shareholders.
Staggered Board of
Directors
The Companies Law of the Cayman Islands does not contain statutory provisions that require staggered board arrangements for a Cayman Islands company. Such provisions, however, may validly be provided for in the articles of association but our articles of association do not do so.
Delaware law permits, but does not require, corporations to have a staggered board of directors.
Issuance of Preferred
Shares
The Companies Law of the Cayman Islands allows shares to be issued with preferred, deferred or other special rights, whether in regard to dividend, voting, the return of share capital or otherwise. The constitutional documents of a Cayman Islands company may contain provisions in respect of the authorization required for the creation and issuance of different
classes of preferred shares.
Delaware law allows shares to be issued with or without par value and with such voting powers, designating preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights as are stated in the corporation’s certificate of incorporation or a board resolution providing for the issuance of such stock. The certificate of incorporation of a
Delaware corporation may authorize the board of directors to issue different classes or series of preferred shares.
Anti-Takeover
Provisions
Cayman Islands law does not prevent companies from adopting a wide range of defensive measures,
Delaware law does not prevent companies from adopting a wide range of defensive measures, such as
such as staggered boards, blank
check preferred, the removal of directors only for cause and
provisions that restrict the rights of shareholders to call
meetings, act by written consent and submit shareholder
proposals. The exercise of any powers by directors is, however,
subject to the directors’ fiduciary duty to exercise them
for the purpose for which they were intended.
staggered boards, blank check
preferred, the removal of directors only for cause and
provisions that restrict the rights of shareholders to call
meetings, act by written consent and submit shareholder
proposals.
Prior to the offering, we
had
ordinary shares outstanding. Upon the completion of the
offering, we will
have
ordinary shares outstanding. The ordinary shares sold in the
offering will be freely tradable without restriction or further
registration under the Securities Act unless the shares are
acquired by any of our “affiliates,” as that term is
defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. As defined in
Rule 144, an “affiliate” of an issuer is a person
who directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries,
controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the
issuer. The ordinary shares issued to nonaffiliates in
connection with our prior private placements and not sold in the
offering and all of our ordinary shares held by our affiliates,
including our trustees and officers, are “restricted
securities” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under
the Securities Act. Restricted securities may be sold in the
public market only if registered under the securities laws or if
they qualify for an exemption from registration under
Rule 144, as described below.
Registration
Rights
Pursuant to a shareholders’ agreement between the company
and certain existing shareholders of the company, we are
required to make a shelf registration statement available for
the resale of our ordinary shares outstanding prior to the
completion of this offering for at least 24 months
following the completion of the offering. If any existing
shareholder of ordinary shares of the company is an affiliate of
the company and is therefore restricted from transferring its
ordinary shares pursuant to the shelf registration statement
during the
24-month
period, upon the request of such shareholder, we are required to
have a shelf registration statement available for such
restricted shareholder for an additional 12 months
following the
24-month
period. Following any such additional
12-month
period, any existing shareholder satisfying the same conditions
will be entitled to one demand registration.
Rule 144
In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, if one
year has elapsed since the date of acquisition of restricted
shares from us or any of our affiliates, and we have been a
public reporting company under the Exchange Act for at least
90 days, the holder of such restricted shares can sell the
shares, provided that the number of shares sold by such person
within any three-month period cannot exceed the greater of:
•
1% of the total number of our ordinary shares then outstanding;
or
•
the average weekly trading volume of our ordinary shares during
the four calendar weeks preceding the date on which notice of
the sale is filed with the SEC.
Sales under Rule 144 also are subject to certain manner of
sale provisions, notice requirements and the availability of
current public information about us (which will require us to
file periodic reports under the Exchange Act). If two years have
elapsed since the date of acquisition of restricted shares from
us or any of our affiliates and the holder is not one of our
affiliates at any time during the three months preceding the
proposed sale, such person can sell such shares in the public
market under Rule 144(k) without regard to the volume
limitations, manner of sale provisions, public information
requirements or notice requirements.
No assurance can be given as to (i) the likelihood that an
active market for our ordinary shares will develop,
(ii) the liquidity of any such market, (iii) the
ability of the shareholders to sell the securities or
(iv) the prices that shareholders may obtain for any of the
securities. No prediction can be made as to the effect, if any,
that future sales of shares, or the availability of shares for
future sale, will have on the market price prevailing from time
to time. Sales of substantial amounts of ordinary shares, or the
perception that such sales could occur, may affect adversely
prevailing market prices of our ordinary shares. See “Risk
Factors — Risks Related to The Offering.”
Lock-up
Agreements
Subject to certain exceptions, we, our executive officers and
certain other holders of our ordinary shares have agreed with
the underwriters to be bound by
lock-up
agreements that prohibit us and them from selling, pledging,
transferring or otherwise disposing of any of our ordinary
shares, or any securities convertible into or exercisable for
any of our ordinary shares, for a period of 180 days after the
date of this prospectus.
The following is a discussion of certain Cayman Islands income
tax consequences of an investment in our ordinary shares. The
discussion is a general summary of present law, which is subject
to change, possibly on a retroactive basis. It is not intended
as tax advice, does not consider any investor’s particular
circumstances and does not consider tax consequences other than
those arising under Cayman Islands law.
You will not be subject to Cayman Islands taxation on payments
of dividends or upon the repurchase by us of your shares. In
addition, you will not be subject to withholding tax on payments
of dividends or distributions, including upon a return of
capital; nor will gains derived from the disposal of shares be
subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax. The Cayman
Islands currently have no income, corporation or capital gains
tax and no estate duty, inheritance tax or gift tax.
No Cayman Islands stamp duty will be payable by you in respect
of the issuance or transfer of ordinary shares. However, an
instrument transferring title to an ordinary share, if brought
to or executed in the Cayman Islands, would be subject to Cayman
Islands stamp duty.
We have been incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands
as an exempted company and, as such, obtained an undertaking in
accordance with Section 6 of the Tax Concessions Law (1999
Revision) of the Cayman Islands from the Governor in Cabinet of
the Cayman Islands substantially that, for a period of
20 years from the date of such undertaking, no law that is
enacted in the Cayman Islands imposing any tax to be levied on
profit, income, gains or appreciation shall apply to us and no
such tax and no tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance
tax will be payable, either directly or by way of withholding,
on our ordinary shares.
Prospective investors are urged to consult their professional
advisors on the possible tax consequences of buying, holding or
selling our ordinary shares under the laws of their country of
citizenship, residence or domicile.
U.S.
Federal Income Tax Considerations
General
The following general discussion summarizes the material U.S.
federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership
and disposition of our ordinary shares. This discussion is based
on current provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986,
as amended, current and proposed Treasury regulations
promulgated thereunder, and administrative and judicial
decisions as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to
change, possibly on a retroactive basis. For purposes of this
discussion a “U.S. holder” is a beneficial owner of
our ordinary shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax
purposes:
•
an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;
•
a corporation (or other entity taxed as a corporation) created
or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any of
its political subdivisions;
•
an estate whose income is includible in gross income for U.S.
federal income tax purposes regardless of its source; or
•
a trust, if (i) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary
supervision over the administration of the trust and one or more
“United States persons” (within the meaning of the
U.S. Internal Revenue Code) has or have the authority to control
all substantial decisions of the trust, or (ii) it has a
valid election in effect under applicable Treasury regulations
to be treated as a “United States person.”
A
“non-U.S.
holder” is a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares that
is not a U.S. holder.
This summary does not purport to be a comprehensive description
of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to each
person’s decision to purchase ordinary shares. This
discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income
taxation that may be relevant to any particular U.S. holder
based on such
holder’s individual circumstances. In particular, this
discussion considers only U.S. holders that will own ordinary
shares as capital assets within the meaning of the U.S. Internal
Revenue Code and does not address the potential application of
the alternative minimum tax or the U.S. federal income tax
consequences to U.S. holders that are subject to special
treatment, including:
•
broker-dealers;
•
insurance companies;
•
taxpayers who have elected
mark-to-market
accounting;
•
tax-exempt organizations;
•
regulated investment companies;
•
financial institutions or “financial services
entities”;
•
taxpayers who hold ordinary shares as part of a straddle, hedge,
conversion transaction or other integrated transaction;
•
certain expatriates or former long-term residents of the United
States;
•
holders owning directly, indirectly or by attribution,
participating or other shares possessing 10% or more of our
voting power or value;
•
taxpayers whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar; and
•
taxpayers who acquired our ordinary shares for consideration
other than cash.
This discussion does not address any aspect of the U.S. federal
gift or estate tax laws, or state, local or
non-U.S. tax
laws. Additionally, the discussion does not consider the tax
treatment of partnerships or other pass-through entities or
persons who hold our ordinary shares through such entities. If a
partnership (or other entity classified as a partnership for
U.S. federal income tax purposes) is the beneficial owner of our
ordinary shares, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a
partner in the partnership will generally depend on the status
of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Moreover,
this discussion does not address taxpayers who acquired ordinary
shares upon exercise of a stock option or otherwise as
compensation.
For purposes of this discussion, a subsidiary of Everquest
includes any entity in which we own (directly or indirectly) an
equity interest for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Prospective investors are advised to consult their tax advisors
regarding the specific U.S. federal, state, local and foreign
income tax and other tax consequences to them of purchasing,
holding or disposing of our ordinary shares.
As foreign corporations, we and our corporate subsidiaries will
not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our net income if
we are not treated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business. The
U.S. Internal Revenue Code and the Treasury regulations
thereunder provide a specific exemption from being treated as
engaged in a U.S. trade or business for foreign corporations
which restrict their activities in the United States to
investing or trading in “stocks and securities” (and
any other activity closely related thereto) for their own
account, whether such activities are conducted directly by the
corporation or through agents (provided the corporation is not a
dealer in stocks or securities).
Although no activity closely comparable to that contemplated by
us or our corporate subsidiaries has been the subject of any
Treasury regulation, revenue ruling or judicial decision, we
believe that our current and planned activities (and those of
our corporate subsidiaries) qualify for this exemption and we
intend to rely upon this exemption and to otherwise continue to
operate so as not to be engaged in the conduct of a trade or
business in the United States and therefore not be subject to
U.S. federal income taxes on our net income; however, as
discussed below, we may create corporate subsidiaries which
would be subject to U.S. net basis taxation. If we were to be
treated as engaged in the conduct of a U.S. trade or business,
we would be
potentially subject to substantial U.S. federal income taxes, as
well as a 30% branch profits tax. The imposition of such taxes
would materially affect our financial ability to pay dividends
on the ordinary shares. In addition, if we were engaged in a
trade or business in the United States, payments in respect of
the ordinary shares could be treated as U.S. source income for
U.S. foreign tax credit purposes.
Under current U.S. federal income tax law, the treatment of
synthetic securities in the form of credit default swaps is
unclear. Certain possible tax characterizations of a credit
default swap, if adopted by the IRS and if applied to credit
default swaps to which we are a party, could subject payments
received by us under such swaps to U.S. withholding or
excise tax. While it is not expected, it is also possible that
because of such tax characterizations, based on all the facts
and circumstances, we could be treated as engaging in a trade or
business in the United States and therefore subject to net
income tax. We may not be entitled to a full
gross-up on
such taxes under the terms of the synthetic securities. The
imposition of such unanticipated taxes could materially impair
our ability to make distributions to you.
Legislation recently proposed in the U.S. Senate would, for
tax years beginning at least two years after its enactment, tax
a corporation as a domestic corporation for U.S. federal income
tax purposes if the equity of that corporation is regularly
traded on an established securities market and the management
and control of the corporation occurs primarily within the
United States. If this legislation caused Everquest to be taxed
as a domestic corporation, Everquest would be subject to
U.S. net income tax. However, it is unknown whether this
proposal will be enacted in its current form and, if enacted,
whether Everquest would be subject to its provisions.
In the future, however, we may determine that it would be
advantageous to acquire certain assets or engage in certain
activities which could give rise to U.S. corporate income tax or
branch profits tax. Under such circumstances Everquest intends
to acquire such assets or engage in such activities in a
corporate subsidiary and in a manner such that only the income
from such assets or activities are subject to tax (and not all
of Everquest’s income).
We also expect that the income derived by us and our
subsidiaries will not be subject to withholding taxes imposed by
the United States or reduced by withholding taxes imposed by
other countries from which such payments are sourced. Those
payments, however, might become subject to U.S. or other
withholding tax due to a change in law or other causes.
Tax
Consequences of Our PFIC Status to U.S. Holders of Ordinary
Shares
In General. Special and adverse U.S. federal
income tax rules apply to shareholders who are direct or
indirect owners of a foreign corporation that is a PFIC. We
believe that Everquest and its corporate subsidiaries are and
should continue to be PFICs. The remainder of this discussion
assumes that Everquest and such subsidiaries are PFICs.
