SLM Corp · 10-K · For 12/31/07
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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND
EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C.
20549
Form 10-K
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(Mark One)
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ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
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For the fiscal year ended
December 31, 2007 or
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TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
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For the transition period
from to
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SLM Corporation
(Exact Name of Registrant as
Specified in Its Charter)
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Delaware
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52-2013874
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(State of Other Jurisdiction
of
Incorporation or Organization)
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(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
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12061 Bluemont Way, Reston, Virginia
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20190
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(Address of Principal Executive
Offices)
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(Zip
Code)
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(703) 810-3000
(Registrant’s Telephone
Number, Including Area Code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the
Act
Common Stock, par value $.20 per share.
Name of Exchange on which Listed:
New York Stock Exchange
6.97% Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A, par
value $.20 per share
Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B, par
value $.20 per share
Name of Exchange on which Listed:
New York Stock Exchange
Medium Term Notes, Series A, CPI-Linked Notes due 2017
Medium Term Notes, Series A, CPI-Linked Notes due 2018
6% Senior Notes due December 15, 2043
Name of Exchange on which Listed:
New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the
Act:
None.
Indicate by check mark whether
the registrant is a well-known
seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities
Act. Yes
þ No
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Indicate by check mark if
the registrant is not required to file
reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the
Act. Yes
o No
þ
Indicate by check mark whether the
registrant: (1) has filed all reports required
to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for
such shorter period that
the registrant was required to file
such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing
requirements for the past
90 days. Yes
þ No
o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers
pursuant to Item 405 of
Regulation S-K
is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best
of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or
information statements
incorporated by reference in
Part III of this
Form 10-K
or any amendment to this
Form 10-K. þ
Indicate by check mark whether
the registrant is a large
accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated
filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of
“large accelerated filer,” “accelerated
filer” and
“smaller reporting company” in
Rule 12b-2
of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
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accelerated
filer þ
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Accelerated
filer o
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Non-accelerated
filer o
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Smaller reporting
company o
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(Do
not check if a smaller reporting company)
Indicate by check mark whether
the registrant is a shell company
(as defined in
Rule 12b-2
of the Exchange
Act). Yes
o No
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The aggregate market value of voting stock held by
non-affiliates of
the registrant as of
June 30, 2007 was
$23.6 billion (based on closing sale price of $57.58 per
share as reported for the New York Stock Exchange —
Composite Transactions).
As of
January 31, 2008, there were 466,570,624 shares
of voting common stock outstanding.
Portions of the Proxy Statement relating to the
registrant’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be
held
May 8, 2008 are
incorporated by reference into
Part III of this Report.
FORWARD-LOOKING
AND CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
This report contains forward-looking statements and information
that are based on management’s current expectations as of
the date of this document. Statements that are not historical
facts, including statements about our beliefs or expectations
and statements that assume or are dependent upon future events
are forward-looking statements, and are contained throughout
this Annual Report on
Form 10-K,
including under the sections entitled
“Business” and
“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations.” These forward-looking
statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, assumptions and
other factors that may cause the actual results to be materially
different from those reflected in such forward-looking
statements. These factors include, among others, the occurrence
of any event, change or other circumstances that could give rise
to our ability to cost-effectively refinance the aggregate
interim $30 billion asset-backed commercial paper conduit
facilities (collectively, the
“Interim ABCP Facility”)
extended to SLM Corporation, more commonly known as Sallie Mae,
and its
subsidiaries (collectively,
“the Company”) by
Bank of America, N.A. and JPMorgan Chase, N.A. in connection
with the Merger Agreement (defined in the Glossary below),
including any potential foreclosure on the student loans under
those facilities following their termination, increased
financing costs and more limited liquidity; any adverse outcomes
in any significant litigation to which we are a party; our
derivative counterparties may terminate their positions with the
Company if its credit ratings fall to certain levels and the
Company could incur substantial additional costs to replace any
terminated positions; changes in the terms of student loans and
the educational credit marketplace arising from the
implementation of applicable laws and regulations and from
changes in these laws and regulations, which, among other
things, may reduce the volume, average term and yields on
student loans under the Federal Family Education Loan Program
(
“FFELP”) or result in loans being originated or
refinanced under non-FFELP programs or may affect the terms upon
which banks and others agree to sell FFELP loans to
the Company.
In addition, a larger than expected increase in third-party
consolidations of our FFELP loans could materially adversely
affect our results of operations.
The Company could also be
affected by changes in the demand for educational financing or
in financing preferences of lenders, educational institutions,
students and their families; incorrect estimates or assumptions
by management in connection with the preparation of our
consolidated financial statements; changes in the composition of
our Managed FFELP and Private Education Loan portfolios; changes
in the general interest rate environment and in the
securitization markets for education loans, which may increase
the costs or limit the availability of financings necessary to
initiate, purchase or carry education loans; changes in
projections of losses from loan defaults; changes in general
economic conditions; changes in prepayment rates and credit
spreads; and changes in the demand for debt management services
and new laws or changes in existing laws that govern debt
management services. All forward-looking statements contained in
this report are qualified by these cautionary statements and are
made only as of the date this Annual Report on
Form 10-K
is filed.
The Company does not undertake any obligation to
update or revise these forward-looking statements to conform the
statement to actual results or changes in
the Company’s
expectations.
1
GLOSSARY
Listed below are definitions of key terms that are used
throughout this document. See also APPENDIX A,
“FEDERAL FAMILY EDUCATION LOAN PROGRAM,” for a further
discussion of the FFELP and The College Cost Reduction and
Access Act of 2007.
CCRAA — The College Cost Reduction and Access
Act of 2007.
Consolidation Loan Rebate Fee — All holders of
FFELP Consolidation Loans are required to pay to the
U.S. Department of Education (
“ED”) an annual
105 basis point Consolidation Loan Rebate Fee on all
outstanding principal and accrued interest balances of FFELP
Consolidation Loans purchased or originated after
October 1, 1993, except for loans for which consolidation
applications were received between
October 1, 1998 and
January 31, 1999, where the Consolidation Loan Rebate Fee
is 62 basis points.
Constant Prepayment Rate (“CPR”) — A
variable in life of loan estimates that measures the rate at
which loans in the portfolio pay before their stated maturity.
The CPR is directly correlated to the average life of the
portfolio. CPR equals the percentage of loans that prepay
annually as a percentage of the beginning of period balance.
“Core Earnings” — In accordance with
the Rules and Regulations of the Securities and Exchange
Commission (
“SEC”), we prepare financial statements in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the
United States of America (
“GAAP”). In addition to
evaluating
the Company’s GAAP-based financial information,
management evaluates
the Company’s business segments on a
basis that, as allowed under the Financial Accounting Standards
Board’s (
“FASB”) Statement of Financial
Accounting Standards (
“SFAS”) No. 131,
“Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related
Information,” differs from GAAP. We refer to
management’s basis of evaluating our segment results as
“Core Earnings” presentations for each business
segment and we refer to these performance measures in our
presentations with credit rating agencies and lenders. While
“Core Earnings” results are not a substitute for
reported results under GAAP, we rely on
“Core
Earnings” performance measures in operating each business
segment because we believe these measures provide additional
information regarding the operational and performance indicators
that are most closely assessed by management.
Our
“Core Earnings” performance measures are the
primary financial performance measures used by management to
evaluate performance and to allocate resources. Accordingly,
financial information is reported to management on a
“Core
Earnings” basis by reportable segment, as these are the
measures used regularly by our chief operating decision makers.
Our
“Core Earnings” performance measures are used in
developing our financial plans and tracking results, and also in
establishing corporate performance targets and determining
incentive compensation. Management believes this information
provides additional insight into the financial performance of
the Company’s core business activities. Our
“Core
Earnings” performance measures are not defined terms within
GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures
reported by other companies.
