SLM Corp · 10-K · For 12/31/07
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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND
EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C.
20549
Form 10-K
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(Mark One)
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ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
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For the fiscal year ended
December 31, 2007 or
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TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
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For the transition period
from to
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SLM Corporation
(Exact Name of Registrant as
Specified in Its Charter)
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Delaware
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52-2013874
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(State of Other Jurisdiction
of
Incorporation or Organization)
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(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
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12061 Bluemont Way, Reston, Virginia
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20190
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(Address of Principal Executive
Offices)
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(Zip
Code)
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(703) 810-3000
(Registrant’s Telephone
Number, Including Area Code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the
Act
Common Stock, par value $.20 per share.
Name of Exchange on which Listed:
New York Stock Exchange
6.97% Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A, par
value $.20 per share
Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B, par
value $.20 per share
Name of Exchange on which Listed:
New York Stock Exchange
Medium Term Notes, Series A, CPI-Linked Notes due 2017
Medium Term Notes, Series A, CPI-Linked Notes due 2018
6% Senior Notes due December 15, 2043
Name of Exchange on which Listed:
New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the
Act:
None.
Indicate by check mark whether
the registrant is a well-known
seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities
Act. Yes
þ No
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Indicate by check mark if
the registrant is not required to file
reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the
Act. Yes
o No
þ
Indicate by check mark whether the
registrant: (1) has filed all reports required
to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for
such shorter period that
the registrant was required to file
such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing
requirements for the past
90 days. Yes
þ No
o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers
pursuant to Item 405 of
Regulation S-K
is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best
of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or
information statements
incorporated by reference in
Part III of this
Form 10-K
or any amendment to this
Form 10-K. þ
Indicate by check mark whether
the registrant is a large
accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated
filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of
“large accelerated filer,” “accelerated
filer” and
“smaller reporting company” in
Rule 12b-2
of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
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accelerated
filer þ
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Accelerated
filer o
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Non-accelerated
filer o
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Smaller reporting
company o
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(Do
not check if a smaller reporting company)
Indicate by check mark whether
the registrant is a shell company
(as defined in
Rule 12b-2
of the Exchange
Act). Yes
o No
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The aggregate market value of voting stock held by
non-affiliates of
the registrant as of
June 30, 2007 was
$23.6 billion (based on closing sale price of $57.58 per
share as reported for the New York Stock Exchange —
Composite Transactions).
As of
January 31, 2008, there were 466,570,624 shares
of voting common stock outstanding.
Portions of the Proxy Statement relating to the
registrant’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be
held
May 8, 2008 are
incorporated by reference into
Part III of this Report.
FORWARD-LOOKING
AND CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
This report contains forward-looking statements and information
that are based on management’s current expectations as of
the date of this document. Statements that are not historical
facts, including statements about our beliefs or expectations
and statements that assume or are dependent upon future events
are forward-looking statements, and are contained throughout
this Annual Report on
Form 10-K,
including under the sections entitled
“Business” and
“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations.” These forward-looking
statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, assumptions and
other factors that may cause the actual results to be materially
different from those reflected in such forward-looking
statements. These factors include, among others, the occurrence
of any event, change or other circumstances that could give rise
to our ability to cost-effectively refinance the aggregate
interim $30 billion asset-backed commercial paper conduit
facilities (collectively, the
“Interim ABCP Facility”)
extended to SLM Corporation, more commonly known as Sallie Mae,
and its
subsidiaries (collectively,
“the Company”) by
Bank of America, N.A. and JPMorgan Chase, N.A. in connection
with the Merger Agreement (defined in the Glossary below),
including any potential foreclosure on the student loans under
those facilities following their termination, increased
financing costs and more limited liquidity; any adverse outcomes
in any significant litigation to which we are a party; our
derivative counterparties may terminate their positions with the
Company if its credit ratings fall to certain levels and the
Company could incur substantial additional costs to replace any
terminated positions; changes in the terms of student loans and
the educational credit marketplace arising from the
implementation of applicable laws and regulations and from
changes in these laws and regulations, which, among other
things, may reduce the volume, average term and yields on
student loans under the Federal Family Education Loan Program
(
“FFELP”) or result in loans being originated or
refinanced under non-FFELP programs or may affect the terms upon
which banks and others agree to sell FFELP loans to
the Company.
In addition, a larger than expected increase in third-party
consolidations of our FFELP loans could materially adversely
affect our results of operations.
The Company could also be
affected by changes in the demand for educational financing or
in financing preferences of lenders, educational institutions,
students and their families; incorrect estimates or assumptions
by management in connection with the preparation of our
consolidated financial statements; changes in the composition of
our Managed FFELP and Private Education Loan portfolios; changes
in the general interest rate environment and in the
securitization markets for education loans, which may increase
the costs or limit the availability of financings necessary to
initiate, purchase or carry education loans; changes in
projections of losses from loan defaults; changes in general
economic conditions; changes in prepayment rates and credit
spreads; and changes in the demand for debt management services
and new laws or changes in existing laws that govern debt
management services. All forward-looking statements contained in
this report are qualified by these cautionary statements and are
made only as of the date this Annual Report on
Form 10-K
is filed.
The Company does not undertake any obligation to
update or revise these forward-looking statements to conform the
statement to actual results or changes in
the Company’s
expectations.
1
GLOSSARY
Listed below are definitions of key terms that are used
throughout this document. See also APPENDIX A,
“FEDERAL FAMILY EDUCATION LOAN PROGRAM,” for a further
discussion of the FFELP and The College Cost Reduction and
Access Act of 2007.
CCRAA — The College Cost Reduction and Access
Act of 2007.
Consolidation Loan Rebate Fee — All holders of
FFELP Consolidation Loans are required to pay to the
U.S. Department of Education (
“ED”) an annual
105 basis point Consolidation Loan Rebate Fee on all
outstanding principal and accrued interest balances of FFELP
Consolidation Loans purchased or originated after
October 1, 1993, except for loans for which consolidation
applications were received between
October 1, 1998 and
January 31, 1999, where the Consolidation Loan Rebate Fee
is 62 basis points.
Constant Prepayment Rate (“CPR”) — A
variable in life of loan estimates that measures the rate at
which loans in the portfolio pay before their stated maturity.
The CPR is directly correlated to the average life of the
portfolio. CPR equals the percentage of loans that prepay
annually as a percentage of the beginning of period balance.
“Core Earnings” — In accordance with
the Rules and Regulations of the Securities and Exchange
Commission (
“SEC”), we prepare financial statements in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the
United States of America (
“GAAP”). In addition to
evaluating
the Company’s GAAP-based financial information,
management evaluates
the Company’s business segments on a
basis that, as allowed under the Financial Accounting Standards
Board’s (
“FASB”) Statement of Financial
Accounting Standards (
“SFAS”) No. 131,
“Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related
Information,” differs from GAAP. We refer to
management’s basis of evaluating our segment results as
“Core Earnings” presentations for each business
segment and we refer to these performance measures in our
presentations with credit rating agencies and lenders. While
“Core Earnings” results are not a substitute for
reported results under GAAP, we rely on
“Core
Earnings” performance measures in operating each business
segment because we believe these measures provide additional
information regarding the operational and performance indicators
that are most closely assessed by management.
Our
“Core Earnings” performance measures are the
primary financial performance measures used by management to
evaluate performance and to allocate resources. Accordingly,
financial information is reported to management on a
“Core
Earnings” basis by reportable segment, as these are the
measures used regularly by our chief operating decision makers.
Our
“Core Earnings” performance measures are used in
developing our financial plans and tracking results, and also in
establishing corporate performance targets and determining
incentive compensation. Management believes this information
provides additional insight into the financial performance of
the Company’s core business activities. Our
“Core
Earnings” performance measures are not defined terms within
GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures
reported by other companies.
“Core Earnings” net
income reflects only current period adjustments to GAAP net
income. Accordingly,
the Company’s
“Core
Earnings” presentation does not represent another
comprehensive basis of accounting.
See Note 20 to the consolidated financial
statements,“Segment Reporting,” and
“MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — BUSINESS
SEGMENTS — Limitations of ‘Core
Earnings’” for further discussion of the differences
between “Core Earnings” and GAAP, as well as
reconciliations between “Core Earnings” and GAAP.
In prior filings with the SEC of SLM Corporation’s Annual
Report on
Form 10-K
and quarterly report on
Form 10-Q,
“Core Earnings” has been labeled as
“‘Core’ net income” or “Managed net
income” in certain instances.
Direct Loans — Student loans originated
directly by ED under the FDLP.
ED — The U.S. Department of Education.
2
Embedded Fixed Rate/Variable Rate Floor
Income — Embedded Floor Income is Floor Income
(see definition below) that is earned on off-balance sheet
student loans that are in securitization trusts sponsored by us.
At the time of the securitization, the value of Embedded Fixed
Rate Floor Income is included in the initial valuation of the
Residual Interest (see definition below) and the gain or loss on
sale of the student loans. Embedded Floor Income is also
included in the quarterly fair value adjustments of the Residual
Interest.
Exceptional Performer (“EP”)
Designation — The EP designation is determined by
ED in recognition of a servicer meeting certain performance
standards set by ED in servicing FFELP Loans. Upon receiving the
EP designation, the EP servicer receives reimbursement on
default claims higher than the legislated Risk Sharing (see
definition below) levels on federally guaranteed student loans
for all loans serviced for a period of at least 270 days
before the date of default. The EP servicer is entitled to
receive this benefit as long as it remains in compliance with
the required servicing standards, which are assessed on an
annual and quarterly basis through compliance audits and other
criteria. The annual assessment is in part based upon subjective
factors which alone may form the basis for an ED determination
to withdraw the designation. If the designation is withdrawn,
Risk Sharing may be applied retroactively to the date of the
occurrence that resulted in noncompliance. The College Cost
Reduction Act of 2007 eliminated the EP designation effective
October 1, 2007. See also Appendix A,
“FEDERAL FAMILY
EDUCATION LOAN PROGRAM.”
FDLP — The William D. Ford Federal Direct
Student Loan Program.
FFELP — The Federal Family Education Loan
Program, formerly the Guaranteed Student Loan Program.
FFELP Consolidation Loans — Under the Federal
Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”), borrowers
with multiple eligible student loans may consolidate them into a
single student loan with one lender at a fixed rate for the life
of the loan. The new note is considered a FFELP Consolidation
Loan. Typically a borrower may consolidate his student loans
only once unless the borrower has another eligible loan to
consolidate with the existing FFELP Consolidation Loan. The
borrower rate on a FFELP Consolidation Loan is fixed for the
term of the loan and is set by the weighted average interest
rate of the loans being consolidated, rounded up to the nearest
1/8th of a percent, not to exceed 8.25 percent. In low
interest rate environments, FFELP Consolidation Loans provide an
attractive refinancing opportunity to certain borrowers because
they allow borrowers to consolidate variable rate loans into a
long-term fixed rate loan. Holders of FFELP Consolidation Loans
are eligible to earn interest under the Special Allowance
Payment (“SAP”) formula (see definition below).
FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans —
Education loans to students or parents of students that are
guaranteed or reinsured under the FFELP. The loans are primarily
Stafford loans but also include PLUS and HEAL loans.
Fixed Rate Floor Income — We refer to Floor
Income (see definition below) associated with student loans
whose borrower rate is fixed to term (primarily FFELP
Consolidation Loans and Stafford Loans originated on or after
July 1, 2006) as Fixed Rate Floor Income.
Floor Income — FFELP student loans generally
earn interest at the higher of a floating rate based on the
Special Allowance Payment or SAP formula (see definition below)
set by ED and the borrower rate, which is fixed over a period of
time. We generally finance our student loan portfolio with
floating rate debt over all interest rate levels. In low
and/or
declining interest rate environments, when the fixed borrower
rate is higher than the rate produced by the SAP formula, our
student loans earn at a fixed rate while the interest on our
floating rate debt continues to decline. In these interest rate
environments, we earn additional spread income that we refer to
as Floor Income. Depending on the type of the student loan and
when it was originated, the borrower rate is either fixed to
term or is reset to a market rate each July 1. As a result,
for loans where the borrower rate is fixed to term, we may earn
Floor Income for an extended period of time, and for those loans
where the borrower interest rate is reset annually on
July 1, we may earn Floor Income to the next reset date.