The PFIC rules are very complex and there are uncertainties as
to the application of the PFIC rules to us. Moreover, the tax
reporting with respect to multiple PFICs is complicated. In
addition, some of the regulations that apply to PFICs are only
in proposed form and the regulations when finalized could differ
from the proposed regulations. U.S. holders of our ordinary
shares are urged to consult with their tax advisors as to the
tax consequences of holding stock directly and indirectly (in
the case of our subsidiaries) in PFICs and the possible
advisability of electing to treat Everquest and each of its
corporate subsidiaries as a Qualified Electing Fund, or a QEF.
In addition, you may wish to consult with your own advisors
about making a
mark-to-market
election with respect to Everquest.
Generally, U.S. Holders are required to file an IRS Form 8621
annually with respect to each PFIC in which they have a direct
or indirect interest (including our PFIC subsidiaries). Special
rules apply with respect to PFIC shares held by S corporations,
trusts and partnerships. Those entities, and persons holding our
ordinary shares through those entities, should consult their
tax advisers concerning the application of the PFIC rules to
them.
If No QEF or
Mark-to-Market
Election is in Effect. Unless a valid QEF
election or
mark-to-market
election is in effect with respect to your ownership of
Everquest and each of its subsidiaries for the entire
holding period of such stock, you will be subject to the
following adverse tax consequences or Excess Distribution Rules.
Upon a disposition of our ordinary shares, gain recognized would
be allocated ratably over your holding period for our ordinary
shares. The amount allocated to the taxable year of the sale or
other exchange would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount
allocated to each other taxable year would be subject to tax at
the highest marginal federal income tax rate in effect for
individuals or corporations, as appropriate, without offset for
any losses or deductions incurred in those years, and an
interest charge would be imposed on the tax attributable to such
allocated amounts. You could be subject to the Excess
Distribution Rules with respect to gain realized on a sale or
disposition by Everquest LLC of a direct or indirect subsidiary.
For this purpose, a pledge of shares of a PFIC subsidiary is
treated as a disposition. Payments received in redemption of our
ordinary shares, to the extent the amount so received exceeds
your adjusted tax basis (as described below) in such ordinary
shares, would be considered gain for purposes of these rules.
Gain may be recognized for purposes of the Excess Distribution
Rules in an otherwise tax-free transaction. If you pledge or
otherwise use shares in a PFIC as security for a loan, you will
be treated as having disposed of your shares for purposes of the
Excess Distribution Rules. Also, a subsequent offering of our
shares may be treated as a disposition of your shares in a
lower-tier PFIC due to the dilution of your indirect interest
therein. Any distribution in respect of our ordinary shares (or
in respect of equity in one of our direct or indirect
subsidiaries) during a taxable year will be taxed as described
above to the extent the aggregate amount of the distributions
during such taxable year exceeds 125% of the average amount of
such distributions during the preceding three years or your
holding period, whichever is shorter. Distributions by us which
are not described in the preceding sentence are taxable as
dividends, to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings
and profits, and, to the extent in excess thereof, as a tax-free
return of basis and then gain, which is subject to the Excess
Distribution Rules. Distributions by Everquest are not eligible
for the reduced tax rate of 15% that applies to certain
dividends paid to non-corporate U.S. holders or the dividend
received deduction for corporate U.S. holders.
If you do not make a QEF election or a
mark-to-market
election (as described below) for the taxable year in which you
purchase your ordinary shares, we and our subsidiaries will
continue to be subject to the foregoing rules as to you even if
you subsequently make a QEF election, unless you also elect to
“purge” the non-QEF years from your holding period. A
“purging” election, however, may have adverse tax
consequences to you under the Excess Distribution Rules.
If a QEF Election is in Effect. Under the U.S.
Internal Revenue Code, a direct or indirect shareholder of a
PFIC may make an election (revocable only with the consent of
the IRS) to have the PFIC treated as a qualified electing fund
with respect to such shareholder, or a QEF election. A separate
election may be made for each direct or indirect PFIC. If during
your holding period you have always had (or are treated as
always having) a QEF election in effect for Everquest and its
subsidiaries, you will not be subject to the Excess Distribution
Rules described in the preceding paragraphs. Instead, you will
be required to include in your income each year your pro rata
share of the net capital gain and ordinary earnings of Everquest
and its subsidiaries for that year. As a result, you may be
subject to current tax based on the income of Everquest and its
subsidiaries without receiving any corresponding distribution of
cash. If a PFIC has a net loss for the year, that loss is not
available to a shareholder under the QEF rules, and the loss may
not be carried back or forward in computing the PFIC’s
ordinary earnings and net capital gain for purposes of these
rules in other taxable years. Moreover, a loss incurred by one
PFIC may not be offset against income earned by another PFIC for
purposes of computing QEF inclusions. Consequently,
U.S. holders may over time be taxed on amounts that as an
economic matter exceed our net profits. In addition, because we
may not distribute to you all amounts includible under a QEF
election, you will likely have taxable income in excess of the
cash you receive as a result of a QEF election.
Amounts included in your income under the QEF rules increase
your basis in the ordinary shares and are not taxed to you again
when distributed. Your basis in the ordinary shares, however, is
reduced by the distribution. Although amounts included in your
gross income pursuant to a QEF election are excluded from your
gross income when distributed to you, if you receive a
distribution in respect of an amount so included by a
predecessor shareholder, you may not exclude such amount from
your gross income under the QEF rules unless you can demonstrate
the predecessor shareholder’s inclusion of such amount. A
U.S. holder will not be
eligible for the reduced rate of 15% that applies to certain
dividends paid to non-corporate U.S. holders or the
dividends received deduction for corporate U.S. holders
with respect to a QEF inclusion or our dividends. If you have
made a QEF election for Everquest, you may elect to defer the
payment of the tax on such income items, subject to an interest
charge, which is nondeductible in the case of an individual,
until the corresponding amounts are distributed, or until you
dispose of your ordinary shares. The application of the election
to defer the payment of tax with respect to subsidiaries of
Everquest is unclear.
We intend to comply, and to cause our majority-owned
subsidiaries to comply, with all record-keeping, reporting and
other requirements so that you may make and maintain a QEF
election with respect to Everquest and Everquest Cayman, Ltd. as
discussed below. If you desire to make and maintain a QEF
election for Everquest and Everquest Cayman, Ltd., you may
contact us for the PFIC Annual Information Statement, which may
be used to complete your annual QEF election filings. You will
need to rely on the information provided by us in the Annual
Information Statement in preparing your income tax filings. We
do not expect to be able to supply such information in advance
of the April 15 tax return deadline applicable to most
individual taxpayers, and you should be aware that it may be
necessary to file your tax return on extension, pending receipt
of such information.
U.S. holders who own, or are treated as owning, shares in a PFIC
must file IRS Form 8621 with their tax return each year.
QEF elections must be made on an IRS Form 8621 attached to
a timely filed U.S. federal income tax return. IRS
Form 8621 is also used to report the annual QEF income
inclusion (using information provided by the PFIC Annual
Information Statement), as well as other information and
elections relating to the ownership of a PFIC. Generally, a
QEF election should be made with the filing of a
U.S. holder’s federal income tax return for the first
taxable year for which it held our shares.
We own the equity of our
non-U.S.
subsidiaries through Everquest LLC, a Delaware limited liability
company which is taxable as a partnership for U.S. federal
income tax purposes. Everquest directly holds 99% of its
interest in Everquest LLC and Everquest Cayman Ltd., a wholly
owned
non-U.S.
corporate subsidiary of Everquest, holds 1% of Everquest’s
interest in Everquest LLC. Each manager of Everquest will own a
profits interest in Everquest LLC, as provided in the respective
investment management agreement.
Certain of the subsidiaries of Everquest LLC will also be
controlled foreign corporations, or CFCs, for federal income tax
purposes and Everquest LLC will be required to include income
from such subsidiaries under the CFC rules. These rules may
require inclusion of phantom income and a pledge of stock of
such entities could result in inclusions of accumulated earnings
that were not previously included.
We intend in most instances where possible to cause Everquest
LLC to make a QEF election with respect to each of its
subsidiaries and by doing so we intend to avoid the application
of the Excess Distribution Rules to such subsidiaries, as
discussed below. Although not free from doubt, it appears that
you may not be permitted to make a QEF election with respect to
certain of Everquest LLC’s subsidiaries. Although there is
no direct authority on point, the better view appears to be that
Everquest’s and Everquest Cayman Ltd.’s distributive
share of any net capital gain or ordinary earnings of Everquest
LLC’s subsidiaries arising from Everquest LLC’s QEF
elections with respect to such subsidiaries (or as ordinary
income in the case of certain subsidiaries as to which Everquest
LLC holds 10% or more of the voting power) would be included in
the amounts taken into account by you by reason of QEF elections
you make with respect to Everquest and Everquest Cayman Ltd. We
intend to report our earnings to you on this basis for purposes
of those QEF elections. However, substantial uncertainty exists
concerning this view because of the absence of any judicial
decisions or IRS guidance directly on point, and we cannot
provide any assurance that the IRS will not treat the QEF
elections made by Everquest LLC as invalid with respect to you
on the basis that you should have made QEF elections with
respect to each of our subsidiaries as well. In such case, you
would be subject to the Excess Distribution Rules (as described
above) with respect to such subsidiaries. The application of the
Excess Distribution Rules to you could result in a materially
greater tax liability to you than otherwise would be the case.
You may request that we provide information for you to make
separate QEF elections for Everquest and each of its PFIC
subsidiaries as discussed below. The U.S. federal income tax
consequences of Everquest LLC’s QEF elections to holders
that do not make a QEF election with respect to Everquest and
Everquest Cayman Ltd. is uncertain, and U.S. holders are urged
to consult their tax advisors in this regard.
Assuming you make a QEF election for Everquest and Everquest
Cayman Ltd., you should consider making either an actual or a
“protective” QEF election with respect to your
indirect interest in each PFIC held by Everquest LLC. Although
there is no direct authority for a “protective”
election, the purpose of such an election is to advise the IRS
that (i) pursuant to the QEF elections for Everquest and
Everquest Cayman Ltd., your share of the net earnings of the
PFICs owned by Everquest LLC for which Everquest LLC has made a
QEF election have been included in computing the amount of your
QEF inclusions for Everquest and Everquest Cayman Ltd. and
(ii) if the IRS does not view Everquest LLC’s QEF
elections as applying to you, then you should be treated as
having made a QEF election with respect to your interest in such
PFICs. You should consult your tax advisor as to whether to make
a “protective” or actual QEF election with respect to
Everquest LLC’s PFIC subsidiaries. We will use our
reasonable best efforts to obtain and provide separate PFIC
Annual Information Statements (through an Annual Intermediary
Statement) to enable you to make separate QEF elections for
Everquest, Everquest Cayman Ltd., and Everquest LLC’s PFIC
subsidiaries. However, we cannot assure you that such
information will be available with respect to each of our PFIC
subsidiaries. If you desire to make separate QEF elections for
each of our PFIC subsidiaries please contact us and specifically
request this information.
In addition to the foregoing considerations, because we acquired
some of the stock we own (directly or indirectly) in our
subsidiaries in exchange for our shares, it is uncertain whether
a QEF election with respect to all of our shares in subsidiaries
(whether made by our shareholders or Everquest LLC) will be
effective to avoid application of the Excess Distribution Rules.
Specifically, where Everquest LLC’s holding period for
shares in such transferred subsidiaries includes a period for
which a QEF election was not in effect, although not entirely
clear, regulations may require that the adverse Excess
Distribution Rules continue to apply with respect to those
subsidiaries as well as the QEF rules. For example, certain of
the PFIC shares transferred to us were subject to
mark-to-market
elections under Section 475 of the Code rather than QEF
elections. Although we intend to take the position that the
period prior to our acquisition of such shares should be ignored
for this purpose (and believe such position to be reasonable),
there is no assurance that the IRS will not take a contrary
position. Moreover, with respect to other PFIC shares
transferred to us, we intend and expect that the relevant
transferors will make effective QEF elections so as to mitigate
the application of the Excess Distribution Rules, but cannot
assure that such elections will be made.
As noted above, losses incurred by one PFIC may not offset QEF
inclusions from another PFIC. Everquest LLC, Everquest or
Everquest Cayman Ltd. may incur deductible expenses (e.g.,
interest) that reduce amounts included in the income of
Everquest LLC by reason of the QEF rules or other similar rules.
Should the IRS choose to treat you, pursuant to the
“protective” or actual QEF elections made by you as
described above with respect to Everquest LLC’s PFIC
subsidiaries, as having made QEF elections in respect of each of
Everquest LLC’s PFIC subsidiaries, the sum of the separate
QEF inclusions for Everquest and each PFIC held directly or
indirectly by Everquest may differ from the sum of the amounts
reported by us as QEF inclusions for Everquest and Everquest
Cayman Ltd.