“Core Earnings” net
income reflects only current period adjustments to GAAP net
income. Accordingly,
the Company’s
“Core
Earnings” presentation does not represent another
comprehensive basis of accounting.
See Note 20 to the consolidated financial
statements,“Segment Reporting,” and
“MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — BUSINESS
SEGMENTS — Limitations of ‘Core
Earnings’” for further discussion of the differences
between “Core Earnings” and GAAP, as well as
reconciliations between “Core Earnings” and GAAP.
In prior filings with the SEC of SLM Corporation’s Annual
Report on
Form 10-K
and quarterly report on
Form 10-Q,
“Core Earnings” has been labeled as
“‘Core’ net income” or “Managed net
income” in certain instances.
Direct Loans — Student loans originated
directly by ED under the FDLP.
ED — The U.S. Department of Education.
2
Embedded Fixed Rate/Variable Rate Floor
Income — Embedded Floor Income is Floor Income
(see definition below) that is earned on off-balance sheet
student loans that are in securitization trusts sponsored by us.
At the time of the securitization, the value of Embedded Fixed
Rate Floor Income is included in the initial valuation of the
Residual Interest (see definition below) and the gain or loss on
sale of the student loans. Embedded Floor Income is also
included in the quarterly fair value adjustments of the Residual
Interest.
Exceptional Performer (“EP”)
Designation — The EP designation is determined by
ED in recognition of a servicer meeting certain performance
standards set by ED in servicing FFELP Loans. Upon receiving the
EP designation, the EP servicer receives reimbursement on
default claims higher than the legislated Risk Sharing (see
definition below) levels on federally guaranteed student loans
for all loans serviced for a period of at least 270 days
before the date of default. The EP servicer is entitled to
receive this benefit as long as it remains in compliance with
the required servicing standards, which are assessed on an
annual and quarterly basis through compliance audits and other
criteria. The annual assessment is in part based upon subjective
factors which alone may form the basis for an ED determination
to withdraw the designation. If the designation is withdrawn,
Risk Sharing may be applied retroactively to the date of the
occurrence that resulted in noncompliance. The College Cost
Reduction Act of 2007 eliminated the EP designation effective
October 1, 2007. See also Appendix A,
“FEDERAL FAMILY
EDUCATION LOAN PROGRAM.”
FDLP — The William D. Ford Federal Direct
Student Loan Program.
FFELP — The Federal Family Education Loan
Program, formerly the Guaranteed Student Loan Program.
FFELP Consolidation Loans — Under the Federal
Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”), borrowers
with multiple eligible student loans may consolidate them into a
single student loan with one lender at a fixed rate for the life
of the loan. The new note is considered a FFELP Consolidation
Loan. Typically a borrower may consolidate his student loans
only once unless the borrower has another eligible loan to
consolidate with the existing FFELP Consolidation Loan. The
borrower rate on a FFELP Consolidation Loan is fixed for the
term of the loan and is set by the weighted average interest
rate of the loans being consolidated, rounded up to the nearest
1/8th of a percent, not to exceed 8.25 percent. In low
interest rate environments, FFELP Consolidation Loans provide an
attractive refinancing opportunity to certain borrowers because
they allow borrowers to consolidate variable rate loans into a
long-term fixed rate loan. Holders of FFELP Consolidation Loans
are eligible to earn interest under the Special Allowance
Payment (“SAP”) formula (see definition below).
FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans —
Education loans to students or parents of students that are
guaranteed or reinsured under the FFELP. The loans are primarily
Stafford loans but also include PLUS and HEAL loans.
Fixed Rate Floor Income — We refer to Floor
Income (see definition below) associated with student loans
whose borrower rate is fixed to term (primarily FFELP
Consolidation Loans and Stafford Loans originated on or after
July 1, 2006) as Fixed Rate Floor Income.
Floor Income — FFELP student loans generally
earn interest at the higher of a floating rate based on the
Special Allowance Payment or SAP formula (see definition below)
set by ED and the borrower rate, which is fixed over a period of
time. We generally finance our student loan portfolio with
floating rate debt over all interest rate levels. In low
and/or
declining interest rate environments, when the fixed borrower
rate is higher than the rate produced by the SAP formula, our
student loans earn at a fixed rate while the interest on our
floating rate debt continues to decline. In these interest rate
environments, we earn additional spread income that we refer to
as Floor Income. Depending on the type of the student loan and
when it was originated, the borrower rate is either fixed to
term or is reset to a market rate each July 1. As a result,
for loans where the borrower rate is fixed to term, we may earn
Floor Income for an extended period of time, and for those loans
where the borrower interest rate is reset annually on
July 1, we may earn Floor Income to the next reset date.
3
In accordance with new legislation enacted in 2006, lenders are
required to rebate Floor Income to ED for all new FFELP loans
disbursed on or after
April 1, 2006.
The following example shows the mechanics of Floor Income for a
typical fixed rate FFELP Consolidation Loan (with a commercial
paper-based SAP spread of 2.64 percent):
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Fixed Borrower Rate
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7.25
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%
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SAP Spread over Commercial Paper Rate
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(2.64
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Floor Strike
Rate(1)
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4.61
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%
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(1)
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The interest rate at which the underlying index (Treasury bill
or commercial paper) plus the fixed SAP spread equals the fixed
borrower rate. Floor Income is earned anytime the interest rate
of the underlying index declines below this rate.
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Based on this example, if the quarterly average commercial paper
rate is over 4.61 percent, the holder of the student loan
will earn at a floating rate based on the SAP formula, which in
this example is a fixed spread to commercial paper of
2.64 percent. On the other hand, if the quarterly average
commercial paper rate is below 4.61 percent, the SAP
formula will produce a rate below the fixed borrower rate of
7.25 percent and the loan holder earns at the borrower rate
of 7.25 percent. The difference between the fixed borrower
rate and the lender’s expected yield based on the SAP
formula is referred to as Floor Income. Our student loan assets
are generally funded with floating rate debt, so when student
loans are earning at the fixed borrower rate, decreases in
interest rates may increase Floor Income.
Graphic
Depiction of Floor Income:
Floor Income Contracts — We enter into
contracts with counterparties under which, in exchange for an
upfront fee representing the present value of the Floor Income
that we expect to earn on a notional amount of underlying
student loans being economically hedged, we will pay the
counterparties the Floor Income earned on that notional amount
over the life of the Floor Income
Contract. Specifically, we
agree to pay the counterparty the difference, if positive,
between the fixed borrower rate less the SAP (see definition
below) spread and the average of the applicable interest rate
index on that notional amount, regardless of the actual balance
of underlying student loans, over the life of the
contract. The
contracts generally do not extend over the life of the
underlying student loans. This
contract effectively locks in the
amount of Floor Income we will earn over the period of the
contract. Floor Income
Contracts are not considered effective
hedges under SFAS No. 133,
“Accounting for
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities,” and each
quarter we must record the change in fair value of these
contracts through income.
4
Front-End Borrower Benefits — Financial
incentives offered to borrowers at origination. Front-End
Borrower Benefits primarily represent our payment on behalf of
borrowers for required FFELP fees, including the federal
origination fee and federal default fee. We account for these
Front-End Borrower Benefits as loan premiums amortized over the
estimated life of the loans as an adjustment to the loan’s
yield.
Gross Floor Income — Floor Income earned before
payments on Floor Income
Contracts.
GSE — The Student Loan Marketing Association
was a federally chartered government-sponsored enterprise and
wholly owned subsidiary of SLM Corporation that was dissolved
under the terms of the Privatization Act (see definition below)
on
December 29, 2004.
Guarantors — State agencies or non-profit
companies that guarantee (or insure) FFELP student loans made by
eligible lenders under the HEA.