3
In accordance with new legislation enacted in 2006, lenders are
required to rebate Floor Income to ED for all new FFELP loans
disbursed on or after
April 1, 2006.
The following example shows the mechanics of Floor Income for a
typical fixed rate FFELP Consolidation Loan (with a commercial
paper-based SAP spread of 2.64 percent):
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Fixed Borrower Rate
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7.25
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%
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SAP Spread over Commercial Paper Rate
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(2.64
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Floor Strike
Rate(1)
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4.61
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%
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(1)
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The interest rate at which the underlying index (Treasury bill
or commercial paper) plus the fixed SAP spread equals the fixed
borrower rate. Floor Income is earned anytime the interest rate
of the underlying index declines below this rate.
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Based on this example, if the quarterly average commercial paper
rate is over 4.61 percent, the holder of the student loan
will earn at a floating rate based on the SAP formula, which in
this example is a fixed spread to commercial paper of
2.64 percent. On the other hand, if the quarterly average
commercial paper rate is below 4.61 percent, the SAP
formula will produce a rate below the fixed borrower rate of
7.25 percent and the loan holder earns at the borrower rate
of 7.25 percent. The difference between the fixed borrower
rate and the lender’s expected yield based on the SAP
formula is referred to as Floor Income. Our student loan assets
are generally funded with floating rate debt, so when student
loans are earning at the fixed borrower rate, decreases in
interest rates may increase Floor Income.
Graphic
Depiction of Floor Income:
Floor Income Contracts — We enter into
contracts with counterparties under which, in exchange for an
upfront fee representing the present value of the Floor Income
that we expect to earn on a notional amount of underlying
student loans being economically hedged, we will pay the
counterparties the Floor Income earned on that notional amount
over the life of the Floor Income
Contract. Specifically, we
agree to pay the counterparty the difference, if positive,
between the fixed borrower rate less the SAP (see definition
below) spread and the average of the applicable interest rate
index on that notional amount, regardless of the actual balance
of underlying student loans, over the life of the
contract. The
contracts generally do not extend over the life of the
underlying student loans. This
contract effectively locks in the
amount of Floor Income we will earn over the period of the
contract. Floor Income
Contracts are not considered effective
hedges under SFAS No. 133,
“Accounting for
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities,” and each
quarter we must record the change in fair value of these
contracts through income.
4
Front-End Borrower Benefits — Financial
incentives offered to borrowers at origination. Front-End
Borrower Benefits primarily represent our payment on behalf of
borrowers for required FFELP fees, including the federal
origination fee and federal default fee. We account for these
Front-End Borrower Benefits as loan premiums amortized over the
estimated life of the loans as an adjustment to the loan’s
yield.
Gross Floor Income — Floor Income earned before
payments on Floor Income
Contracts.
GSE — The Student Loan Marketing Association
was a federally chartered government-sponsored enterprise and
wholly owned subsidiary of SLM Corporation that was dissolved
under the terms of the Privatization Act (see definition below)
on
December 29, 2004.
Guarantors — State agencies or non-profit
companies that guarantee (or insure) FFELP student loans made by
eligible lenders under the HEA.
HEA — The Higher Education Act of 1965, as
amended.
Interim ABCP Facility — An aggregate of
$30 billion asset-backed commercial paper conduit
facilities that we entered into on
April 30, 2007 in
connection with the Merger (defined below under
“Merger
Agreement”).
Lender Partners — Lender Partners are lenders
who originate loans under forward purchase commitments to Sallie
Mae where we own the loans from inception or, in most cases,
acquire the loans soon after origination.
Managed Basis — We generally analyze the
performance of our student loan portfolio on a Managed Basis,
under which we view both on-balance sheet student loans and
off-balance sheet student loans owned by the securitization
trusts as a single portfolio, and the related on-balance sheet
financings are combined with off-balance sheet debt. When the
term Managed is capitalized in this document, it is referring to
Managed Basis.
Merger Agreement — On
April 16, 2007, the
Company announced that a buyer group (
“Buyer Group”)
led by J.C. Flowers & Co. (
“J.C. Flowers”),
Bank of America, N.A. and JPMorgan Chase, N.A. (the
“Merger”) signed a definitive agreement (
“Merger
Agreement”) to acquire
the Company for approximately
$25.3 billion or $60.00 per share of common stock. (See
also
“Merger Agreement” filed with the SEC on the
Company’s Current Report on
Form 8-K,
dated
April 18, 2007.) On
January 25, 2008, the
Company, Mustang Holding Company Inc. (
“Mustang
Holding”), Mustang Merger Sub, Inc. (
“Mustang
Sub”), J.C. Flowers, Bank of America, N.A. and JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A. entered into a Settlement, Termination and
Release Agreement (the
“Agreement”). Under the
Agreement, a lawsuit filed by
the Company related to the Merger,
as well as all counterclaims, was dismissed.
Preferred Lender List — Most higher education
institutions select a small number of lenders to recommend to
their students and parents. This recommended list is referred to
as the Preferred Lender List.
Preferred Channel Originations — Preferred
Channel Originations are comprised of: 1) loans that are
originated by internally marketed Sallie Mae brands, and
2) student loans that are originated by lenders with
forward purchase commitment agreements with Sallie Mae and are
committed for sale to Sallie Mae, such that we either own them
from inception or, in most cases, acquire them soon after
origination.
Private Education Consolidation Loans —
Borrowers with multiple Private Education Loans (defined below)
may consolidate them into a single loan with Sallie Mae (Private
Consolidation
Loans®).
The interest rate on the new loan is variable rate with the
spread set at the lower of the average weighted spread of the
underlying loans (available only to Sallie Mae customers) or a
new spread as a result of favorable underwriting criteria.
5
Private Education Loans — Education loans to
students or parents of students that are not guaranteed or
reinsured under the FFELP or any other federal or private
student loan program. Private Education Loans include loans for
higher education (undergraduate and graduate degrees) and for
alternative education, such as career training, private
kindergarten through secondary education schools and tutorial
schools. Higher education loans have repayment terms similar to
FFELP loans, whereby repayments begin after the borrower leaves
school. Our higher education Private Education Loans to students
attending Title IV Schools are not dischargeable in
bankruptcy, except in certain limited circumstances. Repayment
for alternative education generally begins immediately.
In the context of our Private Education Loan business, we use
the term “non-traditional loans” to describe education
loans made to certain borrowers that have or are expected to
have a high default rate as a result of a number of factors,
including having a lower tier credit rating, low program
completion and graduation rates or, where the borrower is
expected to graduate, a low expected income relative to the
borrower’s cost of attendance.
Privatization Act — The Student Loan Marketing
Association Reorganization Act of 1996.
Reconciliation Legislation — The Higher
Education Reconciliation Act of 2005, which reauthorized the
student loan programs of the HEA and generally became effective
as of
July 1, 2006.
Repayment Borrower Benefits — Financial
incentives offered to borrowers based on pre-determined
qualifying factors, which are generally tied directly to making
on-time monthly payments. The impact of Repayment Borrower
Benefits is dependent on the estimate of the number of borrowers
who will eventually qualify for these benefits and the amount of
the financial benefit offered to the borrower. We occasionally
change Repayment Borrower Benefits programs in both amount and
qualification factors. These programmatic changes must be
reflected in the estimate of the Repayment Borrower Benefits
discount when made.
Residual Interest — When we securitize student
loans, we retain the right to receive cash flows from the
student loans sold to trusts we sponsor in excess of amounts
needed to pay servicing, derivative costs (if any), other fees,
and the principal and interest on the bonds backed by the
student loans. The Residual Interest, which may also include
reserve and other cash accounts, is the present value of these
future expected cash flows, which includes the present value of
Embedded Fixed Rate Floor Income described above. We value the
Residual Interest at the time of sale of the student loans to
the trust and at the end of each subsequent quarter.
Retained Interest — The Retained Interest
includes the Residual Interest (defined above) and servicing
rights (as
the Company retains the servicing responsibilities).
Risk Sharing — When a FFELP loan defaults, the
federal government guarantees 97 percent of the principal
balance plus accrued interest (98 percent on loans
disbursed before
July 1, 2006) and the holder of the
loan is at risk for the remaining amount not guaranteed as a
Risk Sharing loss on the loan. FFELP student loans originated
after
October 1, 1993 are subject to Risk Sharing on loan
default claim payments unless the default results from the
borrower’s death, disability or bankruptcy. FFELP loans
serviced by a servicer that has EP designation (see definition
above) from ED are subject to one-percent Risk Sharing for
claims filed on or after
July 1, 2006 and before
October 1, 2007.
Special Allowance Payment (“SAP”) —
FFELP student loans originated prior to
April 1, 2006 (with
the exception of certain PLUS and SLS loans discussed below)
generally earn interest at the greater of the borrower rate or a
floating rate determined by reference to the average of the
applicable floating rates
(91-day
Treasury bill rate or commercial paper) in a calendar quarter,
plus a fixed spread that is dependent upon when the loan was
originated and the loan’s repayment status. If the
resulting floating rate exceeds the borrower rate, ED pays the
difference directly to us. This payment is referred to as the
Special Allowance Payment or SAP and the formula used to
determine the floating rate is the SAP formula. We refer to the
fixed spread to the underlying index as the SAP spread. For
loans disbursed after
April 1, 2006, FFELP loans
effectively only
6
earn at the SAP rate, as the excess interest earned when the
borrower rate exceeds the SAP rate (Floor Income) must be
refunded to ED.
Variable rate PLUS Loans and SLS Loans earn SAP only if the
variable rate, which is reset annually, exceeds the applicable
maximum borrower rate. For PLUS loans disbursed on or after
January 1, 2000, this limitation on SAP was repealed
effective
April 1, 2006.
Title IV Programs and Title IV
Loans — Student loan programs created under
Title IV of the HEA, including the FFELP and the FDLP, and
student loans originated under those programs, respectively.
Variable Rate Floor Income — For FFELP Stafford
student loans whose borrower interest rate resets annually on
July 1, we may earn Floor Income or Embedded Floor Income
(see definitions above) based on a calculation of the difference
between the borrower rate and the then current interest rate. We
refer to this as Variable Rate Floor Income because Floor Income
is earned only through the next reset date.
Wholesale Consolidation Loans — During 2006, we
implemented a loan acquisition strategy under which we began
purchasing a significant amount of FFELP Consolidation Loans,
primarily via the spot market, which augments our in-house FFELP
Consolidation Loan origination process. Wholesale Consolidation
Loans are considered incremental volume to our core acquisition
channels, which are focused on the retail marketplace with an
emphasis on our brand strategy.
7
PART I.
INTRODUCTION
TO SLM CORPORATION
SLM Corporation, more commonly known as Sallie Mae, is the
market leader in education finance. SLM Corporation is a holding
company that operates through a number of
subsidiaries.
(References in this Annual Report to the
“Company”
refer to SLM Corporation and its
subsidiaries).
Our primary business is to originate and hold student loans. We
provide funding, delivery and servicing support for education
loans in the United States through our participation in the
Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”) and
through our own non-federally guaranteed Private Education Loan
programs. We primarily market our FFELP Stafford loans and
Private Education Loans through on-campus financial aid offices.
We have also expanded into direct-to-consumer marketing,
primarily for Private Education Loans, to reach those students
and families that choose not to consult with the financial aid
office.
We have used both internal growth and strategic acquisitions to
attain our leadership position in the education finance
marketplace. Our sales force, which delivers our products on
campuses across the country, is the largest in the student loan
industry. The core of our marketing strategy is to promote our
on-campus brands, which generate student loan originations
through our Preferred Channel. Loans generated through our
Preferred Channel are more profitable than loans acquired
through other acquisition channels because we own them earlier
in the student loan’s life and generally incur lower costs
to acquire such loans. We have built brand leadership through
the Sallie Mae name, the brands of our
subsidiaries and those of
our lender partners. These sales and marketing efforts are
supported by the largest and most diversified servicing
capabilities in the industry.