Because the application of the PFIC rules is not clear, no
assurance can be given that the IRS will not treat you as being
subject to the Excess Distribution Rules and/or the QEF rules
with respect to Everquest LLC’s PFIC subsidiaries. In such
case, you could be subject to a materially greater tax liability
than would otherwise be the case.
If
Mark-to-Market
Election is in Effect. Alternatively, if shares
of a PFIC are “regularly traded” on a “qualified
exchange” (which includes certain U.S. exchanges and other
exchanges designated by the U.S. Treasury Department), or
are marketable stock, a U.S. holder of such shares may make a
mark-to-market
election with respect to such shares. In general, a class of
shares is treated as regularly traded for a calendar year if it
is traded, other than in de minimis amounts, for at least
15 days during each calendar quarter of such year. Our
ordinary shares will trade on a “qualified exchange”;
however, there can be no assurance that the ordinary shares will
be treated as “regularly traded” on such exchange for
this purpose.
If you make a valid
mark-to-market
election with respect to Everquest, you will not be subject to
the PFIC rules described above with respect to Everquest, and
instead will include each year in ordinary income the excess, if
any, of the fair market value of your ordinary shares at the end
of the taxable year over your
adjusted tax basis in such ordinary shares. The excess, if any,
of your adjusted tax basis in such ordinary shares over their
fair market value at the end of the taxable year will be
permitted as an ordinary loss (but only to the extent of the net
amount previously included in income as a result of the
mark-to-market
election). If you make a
mark-to-market
election with respect to your ordinary shares, your basis in
your ordinary shares will be adjusted to reflect any such income
or loss amounts. Gain on the disposition of the ordinary shares
would be ordinary income.
Even if the ordinary shares qualify as “marketable
stock” for this purpose, the equity of Everquest’s
non-U.S. corporate
subsidiaries, which are expected to be PFICs, likely will not be
“marketable stock” for these purposes. There is no
authority on how a shareholder’s
mark-to-market
election for a corporation that is a PFIC affects that
shareholder’s treatment of a direct or indirect subsidiary
of that corporation which is also a PFIC. If you make a
mark-to-market
election with respect to Everquest, you may continue to be
subject to the Excess Distribution Rules with respect to its
non-U.S. corporate
subsidiaries, in the absence of a QEF election with respect to
such subsidiaries which is in effect for your entire holding
period, and to additional inclusions of taxable income, if such
QEF elections are made. As noted above, it is not clear that the
IRS will respect QEF elections made by Everquest LLC with
respect to its PFIC subsidiaries or our reporting with respect
to those subsidiaries. You should consult your tax advisor as to
the possibility of making actual or “protective” QEF
elections with respect to your indirect ownership of the shares
of our subsidiaries (and an actual QEF election for Everquest
Cayman Ltd.), which shares will likely not qualify as
“marketable stock.”
The rules dealing with PFICs and with the QEF and
mark-to-market
elections are very complex and are affected by various factors
in addition to those described above. As a result,
U.S. holders of ordinary shares are strongly encouraged to
consult their tax advisors about the PFIC rules in connection
with their purchasing, holding or disposing of ordinary shares.
Special
Source Rule for Everquest Dividends and QEF
Inclusions
For purposes of determining a U.S. holder’s foreign
tax credit limitation, dividends received from a foreign
corporation generally are treated as income from sources outside
the United States. Although there is no direct authority, QEF
inclusions likely should be similarly treated. If
U.S. holders together hold at least one-half (by vote or
value) of the ordinary shares and other interests treated as our
equity, however, a percentage of the dividend income or QEF
inclusion equal to the proportion of our income that comes from
U.S. sources will be treated as income from sources within
the United States. In this latter instance, it is unlikely that
sourcing information will be provided to you.
Sale,
Redemption or Other Disposition of Ordinary Shares
In general, a U.S. holder will recognize gain or loss upon
the sale or other disposition of ordinary shares equal to the
difference between the amount realized and such holder’s
adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares. Initially, the tax
basis of a U.S. holder will equal the amount paid for the
ordinary shares. Such basis will be increased by amounts taxable
to the holder under the PFIC rules and decreased by the actual
distributions that are deemed to consist of such previously
taxed amounts or are treated as nontaxable returns of capital.
Any gain realized by a U.S. holder would be taxable as
described above under the Excess Distribution Rules. Such
consequence may be avoided if the holder makes a timely QEF
election with respect to Everquest and Everquest Cayman, Ltd.,
and both the holder and Everquest LLC are treated as having
always had a QEF election in place with respect to Everquest
LLC’s PFIC subsidiaries. As noted above, a sale or
disposition of ordinary shares may be treated as a sale or
disposition of your indirect interest in Everquest’s
subsidiaries unless the QEF election is applicable to your
interest in Everquest and its subsidiaries for your entire
holding period. See “— Tax Consequences of Our
PFIC Status to U.S. Holders of Ordinary Shares —
If No QEF or
Mark-to-Market
Election is in Effect.” Because we may not distribute to
you all amounts includible under the QEF elections, the amount
of gain you derive on a disposition of our shares may be less,
and the amount of loss greater, than if we distributed all of
our earnings currently.
Tax
Consequences for
Non-U.S. Holders
of Ordinary Shares
Except as described in “— Information Reporting
and Back-up
Withholding,” a
non-U.S. holder
of ordinary shares will not be subject to U.S. federal
income or withholding tax on the payment of dividends on
ordinary shares and the gain from the disposition of ordinary
shares unless:
•
such income is effectively connected with the conduct by the
non-U.S. holder
of a trade or business in the United States and, in the case of
a resident of a country which has a treaty with the United
States, such income is attributable to a permanent establishment
or, in the case of an individual, a fixed place of business, in
the United States; or
•
the
non-U.S. holder
is an individual who holds the ordinary shares as a capital
asset and is present in the United States for
183 days or more in the taxable year of the disposition and
certain other conditions are met.
If the first exception applies, the
non-U.S. holder
generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax with
respect to such income in the same manner as a U.S. holder
unless otherwise provided in an applicable income tax treaty; a
non-U.S. holder
that is a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes
also may be subject to a branch profits tax with respect to such
income at a rate of 30% (or at a reduced rate under an
applicable income tax treaty). If the second exception applies,
the
non-U.S. holder
generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at a
rate of 30% (or at a reduced rate under an applicable income tax
treaty) on the amount by which such
non-U.S. holder’s
capital gains allocable to U.S. sources exceed capital
losses allocable to U.S. sources during the taxable year of
disposition of the ordinary shares.
Information
Reporting and
Back-up
Withholding
U.S. holders generally are subject to information reporting
requirements with respect to dividends paid on ordinary shares
and on the proceeds from the sale, exchange or disposition of
ordinary shares. In addition, U.S. holders are subject to
back-up
withholding on dividends paid on ordinary shares, and on the
sale, exchange or other disposition of ordinary shares, unless
such U.S. holder provides a taxpayer identification number
and a duly executed IRS
Form W-9
or otherwise establishes an exemption.
Non-U.S. holders
generally are not subject to information reporting or
back-up
withholding with respect to dividends paid on ordinary shares,
or the proceeds from the sale, exchange or other disposition of
ordinary shares, provided that each such
non-U.S. holder
certifies as to its foreign status on the applicable duly
executed IRS
Form W-8
or otherwise establishes an exemption.
Back-up
withholding is not an additional tax, and the amount of any
back-up
withholding will be allowed as a credit against a U.S. or
non-U.S. holder’s
U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle such
holder to a refund, provided that certain required information
is timely furnished to the IRS. The information reporting
requirements may apply regardless of whether withholding is
required.
Tax
Treatment of Tax-Exempt U.S. Holders of the Ordinary
Shares
Special considerations apply to pension plans and other
investors that are subject to tax only on their unrelated
business taxable income, or UBTI. A tax-exempt
U.S. holder’s dividend income and capital gains
derived from an investment in the ordinary shares generally
would not be treated as UBTI. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a
tax-exempt U.S. holder which incurs “acquisition
indebtedness” (as defined in Section 514(c) of the
U.S. Internal Revenue Code) with respect to the ordinary
shares may be subject to the tax on UBTI with respect to income
from the ordinary shares as described above.
Transfer
Reporting Requirements
A U.S. holder (including a tax-exempt entity) that
purchases ordinary shares for cash from Everquest may be
required to file an IRS Form 926 or similar form with the
IRS if (i) such person owned, directly or by attribution,
immediately after such purchase at least 10% by vote or value of
Everquest, or (ii) the purchase, when aggregated with all
purchases made by such person (or any related person) within the
preceding
12-month
period, exceeds $100,000. In the event a U.S. holder fails
to file any such required form, the
U.S. holder could be required to pay a penalty equal to 10%
of the gross amount paid for such ordinary shares (subject to a
maximum penalty of $100,000, except in cases involving
intentional disregard). U.S. persons should consult with
their tax advisors with respect to this or any other reporting
requirement which may apply with respect to their acquisition of
the ordinary shares.
Tax
Shelter Reporting Requirements
If a U.S. holder holds 10% or more of the shares in a CFC
or PFIC, the holder must disclose any of such entity’s
transactions reportable under recent regulations concerning tax
shelter transactions, which require disclosure of certain types
of transactions whether or not they were undertaken for tax
reasons. We intend to provide holders of the ordinary shares
with the information about our transactions, if any, reportable
under those regulations.
In addition, subject to certain significant exceptions, any
holder of ordinary shares, whether or not such holder is a
“reporting shareholder,” that recognizes a significant
loss on a sale or exchange of such holder’s ordinary shares
(generally $2 million or more for individuals and
partnerships with one or more noncorporate partners, and
$10 million or more for corporations and partnerships
consisting solely of corporate partners) with respect to such
ordinary shares in any taxable year may be required to file IRS
Form 8886 if no exception applies.
U.S. holders are urged to consult with their tax advisors
about these and all other specific reporting requirements
arising by reason of the purchase, ownership and disposition of
our ordinary shares.
EACH PROSPECTIVE SHAREHOLDER SHOULD CONSULT ITS PROFESSIONAL TAX
ADVISOR WITH RESPECT TO THE TAX CONSEQUENCES (U.S. FEDERAL,
STATE, LOCAL AND NON-U.S.) OF THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF
OUR ORDINARY SHARES, IN PARTICULAR THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX
RULES APPLICABLE TO PFICs.
We intend to offer the ordinary shares through the underwriters.
Subject to the terms and conditions described in an underwriting
agreement among us, Everquest LLC, the managers and Bear,
Stearns & Co. Inc. as book-running manager for this
offering, we have agreed to sell to the underwriters, and the
underwriters severally have agreed to purchase from us, the
number of ordinary shares listed opposite their names below.
Number of
Underwriter
Shares
Bear, Stearns & Co.
Inc.
Total
The underwriters have agreed to purchase all of the shares sold
under the underwriting agreement if any of these shares are
purchased. If an underwriter defaults, the underwriting
agreement provides that the purchase commitments of the
non-defaulting underwriters may be increased or the underwriting
agreement may be terminated.
We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against certain
liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or
to contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to
make in respect of those liabilities.
The underwriters are offering the shares, subject to prior sale,
when, as and if issued to and accepted by them, subject to
approval of legal matters by their counsel, including the
validity of the shares, and other conditions contained in the
underwriting agreement, such as the receipt by the underwriters
of officer’s certificates and legal opinions. The
underwriters reserve the right to withdraw, cancel or modify
offers to the public and to reject orders in whole or in part.
A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on
Internet sites or through other online services maintained by
one or more of the underwriters
and/or
selling group members participating in this offering, or by
their affiliates. In those cases, prospective investors may view
offering terms online and, depending upon the particular
underwriter or selling group member, prospective investors may
be allowed to place orders online. Certain underwriters may
allocate a limited number of shares for sale to online brokerage
account holders. Any such allocation for online distributions
will be made by the underwriters on the same basis as other
allocations.
Other than the prospectus in electronic format, information
contained on any other website maintained by an underwriter or
selling group member is not part of this prospectus or the
registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part,
has not been endorsed by us or any underwriter or any selling
group member in its capacity as underwriter or selling group
member and should not be relied on by prospective investors in
deciding whether to purchase any ordinary shares. The
underwriters and selling group members are not responsible for
information contained in Internet websites that they do not
maintain.
In addition, the underwriters may send prospectuses via email as
a courtesy to certain of their customers to whom they are
concurrently sending a prospectus hard copy.
Commissions
and Discounts
The underwriters have advised us that they propose initially to
offer the shares to the public at the public offering price on
the cover page of this prospectus and to dealers at that price
less a concession not in excess of
$ per share. The underwriters may
allow, and the dealers may reallow, a discount not in excess of
$0.10 per share to other dealers. After the public
offering, the public offering price, concession and discount may
be changed.