HEA — The Higher Education Act of 1965, as
amended.
Interim ABCP Facility — An aggregate of
$30 billion asset-backed commercial paper conduit
facilities that we entered into on
April 30, 2007 in
connection with the Merger (defined below under
“Merger
Agreement”).
Lender Partners — Lender Partners are lenders
who originate loans under forward purchase commitments to Sallie
Mae where we own the loans from inception or, in most cases,
acquire the loans soon after origination.
Managed Basis — We generally analyze the
performance of our student loan portfolio on a Managed Basis,
under which we view both on-balance sheet student loans and
off-balance sheet student loans owned by the securitization
trusts as a single portfolio, and the related on-balance sheet
financings are combined with off-balance sheet debt. When the
term Managed is capitalized in this document, it is referring to
Managed Basis.
Merger Agreement — On
April 16, 2007, the
Company announced that a buyer group (
“Buyer Group”)
led by J.C. Flowers & Co. (
“J.C. Flowers”),
Bank of America, N.A. and JPMorgan Chase, N.A. (the
“Merger”) signed a definitive agreement (
“Merger
Agreement”) to acquire
the Company for approximately
$25.3 billion or $60.00 per share of common stock. (See
also
“Merger Agreement” filed with the SEC on the
Company’s Current Report on
Form 8-K,
dated
April 18, 2007.) On
January 25, 2008, the
Company, Mustang Holding Company Inc. (
“Mustang
Holding”), Mustang Merger Sub, Inc. (
“Mustang
Sub”), J.C. Flowers, Bank of America, N.A. and JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A. entered into a Settlement, Termination and
Release Agreement (the
“Agreement”). Under the
Agreement, a lawsuit filed by
the Company related to the Merger,
as well as all counterclaims, was dismissed.
Preferred Lender List — Most higher education
institutions select a small number of lenders to recommend to
their students and parents. This recommended list is referred to
as the Preferred Lender List.
Preferred Channel Originations — Preferred
Channel Originations are comprised of: 1) loans that are
originated by internally marketed Sallie Mae brands, and
2) student loans that are originated by lenders with
forward purchase commitment agreements with Sallie Mae and are
committed for sale to Sallie Mae, such that we either own them
from inception or, in most cases, acquire them soon after
origination.
Private Education Consolidation Loans —
Borrowers with multiple Private Education Loans (defined below)
may consolidate them into a single loan with Sallie Mae (Private
Consolidation
Loans®).
The interest rate on the new loan is variable rate with the
spread set at the lower of the average weighted spread of the
underlying loans (available only to Sallie Mae customers) or a
new spread as a result of favorable underwriting criteria.
5
Private Education Loans — Education loans to
students or parents of students that are not guaranteed or
reinsured under the FFELP or any other federal or private
student loan program. Private Education Loans include loans for
higher education (undergraduate and graduate degrees) and for
alternative education, such as career training, private
kindergarten through secondary education schools and tutorial
schools. Higher education loans have repayment terms similar to
FFELP loans, whereby repayments begin after the borrower leaves
school. Our higher education Private Education Loans to students
attending Title IV Schools are not dischargeable in
bankruptcy, except in certain limited circumstances. Repayment
for alternative education generally begins immediately.
In the context of our Private Education Loan business, we use
the term “non-traditional loans” to describe education
loans made to certain borrowers that have or are expected to
have a high default rate as a result of a number of factors,
including having a lower tier credit rating, low program
completion and graduation rates or, where the borrower is
expected to graduate, a low expected income relative to the
borrower’s cost of attendance.
Privatization Act — The Student Loan Marketing
Association Reorganization Act of 1996.
Reconciliation Legislation — The Higher
Education Reconciliation Act of 2005, which reauthorized the
student loan programs of the HEA and generally became effective
as of
July 1, 2006.
Repayment Borrower Benefits — Financial
incentives offered to borrowers based on pre-determined
qualifying factors, which are generally tied directly to making
on-time monthly payments. The impact of Repayment Borrower
Benefits is dependent on the estimate of the number of borrowers
who will eventually qualify for these benefits and the amount of
the financial benefit offered to the borrower. We occasionally
change Repayment Borrower Benefits programs in both amount and
qualification factors. These programmatic changes must be
reflected in the estimate of the Repayment Borrower Benefits
discount when made.
Residual Interest — When we securitize student
loans, we retain the right to receive cash flows from the
student loans sold to trusts we sponsor in excess of amounts
needed to pay servicing, derivative costs (if any), other fees,
and the principal and interest on the bonds backed by the
student loans. The Residual Interest, which may also include
reserve and other cash accounts, is the present value of these
future expected cash flows, which includes the present value of
Embedded Fixed Rate Floor Income described above. We value the
Residual Interest at the time of sale of the student loans to
the trust and at the end of each subsequent quarter.
Retained Interest — The Retained Interest
includes the Residual Interest (defined above) and servicing
rights (as
the Company retains the servicing responsibilities).
Risk Sharing — When a FFELP loan defaults, the
federal government guarantees 97 percent of the principal
balance plus accrued interest (98 percent on loans
disbursed before
July 1, 2006) and the holder of the
loan is at risk for the remaining amount not guaranteed as a
Risk Sharing loss on the loan. FFELP student loans originated
after
October 1, 1993 are subject to Risk Sharing on loan
default claim payments unless the default results from the
borrower’s death, disability or bankruptcy. FFELP loans
serviced by a servicer that has EP designation (see definition
above) from ED are subject to one-percent Risk Sharing for
claims filed on or after
July 1, 2006 and before
October 1, 2007.
Special Allowance Payment (“SAP”) —
FFELP student loans originated prior to
April 1, 2006 (with
the exception of certain PLUS and SLS loans discussed below)
generally earn interest at the greater of the borrower rate or a
floating rate determined by reference to the average of the
applicable floating rates
(91-day
Treasury bill rate or commercial paper) in a calendar quarter,
plus a fixed spread that is dependent upon when the loan was
originated and the loan’s repayment status. If the
resulting floating rate exceeds the borrower rate, ED pays the
difference directly to us. This payment is referred to as the
Special Allowance Payment or SAP and the formula used to
determine the floating rate is the SAP formula. We refer to the
fixed spread to the underlying index as the SAP spread. For
loans disbursed after
April 1, 2006, FFELP loans
effectively only
6
earn at the SAP rate, as the excess interest earned when the
borrower rate exceeds the SAP rate (Floor Income) must be
refunded to ED.
Variable rate PLUS Loans and SLS Loans earn SAP only if the
variable rate, which is reset annually, exceeds the applicable
maximum borrower rate. For PLUS loans disbursed on or after
January 1, 2000, this limitation on SAP was repealed
effective
April 1, 2006.
Title IV Programs and Title IV
Loans — Student loan programs created under
Title IV of the HEA, including the FFELP and the FDLP, and
student loans originated under those programs, respectively.
Variable Rate Floor Income — For FFELP Stafford
student loans whose borrower interest rate resets annually on
July 1, we may earn Floor Income or Embedded Floor Income
(see definitions above) based on a calculation of the difference
between the borrower rate and the then current interest rate. We
refer to this as Variable Rate Floor Income because Floor Income
is earned only through the next reset date.
Wholesale Consolidation Loans — During 2006, we
implemented a loan acquisition strategy under which we began
purchasing a significant amount of FFELP Consolidation Loans,
primarily via the spot market, which augments our in-house FFELP
Consolidation Loan origination process. Wholesale Consolidation
Loans are considered incremental volume to our core acquisition
channels, which are focused on the retail marketplace with an
emphasis on our brand strategy.
7
PART I.
INTRODUCTION
TO SLM CORPORATION
SLM Corporation, more commonly known as Sallie Mae, is the
market leader in education finance. SLM Corporation is a holding
company that operates through a number of
subsidiaries.