We have expanded into a number of fee-based businesses, most
notably, our Asset Performance Group (
“APG”) business
(formerly, Debt Management Operations (
“DMO”)). We
also earn fees for a number of services including student loan
and guarantee servicing, 529 college-savings plan administration
services, and for providing processing capabilities and
information technology to educational institutions. We also
operate an affinity marketing program through Upromise, Inc.
(
“Upromise”). References in this Annual Report to
“Upromise” refer to Upromise and its
subsidiaries.
CURRENT
BUSINESS STRATEGY
On
September 27, 2007, the College Cost Reduction and
Access Act of 2007 (
“CCRAA”) was signed into law by
the President, resulting in, among other things, a reduction in
the yield received by
the Company on FFELP loans originated on
or after
October 1, 2007. In the summer of 2007, the global
capital markets began to experience a severe dislocation that
has persisted to present. This dislocation, along with a
reduction in
the Company’s unsecured debt ratings caused by
the proposed Merger, resulted in more limited access to the
capital markets than
the Company has enjoyed in the past and a
substantial increase in its cost of newly obtained funding.
Our management team is evaluating certain aspects of our
business in light of the impact of the CCRAA and the current
challenges in the capital markets. The CCRAA has a number of
important implications for the profitability of our FFELP loan
business, including a reduction in Special Allowance Payments,
the elimination of the Exceptional Performer designation and the
corresponding reduction in default payments to 97 percent
through 2012 and 95 percent thereafter, an increase in the
lender paid origination fees for certain loan types and a
reduction in default collection retention fees and account
maintenance fees related to guaranty agency activities. As a
result, we expect that the CCRAA will significantly reduce and,
combined with higher financing costs, could possibly eliminate
the profitability of new FFELP loan originations, while also
increasing our Risk Sharing in connection with our FFELP loan
portfolio.
8
We plan to curtail less profitable student loan origination and
acquisition activities that have less strategic value, including
originations of Private Education Loans for high default rate
and lower-tier credit borrowers, as well as spot purchases and
Wholesale Consolidation Loan purchases, all of which will also
reduce our funding needs. We expect to minimize incremental
FFELP Consolidation Loan volume as a result of significant
margin erosion for FFELP Consolidation Loans created by the
combined effect of the CCRAA and elevated funding costs.
However, we will continue our efforts to protect select FFELP
assets existing in our portfolio. We expect to continue to
aggressively pursue other FFELP-related fee income opportunities
such as FFELP loan servicing, guarantor servicing and
collections. In addition, we plan to reduce and, over time, to
no longer offer certain borrower benefits in connection with
both our FFELP loans and our Private Education Loans.
We expect to continue to focus on generally higher-margin
Private Education Loans, originated both through our school
channel and our direct-to-consumer channel, with particular
attention to upholding our more stringent underwriting
standards. In January 2008, we notified some of our school
customers whose students have non-traditional loans that we were
curtailing certain high default rate lending programs and
reviewing the pricing of others. Actual credit performance at
these programs was materially below our original expectations.
Charge-offs at these non-traditional schools are largely driven
by low program completion and graduation rates. The
non-traditional
portfolio is also particularly impacted by the weakening U.S.
economy. We also expect to adjust our Private Education Loan
pricing at all schools to reflect the current financing and
market conditions.
We expect to see lenders exit the student loan industry in
response to the CCRAA and current conditions in the credit
markets and, as a result, expect to partially offset declining
loan volumes caused by our more selective lending policies with
increased market share assumed from participants exiting the
industry.
The impacts of the CCRAA as well as the challenges we are facing
in the capital markets are also requiring us to rationalize our
business operations and reduce our costs. We are undertaking a
thorough review of all of our business units with a goal of
achieving appropriate risk-adjusted returns across all of our
business segments and providing cost-effective services. As a
result, we aim to reduce our operating expenses by up to
20 percent as compared to 2007 operating expenses by
year-end 2009, before adjusting for growth and other
investments. Since year-end 2007, we have reduced our work force
by approximately three percent.
BUSINESS
SEGMENTS
We provide an array of credit products and related services to
the higher education and consumer credit communities and others
through two primary business segments: our Lending business
segment and our APG business segment. These defined business
segments operate in distinct business environments and have
unique characteristics and face different opportunities and
challenges. They are considered reportable segments under the
Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (
“FASB”)
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (
“SFAS”)
No. 131,
“Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise
and Related Information,” based on quantitative thresholds
applied to
the Company’s financial statements. In addition,
within our Corporate and Other business segment, we provide a
number of complementary products and services to guarantors and
lender partners that are managed within smaller operating
segments, the most prominent being our Guarantor Servicing and
Loan Servicing businesses. Our Corporate and Other business
segment also includes the activities of our Upromise subsidiary.
In accordance with SFAS No. 131, we include in
Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements,
“Segment Reporting,” separate financial information
about our operating segments.
Management, including
the Company’s chief operating
decision makers, evaluates the performance of
the Company’s
operating segments based on their profitability as measured by
“Core Earnings.” Accordingly, we provide information
regarding
the Company’s reportable segments in this report
based on
“Core Earnings.” “Core Earnings”
are the primary financial performance measures used by
management to develop
the Company’s financial plans, track
results, and establish corporate performance targets and
incentive compensation. While
“Core Earnings” are not
a substitute for reported results under generally accepted
accounting principles in the United States (
“GAAP”),
the Company relies on
“Core Earnings” in operating its
business because
“Core Earnings” permit management to
make meaningful period-to-period comparisons of the
9
operational and performance indicators that are most closely
assessed by management. Management believes this information
provides additional insight into the financial performance of
the core business activities of our operating segments. (See
“MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — BUSINESS
SEGMENTS” for a detailed discussion of our “Core
Earnings,” including a table that summarizes the pre-tax
differences between “Core Earnings” and GAAP by
business segment and the limitations to this presentation. )
We generate most of our “Core Earnings” earnings in
our Lending business from the spread between the yield we
receive on our Managed portfolio of student loans and the cost
of funding these loans less the provisions for loan losses. We
incur servicing, selling and administrative expenses in
providing these products and services, and provide for loan
losses. On our consolidated statement of income, prepared in
accordance with GAAP, this spread income is reported as
“net interest income” for on-balance sheet loans, and
as “gains on student loan securitizations” and
“servicing and securitization revenue” for off-balance
sheet loans for which we have a Retained Interest. Total
“Core Earnings” revenues for this segment were
$1.4 billion in 2007.
In our APG business segment, we provide a wide range of accounts
receivable and collections services including student loan
default aversion services, defaulted student loan portfolio
management services, contingency collections services for
student loans and other asset classes, and accounts receivable
management and collection for purchased portfolios of
receivables that are delinquent or have been charged off by
their original creditors as well as sub-performing and
non-performing mortgage loans. In the purchased receivables
business, we focus on a variety of consumer debt types with
emphasis on charged-off credit card receivables and distressed
mortgage receivables. We purchase these portfolios at a discount
to their face value, and then use both our internal collection
operations coupled with third-party collection agencies to
maximize the recovery on these receivables.
LENDING
BUSINESS SEGMENT
In our Lending business segment, we originate and acquire both
federally guaranteed student loans (FFELP loans), which are
administered by the U.S. Department of Education
(
“ED”), and Private Education Loans, which are not
federally guaranteed. Borrowers use Private Education Loans
primarily to supplement federally guaranteed loans in meeting
the cost of education. We manage the largest portfolio of FFELP
and Private Education Loans in the student loan industry,
serving over 10 million student and parent customers
through our ownership and management of $163.6 billion in
Managed student loans as of
December 31, 2007, of which
$135.2 billion or 83 percent are federally insured. We
serve a diverse range of clients that includes over 6,000
educational and financial institutions and state agencies. We
are the largest servicer of student loans, servicing a portfolio
of $127.4 billion of FFELP loans and $32.6 billion of
Private Education Loans as of
December 31, 2007. We also
market student loans, both federal and private, directly to the
consumer. In addition to education lending, we originate
mortgage and consumer loans. In 2007 we originated
$848 million in mortgage and consumer loans. Our mortgage
and consumer loan portfolio totaled $545 million at
December 31, 2007, of which $19 million are mortgages
in the held-for-sale portfolio.
10
Student
Lending Marketplace
The following chart shows estimated sources of funding for
attending two-year and four-year colleges for the academic year
(
“AY”) ending
June 30, 2008 (AY
2007-2008).
Approximately 36 percent of the funding comes from
federally guaranteed student loans and Private Education Loans.
Parent/student contributions consist of savings/investments,
current period earnings and other loans obtained through the
normal financial aid process.
Sources
of Funding for College Attendance — AY
2007-2008(1)
Total
Projected Cost — $258 Billion
(dollars
in billions)
|
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
Source: Based on estimates by
Octameron Associates, “Don’t Miss Out,” 32nd
Edition; College Board, “2007 Trends in Student Aid”;
and Sallie Mae. Includes tuition, room, board, transportation
and miscellaneous costs for two and four year college
degree-granting programs.
|
Federally
Guaranteed Student Lending Programs
There are two competing programs that provide student loans
where the ultimate credit risk lies with the federal government:
the FFELP and the Federal Direct Lending Program
(“FDLP”). FFELP loans are provided by private sector
institutions and are ultimately guaranteed by ED except for the
Risk Sharing loss. FDLP loans are funded by taxpayers and
provided to borrowers directly by ED on terms similar to student
loans in the FFELP. In addition to these government guaranteed
programs, financial institutions also make Private Education
Loans, where the lender or holder assumes the credit risk of the
borrower.
For the federal fiscal year (
“FFY”) ended
September 30, 2007 (FFY 2007), ED estimated that the
FFELP’s market share in federally guaranteed student loans
was 80 percent, up from 79 percent in FFY 2006. (See
“LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT — Competition.”)
Total FFELP and FDLP volume for FFY 2007 grew by 7 percent,
with the FFELP portion growing 8 percent.
The Higher Education Act (the
“HEA”) includes
regulations that cover every aspect of the servicing of a
federally guaranteed student loan, including communications with
borrowers, loan originations and default aversion. Failure to
service a student loan properly could jeopardize the guarantee
on federal student loans. This guarantee generally covers 98 and
97 percent (95 percent after 2012) of the student
loan’s principal and accrued interest for loans disbursed
before and after
July 1, 2006, respectively. In the case of
death, disability or bankruptcy of the borrower, the guarantee
covers 100 percent of the student loan’s principal and
accrued interest.
11
FFELP student loans are guaranteed by state agencies or
non-profit companies called guarantors, with ED providing
reinsurance to the guarantor. Guarantors are responsible for
performing certain functions necessary to ensure the
program’s soundness and accountability. These functions
include reviewing loan application data to detect and prevent
fraud and abuse and to assist lenders in preventing default by
providing counseling to borrowers. Generally, the guarantor is
responsible for ensuring that loans are being serviced in
compliance with the requirements of the HEA. When a borrower
defaults on a FFELP loan, we submit a claim to the guarantor who
reimburses us for principal and accrued interest subject to the
Risk Sharing (See APPENDIX A, “FEDERAL FAMILY
EDUCATION LOAN PROGRAM,” to this document for a more
complete description of the role of guarantors.)
Private
Education Loan Products
In addition to federal loan programs, which have statutory
limits on annual and total borrowing, we sponsor a variety of
Private Education Loan programs and purchase loans made under
such programs to bridge the gap between the cost of education
and a student’s resources. The majority of our higher
education Private Education Loans are made in conjunction with a
FFELP Stafford loan, and are marketed to schools through the
same marketing channels — and by the same sales
force — as FFELP loans. In 2004, we expanded our
direct-to-consumer loan marketing channel with our Tuition
Answersm
loan program under which we originate and purchase loans outside
of the traditional financial aid process. We also originate and
purchase Private Education Loans marketed by our SLM Financial
subsidiary to career training, technical and trade schools,
tutorial and learning centers, and private kindergarten through
secondary education schools. These loans are primarily made at
schools not eligible for Title IV loans. Private Education
Loans are discussed in more detail below.
Drivers
of Growth in the Student Loan Industry
The growth in our Managed student loan portfolio is driven by
the growth in the overall student loan marketplace, as well as
by our own market share gains. Rising enrollment and college
costs have resulted in the size of the federally insured student
loan market more than doubling over the last 10 years.
Federally insured student loan originations grew from
$29.0 billion in FFY 1997 to $64.3 billion in FFY 2007.