The following table shows the public offering price,
underwriting discounts and commissions and proceeds before
expenses to us. The information assumes either no exercise or
full exercise by the underwriters of their over-allotment option:
Per Share
No Exercise
Full Exercise
Public offering price
Underwriting discounts and
commissions
Proceeds, before expenses, to us
The expenses of this offering, excluding the underwriting
discounts and commissions and related fees that are payable by
us, are estimated at $ .
Over-Allotment
Option
We have granted the underwriters an option exercisable for
30 days from the date of this prospectus to purchase a
total of up to
additional shares at the public offering price less the
underwriting discount. The underwriters may exercise this option
solely to cover any over-allotments, if any, made in connection
with this offering. To the extent the underwriters exercise this
option in whole or in part, each will be obligated, subject to
conditions contained in the underwriting agreement, to purchase
a number of additional shares approximately proportionate to
that underwriter’s initial commitment amount reflected in
the above table.
If the underwriters sell more shares than could be covered by
the over-allotment option, a naked short position would be
created that can only be closed out by buying shares in the open
market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if
the underwriters are concerned that there could be downward
pressure on the price of the shares in the open market after
pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in
the offering.
No Sales
of Similar Securities
We, each of our executive officers and directors, our managers
and certain other holders of our ordinary shares, subject to
limited exceptions, will agree not to sell or transfer any of
our ordinary shares for 180 days after the date of this
prospectus (which period could be extended by the underwriters
for up to an additional 34 days under certain
circumstances) without first obtaining the written consent of
Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc.
The 180-day
period described in the preceding paragraph will be
automatically extended if: (i) during the last 17 days
of the
180-day
period we issue an earnings release or announce material news or
a material event; or (ii) prior to the expiration of the
180-day
period, we announce that we will release earnings results during
the 15-day
period following the last day of the
180-day
period, in either of which case the restrictions described in
the preceding paragraph will continue to apply until the
expiration of the
18-day
period beginning on the issuance of the earnings release or the
announcement of the material news or material event.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, parties who will agree not to
sell or transfer our ordinary shares during such period of time
may transfer shares during such period, without the prior
written consent of Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc.:
(i) as a bona fide gift or gifts;
(ii) to any trust for the direct or indirect benefit of
such party or his or her immediate family; or
(iii) by will or intestate succession;
provided, however, it is a condition to any such transfer that
the transferee (or trustee in the case of clause (ii)
above) execute an agreement stating that such transferee (or
trustee) is receiving and holding our ordinary shares subject to
the provisions of the agreement pursuant to which these persons
agreed not to sell or transfer our ordinary shares and there
shall be no further transfer of our ordinary shares except in
accordance with the terms of such agreement; provided, further,
that in the case of any such transfer, no filing by any party
under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act is required in
connection with such transfer. The transfer restrictions set
forth above do not apply to (i) the registration of the
offer to and sale of our ordinary shares as contemplated herein,
or (ii) any grant to, or exercise of any stock or other
awards under our equity incentive plans.
Stabilization,
Short Positions and Penalty Bids
The underwriters may engage in over-allotment, stabilizing
transactions, syndicate covering transactions and penalty bids
in accordance with Regulation M under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934.
•
Over-allotment involves syndicate sales in excess of the
offering size, which creates a syndicate short position.
•
Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying
security so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a
specified maximum.
•
Syndicate covering transactions involve purchases of the common
stock in the open market after the distribution has been
completed in order to cover syndicate short positions.
•
Penalty bids permit the representatives to reclaim a selling
concession from a syndicate member when the ordinary shares
originally sold by the syndicate member is purchased in a
syndicate covering transaction to cover syndicate short
positions.
Stabilizing transactions, syndicate covering transactions and
penalty bids may cause the price of our ordinary shares to be
higher than it would otherwise be in the absence of these
transactions. These transactions may be effected on
the or otherwise and,
if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.
Discretionary
Shares
In connection with this offering, the underwriters may allocate
shares to accounts over which they exercise discretionary
authority. The underwriters do not expect to allocate shares to
discretionary accounts in excess of % of
the total number of shares in this offering.
Other
Relationships
BSAM, an affiliate of Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. serves
as one of our managers and receives fees for services rendered
as our manager. See “The Management Agreements —
The Management Agreements — Management Fees, Expenses
and Incentive Allocation.
Ralph R. Cioffi, one of our CEOs, is a director and officer
of BSAM and beneficially owns equity in the BSHG Funds and Bear
Stearns.
Pursuant to a shareholder agreement dated September 28,2006, BSAM is entitled to receive, subject to approval by our
board of directors, share grants representing 2.5% of our
ordinary shares outstanding upon completion of this offering.
On October 5, 2006, the BSHG Funds, which are managed by
BSAM, purchased 16,000,000 of our ordinary shares, representing
approximately % of our outstanding
ordinary shares immediately prior to this offering.
On October 5, 2006, affiliates of Bear, Stearns &
Co. Inc. purchased approximately 1,000,000 of our ordinary
shares, representing approximately % of
our outstanding ordinary shares immediately prior to this
offering.
Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. is a party to various financing
agreements with us, including sponsorships of ABS CDOs and CLOs,
for which it received customary fees and expense reimbursements.
In addition, certain of the underwriters have from time to time
provided investment and commercial banking services to us and
our affiliates, for which they have received customary fees and
expense reimbursements. The underwriters may, from time to time,
engage in transactions with, and perform services for, us in the
ordinary course of their business.
Under the Conduct Rules of the NASD, when underwriters or their
affiliates beneficially own 10% or more of the common equity of
a company, they may be deemed to have a “conflict of
interest” under Rule 2720(b)(7) of the rules and
regulations of the NASD. When a NASD member with a conflict of
interest participates as an underwriter in a public offering,
that rule requires that the initial public offering price be no
higher than that recommended by a “qualified independent
underwriter,” as defined by the NASD, which qualified
independent underwriter shall also participate in the
preparation of the registration statement and the prospectus and
exercise the usual standard of “due diligence” in its
preparation. has
been engaged to act as a qualified independent underwriter. In
this
role
has performed a due diligence investigation of us and
participated in the preparation of this prospectus and the
registration statement. The initial public offering price of the
ordinary shares is not higher than the price recommended
by .
We have agreed to
indemnify
against liabilities in connection with acting as a qualified
independent underwriter, including liabilities under the
Securities Act.
Offering
Price Determination
Before this offering, there has been no public market for our
ordinary shares. The initial public offering price will be
determined by negotiation between the underwriters and us. The
principal factors to be considered in determining the public
offering price include: the information set forth in this
prospectus and otherwise available to the underwriters; the
history and the prospects for the industry in which we will
compete; the ability of our management; the prospects for our
future earnings; the present state of our development and our
current financial condition; the general condition of the
securities markets at the time of this offering; and the recent
market prices of, and the demand for, publicly traded common
stock of generally comparable companies.
The validity of the ordinary shares being offered in the
offering will be passed upon by Maples and Calder, our Cayman
Islands counsel. Certain matters of U.S. federal and New
York law relating to the offering will be passed upon for us by
Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, New York, New York, our
special U.S. counsel, and by Hunton & Williams LLP,
the special U.S. counsel for the underwriters.
The consolidated financial statements as of December 31,2006 and for the period from September 28, 2006
(commencement of operations) through December 31, 2006 for
Everquest Financial Ltd. and the financial statements as of
December 31, 2006 and for the period from
September 28, 2006 (commencement of operations) through
December 31, 2006 for Parapet 2006, Ltd. included in this
registration statement have been audited by Deloitte &
Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as
stated in their reports appearing herein and are included in
reliance upon the reports of such firm in their authority as
experts in accounting and auditing.
We have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission a
registration statement on
Form S-1
under the Securities Act with respect to the ordinary shares
offered hereby. This prospectus does not contain all of the
information set forth in the registration statement and the
exhibits and schedules thereto. For further information with
respect to Everquest Financial Ltd. and the ordinary shares
offered hereby, you should refer to the registration statement
and to the exhibits and schedules filed therewith. Statements
contained in this prospectus regarding the contents of any
contract or any other document that is filed as an exhibit to
the registration statement are not necessarily complete, and
each such statement is qualified in all respects by reference to
the full text of such contract or other document filed as an
exhibit to the registration statement. A copy of the Everquest
Financial Ltd. registration statement and the exhibits and
schedules thereto may be inspected without charge at the public
reference room maintained by the SEC located at 100 F Street,
N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. Copies of all
or any portion of the registration statements and the filings
may be obtained from such offices upon payment of prescribed
fees. The public may obtain information on the operation of the
public reference room by calling the SEC at
1-800-SEC-0330
or
(202) 551-8090.
The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.govthat contains
reports, proxy and information statements and other information
regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC.
You may obtain a copy of any of our filings, at no cost, by
writing or telephoning us at:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of
assets and liabilities of Everquest Financial Ltd. and
subsidiaries (the “Company”), including the
consolidated schedule of investments, as of December 31,2006, and the related consolidated statements of operations,
changes in net assets, and cash flows for the period from
September 28, 2006 (commencement of operations) through
December 31, 2006. These financial statements are the
responsibility of the Company’s management. Our
responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial
statements based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those
standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are
free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to
have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal
control over financial reporting. Our audit included
consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a
basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the
circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion
on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over
financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An
audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence
supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements, assessing the accounting principles used and
significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating
the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that
our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present
fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of
Everquest Financial Ltd. and subsidiaries at December 31,2006, and the results of their operations, changes in their net
assets, and their cash flows for the period from
September 28, 2006 (commencement of operations) through
December 31, 2006, in conformity with accounting principles
generally accepted in the United States of America.
Total Investments in Securities,
Swaps and Warehouse Facilities (amortized cost —
$710,219,651) — 116.18%
$
719,656,863
Liabilities in excess of other
assets — (16.18%)
(100,202,826
)
Net assets — 100.00%
$
619,454,037
(1)
These affiliated investments, totaling $443,246,864 of fair
value, are sponsored by BSAM and STDA, Everquest’s managers.
(2)
Maturity Dates for CDO’s and CLO’s refer to auction or
clean-up
call dates.
(3)
Represents the effective yield as of December 31, 2006
compounding semi-annually.
(4)
See Note 3 for information on yields associated with CDO
warehouse facilities
(5)
Swaps pay a rate of interest ranging between 2.70% and 3.40% in
exchange for credit protection on four securities having a
notional value of $28,000,000 held within the Hudson Mezzanine
Funding
2006-1A CDO
investment.
Everquest Financial Ltd. is a Cayman Islands exempted company
incorporated with limited liability. Everquest Financial Ltd.
was formed on September 5, 2006 and commenced operations on
September 28, 2006. Everquest Financial Ltd. owns 100% of
Everquest Financial LLC, 99% directly and 1% indirectly through
its other wholly owned subsidiary, Everquest Cayman Ltd.,
(together with its subsidiaries, “Everquest”).
Everquest Financial Ltd. is a specialty finance company whose
primary activity as a holding company is to own holdings,
directly or indirectly, in equity or other securities issued by
its majority-owned structured finance subsidiaries commonly
known as collateralized debt obligation issuers
(“CDOs”), including collateralized loan obligations
issuers (“CLOs”). Everquest is jointly managed by Bear
Stearns Asset Management (“BSAM”) and Stone Tower Debt
Advisors LLC (“STDA”) (together, the
“Managers”) under the supervision of Everquest’s
initial board of directors (the “Board”) pursuant to
management agreements. Everquest’s current Board was
elected on December 14, 2006.
The Managers will, subject to applicable law and
Everquest’s Organizational Documents, (i) purchase,
monitor, sell or otherwise dispose of assets; (ii) be
responsible for the
day-to-day
operations and activities relating to the Everquest’s
operations; (iii) provide advisory services, research and
analysis; and (iv) borrow or raise funds for Everquest.
Everquest conducts its operations to not be required to register
as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of
1940, as amended. Accordingly, the majority of securities held
by Everquest consists, and will consist, of securities issued by
its majority owned CDO subsidiaries, which themselves are not
registered investment companies.
Through December 31, 2006, Everquest Financial Ltd.,
Everquest Financial LLC and Everquest Cayman Ltd. conducted
their operation under the official names of Rampart Financial
Ltd., Rampart Financial LLC and Rampart Cayman Ltd.,
respectively.
2.
Significant
Accounting Policies
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been
presented on the accrual basis of accounting in conformity with
accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of
America (“US GAAP”). For financial statement reporting
purposes, Everquest is an investment company and follows the
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Audit and
Accounting Guide for Investment Companies (the
“Guide”).
Principles
of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the
accounts of Everquest Financial Ltd. and its subsidiaries,
Everquest Financial, LLC and Everquest Cayman, Ltd. All
intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated.