(References in this Annual Report to the
“Company”
refer to SLM Corporation and its
subsidiaries).
Our primary business is to originate and hold student loans. We
provide funding, delivery and servicing support for education
loans in the United States through our participation in the
Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”) and
through our own non-federally guaranteed Private Education Loan
programs. We primarily market our FFELP Stafford loans and
Private Education Loans through on-campus financial aid offices.
We have also expanded into direct-to-consumer marketing,
primarily for Private Education Loans, to reach those students
and families that choose not to consult with the financial aid
office.
We have used both internal growth and strategic acquisitions to
attain our leadership position in the education finance
marketplace. Our sales force, which delivers our products on
campuses across the country, is the largest in the student loan
industry. The core of our marketing strategy is to promote our
on-campus brands, which generate student loan originations
through our Preferred Channel. Loans generated through our
Preferred Channel are more profitable than loans acquired
through other acquisition channels because we own them earlier
in the student loan’s life and generally incur lower costs
to acquire such loans. We have built brand leadership through
the Sallie Mae name, the brands of our
subsidiaries and those of
our lender partners. These sales and marketing efforts are
supported by the largest and most diversified servicing
capabilities in the industry.
We have expanded into a number of fee-based businesses, most
notably, our Asset Performance Group (
“APG”) business
(formerly, Debt Management Operations (
“DMO”)). We
also earn fees for a number of services including student loan
and guarantee servicing, 529 college-savings plan administration
services, and for providing processing capabilities and
information technology to educational institutions. We also
operate an affinity marketing program through Upromise, Inc.
(
“Upromise”). References in this Annual Report to
“Upromise” refer to Upromise and its
subsidiaries.
CURRENT
BUSINESS STRATEGY
On
September 27, 2007, the College Cost Reduction and
Access Act of 2007 (
“CCRAA”) was signed into law by
the President, resulting in, among other things, a reduction in
the yield received by
the Company on FFELP loans originated on
or after
October 1, 2007. In the summer of 2007, the global
capital markets began to experience a severe dislocation that
has persisted to present. This dislocation, along with a
reduction in
the Company’s unsecured debt ratings caused by
the proposed Merger, resulted in more limited access to the
capital markets than
the Company has enjoyed in the past and a
substantial increase in its cost of newly obtained funding.
Our management team is evaluating certain aspects of our
business in light of the impact of the CCRAA and the current
challenges in the capital markets. The CCRAA has a number of
important implications for the profitability of our FFELP loan
business, including a reduction in Special Allowance Payments,
the elimination of the Exceptional Performer designation and the
corresponding reduction in default payments to 97 percent
through 2012 and 95 percent thereafter, an increase in the
lender paid origination fees for certain loan types and a
reduction in default collection retention fees and account
maintenance fees related to guaranty agency activities. As a
result, we expect that the CCRAA will significantly reduce and,
combined with higher financing costs, could possibly eliminate
the profitability of new FFELP loan originations, while also
increasing our Risk Sharing in connection with our FFELP loan
portfolio.
8
We plan to curtail less profitable student loan origination and
acquisition activities that have less strategic value, including
originations of Private Education Loans for high default rate
and lower-tier credit borrowers, as well as spot purchases and
Wholesale Consolidation Loan purchases, all of which will also
reduce our funding needs. We expect to minimize incremental
FFELP Consolidation Loan volume as a result of significant
margin erosion for FFELP Consolidation Loans created by the
combined effect of the CCRAA and elevated funding costs.
However, we will continue our efforts to protect select FFELP
assets existing in our portfolio. We expect to continue to
aggressively pursue other FFELP-related fee income opportunities
such as FFELP loan servicing, guarantor servicing and
collections. In addition, we plan to reduce and, over time, to
no longer offer certain borrower benefits in connection with
both our FFELP loans and our Private Education Loans.
We expect to continue to focus on generally higher-margin
Private Education Loans, originated both through our school
channel and our direct-to-consumer channel, with particular
attention to upholding our more stringent underwriting
standards. In January 2008, we notified some of our school
customers whose students have non-traditional loans that we were
curtailing certain high default rate lending programs and
reviewing the pricing of others. Actual credit performance at
these programs was materially below our original expectations.
Charge-offs at these non-traditional schools are largely driven
by low program completion and graduation rates. The
non-traditional
portfolio is also particularly impacted by the weakening U.S.
economy. We also expect to adjust our Private Education Loan
pricing at all schools to reflect the current financing and
market conditions.
We expect to see lenders exit the student loan industry in
response to the CCRAA and current conditions in the credit
markets and, as a result, expect to partially offset declining
loan volumes caused by our more selective lending policies with
increased market share assumed from participants exiting the
industry.
The impacts of the CCRAA as well as the challenges we are facing
in the capital markets are also requiring us to rationalize our
business operations and reduce our costs. We are undertaking a
thorough review of all of our business units with a goal of
achieving appropriate risk-adjusted returns across all of our
business segments and providing cost-effective services. As a
result, we aim to reduce our operating expenses by up to
20 percent as compared to 2007 operating expenses by
year-end 2009, before adjusting for growth and other
investments. Since year-end 2007, we have reduced our work force
by approximately three percent.
BUSINESS
SEGMENTS
We provide an array of credit products and related services to
the higher education and consumer credit communities and others
through two primary business segments: our Lending business
segment and our APG business segment. These defined business
segments operate in distinct business environments and have
unique characteristics and face different opportunities and
challenges. They are considered reportable segments under the
Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (
“FASB”)
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (
“SFAS”)
No. 131,
“Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise
and Related Information,” based on quantitative thresholds
applied to
the Company’s financial statements. In addition,
within our Corporate and Other business segment, we provide a
number of complementary products and services to guarantors and
lender partners that are managed within smaller operating
segments, the most prominent being our Guarantor Servicing and
Loan Servicing businesses. Our Corporate and Other business
segment also includes the activities of our Upromise subsidiary.
In accordance with SFAS No. 131, we include in
Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements,
“Segment Reporting,” separate financial information
about our operating segments.
Management, including
the Company’s chief operating
decision makers, evaluates the performance of
the Company’s
operating segments based on their profitability as measured by
“Core Earnings.” Accordingly, we provide information
regarding
the Company’s reportable segments in this report
based on
“Core Earnings.” “Core Earnings”
are the primary financial performance measures used by
management to develop
the Company’s financial plans, track
results, and establish corporate performance targets and
incentive compensation. While
“Core Earnings” are not
a substitute for reported results under generally accepted
accounting principles in the United States (
“GAAP”),
the Company relies on
“Core Earnings” in operating its
business because
“Core Earnings” permit management to
make meaningful period-to-period comparisons of the
9
operational and performance indicators that are most closely
assessed by management. Management believes this information
provides additional insight into the financial performance of
the core business activities of our operating segments. (See
“MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — BUSINESS
SEGMENTS” for a detailed discussion of our “Core
Earnings,” including a table that summarizes the pre-tax
differences between “Core Earnings” and GAAP by
business segment and the limitations to this presentation. )
We generate most of our “Core Earnings” earnings in
our Lending business from the spread between the yield we
receive on our Managed portfolio of student loans and the cost
of funding these loans less the provisions for loan losses. We
incur servicing, selling and administrative expenses in
providing these products and services, and provide for loan
losses. On our consolidated statement of income, prepared in
accordance with GAAP, this spread income is reported as
“net interest income” for on-balance sheet loans, and
as “gains on student loan securitizations” and
“servicing and securitization revenue” for off-balance
sheet loans for which we have a Retained Interest. Total
“Core Earnings” revenues for this segment were
$1.4 billion in 2007.