According to the College Board, tuition and fees at four-year
public institutions and four-year private institutions have
increased 54 percent and 33 percent, respectively, in
constant, inflation-adjusted dollars, since AY
1997-1998.
Under the FFELP, there are limits to the amount students can
borrow each academic year. The first loan limit increases since
1992 were implemented
July 1, 2007 when freshman and
sophomore limits were increased to $3,500 and $4,500 from $2,625
and $3,500, respectively. The fact that guaranteed student loan
limits have not kept pace with tuition increases has driven more
students and parents to Private Education Loans to meet an
increasing portion of their education financing needs.
Loans — both federal and private — as a
percentage of total student aid were 53 percent of total
student aid in AY
1996-1997
and 52 percent in AY
2006-2007.
Private Education Loans accounted for 24 percent of total
student loans — both federally guaranteed and Private
Education Loans — in AY
2006-2007,
compared to 7 percent in AY
1997-1998.
The National Center for Education Statistics predicts that the
college-age population will increase approximately 14 percent
from 2007 to 2016. Demand for education credit will also
increase due to the rise in students not attending college
directly from high school and adult education.
12
The following charts show the historical and projected
enrollment and average tuition and fee growth for four-year
public and private colleges and universities.
Historical
and Projected Enrollment
(in millions)
Source: National Center for
Education Statistics
Note: Total enrollment in all
degree-granting institutions; middle alternative projections for
2006 onward.
Cost of
Attendance(1)
Cumulative % Increase from AY
1997-1998
Source: The College Board
|
|
|
|
(1) |
|
Cost of attendance is in current
dollars and includes
tuition, fees and on-campus room and board.
|
Sallie
Mae’s Lending Business
Our primary marketing point-of-contact is the school’s
financial aid office where we focus on delivering flexible and
cost-effective products to the school and its students. Our
sales force is the largest in the industry and currently markets
the following internal lender brands: Academic Management
Services (“AMS”), Nellie Mae, Sallie Mae Education
Trust, SLM Financial, Student Loan Funding Resources
(“SLFR”), Southwest Student Services
(“Southwest”) and Student Loan Finance Association
(“SLFA”). We also actively market the loan guarantee
of United Student Aid Funds, Inc. (“USA Funds”) and
its affiliate, Northwest Education Loan Association
(“NELA”), through a separate sales force.
We acquire student loans from two principal sources: our
Preferred Channel and strategic acquisitions.
In 2007, we originated $25.5 billion in student loans
through our Preferred Channel, of which a total of
$16.6 billion or 65 percent was originated through our
internal lending brands. The mix of Preferred Channel
Originations marks a significant shift from the past, when our
internal lending brands were the smallest component of our
Preferred Channel Originations. Internal lending brand growth is
a key factor to our long-
13
term market penetration. This positions us to control our future
volume as well as the costs to originate new assets. Our
internal lending brand loans are our most valuable loans because
we do not pay a premium other than to ED to originate them. The
adverse impact of the CCRAA on FFELP loan profitability has
further increased the importance of our internal lending brands
as a vehicle for achieving appropriate risk-adjusted returns.
Preferred Channel Originations growth has been fueled by new
business from schools leaving the FDLP or other FFELP lending
relationships, same school sales growth, and growth in the
for-profit sector. Since 1999, we have partnered with over 300
schools that have chosen to return to the FFELP from the FDLP.
Our FFELP loan originations at these schools totaled over
$2.4 billion in 2007. In addition to working with new
schools, we have also forged broader relationships with many of
our existing school clients. Our FFELP and private originations
at for-profit schools have grown faster than at not-for-profit
schools due to enrollment trends as well as our increased market
share of lending to these institutions. We expect that in 2008
and in subsequent years this trend will be reversed. Many of our
for-profit school customers have programs for which we offer
non-traditional loans. As we cut back on Private Education Loan
programs to this non-traditional segment of our customer base,
we expect to lose FFELP loan volume originated through these
schools as well. Similarly, as we reduce premiums for lender
partner and school-as-lender purchases, we expect to lose FFELP
volume. Accordingly, we expect volume in both FFELP loan and
Private Education Loan originations to decline in 2008 relative
to 2007.
Consolidation
Loans
Between 2003 and 2006, we experienced a surge in consolidation
activity as a result of aggressive marketing and historically
low interest rates. This growth has contributed to the changing
composition of our student loan portfolio. FFELP Consolidation
Loans earn a lower yield than FFELP Stafford Loans due primarily
to the Consolidation Loan Rebate Fee. The Consolidation Loan
margin was 75 basis points lower than a FFELP Stafford loan
in repayment as a result of this fee. This negative impact is
somewhat mitigated by the longer average life of FFELP
Consolidation Loans. FFELP Consolidation Loans now represent
67 percent of both our on-balance sheet federally
guaranteed student loan portfolio and Managed federally
guaranteed portfolio, respectively.
We expect the percentage of our portfolio consisting of
Consolidation Loans will decline steadily over time. The CCRAA
dramatically reduced the margin on new FFELP Consolidation Loans
and, as a result these loans are only marginally profitable for
high balance loans and are not profitable for lower loan
balances. Legislation passed in 2006 provided for all FFELP
loans to bear a fixed rate to the borrower, thereby eliminating
the potential for the borrower to lock in a more beneficial
interest rate on post-
July 1, 2006 loans in a low interest
rate environment. This had a significant adverse impact on the
Consolidation Loan industry that developed as a result of the
low interest rate environment that existed between 2000 and
2004. Accordingly, we are no longer buying Wholesale
Consolidation Loans or actively marketing Consolidation Loans to
our customer base. Finally, under the HEA, borrowers with loan
balances exceeding $30,000 can extend their repayment term
without consolidating their loans. As a result of all of these
factors, we believe that FFELP loans will have a much lower
propensity to consolidate in the future. We intend to
accommodate those borrowers who have high loan balances and who
wish to consolidate their loans. We will also direct borrowers
wishing to extend their loan’s term to the FFELP extended
repayment product, which we believe will be an attractive
alternative to a Consolidation Loan for borrowers seeking a
lower monthly payment.
GradPLUS
The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 expanded the existing Federal
PLUS loan program to include graduate and professional students
(“GradPLUS Loans”). Previously, PLUS loans were
restricted to parents of dependent, undergraduate students.
GradPLUS Loans generally have a lower rate of interest than our
Private Education Loans and they allow graduate and professional
students to borrow up to the full cost of their education
(tuition, room and board),
14
less other financial aid received. In 2007, we originated
$606 million of GradPLUS loans which represented two
percent of our Preferred Channel Originations.
Private
Education Loans
The rising cost of education has led students and their parents
to seek additional private sources to finance their education.
Private Education Loans are often packaged as supplemental or
companion products to FFELP loans. Over the last several years,
the growth of Private Education Loans has continued due to
tuition increasing faster than the rate of inflation coupled
with stagnant FFELP lending limits. This growth combined with
the relatively higher spreads has led to Private Education Loans
contributing a higher percentage of our net interest margin in
recent years. We expect this trend to continue in the
foreseeable future in part due to margin erosion for FFELP
student loans. In 2007, Private Education Loans contributed
36 percent of our overall “Core Earnings” net
interest income before provisions for loan losses plus other
income, up from 29 percent in 2006.
The Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005 increased FFELP
loan limits on
July 1, 2007 for freshman and sophomores.
This, along with the introduction of GradPLUS Loans discussed
above, will somewhat offset the rate of growth in Private
Education Loans in the future. We believe this loss of future
Private Education Loan volume for graduate students will be
replaced by an increase in federally insured loans.
Since we bear the full credit risk for Private Education Loans,
they are underwritten and priced according to credit risk based
upon customized consumer credit scoring criteria. We mitigate
some of this credit risk by providing price and eligibility
incentives for students to obtain a credit-worthy cosigner, and
52 percent of our Managed Private Education Loans have a
cosigner. Due to their higher risk profile, Private Education
Loans earn higher spreads than their FFELP loan counterparts. In
2007, Private Education Loans earned an average “Core
Earnings” spread (before provisions for loan losses and the
Interim ABCP Facility Fees) of 5.15 percent versus an
average “Core Earnings” spread of 1.04 percent
for FFELP loans (before provisions for loan losses and the
Interim ABCP Facility Fees).
Our largest Private Education Loan program is the Signature
Student
Loan®,
which is offered to undergraduates and graduates through the
financial aid offices of colleges and universities to supplement
traditional FFELP loans. We also offer specialized loan products
to graduate and professional students primarily through our MBA
Loans®,
LAWLOANS®
and, Sallie Mae Medical School
Loans®
and Sallie Mae
DENTALoans®
programs. Generally, these loans do not require borrowers to
begin repaying their loans until after graduation and allow a
grace period from six to nine months.
In 2004 we began to offer Tuition
Answer
®
loans directly to the consumer through targeted direct mail
campaigns and Web-based initiatives. Under the Tuition Answer
loan program, creditworthy parents, sponsors and students may
borrow between $1,500 and $40,000 per year to cover any
qualified higher education expense, but now capped at the full
cost of tuition and board at the school they attend. No school
certification is required, although a borrower must provide
enrollment documentation. At
December 31, 2007, we had
$3.3 billion of Tuition Answer loans outstanding in our
Managed student loan portfolio.
We also offer alternative Private Education Loans for
information technology, cosmetology, mechanics,
medical/dental/lab, culinary and broadcasting education
programs. On average, these career training programs typically
last fewer than 12 months. These loans require the borrower
to begin repaying the loan immediately; however, students can
opt to make relatively small payments while enrolled. At
December 31, 2007, we had $2.4 billion of career
training loans outstanding.
Acquisitions
We have acquired several companies in the student loan industry
that have increased our sales and marketing capabilities, added
significant new brands and greatly enhanced our product
offerings. The following
15
table provides a timeline of strategic acquisitions that have
played a major role in the growth of our Lending business.
Lending
Segment Timeline
Financing
Prior to the announcement of the Merger,
the Company funded its
loan originations primarily with a combination of term
asset-backed securitizations and unsecured debt. Upon the
announcement of the Merger on
April 17, 2007, credit
spreads on our unsecured debt widened considerably,
significantly increasing our cost of accessing the unsecured
debt markets. As a result, in the near term, we expect to fund
our operations primarily through the issuance of student loan
asset-backed securities and borrowings under secured student
loan financing facilities, as further described below. We
historically have been a regular issuer of term asset-backed
securities in the domestic and international capital markets.
(See also
“MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF
OPERATIONS — LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL
RESOURCES.”) For the reasons described above,
securitization is currently and is likely to continue to be our
principal source of cost-effective financing. We expect
approximately 90 percent or more of our funding needs in
2008 will be satisfied through asset-backed securitizations.
The Company has engaged J.P. Morgan Securities, Inc.
(
“JPMorgan”) and Banc of America Securities, LLC
(
“BAS”) as Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners along
with Barclays Capital, The Royal Bank of Scotland, plc and
Deutsche Bank Securities, Inc. as Co-Lead Arrangers and Credit
Suisse, New York Branch, as Arranger to underwrite and arrange
up to $28.0 billion of secured FFELP loan facilities and a
$7.0 billion secured private credit student loans facility
(together, the
“Facilities”).
As of
February 28, 2008, we anticipate closing on
$23.4 billion of FFELP student loan ABCP conduit facilities
and $5.9 billion of Private Education Loan ABCP conduit
facilities on
February 29, 2008, or as soon as practical
thereafter. Also on that date, we anticipate closing on an
additional $2.0 billion secured FFELP loan facility. In
addition, we anticipate closing on an additional
$2.5 billion of student loan ABCP conduit facilities by mid
March 2008. The new $33.8 billion of financing facilities
we expect to close on, which may ultimately be increased to up
to $35 billion in aggregate, will replace our
$30 billion Interim ABCP Facility and $6 billion ABCP
facility. The initial term of each of the new facilities will be
364 days. These new facilities will provide funding for
certain of our FFELP loans and Private Education Loans until
such time as these loans are refinanced in the term ABS markets.
In the event amounts outstanding under the Interim ABCP Facility
are not repaid by
the Company in full, the Interim ABCP Facility
will terminate on
April 24, 2008.