On December 24, 2003, FASB Interpretation No. 46
(Revised December 2003), “Consolidation of Variable
Interest Entities” (“FIN 46(R)”), was issued
to clarify the application of Accounting Research Bulletin
(“ARB”) No. 51, Consolidated Financial
Statements, as amended by FASB Statement No. 94,
“Consolidation of All Majority-Owned Subsidiaries”.
The effective date of FIN 46(R) has been deferred for
investment companies (including non-registered investment
companies) that are accounting for investments in accordance
with the Guide. For accounting purposes, Everquest has evaluated
all CDO equity investments, including Parapet 2006, Ltd., under
a control based model, in accordance with ARB No. 51 and
has not consolidated any of its CDO equity investments. As
required by the Guide, all investments are reported at fair
value.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US
GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that
affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial
statements and the accompanying notes, including the valuation
of investments. Everquest’s management believes that the
estimates utilized in preparing the consolidated financial
statements are reasonable and prudent; however, actual results
could differ materially from these estimates.
Securities
Transactions, Valuation and Related Income
Investments
in Securities
Everquest records its transactions in securities on a trade date
basis. Realized gains and losses from securities are calculated
on an identified cost basis.
Investments are carried at estimated fair value, with unrealized
gains and losses reported as a component of net increase or
decrease in net assets resulting from operations in the
accompanying consolidated statement of operations. The fair
value of each investment is estimated using the discounted cash
flow technique. This technique uses current market information
of the securities underlying the respective investment, notably
market yields and projected cash flows based on forecasted
default, recovery, reinvestment and pre-pay or call rates, at
the statement of assets and liabilities date. Due to uncertainty
inherent in the valuation process, such estimates of fair value
may differ materially from the values that would have been used
had a ready market for the securities existed. Additionally,
changes in the market environment and other events that may
occur over the life of the investments could cause the gains and
losses ultimately realized upon disposition of these investments
to be different from the valuations currently assigned.
Everquest recognizes interest income and any impairment pursuant
to Emerging Issues Task Force Issue
No. 99-20
(“EITF 99-20”),
“Recognition of Interest Income and Impairment on
Purchased and Retained Beneficial Interests in Securitized
Financial Assets”.
EITF 99-20
sets forth rules for recognizing interest income and determining
when securities amortized cost must be written down to fair
value because of other than temporary impairments.
Everquest determines periodic interest income based on the
principles of
EITF 99-20.
The excess of the estimated future cash flows over the initial
investment is the accretable yield which is recognized as
interest income over the life of the investment using the
effective yield method. Cash distributions received from
investments under
EITF 99-20
may not necessarily equal the income earned during any given
year or period.
The amortized cost of each investment is equal to the initial
investment plus the yield accrued to date less all cash received
to date less any write downs for impairment.
Everquest evaluates securities for impairment as of each quarter
end or more frequently if it becomes aware of any material
information that would lead it to believe that a security may be
impaired.
Unrealized gains and losses represent the differences between
the amortized cost and fair value of investments. Unrealized
gains and losses occur when actual cash receipts differ from the
amounts initially estimated, discount rates
and/or
assumptions included in the fair valuation models (such as
estimated default rates, prepayment or recovery rates) have
changed. Any unrealized loss is tested for permanent impairment
as required by
EITF 99-20.
In determining permanent impairment, the present value of the
future estimated remaining cash flows discounted at the last
rate used to recognize the accretable yield on the security is
compared with the present value of the previously estimated
remaining cash flows discounted at the last rate used to
recognize accretable yield on the security adjusted for the cash
received during the intervening period. If the present value of
the newly estimated cash flows has decreased then an adverse
change and an other than temporary impairment has occurred. When
an impairment is other than temporary, the security is written
down to fair value as of the reporting date and any previously
unrealized loss is realized in the period such a
determination is made. Everquest evaluates its impairment for
investments on a security by security basis, not on an overall
portfolio basis.
As of December 31, 2006, impairment charges of $2,157,691
were realized and are included as a component of net realized
loss on investments on the accompanying consolidated statement
of operations.
Credit
Default Swaps
Everquest pays fixed periodic payments to a counterparty in
consideration for a guarantee from a counterparty to make a
specific payment should a negative credit even take place. These
credit default swaps are accounted for at fair value in the
consolidated statement of assets and liabilities with the net
changes in fair value included as unrealized gains in the
consolidated statement of operations.
Deposits
in CDO Warehouses
Everquest currently has $22 million deposited in two CDO
warehouses. Everquest accounts for these at fair value on its
consolidated statement of assets and liabilities with any
changes to the fair value reflected as unrealized gains or
losses in its consolidated statement of operations
Due
from Affiliates
The majority of this amount represents organizational expenses
paid by Everquest on behalf of Parapet 2006, Ltd., a CDO squared
in which Everquest owns 100% of the equity.
Due to
Affiliates
This amount represents a liability for the portion of the
distributions received by Everquest attributable to the period
when the Bear Stearns Sellers owned the assets prior to their
contribution into Everquest.
Expenses
Everquest is responsible for all expenses incidental to
structuring, incorporating, placing shares, and all ordinary
administrative expenses.
For financial reporting purposes and conformity with US GAAP,
Everquest has deducted the total initial organizational costs at
inception for purposes of determining the Net Asset Value. For
the computation of Net Asset Value for purposes of shareholder
subscription, such costs are amortized over six months.
Income
Taxes
There are currently no income taxes imposed on income and
capital gains by the government of the Cayman Islands with
respect to Everquest Financial Ltd. and Everquest Cayman Ltd.
Everquest Financial LLC is a Delaware limited liability company
that is treated as a partnership for tax purposes, and is
therefore not a taxable entity for U.S. federal income tax
purposes. It is Everquest’s intention to conduct its
activities in a manner such that it will not be engaged in a
trade or business in the United States of America. Accordingly,
any capital gains and most interest income are not subject to
United States taxation. Therefore, Everquest Financial Ltd.,
Everquest Cayman Ltd. and Everquest Financial, LLC do not
directly pay U.S. federal income tax and no provision has
been made for such taxes in the accompanying consolidated
financial statements. Any taxable income or loss is includable
in the taxable income of each of the Everquest shareholders.
Cash
and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash held at banks,
deposits with original maturities of less than 90 days, and
money market funds.
In the normal course of business, Everquest may enter into swap
agreements (“Swaps”) for investment, financing or
hedging purposes. The Swaps will be utilized to structure and
hedge CDO holdings and to economically meet its objectives and
help to manage risk. Everquest may enter into total return,
credit default, interest rate and currency swap agreements.
Swaps are contractual agreements between a company and a third
party to exchange a series of cash flows. Total return swaps are
agreements where one party receives equity returns based on
reference pools of assets in exchange for short term floating
rate payments based on notional amounts. Credit default swaps,
are agreements in which one party pays fixed periodic payments
to a counterparty in consideration for a guarantee from the
counterparty to make specific payment should a negative credit
event take place. Risks arise from the possible inability of
counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts.
As of December 31, 2006, Everquest had four credit default
swaps valued at $701,117 in its portfolio.
Deposits
in Warehouse Agreements
In the normal course of business, Everquest may enter into an
agreement which requires a deposit for the purpose of covering a
portion of any losses or cost associated with the accumulation
of securities under a warehouse agreement. Such a deposit of
cash allows for notional participation in the income generated
by the assets, acquired within the warehouse arrangement, after
deducting the notional debt cost (the “Carry”). At the
termination of the agreement, depending on the performance of
the collateral securities accumulated in the warehouse,
Everquest has the potential to either lose its deposit or earn a
residual carry and LIBOR based interest along with the return of
its deposit. Everquest is obligated to acquire 100% of the
equity of the CDOs should the CDO closing fail to occur and the
existing collateral manager is replaced by BSAM.
These agreements are treated as derivatives for accounting
purposes and are reported at fair value.
As of December 31, 2006, Everquest had deposited
$22 million in two such warehouses which also represents
the fair value.
4.
Financing
Everquest intends to finance the acquisition of its investments
in securities through the use of secured borrowings in the form
of line of credit facilities, and other secured and unsecured
borrowings. Everquest will recognize interest expense on all
borrowings on an accrual basis. On December 15, 2006, Everquest
entered into a $200,000,000 credit facility for a term of one
year with Citigroup Financial Products Inc. (“CFPI”),
secured by a first priority perfected security interest on 100%
of Everquest’s assets. This facility will be drawn upon by
Everquest to fund investments, pre-approved by CFPI, prior to an
IPO. This credit facility bears an annual interest rate of the
applicable three month LIBOR plus 2.00% on all amounts drawn. In
addition, there will be 0.50% interest charged for all undrawn
amounts and a breakage fee for any prepayment of outstanding
principal.
The credit facility includes customary financial and other
covenants that require the maintenance of certain
collateralization ratios and restricts Everquest’s ability
to make distributions and certain investments. In addition it
prohibits Everquest from additional secured borrowings.
CFPI is an investor in Everquest Financial Ltd. and owned 4.18%
of the equity at December 31, 2006.
As of December 31, 2006, Everquest had $25,649,868
outstanding under this line of credit agreement and the interest
rate was 7.36%.
Investments and derivatives balances at December 31, 2006
included the following:
Investments in securities and
derivatives, at amortized cost
$
710,219,651
Gross Unrealized Appreciation
9,437,212
Investments in securities and
derivatives, at fair value
$
719,656,863
During the period from September 28, 2006 through
December 31, 2006, Everquest realized a net loss of
$1,837,691, of which $2,157,691 related to losses taken as a
result of other than temporary impairment on investments as
discussed in Note 2. Unrealized gains for the period from
September 28, 2006 through December 31, 2006 were
$9,437,212.
6.
Concentration
of Market, Credit and Other Risks
Everquest primarily holds directly or indirectly the equity
tranches of CDOs. It currently owns greater than 50% of equity
interests in over 90% of the CDOs that it is invested in. An
equity interest in a CDO is subordinated to all other interests
of the CDO entity and entitles the equity investor to receive
the residual cash flows, if any, from the CDO entity. As a
result, all of Everquest’s investments are sensitive to
changes in the credit quality of the issuers of the collateral
securities including changes in the forecasted default rates and
any declines in the anticipated recovery rates. Everquest’s
financial exposure is limited to its investments in the equity
interests in the CDO entities, which is included in the
accompanying consolidated statement of assets and liabilities.
Everquest’s exposure to market risk is determined by a
number of factors including the size, composition and
diversification of positions held, the absolute and relative
levels of interest rates and market volatility. Financial market
declines or adverse changes in interest rates could adversely
impact Everquest’s revenue and net investment income.
Credit risk can arise from the potential deterioration of the
credit quality of the issuers underlying the collateral
securities with a corresponding increase in the number of
defaults. This could negatively impact the cash flows generated
by collateral securities and as a result Everquest may not be
able to recover its equity invested in the CDO holdings. Also,
in periods of rising default rates or lower debt recovery rates,
the fair value and therefore the carrying value of
Everquest’s holdings may be adversely affected.
Everquest manages its market and credit risks by monitoring the
size, maturity dates, and structure of the arrangements in a
dynamic economic environment. The credit risk of the underlying
collateral of the structures is monitored. Everquest applies
uniform credit standards for all activities associated with
credit risk. Everquest also monitors whether the collateral
managers of the structures in which it invests manage the
underlying collateral in accordance with the criteria
established in the collateral management agreements.
Additionally, Everquest continually monitors the overall credit
quality of the underlying collateral.
Most of Everquest’s holdings are in CDO equity which is not
tradable on a national securities exchange and which has a
higher degree of both market and credit risk than many other
financial instruments. These holdings trade in a limited market
and Everquest may not be able to immediately liquidate them if
needed. The clearing operations for Everquest are provided by
large financial institutions. At December 31, 2006,
substantially all cash and cash equivalents and all securities
owned were held at large financial institutions. Credit risk is
measured by the loss Everquest would record if such financial
institutions failed to perform pursuant to terms of their
obligations. Management evaluates the financial stability of
these financial institutions and does not believe there is a
significant credit risk associated with them.
Everquest is subject to credit risk to the extent any broker
with which Everquest conducts business is unable to deliver cash
balances or securities, or is unable to clear security
transactions on Everquest’s behalf. Management evaluates
the financial condition of the brokers with which it conducts
business and believes the likelihood of loss under those
circumstances is remote.
Due to brokers represents amounts owed to various counterparties
for CDO holdings purchases pending settlements.
8.
Due from
Brokers
Due from brokers represents amounts including interest owed to
Everquest by trustees of underlying holdings or other
counterparties.
9.