In our APG business segment, we provide a wide range of accounts
receivable and collections services including student loan
default aversion services, defaulted student loan portfolio
management services, contingency collections services for
student loans and other asset classes, and accounts receivable
management and collection for purchased portfolios of
receivables that are delinquent or have been charged off by
their original creditors as well as sub-performing and
non-performing mortgage loans. In the purchased receivables
business, we focus on a variety of consumer debt types with
emphasis on charged-off credit card receivables and distressed
mortgage receivables. We purchase these portfolios at a discount
to their face value, and then use both our internal collection
operations coupled with third-party collection agencies to
maximize the recovery on these receivables.
LENDING
BUSINESS SEGMENT
In our Lending business segment, we originate and acquire both
federally guaranteed student loans (FFELP loans), which are
administered by the U.S. Department of Education
(
“ED”), and Private Education Loans, which are not
federally guaranteed. Borrowers use Private Education Loans
primarily to supplement federally guaranteed loans in meeting
the cost of education. We manage the largest portfolio of FFELP
and Private Education Loans in the student loan industry,
serving over 10 million student and parent customers
through our ownership and management of $163.6 billion in
Managed student loans as of
December 31, 2007, of which
$135.2 billion or 83 percent are federally insured. We
serve a diverse range of clients that includes over 6,000
educational and financial institutions and state agencies. We
are the largest servicer of student loans, servicing a portfolio
of $127.4 billion of FFELP loans and $32.6 billion of
Private Education Loans as of
December 31, 2007. We also
market student loans, both federal and private, directly to the
consumer. In addition to education lending, we originate
mortgage and consumer loans. In 2007 we originated
$848 million in mortgage and consumer loans. Our mortgage
and consumer loan portfolio totaled $545 million at
December 31, 2007, of which $19 million are mortgages
in the held-for-sale portfolio.
10
Student
Lending Marketplace
The following chart shows estimated sources of funding for
attending two-year and four-year colleges for the academic year
(
“AY”) ending
June 30, 2008 (AY
2007-2008).
Approximately 36 percent of the funding comes from
federally guaranteed student loans and Private Education Loans.
Parent/student contributions consist of savings/investments,
current period earnings and other loans obtained through the
normal financial aid process.
Sources
of Funding for College Attendance — AY
2007-2008(1)
Total
Projected Cost — $258 Billion
(dollars
in billions)
|
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
Source: Based on estimates by
Octameron Associates, “Don’t Miss Out,” 32nd
Edition; College Board, “2007 Trends in Student Aid”;
and Sallie Mae. Includes tuition, room, board, transportation
and miscellaneous costs for two and four year college
degree-granting programs.
|
Federally
Guaranteed Student Lending Programs
There are two competing programs that provide student loans
where the ultimate credit risk lies with the federal government:
the FFELP and the Federal Direct Lending Program
(“FDLP”). FFELP loans are provided by private sector
institutions and are ultimately guaranteed by ED except for the
Risk Sharing loss. FDLP loans are funded by taxpayers and
provided to borrowers directly by ED on terms similar to student
loans in the FFELP. In addition to these government guaranteed
programs, financial institutions also make Private Education
Loans, where the lender or holder assumes the credit risk of the
borrower.
For the federal fiscal year (
“FFY”) ended
September 30, 2007 (FFY 2007), ED estimated that the
FFELP’s market share in federally guaranteed student loans
was 80 percent, up from 79 percent in FFY 2006. (See
“LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT — Competition.”)
Total FFELP and FDLP volume for FFY 2007 grew by 7 percent,
with the FFELP portion growing 8 percent.
The Higher Education Act (the
“HEA”) includes
regulations that cover every aspect of the servicing of a
federally guaranteed student loan, including communications with
borrowers, loan originations and default aversion. Failure to
service a student loan properly could jeopardize the guarantee
on federal student loans. This guarantee generally covers 98 and
97 percent (95 percent after 2012) of the student
loan’s principal and accrued interest for loans disbursed
before and after
July 1, 2006, respectively. In the case of
death, disability or bankruptcy of the borrower, the guarantee
covers 100 percent of the student loan’s principal and
accrued interest.
11
FFELP student loans are guaranteed by state agencies or
non-profit companies called guarantors, with ED providing
reinsurance to the guarantor. Guarantors are responsible for
performing certain functions necessary to ensure the
program’s soundness and accountability. These functions
include reviewing loan application data to detect and prevent
fraud and abuse and to assist lenders in preventing default by
providing counseling to borrowers. Generally, the guarantor is
responsible for ensuring that loans are being serviced in
compliance with the requirements of the HEA. When a borrower
defaults on a FFELP loan, we submit a claim to the guarantor who
reimburses us for principal and accrued interest subject to the
Risk Sharing (See APPENDIX A, “FEDERAL FAMILY
EDUCATION LOAN PROGRAM,” to this document for a more
complete description of the role of guarantors.)
Private
Education Loan Products
In addition to federal loan programs, which have statutory
limits on annual and total borrowing, we sponsor a variety of
Private Education Loan programs and purchase loans made under
such programs to bridge the gap between the cost of education
and a student’s resources. The majority of our higher
education Private Education Loans are made in conjunction with a
FFELP Stafford loan, and are marketed to schools through the
same marketing channels — and by the same sales
force — as FFELP loans. In 2004, we expanded our
direct-to-consumer loan marketing channel with our Tuition
Answersm
loan program under which we originate and purchase loans outside
of the traditional financial aid process. We also originate and
purchase Private Education Loans marketed by our SLM Financial
subsidiary to career training, technical and trade schools,
tutorial and learning centers, and private kindergarten through
secondary education schools. These loans are primarily made at
schools not eligible for Title IV loans. Private Education
Loans are discussed in more detail below.
Drivers
of Growth in the Student Loan Industry
The growth in our Managed student loan portfolio is driven by
the growth in the overall student loan marketplace, as well as
by our own market share gains. Rising enrollment and college
costs have resulted in the size of the federally insured student
loan market more than doubling over the last 10 years.
Federally insured student loan originations grew from
$29.0 billion in FFY 1997 to $64.3 billion in FFY 2007.
According to the College Board, tuition and fees at four-year
public institutions and four-year private institutions have
increased 54 percent and 33 percent, respectively, in
constant, inflation-adjusted dollars, since AY
1997-1998.
Under the FFELP, there are limits to the amount students can
borrow each academic year. The first loan limit increases since
1992 were implemented
July 1, 2007 when freshman and
sophomore limits were increased to $3,500 and $4,500 from $2,625
and $3,500, respectively. The fact that guaranteed student loan
limits have not kept pace with tuition increases has driven more
students and parents to Private Education Loans to meet an
increasing portion of their education financing needs.
Loans — both federal and private — as a
percentage of total student aid were 53 percent of total
student aid in AY
1996-1997
and 52 percent in AY
2006-2007.
Private Education Loans accounted for 24 percent of total
student loans — both federally guaranteed and Private
Education Loans — in AY
2006-2007,
compared to 7 percent in AY
1997-1998.
The National Center for Education Statistics predicts that the
college-age population will increase approximately 14 percent
from 2007 to 2016. Demand for education credit will also
increase due to the rise in students not attending college
directly from high school and adult education.
12
The following charts show the historical and projected
enrollment and average tuition and fee growth for four-year
public and private colleges and universities.
Historical
and Projected Enrollment
(in millions)
Source: National Center for
Education Statistics
Note: Total enrollment in all
degree-granting institutions; middle alternative projections for
2006 onward.