In connection with our financing programs, we undertake regular
investor development efforts intended to continually expand and
diversify our pool of investors.
One of our major objectives when financing our business is to
minimize interest rate risk by matching the interest rate and
term characteristics of our Managed assets with our Managed
liabilities, generally on a pooled
16
basis, to the extent practical. To achieve this objective, we
use derivative financial instruments extensively to reduce our
interest rate and foreign currency exposure. Match funding and
interest rate risk management also help stabilize our student
loan spread in various interest rate environments.
On
February 4, 2008, Standard & Poor’s
Ratings Services announced that it lowered our credit ratings to
“BBB-/A-3”
from
“BBB+/A-2.”
Standard & Poor’s also announced that our rating
remains on CreditWatch with negative implications, pending the
closing of the new asset-backed commercial paper conduit
discussed above. Notwithstanding the lowering of our credit
rating, we believe that we have taken several steps in the last
several months to further strengthen
the company and position it
for ratings improvement in the future. These steps include
raising more than $3.0 billion in equity capital, securing
commitments for $33.8 billion in financing from some of the
world’s largest financial institutions, eliminating our
equity forward positions and curtailing certain private
education lending programs to students attending schools where
loan performance is materially below our original expectations.
We intend to continue to work with Standard &
Poor’s and the other rating agencies to demonstrate our
financial strength and stability.
Sallie
Mae Bank
On
November 3, 2005, we announced that the Utah Department
of Financial Institutions approved our application for an
industrial bank charter. Beginning in February and August 2006,
Sallie Mae Bank (the
“Bank”) began funding and
originating Private Education Loans and FFELP Consolidation
Loans, respectively, made by Sallie Mae to students and families
nationwide. This allows us to capture the full economics of
these loans from origination. In addition, the industrial bank
charter allows us to expand the products and services we can
offer to students and families. Funds received in connection
with our tuition payment plan product are deposited and held in
escrow with the Bank. In addition, cash rebates that Upromise
members earn from qualifying purchases from Upromise’s
participating companies are held by the Bank. These deposits are
used by the Bank for a low cost source of funding.
Competition
Our primary competitor for federally guaranteed student loans is
the FDLP, which in its first four years of existence (FFYs
1994-1997)
grew its market share of the total federally sponsored student
loan market from four percent in FFY 1994 to a peak of
34 percent in FFY 1997. The FDLP’s market share has
steadily declined since then to 20 percent in FFY 2007.
Historically, we have also faced competition for both federally
guaranteed and non-guaranteed student loans from a variety of
financial institutions including banks, thrifts and
state-supported secondary markets. However, as a result of the
CCRAA and the dislocation in the capital markets, the student
loan industry is undergoing a significant transition. A number
of student lenders have ceased operations altogether or
curtailed activity. The environment of aggressive price
competition between lenders has also decreased dramatically.
Many of the lenders that remain in the business have been
rationalizing pricing by reducing borrower benefits. As a result
of these factors, we believe that as the largest student lender,
we are well positioned to increase market share in the coming
years. Our FFY 2007 FFELP Preferred Channel Originations totaled
$17 billion, representing a 27 percent market share.
ASSET
PERFORMANCE GROUP BUSINESS SEGMENT
In our APG segment, we provide a wide range of accounts
receivable and collections services including student loan
default aversion services, defaulted student loan portfolio
management services, and contingency collections services for
student loans and other asset classes. We also provide accounts
receivable management and collections services on consumer and
mortgage receivable portfolios that we purchase. The table below
presents a timeline of key acquisitions that have fueled the
growth of our APG business, including: General Revenue
Corporation (“GRC”) and Pioneer Credit Recovery
(“PCR”), concentrated in the student loan industry;
AFS Holdings, LLC, the parent company of Arrow Financial
Services, LLC (collectively, “AFS”), a debt management
company that purchases and services distressed debt in several
industries including and outside of education receivables; and
GRP/AG Holdings, LLC (“GRP”), a debt
management company that acquires and manages portfolios of
sub-performing and non-performing mortgage loans.
17
In recent years we have diversified our APG contingency revenue
stream into the purchase of distressed and defaulted receivables
to complement our student loan business. We now have the
expertise to acquire and manage portfolios of sub-performing and
non-performing mortgage loans, substantially all of which are
secured by one-to-four family residential real estate. We also
have a servicing platform and a disciplined portfolio pricing
approach to several consumer debt asset classes.
APG
Segment Timeline
In 2007, our APG business segment had revenues totaling
$605 million and net income of $116 million. Our
largest customer, USA Funds, accounted for 28 percent of
our revenue in 2007.
Products
and Services
Student
Loan Default Aversion Services
We provide default aversion services for five guarantors,
including the nation’s largest, USA Funds. These services
are designed to prevent a default once a borrower’s loan
has been placed in delinquency status.
Defaulted
Student Loan Portfolio Management Services
Our APG business segment manages the defaulted student loan
portfolios for six guarantors under long-term
contracts.
APG’s largest customer, USA Funds, represents approximately
17 percent of defaulted student loan portfolios in the
market. Our portfolio management services include selecting
collection agencies and determining account placements to those
agencies, processing loan consolidations and loan
rehabilitations, and managing federal and state offset programs.
Contingency
Collection Services
Our APG business segment is also engaged in the collection of
defaulted student loans and other debt on behalf of various
clients including guarantors, federal agencies, schools, credit
card issuers, utilities, and other retail clients. We earn fees
that are contingent on the amounts collected. We provide
collection services for ED and now have approximately
11 percent of the total market for such services. We have
relationships with more than 900 colleges and universities to
provide collection services for delinquent student loans and
other receivables from various campus-based programs.
Collection
of Purchased Receivables
In our APG business, we also purchase delinquent and defaulted
receivables from credit originators and other holders of
receivables at a significant discount from the face value of the
debt instruments. In addition, we purchase sub-performing and
non-performing mortgage receivables at a discount usually
calculated as a percentage of the underlying collateral. We use
a combination of internal collectors and outside collection
agencies to collect on these portfolios, seeking to attain the
highest cost/benefit for our overall collection strategy. We
recognize revenue primarily using the effective yield method,
though we use the cost recovery
18
method when appropriate, in certain circumstances. A major
success factor in the purchased receivables business is the
ability to effectively price the portfolios. We conduct both
quantitative and qualitative analysis to appropriately price
each portfolio to yield a return consistent with our APG
financial targets.
Competition
The private sector collections industry is highly fragmented
with few large companies and a large number of small scale
companies. The APG businesses that provide third-party
collections services for ED, FFELP guarantors and other federal
holders of defaulted debt are highly competitive. In addition to
competing with other collection enterprises, we also compete
with credit grantors who each have unique mixes of internal
collections, outsourced collections, and debt sales. Although
the scale, diversification, and performance of our APG business
has been a competitive advantage, the trend in the collections
industry is for credit grantors to sell portfolios rather than
to manage contingency collections.
In the purchased paper business, the marketplace is trending
more toward open market competitive bidding rather than
solicitation by sellers to a select group of potential buyers.
Price inflation and the availability of capital in the sector
contribute to this trend. Unlike many of our competitors, our
APG business does not rely solely on purchased portfolio
revenue. This enables us to maintain pricing discipline and
purchase only those portfolios that are expected to meet our
profitability and strategic goals. Portfolios are purchased
individually on a spot basis or through contractual
relationships with sellers to periodically purchase portfolios
at set prices. We compete primarily on price, and additionally
on the basis of our reputation and industry experience.
CORPORATE
AND OTHER BUSINESS SEGMENT
The Company’s Corporate and Other business segment includes
the aggregate activity of its smaller operating segments,
primarily its Guarantor Servicing, Loan Servicing, and Upromise
operating segments. Corporate and Other also includes several
smaller products and services, including comprehensive financing
and loan delivery solutions to college financial aid offices and
students to streamline the financial aid process.
Guarantor
Services
We earn fees for providing a full complement of administrative
services to FFELP guarantors. FFELP student loans are guaranteed
by these agencies, with ED providing reinsurance to the
guarantor. The guarantors are non-profit institutions or state
agencies that, in addition to providing the primary guarantee on
FFELP loans, are responsible for other activities, including:
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guarantee issuance — the initial approval of loan
terms and guarantee eligibility;
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account maintenance — the maintaining, updating and
reporting on records of guaranteed loans;
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default aversion services — these services are
designed to prevent a default once a borrower’s loan has
been placed in delinquency status (we perform these activities
within our APG segment);
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guarantee fulfillment — the review and processing of
guarantee claims;
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post claim assistance — assisting borrowers in
determining the best way to pay off a defaulted loan; and
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systems development and maintenance — the development
of automated systems to maintain compliance and accountability
with ED regulations.
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Currently, we provide a variety of these services to nine
guarantors and, in AY
2006-2007,
we processed $17.9 billion in new FFELP loan guarantees, of
which $14.2 billion was for USA Funds, the nation’s
largest guarantor. We processed guarantees for approximately 32
percent of the FFELP loan market in AY
2006-2007.
Guarantor servicing fee revenue, which includes guarantee
issuance and account maintenance fees, was $156 million for
the year ended
December 31, 2007, 86 percent of which
we earned from services performed on behalf of USA Funds. Under
some of our guarantee services agreements, including our
agreement with USA Funds, we receive certain scheduled fees for
the services that we provide under such agreements. The
19
payment for these services includes a contractually agreed upon
set percentage of the account maintenance fees that the
guarantors receive from ED.
The Company’s guarantee services agreement with USA Funds
has a five-year term that will be automatically increased by an
additional year on October 1 of each year unless a prior
notice is given by either party.
Our primary non-profit competitors in guarantor servicing are
state and non-profit guarantee agencies that provide third-party
outsourcing to other guarantors.
(See APPENDIX A, “FEDERAL FAMILY EDUCATION LOAN
PROGRAM — Guarantor Funding” for details of the
fees paid to guarantors.)
Upromise
Upromise has a number of programs that encourage consumers to
save for the cost of college education. Upromise has established
an affinity marketing program which is designed to increase
consumer purchases of merchant goods and services and to promote
saving for college by consumers who are members of this program.
Merchant partners generally pay Upromise transaction fees based
on member purchase volume, either online or in stores depending
on the contractual arrangement with the merchant partner. A
percentage of the consumer members’ purchases is set aside
in an account maintained by Upromise on the members’ behalf.
Upromise, through its wholly owned
subsidiaries, Upromise
Investments, Inc. (
“UII”), a registered
broker-dealer,
and Upromise Investment Advisors, LLC (
“UIA”),
provides transfer and servicing agent services and program
management associated with various 529 college-savings plans.
Upromise manages $19 billion in 529 college-savings plans.
REGULATION
Like other participants in the FFELP,
the Company is subject to
the HEA and, from time to time, to review of its student loan
operations by ED and guarantee agencies. ED is authorized under
its regulations to limit, suspend or terminate lenders from
participating in the FFELP, as well as impose civil penalties if
lenders violate program regulations. The laws relating to the
FFELP are subject to revision. In addition, Sallie Mae, Inc., as
a servicer of federal student loans, is subject to certain ED
regulations regarding financial responsibility and
administrative capability that govern all third-party servicers
of insured student loans. Failure to satisfy such standards may
result in the loss of the government guarantee of the payment of
principal and accrued interest on defaulted FFELP loans. Also,
in connection with our guarantor servicing operations, the
Company must comply with, on behalf of its guarantor servicing
customers, certain ED regulations that govern guarantor
activities as well as agreements for reimbursement between the
Secretary of Education and
the Company’s guarantor
servicing customers. Failure to comply with these regulations or
the provisions of these agreements may result in the termination
of the Secretary of Education’s reimbursement obligation.
The Company’s originating or servicing of federal and
private student loans also subjects it to federal and state
consumer protection, privacy and related laws and regulations.
Some of the more significant federal laws and regulations that
are applicable to our student loan business include:
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the
Truth-In-Lending
Act;
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the Fair Credit Reporting Act;
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the Equal Credit Opportunity Act;
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the Gramm-Leach Bliley Act; and
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the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.
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APG’s debt collection and receivables management activities
are subject to federal and state consumer protection, privacy
and related laws and regulations. Some of the more significant
federal laws and regulations that are applicable to our APG
business include:
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the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act;
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the Fair Credit Reporting Act;
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the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act; and
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the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.