Related
Party Transactions
In connection with the formation of Everquest, Bear Stearns High
Grade Structured Credit Strategies Master Fund Ltd. and
Bear Stearns High Grade Structured Credit Strategies Enhanced
Leverage Master Fund Ltd. (collectively, the “Bear
Stearns Sellers”), hedge funds managed by BSAM, contributed
interests in certain structured finance securities (the
“Bear Contributed Assets”) they held to Everquest
Financial Ltd., in exchange for a combination of 16,000,000
limited-voting participating shares with a value of
$400,000,000, par value $0.001 per share of Everquest and
cash of $148,800,193.
In general, the Bear Contributed Assets consist of (i) an
unrated residual tranche of preference shares of an entity named
Parapet 2006, Ltd., which was contributed to Everquest Financial
Ltd. and then contributed to Everquest Financial LLC and
(ii) unrated residual securities of CDOs. The fair value of
the Bear Contributed Assets contributed by Bear Stearns High
Grade Structured Credit Strategies Master Fund Ltd. and
Bear Stearns High Grade Structured Credit Strategies Enhanced
Leverage Master Fund Ltd. were $257,571,150 and
$142,428,850, respectively. The total contribution by the Bear
Stearns Sellers results in approximately 67% ownership in
Everquest as of December 31, 2006. The remainder of the
Bear Contributed Assets were transferred directly to Everquest
Financial Ltd. for cash and then contributed to Everquest
Financial LLC.
Additionally, in connection with the formation of Everquest,
HY II Investments, L.L.C. and EGI-Fund
(05-07)
Investors, L.L.C. (collectively, the “HY Sellers”),
transferred certain CDO Securities valued at $3,890,250 and
$2,524,500 respectively, and, additionally,
EGI-Fund (05-07)
Investors, L.L.C. transferred $18,585,250 in cash to
Everquest Financial Ltd., which contributed them to Everquest
Financial LLC in consideration for 1,000,000 Shares of
Everquest Financial Ltd. The HY Sellers indirectly own an
interest in STDA.
The values of the assets transferred to Everquest were
determined based on certain models, assumptions and methods and
do not necessarily reflect the values that could be achieved by
Everquest upon sale or other disposition of such assets, and
performance of the assets may differ, from that used in such
model.
Everquest will pay to the Bear Stearns Sellers or the HY
Sellers, as applicable, such seller’s pro rata share of all
distributions received by Everquest, in respect of the assets
transferred by them, to the extent the distributions pertained
to periods of time the assets were not owned by Everquest. The
payment is pro rated for the period of the payment period in
which Everquest owned the securities, i.e., from
September 28, 2006 through the payment date.
Each of the Managers entered into a management agreement (the
“Management Agreements”) with Everquest Financial Ltd.
Pursuant to the terms of the Management Agreements, Everquest
will pay as compensation for their services, a management fee,
payable quarterly in arrears (the “Base Fee”) equal to
(i) 1.75% on an annualized basis of Everquest’s equity
up to $2 billion, plus (ii) 1.50% on an annualized
basis of Everquest’s equity over $2 billion and up to
$3 billion, plus (iii) 1.25% on an annualized basis of
Everquest’s equity over $3 billion and up to
$4 billion plus (iv) 1% on an annualized basis of
Everquest’s equity over $4 billion.
For purposes of calculating the Base Fee, Everquest Financial
Ltd.’s equity means the sum of the net proceeds from any
issuance of Shares (after deducting any underwriting discounts
and commissions and other expenses and costs relating to the
issuance), plus Everquest’s retained earnings at the end of
such quarter (without taking into account any non-cash equity
compensation expenses incurred in the current or prior periods),
which amount shall be reduced by the amount that Everquest pays
for repurchases of its Shares; provided that the foregoing
calculation of the equity shall be adjusted to exclude special
one-time events pursuant to changes made in accordance with US
GAAP, as well as non-cash charges after discussion between
Everquest Financial Ltd. and the Independent Directors on the
Board and approval by a majority of the Independent Directors.
In addition, the Managers are entitled to an incentive fee (the
“Incentive Fee” and together with the Base Fee, the
“Fees”), payable quarterly in arrears, equal to
(i) 25% of the dollar amount by which (a) the
quarterly net increase in net assets resulting from operations
of Everquest, as determined in accordance with US GAAP, before
accounting for the Incentive Fee, per weighted average Share,
exceeds (b) the product of an amount equal to the weighted
average of the price per Share for all issuances of Shares,
after deducting any underwriting discounts and commissions and
other costs and expenses related to such issuances, multiplied
by the greater of 2.00% or 0.50% plus one-fourth of the
U.S. Ten-Year Treasury Rate for such quarter, multiplied by
(ii) the weighted average number of Shares outstanding
during the quarter; provided that the foregoing
calculation of the Incentive Fee will be adjusted to exclude
special one-time events pursuant to changes in US GAAP, as well
as non-cash charges, after discussion between Everquest and the
Independent Directors on the Board and approval by a majority of
the Independent Directors.
As of December 31, 2006, the Base Fee and Incentive Fee
earned by the Managers were $2,826,605 and $3,783,514,
respectively, and are included in the expenses and payable to
affiliates in the accompanying consolidated statement of
operations and consolidated statement of assets and liabilities,
respectively.
The fees paid to the Managers will be allocated between them as
follows: (i) compensation relating to the first
$562 million of capital of Everquest, at the time of
determination of such compensation will be allocated 80%/20%
between BSAM and STDA, respectively, and (ii) compensation
relating to book of the Everquest, in excess of
$562 million will be allocated 60%/40% between BSAM and
STDA, respectively.
Each Management Agreement has a term of one year and will be
automatically renewable at the stated expiration for an
additional one-year period, unless either Everquest Financial
Ltd. or the respective Manager gives 30 days’ prior
written notice that the related Management Agreement will not be
renewed.
If Everquest delivers notice of non-renewal of a Management
Agreement (other than for cause), the applicable Manager will be
entitled to a payment equal to: (x) if on or prior to the
third anniversary of the closing date, the sum of (i) the
greater of (A) the amount of fees otherwise payable to such
third anniversary based on the average annual (or annualized in
the event of a termination prior to a full annual period) fees
paid to such Manager prior to such termination (the
“Remaining Amount”) and (B) two years of fees
based on the average annual fees payable to such Manager prior
to such termination (the “Two-Year Minimum Amount”)
and (ii) 50% of the greater of (A) the excess of
(X) the Remaining Amount (calculated without giving effect
to any reduction for amounts distributed or distributable under
the LLC agreement-“LLC offset”) over (Y) the
Remaining Amount and (B) the excess of (X) the
Two-Year Minimum Amount (calculated without giving effect to the
LLC offset) over (Y) the Two-Year Minimum Amount, and
(y) if following the third anniversary of the closing date,
the sum of (i) the Two-Year Minimum Amount and
(ii) 50% of the excess of (A) the Two-Year Minimum
Amount (calculated without giving effect to the LLC offset) over
(B) the Two-Year Minimum Amount.
The applicable Manager has the right to waive payment of any
such Fees to itself.
Upon Everquest’s initial public offering (IPO) the Managers
shall each receive share grants representing 2.5% of
Everquest’s outstanding ordinary shares.
Pursuant to the terms of the shareholder agreement, if Everquest
does not effect an IPO by December 5, 2008, Fees otherwise
payable to the Managers following such date will be reduced by
50%.
Everquest has a
sub-lease
agreement with I/ST Equity Partners LLC, the manager of
Everquest’s investor IST Offshore Holdings Ltd. who owns
8.37% of Everquest as of December 31, 2006. I/ST Equity
Partners LLC indirectly owns a portion of STDA. Everquest pays a
monthly rent of $7,155 per month to I/ST Equity Partners
LLC, based on the square footage of office space that Everquest
occupies. This amount is included in the due to affiliates in
the consolidated statement of assets and liabilities and other
expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. Everquest
is responsible to reimburse each of the Managers and I/ST Equity
Partners LLC for any
out-of-pocket
costs and expenses incurred by them prior to September 28,2006, relating to structuring and incorporating Everquest and
its subsidiaries, transferring assets to Everquest, and any due
diligence and other transactions in connection with offering of
the Shares of Everquest Financial Ltd. As of December 31,2006, the total amount of such reimbursements were $872,003 of
which $830,937 is included in the consolidated statement of
operations as Organization fees and the remaining $41,006 is
included as Other expenses.
10.
Allocation
of Profits & Losses
Profits and losses, net of management and incentive fees are
allocated on a pro rata basis to all shares in accordance with
the provision set forth in Everquest’s Memorandum and
Articles of Association.
11.
Equity /
Shares
At December 31, 2006, Everquest’s authorized share
capital was U.S. $50,000, divided into 100 voting shares of
U.S. $0.001 par value each and 49,999,900
participating shares of U.S. $0.001 par value each at.
On September 28, 2006, Everquest issued
22,500,100 shares in a private placement for cash and
securities valued at approximately $562,502,500. On
November 1, 2006 Everquest issued 1,386,139 additional
shares for $35,000,000. As of December 31, 2006, Everquest
had 23,886,239 shares issued and outstanding.
The following presents a reconciliation of net increase in net
assets resulting from operations per share for the period from
September 28, 2006 through December 31, 2006:
Net increase in net assets
resulting from operations
$
21,951,537
Weighted — average
number of shares outstanding
23,390,146
Net increase in net assets
resulting from operations per share
$
0.94
Transactions in Everquest’s shares for the period ended
December 31, 2006 were as follows:
Dividends and other distributions, if any, will be made by
Everquest quarterly as declared by the Board and to the extent
permitted by law, after payment of all Everquest’s
expenses, the Base Fee and the Incentive Fee payable to the
Managers and setting aside of such reserves for future expenses
and contingencies as determined by Everquest’s Chief
Executive Officers, in their discretion. To the extent Everquest
has cash on hand in excess of its reasonably foreseeable
business needs, Everquest intends, although is not obligated, to
distribute quarterly.
In accordance with financial reporting requirements applicable
to all investment companies (including funds that are exempt
from registration requirements), Everquest has included below
certain financial highlight information.
The ratios and total return amounts are calculated based on the
shareholder group taken as a whole. An individual
shareholder’s results may vary from those shown below due
to the timing of capital transactions.
The following ratios are calculated by dividing total dollars of
income or expenses as applicable by the average of total monthly
net assets. The net investment income ratio and total expense
ratio includes incentive fee.
Total expenses before incentive,
interest, and organizational fees
3.00
%
Incentive fees
0.64
%
Interest expense
0.03
%
Organizational fees
0.38
%
Total expenses
4.05
%
*
Annualized, except for incentive and organizational fees.
Total return amounts are not annualized and are calculated by
geometrically linking returns based on the change in value
during each accounting period.
In the normal course of business, Everquest has entered into
agreements that include indemnities in the favor of its managers
and other third parties, such as engagement letters with
advisors, consultants, information technology agreements,
distribution agreements and service agreements. Everquest has
also agreed to indemnify its directors and officers in
accordance with the companyby-laws. Certain agreements may or
may not contain any limits on Everquest’s liability and
therefore it may not be possible to estimate Everquest’s
liabilities under these indemnities. In certain cases, Everquest
has recourse against third parties with respect to these
indemnities. Further, Everquest maintains insurance policies
that provide coverage against certain claims under these
indemnities.
In addition to the other financial commitments discussed in the
consolidated financial statements, the amount of future losses
arising from such undertakings, while not quantifiable at this
time, is not expected to be material to Everquest.
On July 13, 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board
(“FASB”) released FASB Interpretation No. 48
(“FIN 48”) “Accounting for Uncertainty in
Income Taxes”. FIN 48 provides guidance for how
uncertain tax positions should be recognized, measured,
presented and disclosed in the financial statements. FIN 48
requires the evaluation of tax positions taken in the course of
preparing Everquest’s tax returns to determine whether the
tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” of being
sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax benefits of
positions not deemed to meet the more-likely-than-not threshold
could be booked as a tax expense in the current year and
recognized as: a liability for unrecognized tax benefits; a
reduction of an income tax refund receivable; a reduction of
deferred tax asset; an increase in deferred tax liability; or a
combination thereof. Adoption of FIN 48 is required for
fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2006. Everquest
has evaluated the implications of FIN 48 and its impact on
the consolidated financial statements and has determined that
there would be no material impact to the consolidated financial
statements upon adoption of FIN 48.
In September 2006, the FASB issued Statement of Financial
Accounting Standards No. 157, “Fair Value
Measurements” (“SFAS 157”). SFAS 157
clarifies the principle that fair value should be based on the
assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset
or liability and establishes a fair value hierarchy that
prioritizes the information used to develop those assumptions.
Under the standard, fair value measurements would be separately
disclosed by level within the fair value hierarchy.
SFAS 157 is effective for financial statements issued for
fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007
(January 1, 2008 for Everquest), and interim periods within
those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. At this time,
Everquest is evaluating the implications of SFAS 157 and
its impact on the consolidated financial statements has not yet
been determined.