Cost of
Attendance(1)
Cumulative % Increase from AY
1997-1998
Source: The College Board
|
|
|
|
(1) |
|
Cost of attendance is in current
dollars and includes
tuition, fees and on-campus room and board.
|
Sallie
Mae’s Lending Business
Our primary marketing point-of-contact is the school’s
financial aid office where we focus on delivering flexible and
cost-effective products to the school and its students. Our
sales force is the largest in the industry and currently markets
the following internal lender brands: Academic Management
Services (“AMS”), Nellie Mae, Sallie Mae Education
Trust, SLM Financial, Student Loan Funding Resources
(“SLFR”), Southwest Student Services
(“Southwest”) and Student Loan Finance Association
(“SLFA”). We also actively market the loan guarantee
of United Student Aid Funds, Inc. (“USA Funds”) and
its affiliate, Northwest Education Loan Association
(“NELA”), through a separate sales force.
We acquire student loans from two principal sources: our
Preferred Channel and strategic acquisitions.
In 2007, we originated $25.5 billion in student loans
through our Preferred Channel, of which a total of
$16.6 billion or 65 percent was originated through our
internal lending brands. The mix of Preferred Channel
Originations marks a significant shift from the past, when our
internal lending brands were the smallest component of our
Preferred Channel Originations. Internal lending brand growth is
a key factor to our long-
13
term market penetration. This positions us to control our future
volume as well as the costs to originate new assets. Our
internal lending brand loans are our most valuable loans because
we do not pay a premium other than to ED to originate them. The
adverse impact of the CCRAA on FFELP loan profitability has
further increased the importance of our internal lending brands
as a vehicle for achieving appropriate risk-adjusted returns.
Preferred Channel Originations growth has been fueled by new
business from schools leaving the FDLP or other FFELP lending
relationships, same school sales growth, and growth in the
for-profit sector. Since 1999, we have partnered with over 300
schools that have chosen to return to the FFELP from the FDLP.
Our FFELP loan originations at these schools totaled over
$2.4 billion in 2007. In addition to working with new
schools, we have also forged broader relationships with many of
our existing school clients. Our FFELP and private originations
at for-profit schools have grown faster than at not-for-profit
schools due to enrollment trends as well as our increased market
share of lending to these institutions. We expect that in 2008
and in subsequent years this trend will be reversed. Many of our
for-profit school customers have programs for which we offer
non-traditional loans. As we cut back on Private Education Loan
programs to this non-traditional segment of our customer base,
we expect to lose FFELP loan volume originated through these
schools as well. Similarly, as we reduce premiums for lender
partner and school-as-lender purchases, we expect to lose FFELP
volume. Accordingly, we expect volume in both FFELP loan and
Private Education Loan originations to decline in 2008 relative
to 2007.
Consolidation
Loans
Between 2003 and 2006, we experienced a surge in consolidation
activity as a result of aggressive marketing and historically
low interest rates. This growth has contributed to the changing
composition of our student loan portfolio. FFELP Consolidation
Loans earn a lower yield than FFELP Stafford Loans due primarily
to the Consolidation Loan Rebate Fee. The Consolidation Loan
margin was 75 basis points lower than a FFELP Stafford loan
in repayment as a result of this fee. This negative impact is
somewhat mitigated by the longer average life of FFELP
Consolidation Loans. FFELP Consolidation Loans now represent
67 percent of both our on-balance sheet federally
guaranteed student loan portfolio and Managed federally
guaranteed portfolio, respectively.
We expect the percentage of our portfolio consisting of
Consolidation Loans will decline steadily over time. The CCRAA
dramatically reduced the margin on new FFELP Consolidation Loans
and, as a result these loans are only marginally profitable for
high balance loans and are not profitable for lower loan
balances. Legislation passed in 2006 provided for all FFELP
loans to bear a fixed rate to the borrower, thereby eliminating
the potential for the borrower to lock in a more beneficial
interest rate on post-
July 1, 2006 loans in a low interest
rate environment. This had a significant adverse impact on the
Consolidation Loan industry that developed as a result of the
low interest rate environment that existed between 2000 and
2004. Accordingly, we are no longer buying Wholesale
Consolidation Loans or actively marketing Consolidation Loans to
our customer base. Finally, under the HEA, borrowers with loan
balances exceeding $30,000 can extend their repayment term
without consolidating their loans. As a result of all of these
factors, we believe that FFELP loans will have a much lower
propensity to consolidate in the future. We intend to
accommodate those borrowers who have high loan balances and who
wish to consolidate their loans. We will also direct borrowers
wishing to extend their loan’s term to the FFELP extended
repayment product, which we believe will be an attractive
alternative to a Consolidation Loan for borrowers seeking a
lower monthly payment.
GradPLUS
The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 expanded the existing Federal
PLUS loan program to include graduate and professional students
(“GradPLUS Loans”). Previously, PLUS loans were
restricted to parents of dependent, undergraduate students.
GradPLUS Loans generally have a lower rate of interest than our
Private Education Loans and they allow graduate and professional
students to borrow up to the full cost of their education
(tuition, room and board),
14
less other financial aid received. In 2007, we originated
$606 million of GradPLUS loans which represented two
percent of our Preferred Channel Originations.
Private
Education Loans
The rising cost of education has led students and their parents
to seek additional private sources to finance their education.
Private Education Loans are often packaged as supplemental or
companion products to FFELP loans. Over the last several years,
the growth of Private Education Loans has continued due to
tuition increasing faster than the rate of inflation coupled
with stagnant FFELP lending limits. This growth combined with
the relatively higher spreads has led to Private Education Loans
contributing a higher percentage of our net interest margin in
recent years. We expect this trend to continue in the
foreseeable future in part due to margin erosion for FFELP
student loans. In 2007, Private Education Loans contributed
36 percent of our overall “Core Earnings” net
interest income before provisions for loan losses plus other
income, up from 29 percent in 2006.
The Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005 increased FFELP
loan limits on
July 1, 2007 for freshman and sophomores.
This, along with the introduction of GradPLUS Loans discussed
above, will somewhat offset the rate of growth in Private
Education Loans in the future. We believe this loss of future
Private Education Loan volume for graduate students will be
replaced by an increase in federally insured loans.
Since we bear the full credit risk for Private Education Loans,
they are underwritten and priced according to credit risk based
upon customized consumer credit scoring criteria. We mitigate
some of this credit risk by providing price and eligibility
incentives for students to obtain a credit-worthy cosigner, and
52 percent of our Managed Private Education Loans have a
cosigner. Due to their higher risk profile, Private Education
Loans earn higher spreads than their FFELP loan counterparts. In
2007, Private Education Loans earned an average “Core
Earnings” spread (before provisions for loan losses and the
Interim ABCP Facility Fees) of 5.15 percent versus an
average “Core Earnings” spread of 1.04 percent
for FFELP loans (before provisions for loan losses and the
Interim ABCP Facility Fees).
Our largest Private Education Loan program is the Signature
Student
Loan®,
which is offered to undergraduates and graduates through the
financial aid offices of colleges and universities to supplement
traditional FFELP loans. We also offer specialized loan products
to graduate and professional students primarily through our MBA
Loans®,
LAWLOANS®
and, Sallie Mae Medical School
Loans®
and Sallie Mae
DENTALoans®
programs. Generally, these loans do not require borrowers to
begin repaying their loans until after graduation and allow a
grace period from six to nine months.
In 2004 we began to offer Tuition
Answer
®
loans directly to the consumer through targeted direct mail
campaigns and Web-based initiatives. Under the Tuition Answer
loan program, creditworthy parents, sponsors and students may
borrow between $1,500 and $40,000 per year to cover any
qualified higher education expense, but now capped at the full
cost of tuition and board at the school they attend. No school
certification is required, although a borrower must provide
enrollment documentation. At
December 31, 2007, we had
$3.3 billion of Tuition Answer loans outstanding in our
Managed student loan portfolio.