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In addition, our APG business is subject to state laws and
regulations similar to the federal laws and regulations listed
above. Finally, certain APG
subsidiaries are subject to
regulation under the HEA and under the various laws and
regulations that govern government contractors.
Sallie Mae Bank is subject to Utah banking regulations as well
as regulations issued by the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation, and undergoes periodic regulatory examinations.
Finally, Upromise’s affiliates, which administer 529
college-savings plans, are subject to regulation by the
Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board, the National Association
of Securities Dealers, Inc. and the Securities and Exchange
Commission (“SEC”) through the Investment Advisers Act
of 1940.
AVAILABLE
INFORMATION
The SEC maintains an Internet site
(http://www.
sec. gov) that contains periodic and other reports such as
annual, quarterly and current reports on
Forms 10-K,
10-Q and
8-K,
respectively, as well as proxy and information statements
regarding SLM Corporation and other companies that file
electronically with the SEC. Copies of our annual reports on
Form 10-K
and our quarterly reports on
Form 10-Q
are available on our
website as soon as reasonably practicable
after we electronically file such reports with the SEC.
Investors and other interested parties can also access these
reports at www. salliemae.com/about/investors.
Our Code of Business Conduct, which applies to Board members and
all employees, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief
Financial Officer, is also available, free of charge, on our
website at
www.salliemae.com/about/business_code. htm. We intend
to disclose any amendments to or waivers from our Code of
Business Conduct (to the extent applicable to our Chief
Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer) by posting such
information on our
website.
In 2007,
the Company submitted the annual certification of its
Chief Executive Officer regarding
the Company’s compliance
with the NYSE’s corporate governance listing standards,
pursuant to Section 303A.12(a) of the NYSE Listed Company
Manual.
In addition, we filed as exhibits to
the Company’s Annual
Report on
Form 10-K
for the year ended
December 31, 2006 and to this Annual
Report on
Form 10-K,
the certifications required under Section 302 of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
21
LENDING
BUSINESS SEGMENT — FFELP STUDENT LOANS
Because
of the new FFELP economics resulting from the College Cost
Reduction and Access Act of 2007 and the increased funding
spreads in the current capital markets, we have made significant
changes to our business strategy, but there can be no assurance
that such changes will be effective in meeting these
challenges.
On
September 27, 2007, the College Cost Reduction and
Access Act of 2007 (
“CCRAA”) was signed into law by
the President. The CCRAA substantially reduced the profitability
of our FFELP business, including a reduction in Special
Allowance Payments, the elimination of the Exceptional Performer
designation and the corresponding reduction in default payments
to 97 percent through 2012 and 95 percent thereafter,
an increase in the lender paid origination fees for certain loan
types, and reduction in default collections retention fees and
account maintenance fees related to guaranty agency activities.
As a result, assuming no reductions to borrower benefits or to
our operating and servicing costs, we expect that the CCRAA will
reduce substantially our pre-tax yield on FFELP loans. This
reduction combined with higher financing costs resulting from
the severe dislocations in the global capital markets, could
possibly eliminate the profitability of new FFELP loan
originations, while increasing our Risk Sharing in connection
with our FFELP loan portfolio. We also expect that low-balance
FFELP Consolidation Loans will no longer be profitable.
As a result of these developments, management has revised its
business strategy to:
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Focus on origination and acquisition activities for both FFELP
loans and Private Education Loans that generate acceptable
returns under the new FFELP economics;
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Curtail unprofitable originations that have less strategic
value, including:
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Education loans made to certain borrowers that have or are
expected to have a high default rate
(see “GLOSSARY — Private Education
Loans”); and
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Wholesale Consolidation Loan acquisitions and low-balance FFELP
Consolidation Loan originations.
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Adjust the pricing of Private Education Loan products to reflect
market conditions; and
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Reduce or, over time, eliminate borrower benefits on FFELP loans.
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In addition, we have reduced the premium that we pay for FFELP
loan volume at certain school-as-lender clients. We also
anticipate reducing the premium that we pay for FFELP loan
volume with certain of our lender partners. These actions are
likely to effectively end our school-as-lender relationships and
to result in certain of our lender partners either exiting the
FFELP business or seeking others with whom to partner. These
actions could also adversely affect the growth in our guarantee
and APG collection businesses.
We also will undertake a comprehensive review of all of our
business units with a goal of achieving appropriate
risk-adjusted returns across all of our business segments and
providing cost-effective services. In addition, we aim to reduce
our operating expenses by up to 20 percent as compared to
2007 operating expenses by year-end 2009, before adjusting for
growth and other investments. Since year-end 2007, as part of
this expense reduction effort, we have reduced our work force by
approximately three percent. Accordingly, we could lose
management that are key to managing operational risk.
There can be no assurance that changes we are making or may make
in the future to address these developments will be successful
in meeting the significant challenges of the new FFELP economics
and the increased funding spreads in the current capital markets.
A
larger than expected increase in third-party consolidation
activity may reduce our loan spreads, materially impair our
Retained Interest, reduce our interest earning assets and
otherwise materially adversely affect our results of
operations.
If third-party consolidation activity increases beyond
management’s expectations, our student loan spread may be
adversely affected; our Retained Interest may be materially
impaired; our future earnings may be reduced from the loss of
interest earning assets; and our results of operations may be
adversely affected. Our student loan spread may be adversely
affected because third-party consolidators generally target our
highest yielding FFELP Loans and an increased run-off of Private
Education Loans, which generally have higher
22
yields than our FFELP loans, would change the overall mix within
our portfolio resulting in a reduction to our weighted-average
loan spread. Our Retained Interest may be materially impaired if
consolidation activity reaches levels not anticipated by
management. We may also incur impairment charges if we increase
our expected future Constant Prepayment Rate (
“CPR”)
assumptions used to value the Residual Interest as a result of
such unanticipated levels of consolidation. The potentially
material adverse affect on our operating results related to
FFELP loans also relates to our hedging activities in connection
with Floor Income. We enter into certain Floor Income
Contracts
under which we receive an upfront fee in exchange for our
payment of the Floor Income earned on a notional amount of
underlying FFELP Loans over the life of the Floor Income
Contract. If third-party consolidation activity that involves
refinancing a Sallie Mae managed existing FFELP Loan with a new
third-party owned FFELP Loan increases substantially, then the
Floor Income that we are obligated to pay under such Floor
Income
Contracts may exceed the Floor Income actually generated
from the underlying FFELP loans, possibly to a material extent.
In such a scenario, we would either close out the related Floor
Income
Contracts or purchase an offsetting hedge. In either
case, the adverse impact on both our GAAP and
“Core
Earnings” could be material. (See
“MANAGEMENT’S
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF
OPERATIONS — LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT —
Floor Income — Managed Basis.”)
Incorrect
estimates and assumptions by management in connection with the
preparation of our consolidated financial statements could
adversely affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities
and the reported amounts of income and expenses.
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements
requires management to make certain critical accounting
estimates and assumptions that could affect the reported amounts
of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of income and
expense during the reporting periods. (See
“MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CRITICAL
ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES.”) For example, for both
our federally insured and Private Education Loans, the
unamortized portion of premiums and discounts is included in the
carrying value of the student loan on the consolidated balance
sheet. We recognize income on our student loan portfolio based
on the expected yield of the student loan after giving effect to
the amortization of purchase premiums and accretion of student
loan income discounts, as well as the impact of Repayment
Borrower Benefits. In arriving at the expected yield, we make a
number of estimates that when changed are reflected as a
cumulative
catch-up
from the inception of the student loan. The most sensitive
estimate for premium and discount amortization is the estimate
of the CPR, which measures the rate at which loans in the
portfolio pay before their stated maturity. The CPR is used in
calculating the average life of the portfolio. A number of
factors can affect the CPR estimate such as the rate of
consolidation activity and default rates. If we make an
incorrect CPR estimate, the previously recognized income on our
student loan portfolio based on the expected yield of the
student loan will need to be adjusted in the current period.
The amount of loan loss reserves also depends on estimates. We
maintain an allowance for loan losses at an amount believed to
be sufficient to absorb losses incurred in our FFELP loan and
Private Education Loan portfolios based on estimated probable
net credit losses as of the reporting date. We analyze those
portfolios to determine the effects that the various stages of
delinquency have on borrower default behavior and ultimate
charge-off. When calculating the allowance for loan losses on
Private Education Loans, we divide the portfolio into categories
of similar risk characteristics based on loan program type, loan
status (in-school, grace, repayment, forbearance, delinquency),
underwriting criteria, existence or absence of a cosigner, and
aging. We use historical experience coupled with qualitative
factors regarding changes in portfolio mix, macroeconomic
indicators, policies, procedures, laws, regulations,
underwriting, and other factors to estimate default and
collection rate projections. We then apply these default and
collection rate projections to each category of loan to estimate
the necessary allowance balance. Because the process relies on
historical experience, if current or future loan loss experience
varies significantly from the past, our allowance could be
deemed inadequate to cover incurred losses in the portfolio.
Additionally, since the allowance estimate is also reliant on
other qualitative factors, management’s ability to
determine which qualitative factors are relevant to the
allowance and our ability to accurately incorporate these
factors into our estimates can have a material impact on the
allowance.
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In addition, the impact of our Repayment Borrower Benefits
programs, which provide incentives to borrowers to make timely
payments on their loans by allowing for reductions in future
interest rates as well as rebates on outstanding balances, is
dependent on the number of borrowers who will eventually qualify
for these benefits. For example, we offer borrowers an incentive
program that reduces their interest rate by a specified
percentage per year or reduces their loan balance after they
have made a specified initial number of scheduled payments on
time and for so long as they continue to make subsequent
scheduled payments on time. We regularly estimate the
qualification rates for Repayment Borrower Benefits programs and
book a level yield adjustment based upon that estimate. If our
estimate of the qualification rates is lower than the actual
rates, both the yield on our student loan portfolio and our net
interest income will be lower than estimated and a cumulative
adjustment will be made to reduce income, possibly to a material
extent. Such an underestimation may also adversely affect the
value of our Retained Interest because one of the assumptions
made in assessing its value is the amount of Repayment Borrower
Benefits expected to be earned by borrowers. Finally, we
continue to look at new ways to improve borrower payment
behavior. These efforts as well as the actions of competing
lenders may lead to the addition or modification of Repayment
Borrower Benefits programs.
LENDING
BUSINESS SEGMENT — PRIVATE EDUCATION LOANS
Changes
in the composition of our Managed student loan portfolio will
increase the risk profile of our asset base and our capital
requirements.
As of
December 31, 2007, 17 percent of our Managed
student loans were Private Education Loans. Private Education
Loans are unsecured and are not guaranteed or reinsured under
the FFELP or any other federal student loan program and are not
insured by any private insurance program. Accordingly, we bear
the full risk of loss on these loans if the borrower and
cosigner, if applicable, default. Events beyond our control such
as a prolonged economic downturn could make it difficult for
Private Education Loan borrowers to meet their payment
obligations for a variety of reasons, including job loss and
unemployment, which could lead to higher levels of delinquencies
and defaults. Private Education Loans now account for
36 percent of our
“Core Earnings” net interest
income before provisions for loan losses plus other income. We
expect that Private Education Loans will become an increasingly
higher percentage of both our margin and our Managed student
loan portfolio, which will increase the risk profile of our
asset base and raise our capital requirements because Private
Education Loans have significantly higher capital requirements
than FFELP loans. This may adversely affect the availability of
capital for other purposes. In addition, the comparatively
larger spreads on Private Education Loans, which historically
have compensated for the narrowing FFELP spreads, may narrow as
competition increases.
As a component of our Private Education Loan program, we made
available to numerous schools various tailored loan programs
that were designed to help finance the education of students who
were academically qualified but did not meet our standard credit
criteria. Management has recently taken specific steps to
terminate these lending programs because the performance of
these loans is materially different from originally expected,
and from the rest of
the Company’s Private Education Loan
programs. In the fourth quarter of 2007,
the Company recorded
provision expense of $667 million related to its Managed
Private Education Loan portfolio. This significant increase in
provision primarily related to the non-traditional lending
programs described above which are particularly impacted by the
weakening U.S. economy. However, there can be no assurance
that
the Company’s non-traditional loans outstanding will
not require additional significant loan provisions or have any
further adverse effect on the overall credit quality of the
Company’s Managed Private Education Loan portfolio.