The American Institute of Public Accountants has issued a
proposed Statement of Position (“SOP”) that provides
clarification to the scope of the Guide and definition of an
investment company for such purposes. As currently drafted,
Everquest believes that it continues to qualify as an investment
company under the proposed SOP. If Everquest did not qualify as
an investment company when the final SOP is issued, then
Everquest would be required to reevaluate its variable interest
entities under FIN 46(R), which could require consolidation
of some or all of Everquest’s CDO investments. As the SOP
is not yet finalized and Everquest’s investments could
change prior to such finalization, we are unable to quantify the
impact of the SOP on Everquest’s consolidated financial
statements.
On January 1, 2007 and February 1, 2007 Everquest sold
additional shares in a private placement, creating an increase
in capital of $30,000,000 and $32,300,000, respectively. No
placement fees were paid for raising this capital. The Net Asset
Value for the additional subscription of shares is not the same
as the Net Asset Value reported in these consolidated financial
statements. For purposes of computing the Net Asset Value for
additional subscriptions, the total initial organizational costs
were amortized over six months.
Additionally, Everquest granted 4,000 restricted shares to
each of its four independent directors on January 1, 2007.
Dividends
/ Dividend Reinvestment Plan
On January 22, 2007, Everquest’s board declared a
dividend of 100% of its net investment income, to shareholders
of record on December 31, 2006. The dividend is payable on
March 31, 2007. Everquest accounts for dividend as payable
when declared.
Everquest has a dividend reinvestment plan which offers
investors an opportunity to purchase additional Everquest shares
through an automatic reinvestment plan at a price equal to the
per share net asset value on the dividend payment date. All
investors, with the exception of one, have elected to
participate in the Everquest Dividend Reinvestment Plan. A total
dividend of $14,352,016 was declared, of which $475,920 will be
paid out as a cash dividend, and the remaining $13,876,096 will
be reinvested under the Everquest Dividend Reinvestment Plan.
To the Noteholders and Stockholder of Parapet 2006, Ltd.
We have audited the accompanying statement of assets and
liabilities of Parapet 2006, Ltd. (the “Company”),
including the schedule of investments, as of December 31,2006, and the related statements of operations, changes in net
assets, and cash flows for the period from September 28,2006 (commencement of operations) through December 31,2006. These financial statements are the responsibility of the
Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those
standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are
free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to
have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal
control over financial reporting. Our audit included
consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a
basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the
circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion
on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over
financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An
audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence
supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements, assessing the accounting principles used and
significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating
the overall financial statement presentation. We believe our
audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, such financial statements present fairly, in all
material respects, the financial position of Parapet 2006, Ltd.
at December 31, 2006, and the results of its operations,
changes in its net assets, and its cash flows for the period
from September 28, 2006 (commencement of operations)
through December 31, 2006, in conformity with accounting
principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Total Mezzanine Collateralized Loan
Obligation Securities (amortized cost — $30,652,096)
30,625,190
Residential Mortgaged-Backed
Securities — 4.56%
Merrill Lynch Mortgage Investors
Trust 2004-WMC5
1.61
7.20
2035
6,000,000
6,069,557
$
6,060,949
Structured Asset Investment Loan
Trust,
series 2004-10
2.41
7.35
2034
8,943,000
9,098,646
9,078,977
Structured Asset Investment Loan
Trust,
series 2004-BNC2
0.54
7.67
2034
2,000,000
2,023,130
2,017,419
Total Residential Mortgaged-Backed
Securities (amortized cost — $17,191,333)
17,157,345
Total Mezzanine Collateralized Debt
Obligation Securities (amortized cost — $196,380,941)
196,087,597
Total Investments in Securities
(amortized cost — $502,989,703) — 135.13%
508,193,721
Liabilities in excess of other
assets — (35.13)%
(132,126,435
)
Net Assets — 100.00%
$
376,067,286
(1)
Equity holdings consist of
preference shares and income notes.
(2)
These affiliated investments,
totaling $261,235,178 of fair value, are sponsored by BSAM and
STDA, affiliates of Everquest.
(3)
The bond equivalent yield
percentage disclosed for all of the mezzanine holdings
represents the rates in effect as of December 31, 2006
compounding semi-annually. All of the mezzanine holdings are
variable rate instruments linked to the London Interbank Offered
Rate (“LIBOR”). For all the equity positions, the bond
equivalent yield represents the effective yield as of
December 31, 2006, compounding semi-annually.
(4)
Maturity Dates refer to auction or
clean-up
call dates.
Parapet 2006, Ltd. (the “Company”) is an exempted
company formed under Grand Cayman law. The Company commenced
operations on September 28, 2006. Bear Stearns Asset
Management Inc. (the “Collateral Manager”) provides
collateral management services to the Company in accordance with
a collateral management agreement, an indenture and a collateral
administration agreement. LaSalle Bank National Association is
the trustee to the Company (the “Trustee”).
The Company was initially formed by a contribution of equity and
mezzanine tranches of collateralized debt obligations
(“CDO’s”) with fair values of $320,890,806 and
$186,368,798 (the “Bear Contributed Assets”), from
Bear Stearns High Grade Structured Credit Strategies Master
Fund Ltd. and Bear Stearns High Grade Structured Credit
Strategies Enhanced Leverage Master Fund Ltd., respectively
(collectively, the “Bear Stearns Sellers”). The Bear
Stearns Sellers are also managed and advised by the Collateral
Manager.
The Bear contributed assets were restructured into: (i) a
US $137,500,000 floating rate note, due 2045, which is a
senior tranche rated AA or the equivalent by one or more rating
agencies and retained by the Bear Stearns Sellers; and
(ii) an unrated residual tranche of preference shares and
related equity in the amount of $369,759,604. The preference
shares were contributed to Everquest Financial Ltd. by the Bear
Stearns Sellers in exchange for approximately 65.73% of the
equity interest in Everquest Financial Ltd., a limited liability
Cayman Islands exempted company. Everquest Financial Ltd. then
contributed the assets to Everquest Financial LLC, a Delaware
limited liability company in exchange for equity in Everquest
Financial LLC. Everquest Financial LLC owns 100% of the common
and preferred shares of the Company.
2.
Significant
Accounting Policies
The accompanying financial statements have been presented on the
accrual basis of accounting in conformity with accounting
principles generally accepted in the United States (“US
GAAP”). For financial statement reporting purposes, the
Company is an investment company and follows the AICPA Audit and
Accounting Guide for Investment Companies (the
“Guide”).
Use of
Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US
GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that
affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the
accompanying notes, including the valuation of investments. The
Company’s management believes that the estimates utilized
in preparing the financial statements are reasonable and
prudent; however, actual results could differ materially from
these estimates.
Securities
Transactions, Valuation and Related Income
The Company records its transactions in securities on a trade
date basis. Realized gains and losses from securities are
calculated on an identified cost basis.
Investments are carried at estimated fair value, with unrealized
gains and losses reported as a component of net increase or
decrease in net assets resulting from operations in the
accompanying statement of operations. The fair value of each
investment is estimated using the discounted cash flow
technique. This technique uses current market information of the
underlying collateral, notably market yields and projected cash
flows based on forecasted default, recovery, reinvestment and
pre-pay or call rates, at the balance sheet date. Due to
uncertainty inherent in the valuation process, such estimates of
fair value may differ materially from the values that would have
been used had a ready market for the securities existed.
Additionally, changes in the market environment and other events
that may occur over the life of the investments may cause the
gains and losses ultimately realized on these investments to be
different from the valuations currently assigned.
The Company recognizes interest income and any impairment
pursuant to Emerging Issues Task Force Issue
No. 99-20
(“EITF 99-20”),
Recognition of Interest Income and Impairment on Purchased
and Retained Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial
Assets”).
EITF 99-20
sets forth rules for recognizing interest income and determining
when securities amortized cost must be written down to fair
value because of other than temporary impairments.
The Company determines periodic interest income based on the
principles of
EITF 99-20.
The excess of the estimated future cash flows over the initial
investment is the accretable yield which is recognized as
interest income over the life of the investment using the
effective yield method. The bond equivalent yield for the
Mezzanine holdings represents the coupon rates in effect as of
December 31, 2006. The bond equivalent yield for the equity
holdings represents the effective yield which equates the future
cashflows back to the amount of the initial investment.
The amortized cost of the equity holdings is equal to the
initial investment plus the yield accreted to date less all cash
received to date less any write downs for impairment. The
amortized cost of mezzanine holdings is equal to the initial
investment adjusted for any amortization of premiums or
discounts using an effective yield method.
The Company evaluates securities for impairment as of each
quarter end or more frequently if it becomes aware of any
material information that would lead it to believe that a
security may be impaired. If the current fair value of the
security is lower than current amortized cost or if there is an
adverse change in the estimated cash flows considering both
timing and the amount, the necessity for an impairment charge is
tested. The present value of the newly estimated remaining cash
flows discounted at the last rate used to recognize accretable
yield on the security is compared with the present value of the
previously estimated remaining cash flows discounted at the last
rate used to recognize accretable yield on the security adjusted
for the cash received during the intervening period. If the
present value of the newly estimated cash flows has decreased
then an adverse change and an other than temporary impairment
may have occurred. If the impairment is other than temporary,
the security is written down to fair value as of the reporting
date and any previously unrealized loss is realized in the
period such a determination is made. The impairment analysis is
done on a security by security basis, not on an overall
portfolio basis.
As of December 31, 2006, impairment charges of $4,341,488
were realized and are included as a component of net realized
loss on investments on the accompanying statement of operations.
Due to
Affiliates
This amount includes organization expenses that Everquest
Financial LLC paid on behalf of the Company at inception and
amounts due to the Bear Stearns Sellers for purchased interest
adjustments.
Expenses
The Company is responsible for all expenses incidental to
structuring, incorporating, placing shares, and all ordinary
administrative expenses.
Income
Taxes
There are currently no income taxes imposed on income and
capital gains by the government of the Cayman Islands with
respect to the Company. It is the Company’s intention to
conduct its activities in a manner such that it will not be
engaged in a trade or business in the United States of America.
Accordingly, any capital gains and most interest income are not
subject to United States taxation. The Company will not be
subject to U.S. federal income tax and no provision has
been made for such taxes in the accompanying financial
statements.
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash held at banks, and
deposits with original maturities of less than 90 days, and
money market funds.
3.
Financial
Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk
Investments
in CDO Equity
On December 24, 2003, FASB Interpretation No. 46
(Revised December 2003), “Consolidation of Variable
Interest Entities” (“FIN 46(R)”), was issued
to clarify the application of Accounting Research Bulletin
(“ARB”) No. 51, Financial Statements, as amended
by FASB Statement No. 94, “Consolidation of All
Majority-Owned Subsidiaries”. The effective date of
FIN 46(R) has been deferred for investment companies
(including non-registered investment companies) that are
accounting for investments in accordance with the Guide.
Accordingly, the Company has not consolidated any variable
interest entities in the accompanying financial statements in
accordance with FIN 46(R). The Company has also evaluated
all CDO investments for accounting purposes under ARB
No. 51 under a control based model and due to a lack of
control, has not consolidated any of its CDO equity investments.
As required by the Guide, all investments are reported at fair
value.
The Company primarily holds the mezzanine and equity tranches of
CDO’s. The Company owns mostly investment-grade mezzanine
tranches of the CDO’s. These have characteristics similar
to corporate bonds. The equity interests in the CDO’s,
which consist of preference shares and income notes, are
subordinated to all other interests of the CDO entity and
entitles the equity holder to receive the residual cash flows,
if any, from the CDO entity. As a result, some of the
Company’s investments are sensitive to changes in the
credit quality of the issuers of the collateral securities
including changes in the forecasted default rates and any
declines in the anticipated recovery rates. The Company’s
financial exposure is limited to its investments in the CDO
entities.
The Company’s exposure to market risk is determined by a
number of factors including the size, composition and
diversification of positions held, the absolute and relative
levels of interest rates and market volatility. Financial market
declines or adverse changes in interest rates could adversely
impact the Company’s revenue and net income. The credit
risk can arise from the potential deterioration of the credit
quality of the issuers underlying the collateral securities with
a corresponding increase in the number of defaults. This could
negatively impact the cash flows generated by collateral
securities and as a result the Company may not be able to
recover its equity invested in the CDO holdings. Also, in the
periods of rising default rates or lower debt recovery rates,
the fair value and therefore the carrying value of the
Company’s holdings may be adversely affected.
The Company manages its market and credit risks by monitoring
the size, maturity dates, and structure of the arrangements in a
dynamic economic environment. The credit risk of the underlying
collateral of the structures is monitored. It applies uniform
credit standards for all activities associated with credit risk.