We also offer alternative Private Education Loans for
information technology, cosmetology, mechanics,
medical/dental/lab, culinary and broadcasting education
programs. On average, these career training programs typically
last fewer than 12 months. These loans require the borrower
to begin repaying the loan immediately; however, students can
opt to make relatively small payments while enrolled. At
December 31, 2007, we had $2.4 billion of career
training loans outstanding.
Acquisitions
We have acquired several companies in the student loan industry
that have increased our sales and marketing capabilities, added
significant new brands and greatly enhanced our product
offerings. The following
15
table provides a timeline of strategic acquisitions that have
played a major role in the growth of our Lending business.
Lending
Segment Timeline
Financing
Prior to the announcement of the Merger,
the Company funded its
loan originations primarily with a combination of term
asset-backed securitizations and unsecured debt. Upon the
announcement of the Merger on
April 17, 2007, credit
spreads on our unsecured debt widened considerably,
significantly increasing our cost of accessing the unsecured
debt markets. As a result, in the near term, we expect to fund
our operations primarily through the issuance of student loan
asset-backed securities and borrowings under secured student
loan financing facilities, as further described below. We
historically have been a regular issuer of term asset-backed
securities in the domestic and international capital markets.
(See also
“MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF
OPERATIONS — LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL
RESOURCES.”) For the reasons described above,
securitization is currently and is likely to continue to be our
principal source of cost-effective financing. We expect
approximately 90 percent or more of our funding needs in
2008 will be satisfied through asset-backed securitizations.
The Company has engaged J.P. Morgan Securities, Inc.
(
“JPMorgan”) and Banc of America Securities, LLC
(
“BAS”) as Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners along
with Barclays Capital, The Royal Bank of Scotland, plc and
Deutsche Bank Securities, Inc. as Co-Lead Arrangers and Credit
Suisse, New York Branch, as Arranger to underwrite and arrange
up to $28.0 billion of secured FFELP loan facilities and a
$7.0 billion secured private credit student loans facility
(together, the
“Facilities”).
As of
February 28, 2008, we anticipate closing on
$23.4 billion of FFELP student loan ABCP conduit facilities
and $5.9 billion of Private Education Loan ABCP conduit
facilities on
February 29, 2008, or as soon as practical
thereafter. Also on that date, we anticipate closing on an
additional $2.0 billion secured FFELP loan facility. In
addition, we anticipate closing on an additional
$2.5 billion of student loan ABCP conduit facilities by mid
March 2008. The new $33.8 billion of financing facilities
we expect to close on, which may ultimately be increased to up
to $35 billion in aggregate, will replace our
$30 billion Interim ABCP Facility and $6 billion ABCP
facility. The initial term of each of the new facilities will be
364 days. These new facilities will provide funding for
certain of our FFELP loans and Private Education Loans until
such time as these loans are refinanced in the term ABS markets.
In the event amounts outstanding under the Interim ABCP Facility
are not repaid by
the Company in full, the Interim ABCP Facility
will terminate on
April 24, 2008.
In connection with our financing programs, we undertake regular
investor development efforts intended to continually expand and
diversify our pool of investors.
One of our major objectives when financing our business is to
minimize interest rate risk by matching the interest rate and
term characteristics of our Managed assets with our Managed
liabilities, generally on a pooled
16
basis, to the extent practical. To achieve this objective, we
use derivative financial instruments extensively to reduce our
interest rate and foreign currency exposure. Match funding and
interest rate risk management also help stabilize our student
loan spread in various interest rate environments.
On
February 4, 2008, Standard & Poor’s
Ratings Services announced that it lowered our credit ratings to
“BBB-/A-3”
from
“BBB+/A-2.”
Standard & Poor’s also announced that our rating
remains on CreditWatch with negative implications, pending the
closing of the new asset-backed commercial paper conduit
discussed above. Notwithstanding the lowering of our credit
rating, we believe that we have taken several steps in the last
several months to further strengthen
the company and position it
for ratings improvement in the future. These steps include
raising more than $3.0 billion in equity capital, securing
commitments for $33.8 billion in financing from some of the
world’s largest financial institutions, eliminating our
equity forward positions and curtailing certain private
education lending programs to students attending schools where
loan performance is materially below our original expectations.
We intend to continue to work with Standard &
Poor’s and the other rating agencies to demonstrate our
financial strength and stability.
Sallie
Mae Bank
On
November 3, 2005, we announced that the Utah Department
of Financial Institutions approved our application for an
industrial bank charter. Beginning in February and August 2006,
Sallie Mae Bank (the
“Bank”) began funding and
originating Private Education Loans and FFELP Consolidation
Loans, respectively, made by Sallie Mae to students and families
nationwide. This allows us to capture the full economics of
these loans from origination. In addition, the industrial bank
charter allows us to expand the products and services we can
offer to students and families. Funds received in connection
with our tuition payment plan product are deposited and held in
escrow with the Bank. In addition, cash rebates that Upromise
members earn from qualifying purchases from Upromise’s
participating companies are held by the Bank. These deposits are
used by the Bank for a low cost source of funding.
Competition
Our primary competitor for federally guaranteed student loans is
the FDLP, which in its first four years of existence (FFYs
1994-1997)
grew its market share of the total federally sponsored student
loan market from four percent in FFY 1994 to a peak of
34 percent in FFY 1997. The FDLP’s market share has
steadily declined since then to 20 percent in FFY 2007.
Historically, we have also faced competition for both federally
guaranteed and non-guaranteed student loans from a variety of
financial institutions including banks, thrifts and
state-supported secondary markets. However, as a result of the
CCRAA and the dislocation in the capital markets, the student
loan industry is undergoing a significant transition. A number
of student lenders have ceased operations altogether or
curtailed activity. The environment of aggressive price
competition between lenders has also decreased dramatically.
Many of the lenders that remain in the business have been
rationalizing pricing by reducing borrower benefits. As a result
of these factors, we believe that as the largest student lender,
we are well positioned to increase market share in the coming
years. Our FFY 2007 FFELP Preferred Channel Originations totaled
$17 billion, representing a 27 percent market share.
ASSET
PERFORMANCE GROUP BUSINESS SEGMENT
In our APG segment, we provide a wide range of accounts
receivable and collections services including student loan
default aversion services, defaulted student loan portfolio
management services, and contingency collections services for
student loans and other asset classes. We also provide accounts
receivable management and collections services on consumer and
mortgage receivable portfolios that we purchase. The table below
presents a timeline of key acquisitions that have fueled the
growth of our APG business, including: General Revenue
Corporation (“GRC”) and Pioneer Credit Recovery
(“PCR”), concentrated in the student loan industry;
AFS Holdings, LLC, the parent company of Arrow Financial
Services, LLC (collectively, “AFS”), a debt management
company that purchases and services distressed debt in several
industries including and outside of education receivables; and
GRP/AG Holdings, LLC (“GRP”), a debt
management company that acquires and manages portfolios of
sub-performing and non-performing mortgage loans.
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In recent years we have diversified our APG contingency revenue
stream into the purchase of distressed and defaulted receivables
to complement our student loan business. We now have the
expertise to acquire and manage portfolios of sub-performing and
non-performing mortgage loans, substantially all of which are
secured by one-to-four family residential real estate. We also
have a servicing platform and a disciplined portfolio pricing
approach to several consumer debt asset classes.
APG
Segment Timeline
In 2007, our APG business segment had revenues totaling
$605 million and net income of $116 million. Our
largest customer, USA Funds, accounted for 28 percent of
our revenue in 2007.
Products
and Services
Student
Loan Default Aversion Services
We provide default aversion services for five guarantors,
including the nation’s largest, USA Funds. These services
are designed to prevent a default once a borrower’s loan
has been placed in delinquency status.
Defaulted
Student Loan Portfolio Management Services
Our APG business segment manages the defaulted student loan
portfolios for six guarantors under long-term
contracts.