Past
charge-off rates on our Private Education Loans may not be
indicative of future charge-off rates because, among other
things, we use forbearance policies and our failure to
adequately predict and reserve for charge-offs may adversely
impact our results of operations.
We have established forbearance policies for our Private
Education Loans under which we provide to the borrower temporary
relief from payment of principal and/or interest in exchange for
a processing fee paid by the borrower, which is waived under
certain circumstances. At the end of each forbearance period,
generally
24
granted in six-month increments, interest that the borrower
otherwise would have paid is typically capitalized. At
December 31, 2007, approximately 14 percent of our
Managed Private Education Loans in repayment and forbearance
were in forbearance. Forbearance is used most heavily when the
borrower’s loan enters repayment; however, borrowers may
apply for forbearance multiple times and a significant number of
Private Education Loan borrowers have taken advantage of this
option. When a borrower ends forbearance and enters repayment,
the account is considered current. Accordingly, a borrower who
may have been delinquent in his payments or may not have made
any recent payments on his account will be accounted for as a
borrower in a current repayment status when the borrower exits
the forbearance period. In addition, past charge-off rates on
our Private Education Loans may not be indicative of future
charge-off rates because of, among other things, the use of
forbearance and the effect of future changes to the forbearance
policies. If our forbearance policies prove over time to be less
effective on cash collections than we expect or if we limit the
circumstances under which forbearance may be granted under our
forbearance policies, the amount of future charge-offs could be
materially adversely affected which could materially impact the
ultimate default rate used to calculate loan loss reserves which
could have a material adverse effect on our results of
operations. (See
“MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS —
LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT — Total Loan Net
Charge-offs.”)
In addition, our loss estimates include losses to be incurred
generally over a two-year loss emergence period. The two-year
estimate of the allowance for loan losses is subject to a number
of assumptions about future borrower behavior that may prove
incorrect. For example, we use a migration analysis of
historical charge-off experience and combine that with
qualitative measures to project future trends. However, future
charge-off rates can be higher than anticipated due to a variety
of factors such as downturns in the economy, regulatory or
operational changes in asset performance management
effectiveness, and other unforeseeable future trends. If actual
future performance in charge-offs and delinquency is worse than
estimated, this could materially affect our estimate of the
allowance for loan losses and the related provision for loan
losses on our income statement.
If a
school with which we have a business arrangement with respect to
student loans closes or otherwise does not provide the borrower
the promised education, the borrower could raise the same claims
and defenses against us as the lender as it could against the
school. As a result, our ability to collect loan amounts could
be materially impaired.
The FTC Holder Rule provides that borrowers, under certain
circumstances, may assert the same claims and defenses against
repayment of a student loan used to finance an education at a
school as that borrower may have against the school itself.
Specifically, if a school with whom we have a business
arrangement with respect to student loans closes or otherwise
does not provide the borrower the promised education, the
borrower could raise the same claims and defenses that the
borrower has against the school against repayment of a student
loan used to finance an education at that school. With the
current dislocations in the capital markets, certain for-profit
schools may be unable to secure lending for its students, which
could lead to serious financial difficulties and, possibly, to
the school closing before its students complete their education.
In such cases, borrowers could assert claims and defenses
against repayment of their loans from us up to the total amount
of the loan depending upon how far along they were in their
program of study. In addition, school closings result in an
increase in defaults for the borrowers still in attendance at
those schools at the time they closed and a significant increase
in school closings could materially increase our allowance for
loan losses.
25
ASSET
PERFORMANCE GROUP BUSINESS SEGMENT
Our
APG business segment may not be able to purchase defaulted
consumer receivables at prices that management believes to be
appropriate, and a decrease in our ability to purchase
portfolios of receivables could adversely affect our net
income.
If our APG business segment is not able to purchase defaulted
consumer receivables at planned levels and at prices that
management believes to be appropriate, we could experience
short-term and long-term decreases in income.
The availability of receivables portfolios at prices which
generate an appropriate return on our investment depends on a
number of factors both within and outside of our control,
including the following:
|
|
|
| |
•
|
the continuation of current growth trends in the levels of
consumer obligations;
|
| |
| |
•
|
sales of receivables portfolios by debt owners;
|
| |
| |
•
|
competitive factors affecting potential purchasers and credit
originators of receivables; and
|
| |
| |
•
|
the ability to continue to service portfolios to yield an
adequate return.
|
Because of the length of time involved in collecting defaulted
consumer receivables on acquired portfolios and the volatility
in the timing of our collections, we may not be able to identify
trends and make changes in our purchasing strategies in a timely
manner.
LIQUIDITY
AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Future
sales or issuances of our common stock may dilute the ownership
interest of existing shareholders and depress the trading price
of our common stock.
Future sales or issuances of our common stock may dilute the
ownership interests of our existing shareholders. In addition,
future sales or issuances of substantial amounts of our common
stock may be at prices below current market prices and may
adversely impact the market price of our common stock. Our
mandatory convertible preferred stock, Series C has
dividend and liquidation preference over our common stock.
The
7.25 percent mandatory convertible preferred stock,
Series C may adversely affect the market price of our
common stock.
The market price of our common stock is likely to be influenced
by the 7.25 percent mandatory convertible preferred stock,
Series C. For example, the market price of our common stock
could become more volatile and could be depressed by:
|
|
|
| |
•
|
investors’ anticipation of the potential resale in the
market of a substantial number of additional shares of our
common stock received upon conversion of the 7.25 percent
mandatory convertible preferred stock, Series C;
|
| |
| |
•
|
possible sales of our common stock by investors who view the
7.25 percent mandatory convertible preferred stock,
Series C as a more attractive means of equity participation
in us than owning shares of our common stock; and
|
| |
| |
•
|
hedging or arbitrage trading activity that may develop involving
the 7.25 percent mandatory convertible preferred stock,
series C and our common stock.
|
We do
not currently pay regular dividends on our common
stock.
We have not paid dividends on our common stock since the
execution of the Merger Agreement with the Buyer Group in April
2007. While the restriction on the payment of dividends under
the Merger Agreement has been terminated, we expect to continue
not paying dividends in the near term in order to focus on
balance sheet improvement and expect to re-examine our dividend
policy in the second half of 2008. Subject to
26
Delaware law, our board of directors will determine the payment
of future dividends on our common stock, if any, and the amount
of any dividends in light of any applicable contractual
restrictions limiting our ability to pay dividends, our earnings
and cash flows, our capital requirements, our financial
condition, regulatory requirements and other factors our board
of directors deems relevant.
There
can be no assurance the commitments we announced that we secured
on January 28, 2008, for $31.3 billion of
364-day
financing from a consortium of banks will ultimately be funded,
or if they are not funded our credit rating will not be further
downgraded.
On
January 28, 2008, we announced that we secured
$31.3 billion of
364-day
financing from a consortium of banks led by Bank of America,
JPMorgan Chase, Barclays Capital, Deutsche Bank, Credit Suisse
and The Royal Bank of Scotland, and from UBS. The commitments
are intended to replace the $30.0 billion asset-backed
commercial paper conduit facilities that we entered into with
Bank of America and JPMorgan Chase in connection with the now
terminated Merger as well as the $6.0 billion asset-backed
commercial paper conduit facility. Funding under the commitments
is subject to various conditions and there can be no assurance
that all such conditions will be satisfied. In its
February 4, 2008 announcement that our counterparty credit
rating was lowered to BBB-, Standard & Poor’s
Ratings Services noted that the decision to leave us on
CreditWatch Negative reflects that the funding of the
commitments is still subject to various conditions and that if
the commitments do not close our ratings could be reduced
further.
We are
exposed to interest rate risk in the form of basis risk and
repricing risk because the interest rate characteristics of our
earning assets do not always match exactly the interest rate
characteristics of the funding.
Depending on economic and other factors, we may fund our assets
with debt that has a different index
and/or reset
frequency than the asset, but generally only where we believe
there is a high degree of correlation between the interest rate
movement of the two indices. For example, we use daily reset
3-month
LIBOR to fund a large portion of our daily reset
3-month
commercial paper indexed assets. We also use different index
types and index reset frequencies to fund various other assets.
In using different index types and different index reset
frequencies to fund our assets, we are exposed to interest rate
risk in the form of basis risk and repricing risk, which is the
risk that the different indices may reset at different
frequencies, or will not move in the same direction or with the
same magnitude. While these indices are short-term with rate
movements that are highly correlated over a long period of time,
there can be no assurance that this high correlation will not be
disrupted by capital market dislocations or other factors not
within our control. In such circumstances, our earnings could be
adversely affected, possibly to a material extent. During the
second half of 2007, the spread between
3-month
commercial paper and
3-month
LIBOR became very volatile and widened significantly due to the
deterioration of the broad credit markets, which increased our
cost of funds. This level of volatility had not been seen
previously. We still believe there is a high level of
correlation between
3-month
commercial paper and
3-month
LIBOR over the long term. In addition, we fund a limited amount
of daily reset 3-month commercial paper, T-bill indexed and
Prime indexed assets with auction rate securities and
asset-backed commercial paper borrowings. Auction rate
securities and asset-backed commercial paper borrowings do not
reset to an explicit underlying index.
At
December 31, 2007, we had $3.3 billion of taxable
and $1.7 billion of tax-exempt auction rate securities
outstanding on a Managed Basis. In February 2008, an imbalance
of supply and demand in the auction rate securities market as a
whole led to failures of the auctions pursuant to which certain
of our auction rate securities’ interest rates are set. As
a result, certain of our auction rate securities bear interest
at the maximum rate allowable under their terms. The maximum
allowable interest rate on our $3.3 billion of taxable
auction rate securities is generally LIBOR plus
1.50 percent. The maximum allowable interest rate on many
of our $1.7 billion of tax-exempt auction rate securities
was recently amended to LIBOR plus 2.00 percent through
May 31, 2008. After
May 31, 2008, the maximum
allowable rate on these securities will revert to a formula
driven rate, which, if in effect as of
February 28, 2008,
would have produced various maximum rates ranging up to
5.26 percent.
27
In the past, we employed reset rate note structures in
conjunction with the issuance of certain tranches of our term
asset-backed securities. Reset rate notes are subject to
periodic remarketing, at which time the interest rates on the
reset rate notes are reset. In the event a reset rate note
cannot be remarketed on its remarketing date, the interest rate
generally steps up to and remains LIBOR plus 0.75 percent,
until such time as the bonds are successfully remarketed. The
Company also has the option to repurchase the reset rate note
upon a failed remarketing and hold it as an investment until
such time it can be remarketed.
The Company’s repurchase of
a reset rate note requires additional funding, the availability
and pricing of which may be less favorable to
the Company than
it was at the time the reset rate note was originally issued. As
of
December 31, 2007, on a Managed Basis,
the Company had
$2.6 billion, $2.1 billion and $2.5 billion of
reset rate notes due to be remarketed in 2008, 2009 and 2010,
and an additional $8.5 billion to be remarketed thereafter.
We may
face limited availability of financing, variation in our funding
costs and uncertainty in our securitization
financing.
In general, the amount, type and cost of our funding, including
securitization and unsecured financing from the capital markets
and borrowings from financial institutions, have a direct impact
on our operating expenses and financial results and can limit
our ability to grow our assets.
A number of factors could make such securitization and unsecured
financing more difficult, more expensive or unavailable on any
terms both domestically and internationally (where funding
transactions may be on terms more or less favorable than in the
United States), including, but not limited to, financial results
and losses, changes within our organization, specific events
that have an adverse impact on our reputation, changes in the
activities of our business partners, disruptions in the capital
markets, specific events that have an adverse impact on the
financial services industry, counterparty availability, changes
affecting our assets, our corporate and regulatory structure,
interest rate fluctuations, ratings agencies’ actions,
general economic conditions and the legal, regulatory,
accounting and tax environments governing our funding
transactions. In addition, our ability to raise funds is
strongly affected by the general state of the U.S. and
world economies, and may become increasingly difficult due to
economic and other factors. Finally, we compete for funding with
other industry participants, some of which are publicly traded.