The Company also monitors whether the collateral managers of the
structures in which it invests manage the underlying collateral
in accordance with the criteria established in the collateral
management agreements. Additionally, the Company continually
monitors the overall credit quality of the underlying collateral.
All of the Company’s holdings are in CDO’s which are
not tradable on a national securities exchange and which have a
greater amount of both market and credit risk than many other
financial instruments. These holdings trade in a limited market
and may not be able to be immediately liquidated if needed.
At December 31, 2006, substantially all cash and cash
equivalents and all securities owned were held at large
financial institutions. Credit risk is measured by the loss the
Company would record if such financial institutions failed to
perform pursuant to terms of their obligations. The Company
regularly monitors the financial stability of these financial
institutions and does not believe there is a significant credit
risk associated with them.
6.
Due from
Brokers
Due from brokers represents amounts including interest owed to
the Company by trustees of underlying holdings or other
counterparties.
7.
Related
Party Transactions
In connection with the formation of the Company, the Bear
Stearns Sellers, hedge funds managed by the Collateral Manager,
contributed the Bear Contributed Assets in exchange for 100% of
the Company and a $137.5 million note maturing in 2045. The
note has been retained by the Bear Stearns Sellers and 100% of
the preference shares were contributed to Everquest Financial
Ltd. by the Bear Stearns Sellers in exchange for an equity
interest in Everquest Financial Ltd. Everquest Financial Ltd. is
co-managed by the Collateral Manager.
The values of the assets transferred to the Company were
determined based on certain models, assumptions and methods and
do not necessarily reflect the values that could be achieved by
the Company upon sale or other disposition of such assets, and
performance of the assets may differ, from that used in such
model.
The Collateral Manager provides the Company with collateral
management services in accordance with a collateral management
agreement, the indenture and the collateral administration
agreement. In the event that the Collateral Manager is removed
or resigns and a replacement collateral manager is appointed,
such replacement collateral manager shall receive compensation
in the form of management fees. The Company will pay to the
collateral manager a management fee (the “Management
Fee”) equal to 0.15% of the aggregate outstanding amount of
the Notes. For the period ended December 31, 2006, no such
fees were charged as the original Collateral Manager has not
been replaced.
The collateral management agreement will continue until the
first of the following occurs: (i) the payment in full of
the note and preference shares and the termination of the
indenture and the share paying agency agreement; (ii) the
liquidation of the underlying assets and the final distribution
of the proceeds of such liquidation to the noteholders; and
(iii) 10 business days’ prior written notice by the
Company.
8.
Equity /
Shares
At December 31, 2006, the Company’s authorized share
capital was U.S. $3,947.60, divided into 250 ordinary
shares of par value US $1.00 each and 369,760 preference
shares of a par value of U.S. $0.01.
On September 28, 2006, the Company had issued 250 ordinary
shares for $250 and 369,760 preference shares for securities
valued at approximately $369,759,604. As of December 31,2006, the Company had 250 ordinary and 369,760 preference shares
issued and outstanding. The ordinary shares are owned by
Everquest Financial Ltd. and do not participate in the earnings
of the Company.
The following presents a reconciliation of net increase in net
assets resulting from operations per share for the period from
September 28, 2006 through December 31, 2006:
Net increase in net assets
resulting from operations
$
14,746,316
Weighted — average
number of preference shares outstanding
369,760
Net increase in net assets from
operations per preference share
The Trustee will disburse the proceeds from the assets in
accordance with the priority of payments specified in the
Company’s Indenture. After payment of fees and expenses,
the note holders are paid principal and interest prior to the
payment of the remaining proceeds to the holders of the
preference shares. The distributions are made on the fifteenth
day of February, May, August and November of each calendar year.
Aggregate principal payments due under the notes payable as of
December 31, 2006 are as follows:
2007
$
5,892,440
2008
35,166,690
2009
5,518,815
2010
20,552,889
2011
13,611,786
Thereafter
56,170,636
Total
$
136,913,256
The notes payable to affiliates pay interest at a rate of LIBOR
plus 100 basis points, which equaled 6.37% at December 31,2006.
10.
Financial
Highlights
In accordance with financial reporting requirements applicable
to all investment companies (including funds that are exempt
from registration requirements), the Company has included below
certain financial highlight information.
The ratios and total return amounts are calculated based on the
shareholder group taken as a whole. An individual
shareholder’s results may vary from those shown below due
to the timing of capital transactions.
The following ratios are calculated by dividing total dollars of
income or expenses as applicable by the average of total monthly
net assets.
Total expenses before
organizational fees and interest expense
0.21
%
Organizational fees
0.25
%
Interest Expense
2.16
%
Total expenses, organizational
fees and interest expense
2.62
%
*
Annualized, except for organizational fees.
Total return amounts are not annualized and are calculated by
geometrically linking returns based on the change in value
during each accounting period.
Net realized and unrealized gain /
loss on investments
2.33
Total from investment operations
39.88
Distributions
(22.82
)
Net asset value, end of period
$
1,017.06
*
Per share operating performance is calculated using the average
preference shares outstanding during the period.
10.
Indemnification &
Commitments
In the normal course of business, the Company has entered into
agreements that include indemnities in the favor of third
parties, such as engagement letters with advisors, consultants,
information technology agreements, distribution agreements and
service agreements. Certain agreements may not contain any
limits on the Company’s liability and therefore it may not
be possible to estimate the Company’s liabilities under
these indemnities. In certain cases the Company may have
recourse against third parties with respect to these indemnities.
In addition to the other financial commitments discussed in the
financial statements, the amount of future losses arising from
such undertakings, while not quantifiable, is not expected to be
significant at this time.
On July 13, 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board
(“FASB”) released FASB Interpretation No. 48
(“FIN 48”) “Accounting for Uncertainty in
Income Taxes”. FIN 48 provides guidance for how
uncertain tax positions should be recognized, measured,
presented and disclosed in the financial statements. FIN 48
requires the evaluation of tax positions taken in the course of
preparing The Company’s tax returns to determine whether
the tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” of being
sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax benefits of
positions not deemed to meet the more-likely-than-not threshold
could be booked as a tax expense in the current year and
recognized as: a liability for unrecognized tax benefits; a
reduction of an income tax refund receivable; a reduction of
deferred tax asset; an increase in deferred tax liability; or a
combination thereof. Adoption of FIN 48 is required for
fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2006. The
Company has evaluated the implications of FIN 48 and its
impact on the financial statements and has determined that there
would be no material impact to the financial statements upon
adoption of FIN 48.
In September 2006, the FASB issued Statement of Financial
Accounting Standards No. 157, “Fair Value
Measurements” (“SFAS 157”). SFAS 157
clarifies the principle that fair value should be based on the
assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset
or liability and establishes a fair value hierarchy that
prioritizes the information used to develop those assumptions.
Under the standard, fair value measurements would be separately
disclosed by level within the fair value hierarchy.
SFAS 157 is effective for financial statements issued for
fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007
(January 1, 2008 for Everquest), and interim periods within
those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. At this time,
The Company is evaluating the implications of SFAS 157 and
its impact on the financial statements has not yet been
determined.
The American Institute of Public Accountants has issued a
proposed Statement of Position (“SOP”) that provides
clarification to the scope of the Guide and definition of an
investment company for such purposes. As currently drafted, the
Company believes that it continues to qualify as an investment
company under the proposed SOP. If the Company did not qualify
as an investment company when the final SOP is issued, then the
Company would be required to reevaluate its variable interest
entities under FIN 46(R), which could require consolidation
of some or all of the Company’s CDO investments. As the SOP
is not yet finalized and the Company’s investments could
change prior to such finalization, we are unable to quantify the
impact of the SOP on the Company’s financial statements.
F-33
You should rely only on the information contained in this
prospectus. We have not, and the underwriters have not,
authorized any other person to provide you with different
information. If anyone provides you with different information,
you should not rely on it. We are not, and the underwriters are
not, making an offer of these securities in any jurisdiction
where an offer is not permitted. The information in this
prospectus is only accurate on the date of this prospectus.
Until ,
2007 (25 days after the date of this prospectus), all
dealers that buy, sell or trade our ordinary shares, whether or
not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a
prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers’ obligation
to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with
respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.
We estimate that the total expenses in connection with the
offering, other than underwriting discounts and commissions,
will be as follows:
SEC registration fee
$
3,070.00
Listing fee
$
*
Printing and engraving expenses
$
*
Legal fees and expenses
$
*
Accounting fees and expenses
$
*
Taxes
$
*
NASD fees
$
12,000.00
Transfer agent fees
$
*
Miscellaneous
$
*
Total
$
*
To be added by amendment.
Item 14. Indemnification
of Directors and Officers
The articles of association of the registrant provide for the
indemnification of its directors, officers and agents.
Specifically, under the indemnification provisions, the
registrant will indemnify its directors, agents and officers
against liabilities that are incurred by the directors, agents
or officers while carrying out the affairs of the company or
discharging the duties of their respective offices. The
directors, agents and officers, however, will not be entitled to
the indemnification if they incurred the liabilities through
their own gross negligence, willful misconduct, fraud or
criminal conduct.
The board resolutions of the registrant will provide for the
indemnification of its directors and officers against any claims
arising out of or relating to the preparation, filing and
distribution of this registration statement or the prospectus
contained in this registration statement. The resolutions will
expressly authorize the registrant to indemnify its directors
and officers to the fullest extent permitted by law.
The registrant is an exempted company with limited liability
incorporated in the Cayman Islands. As such, it is subject to
and governed by the laws of the Cayman Islands with respect to
the indemnification provisions. Although the Companies Law (2004
Revision) of the Cayman Islands does not specifically restrict a
Cayman Islands company’s ability to indemnify its
directors, agents or officers, it does not expressly provide for
such indemnification either. Certain English case law (which is
likely to be persuasive in the Cayman Islands), however,
indicate that the indemnification is generally permissible,
unless there had been fraud, willful default or reckless
disregard on the part of the director, agent or officer in
question.
Item 15. Recent
Sales of Unregistered Securities.
Within the past three years, we have issued securities without
registration under the Securities Act as follows:
On October 5, 2006, the registrant issued an aggregate of
23,243,410 limited voting participating shares and 100 voting
shares in connection with the registrant’s formation as
described in the accompanying prospectus under the heading
“Summary — Our Formation.”
In November 2006, January 2007 and February 2007, the registrant
issued an aggregate
of
limited voting participating shares exclusively to
“qualified purchasers” in connection a private-round
financing for $97.3 million.
In January 2007, the registrant granted 16,000 restricted shares
to the independent directors as part of their compensation.
The securities issued in the transactions described above were
deemed exempt from registration under the Securities Act of
1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) in reliance
upon Section 4(2) thereof.
Item 16. Exhibits
and Financial Statement Schedules.
Consent of Maples and Calder
(included in Exhibit 5.1)*
24
.1
Powers of Attorney (included in
signature page to this Registration Statement)
* To be provided by amendment.
(b) Financial Statement Schedules
Item 17. Undertakings.
The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the
underwriters at the closing specified in the underwriting
agreement certificates in such denominations and registered in
such names as required by the underwriters to permit prompt
delivery to each purchaser.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the
Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and
controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing
provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that
in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such
indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the
Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event
that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other
than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid
by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant
in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is
asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in
connection with the securities being registered, the registrant
will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been
settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of
appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such
indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in
the Securities Act and will be governed by the final
adjudication of such issue.
The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that:
(1) For purposes of determining any liability under the
Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of
prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in
reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of
prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to
Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities
Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as
of the time it was declared effective.
(2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the
Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a
form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration
statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the
offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be
the initial bona fide offering thereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the
Registrant has duly caused this Registration Statement to be
signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly
authorized, in the City of New York, on the 9th day of May, 2007.
Everquest Financial Ltd.
By:
/s/ Smita
Conjeevaram
Name: Smita Conjeevaram
Title:
Chief Financial Officer
POWER OF
ATTORNEY
We, the undersigned directors
and/or
officers of Everquest Financial Ltd., hereby severally
constitute and appoint Ralph R. Cioffi, Michael J. Levitt and
Smita Conjeevaram, and each of them individually, with full
powers of substitution and resubstitution, our true and lawful
attorneys, with full powers to them and each of them to sign for
us, in our names and in the capacities indicated below, the
Registration Statement filed on
form S-1
with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and any and all
amendments to said Registration Statement (including
post-effective amendments), and any registration statement filed
pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933 in
connection with the registration under the Securities Act of
1933 of equity securities of the company, and to file or cause
to be filed the same, with all exhibits thereto and other
documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys, and each of
them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every
act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection
therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as each of them
might or could do in person, and hereby ratifying and confirming
all that said attorneys, and each of them, or their substitute
or substitutes, shall do or cause to be done by virtue of this
Power of Attorney.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 this
Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons
in the capacities and on the dates indicated.