APG’s largest customer, USA Funds, represents approximately
17 percent of defaulted student loan portfolios in the
market. Our portfolio management services include selecting
collection agencies and determining account placements to those
agencies, processing loan consolidations and loan
rehabilitations, and managing federal and state offset programs.
Contingency
Collection Services
Our APG business segment is also engaged in the collection of
defaulted student loans and other debt on behalf of various
clients including guarantors, federal agencies, schools, credit
card issuers, utilities, and other retail clients. We earn fees
that are contingent on the amounts collected. We provide
collection services for ED and now have approximately
11 percent of the total market for such services. We have
relationships with more than 900 colleges and universities to
provide collection services for delinquent student loans and
other receivables from various campus-based programs.
Collection
of Purchased Receivables
In our APG business, we also purchase delinquent and defaulted
receivables from credit originators and other holders of
receivables at a significant discount from the face value of the
debt instruments. In addition, we purchase sub-performing and
non-performing mortgage receivables at a discount usually
calculated as a percentage of the underlying collateral. We use
a combination of internal collectors and outside collection
agencies to collect on these portfolios, seeking to attain the
highest cost/benefit for our overall collection strategy. We
recognize revenue primarily using the effective yield method,
though we use the cost recovery
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method when appropriate, in certain circumstances. A major
success factor in the purchased receivables business is the
ability to effectively price the portfolios. We conduct both
quantitative and qualitative analysis to appropriately price
each portfolio to yield a return consistent with our APG
financial targets.
Competition
The private sector collections industry is highly fragmented
with few large companies and a large number of small scale
companies. The APG businesses that provide third-party
collections services for ED, FFELP guarantors and other federal
holders of defaulted debt are highly competitive. In addition to
competing with other collection enterprises, we also compete
with credit grantors who each have unique mixes of internal
collections, outsourced collections, and debt sales. Although
the scale, diversification, and performance of our APG business
has been a competitive advantage, the trend in the collections
industry is for credit grantors to sell portfolios rather than
to manage contingency collections.
In the purchased paper business, the marketplace is trending
more toward open market competitive bidding rather than
solicitation by sellers to a select group of potential buyers.
Price inflation and the availability of capital in the sector
contribute to this trend. Unlike many of our competitors, our
APG business does not rely solely on purchased portfolio
revenue. This enables us to maintain pricing discipline and
purchase only those portfolios that are expected to meet our
profitability and strategic goals. Portfolios are purchased
individually on a spot basis or through contractual
relationships with sellers to periodically purchase portfolios
at set prices. We compete primarily on price, and additionally
on the basis of our reputation and industry experience.
CORPORATE
AND OTHER BUSINESS SEGMENT
The Company’s Corporate and Other business segment includes
the aggregate activity of its smaller operating segments,
primarily its Guarantor Servicing, Loan Servicing, and Upromise
operating segments. Corporate and Other also includes several
smaller products and services, including comprehensive financing
and loan delivery solutions to college financial aid offices and
students to streamline the financial aid process.
Guarantor
Services
We earn fees for providing a full complement of administrative
services to FFELP guarantors. FFELP student loans are guaranteed
by these agencies, with ED providing reinsurance to the
guarantor. The guarantors are non-profit institutions or state
agencies that, in addition to providing the primary guarantee on
FFELP loans, are responsible for other activities, including:
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guarantee issuance — the initial approval of loan
terms and guarantee eligibility;
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account maintenance — the maintaining, updating and
reporting on records of guaranteed loans;
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default aversion services — these services are
designed to prevent a default once a borrower’s loan has
been placed in delinquency status (we perform these activities
within our APG segment);
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guarantee fulfillment — the review and processing of
guarantee claims;
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post claim assistance — assisting borrowers in
determining the best way to pay off a defaulted loan; and
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systems development and maintenance — the development
of automated systems to maintain compliance and accountability
with ED regulations.
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Currently, we provide a variety of these services to nine
guarantors and, in AY
2006-2007,
we processed $17.9 billion in new FFELP loan guarantees, of
which $14.2 billion was for USA Funds, the nation’s
largest guarantor. We processed guarantees for approximately 32
percent of the FFELP loan market in AY
2006-2007.
Guarantor servicing fee revenue, which includes guarantee
issuance and account maintenance fees, was $156 million for
the year ended
December 31, 2007, 86 percent of which
we earned from services performed on behalf of USA Funds. Under
some of our guarantee services agreements, including our
agreement with USA Funds, we receive certain scheduled fees for
the services that we provide under such agreements. The
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payment for these services includes a contractually agreed upon
set percentage of the account maintenance fees that the
guarantors receive from ED.
The Company’s guarantee services agreement with USA Funds
has a five-year term that will be automatically increased by an
additional year on October 1 of each year unless a prior
notice is given by either party.
Our primary non-profit competitors in guarantor servicing are
state and non-profit guarantee agencies that provide third-party
outsourcing to other guarantors.
(See APPENDIX A, “FEDERAL FAMILY EDUCATION LOAN
PROGRAM — Guarantor Funding” for details of the
fees paid to guarantors.)
Upromise
Upromise has a number of programs that encourage consumers to
save for the cost of college education. Upromise has established
an affinity marketing program which is designed to increase
consumer purchases of merchant goods and services and to promote
saving for college by consumers who are members of this program.
Merchant partners generally pay Upromise transaction fees based
on member purchase volume, either online or in stores depending
on the contractual arrangement with the merchant partner. A
percentage of the consumer members’ purchases is set aside
in an account maintained by Upromise on the members’ behalf.
Upromise, through its wholly owned
subsidiaries, Upromise
Investments, Inc. (
“UII”), a registered
broker-dealer,
and Upromise Investment Advisors, LLC (
“UIA”),
provides transfer and servicing agent services and program
management associated with various 529 college-savings plans.
Upromise manages $19 billion in 529 college-savings plans.
REGULATION
Like other participants in the FFELP,
the Company is subject to
the HEA and, from time to time, to review of its student loan
operations by ED and guarantee agencies. ED is authorized under
its regulations to limit, suspend or terminate lenders from
participating in the FFELP, as well as impose civil penalties if
lenders violate program regulations. The laws relating to the
FFELP are subject to revision. In addition, Sallie Mae, Inc., as
a servicer of federal student loans, is subject to certain ED
regulations regarding financial responsibility and
administrative capability that govern all third-party servicers
of insured student loans. Failure to satisfy such standards may
result in the loss of the government guarantee of the payment of
principal and accrued interest on defaulted FFELP loans. Also,
in connection with our guarantor servicing operations, the
Company must comply with, on behalf of its guarantor servicing
customers, certain ED regulations that govern guarantor
activities as well as agreements for reimbursement between the
Secretary of Education and
the Company’s guarantor
servicing customers. Failure to comply with these regulations or
the provisions of these agreements may result in the termination
of the Secretary of Education’s reimbursement obligation.
The Company’s originating or servicing of federal and
private student loans also subjects it to federal and state
consumer protection, privacy and related laws and regulations.
Some of the more significant federal laws and regulations that
are applicable to our student loan business include:
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the
Truth-In-Lending
Act;
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the Fair Credit Reporting Act;
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the Equal Credit Opportunity Act;
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the Gramm-Leach Bliley Act; and
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the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.
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APG’s debt collection and receivables management activities
are subject to federal and state consumer protection, privacy
and related laws and regulations. Some of the more significant
federal laws and regulations that are applicable to our APG
business include:
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the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act;
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the Fair Credit Reporting Act;
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the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act; and
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the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.
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In addition, our APG business is subject to state laws and
regulations similar to the federal laws and regulations listed
above. Finally, certain APG
subsidiaries are subject to
regulation under the HEA and under the various laws and
regulations that govern government contractors.