Competition from these institutions may increase our cost of
funds.
We are dependent on term asset-backed securities market for the
long-term financing of student loans. We expect securitizations
to provide approximately 90 percent or more of our funding
needs in 2008. If the term asset-backed securities market were
to experience a prolonged disruption, if our asset quality were
to deteriorate or if our debt ratings were to be downgraded, we
may be unable to securitize our student loans or to do so on
favorable pricing and terms. If we were unable to continue to
securitize our student loans at current pricing levels or on
favorable terms, we would need to use alternative funding
sources to fund new student loan originations and meet our other
liquidity needs. If we were unable to find cost-effective and
stable funding alternatives, our funding capabilities and
liquidity would be negatively impacted and our cost of funds
could increase, adversely affecting our results of operations
and ability to originate student loans.
In addition, the occurrence of certain events such as
consolidations and reconsolidations may cause certain of our
securitization transactions to amortize earlier than scheduled,
which could accelerate the need for additional funding to the
extent that we effected the refinancing.
The
rating agencies could downgrade the ratings on our senior
unsecured debt, which could increase our cost of
funds.
Securitizations are the primary source of our long-term
financing and liquidity. Our ability to access the
securitization market and the ratings on our asset-backed
securities are not directly or fully dependent upon the
Company’s general corporate credit ratings.
The Company
also utilizes senior unsecured long-term and short-term debt,
which is dependent upon rating agency scoring. As of
February 28, 2008, our senior unsecured long-term debt was
rated Baa1, BBB−, and BBB and senior unsecured short-term
debt was rated
P-2,
A-3 and F-3
by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., Standard and
Poor’s Ratings Services, a division of The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., and Fitch Ratings, respectively, and all three
rating agencies ratings were under review for possible
downgrade. If any or all of these ratings were downgraded for
any reason, our overall cost of issuing senior unsecured debt
could increase.
28
Our
derivative counterparties may terminate their positions with the
Company if its credit ratings fall to certain levels and the
Company could incur substantial additional costs to replace any
terminated positions.
The majority of our ISDA Master Agreements provide that the
counterparty may declare a
“Termination Event” and
terminate its positions if a
“Designated Event” occurs
and
the Company’s unsecured and unsubordinated long-term
debt rating fall to either of the pre-determined levels, which
are typically
“Baa3” for Moody’s and
“BBB-” from S&P. For purposes of these ISDA
Master Agreements, the execution of the Merger Agreement
constituted a
“Designated Event.” On
February 4,
2008, Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services
announced that it lowered our long-term debt rating to
“BBB-/A-3”
from
“BBB+/A-2.”
Standard & Poor’s also announced that our rating
remains on CreditWatch with negative implications. As of
February 28, 2008, 92 percent of the counterparties
(on a notional basis) have agreed in writing to waive their
rights (or do not have the rights) to declare a
“Termination Event” arising from
the Company executing
the Merger Agreement and the resulting ratings downgrade. The
remainder of the counterparties have agreed verbally to waive
their rights at this time. Depending upon interest rates and
exchange rates,
the Company could be liable for substantial
payments to terminate these positions if the counterparties
exercise their right to terminate at any point in the future. It
would be
the Company’s intent to replace any terminated
positions with derivatives executed with other counterparties,
however,
the Company may not be able to readily replace any
terminated positions or may incur substantial additional costs
to do so. Our liquidity could be adversely affected by these
additional payments and costs. In addition, prior to the recent
ratings downgrade, we had the use of cash collateral posted by
these counterparties. As a result of our recent ratings
downgrade, our ability to use that cash collateral may become
restricted. We are currently in negotiations with our
counterparties to waive these restrictions so that use of such
cash collateral once again becomes unrestricted. If not waived,
these cash collateral balances will appear in the
“Restricted cash and investments” line of our
consolidated balance sheet.
If our
securitization trusts experience shortfalls on the assets which
would result in the noteholders not receiving expected interest
or principal payments, we may step in and make an advance to the
trust to enable the trust to make these expected
payments.
The investors in our securitization trusts have no recourse to
the Company’s other assets should there be a failure of the
trusts to pay when due and as a result we have no obligation
related to these securitization trusts to fund any type of
shortfall to the bondholders. To date, there have not been any
noteholder payment shortfalls and we currently do not expect any
payment shortfalls. In addition, we currently do not have any
intent to fund shortfalls that might arise. We may decide,
however, that it is in the best interest of
the Company to fund
any such shortfall. For example, by funding any shortfalls it
may make it more cost effective to issue new securitizations in
the future. Funding any shortfalls would reduce the amount of
cash and liquidity we have on balance sheet and could result in
a loss and reduction of equity as well. In addition, if we
funded a shortfall related to an off-balance sheet trust, we
would re-examine our accounting treatment to determine whether
the trust would still be considered a
“Qualified Special
Purpose Entity” under SFAS No. 140,
“Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets
and Extinguishments of Liabilities — a Replacement of
SFAS No. 125.” As a result, we may determine that
we are required to consolidate that trust on our balance sheet
as of the date we funded any shortfall. We might also conclude
that such actions could result in consolidation of all our
off-balance sheet trusts onto our balance sheet.
GENERAL
Our
business is subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and
conditions, some of which are not within our control, including
general economic conditions, increased competition, adverse
changes in the laws and regulations that govern our businesses
and failure to successfully identify, consummate and integrate
strategic acquisitions.
Our business is subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and
conditions, some of which we cannot control. For example, if the
U.S. economy were to sustain a prolonged economic downturn,
a number of our businesses — including our fastest
growing businesses, Private Education Loan business and Asset
Performance Group — could be adversely affected. We
bear the full risk of loss on our portfolio of Private Education
Loans. A prolonged economic downturn could make it difficult for
borrowers to meet their payment
29
obligations for a variety of reasons, including job loss and
underemployment. In addition, a prolonged economic downturn
could extend the amortization period on APG’s purchased
receivables.
Our principal business is comprised of acquiring, originating,
holding and servicing education loans made and guaranteed under
the FFELP. Most significant aspects of our principal business
are governed by the HEA. We must also meet various requirements
of the guaranty agencies, which are private not-for-profit
organizations or state agencies that have entered into federal
reinsurance
contracts with ED, to maintain the federal guarantee
on our FFELP loans. These requirements establish origination and
servicing requirements, procedural guidelines and school and
borrower eligibility criteria. The federal guarantee of FFELP
loans is conditioned on loans being originated, disbursed or
serviced in accordance with ED regulations.
If we fail to comply with any of the above requirements, we
could incur penalties or lose the federal guarantee on some or
all of our FFELP loans. In addition, our marketing practices are
subject to the HEA’s prohibited inducement provision and
our failure to comply with such regulation could subject us to a
limitation, suspension or termination of our eligible lender
status. Even if we comply with the above requirements, a failure
to comply by third parties with whom we conduct business could
result in us incurring penalties or losing the federal guarantee
on some or all of our FFELP loans. If we experience a high rate
of servicing deficiencies, we could incur costs associated with
remedial servicing, and, if we are unsuccessful in curing such
deficiencies, the eventual losses on the loans that are not
cured could be material. Failure to comply with these laws and
regulations could result in our liability to borrowers and
potential class action suits, all of which could adversely
affect our future growth rates.
Because of the risks, uncertainties and conditions described
above, there can be no assurance that we can maintain our future
growth rates at rates consistent with our historic growth rates.
Our
GAAP earnings are highly susceptible to changes in interest
rates because most of our derivatives do not qualify for hedge
accounting treatment under SFAS No. 133.
Changes in interest rates can cause volatility in our GAAP
earnings as a result of changes in the market value of our
derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment
under SFAS No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative
Instruments and Hedging Activities.” Under
SFAS No. 133, changes in derivative market values are
recognized immediately in earnings. If a derivative instrument
does not qualify for hedge accounting treatment under
SFAS No. 133, there is no corresponding change in the
fair value of the hedged item recognized in earnings. As a
result, gain or loss recognized on a derivative will not be
offset by a corresponding gain or loss on the underlying hedged
item. Because most of our derivatives do not qualify for hedge
accounting treatment, when interest rates change significantly,
our GAAP earnings may fluctuate significantly.
For a discussion of operational, market and interest rate, and
liquidity risks, see “MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND
ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF
OPERATIONS — RISKS.”
|
|
|
Item 1B.
|
Unresolved
Staff Comments
|
None.
30
The following table lists the principal facilities owned by the
Company:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Approximate
|
|
|
Location
|
|
Function
|
|
Square Feet
|
|
|
|
|
Reston, VA
|
|
Headquarters
|
|
|
240,000
|
|
|
Fishers, IN
|
|
Loan Servicing and Data Center
|
|
|
450,000
|
|
|
Wilkes Barre, PA
|
|
Loan Servicing Center
|
|
|
133,000
|
|
|
Killeen,
TX(1)
|
|
Loan Servicing Center
|
|
|
133,000
|
|
|
Lynn Haven, FL
|
|
Loan Servicing Center
|
|
|
133,000
|
|
|
Indianapolis, IN
|
|
Loan Servicing Center
|
|
|
100,000
|
|
|
Marianna,
FL(2)
|
|
Back-up/Disaster Recovery Facility for Loan Servicing
|
|
|
94,000
|
|
|
Big Flats, NY
|
|
Asset Performance Group and Collections Center
|
|
|
60,000
|
|
|
Gilbert, AZ
|
|
Southwest Student Services Headquarters
|
|
|
60,000
|
|
|
Arcade,
NY(3)
|
|
Asset Performance Group and Collections Center
|
|
|
46,000
|
|
|
Perry,
NY(3)
|
|
Asset Performance Group and Collections Center
|
|
|
45,000
|
|
|
Swansea, MA
|
|
AMS Headquarters
|
|
|
36,000
|
|
|
|
|
| |
(1)
|
Excludes approximately 30,000 square feet Class B
single story building on four acres, located across the street
from the Loan Servicing Center.
|
| |
| |
(2)
|
Facility listed for sale in October 2006. Vacated and no longer
considered a disaster recovery site.
|
| |
| |
(3)
|
In the first quarter of 2003, the Company entered into a ten
year lease with the Wyoming County Industrial Development
Authority with a right of reversion to the Company for the
Arcade and Perry, New York facilities.
|
The following table lists the principal facilities leased by the
Company as of
December 31, 2007:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Approximate
|
|
|
Location
|
|
Function
|
|
Square Feet
|
|
|
|
|
Niles, IL
|
|
AFS Headquarters
|
|
|
84,000
|
|
|
Newton, MA
|
|
Upromise
|
|
|
78,000
|
|
|
Cincinnati, Ohio
|
|
GRC Headquarters and Debt Management and Collections
Center
|
|
|
59,000
|
|
|
Muncie, IN
|
|
SLM — APG
|
|
|
54,000
|
|
|
Mt. Laurel, New Jersey
|
|
SLM Financial Headquarters and Operations
|
|
|
42,000
|
|
|
Moorestown, NJ
|
|
Pioneer Credit Recovery
|
|
|
30,000
|
|
|
Novi,
MI(1)
|
|
Sallie Mae Home Loans
|
|
|
27,000
|
|
|
Braintree, MA
|
|
Nellie Mae Headquarters
|
|
|
27,000
|
|
|
White Plains, NY
|
|
GRP
|
|
|
26,000
|
|
|
Gaithersburg,
MD(2)
|
|
Arrow Financial
|
|
|
24,000
|
|
|
Seattle, WA
|
|
NELA
|
|
|
22,000
|
|
|
Whitewater, WI
|
|
AFS Operations
|
|
|
16,000
|
|
|
Las Vegas, NV
|
|
Asset Performance Group and Collections Center
|
|
|
16,000
|
|
|
West Valley, NY
|
|
Pioneer Credit Recovery
|
|
|
14,000
|
|
|
Batavia, NY
|
|
Pioneer Credit Recovery
|
|
|
13,000
|
|
|
Perry, NY
|
|
Pioneer Credit Recovery
|
|
|
12,000
|
|
|
Gainesville, FL
|
|
SLMLSC
|
|
|
11,000
|
|
|
Cincinnati, OH
|
|
Student Loan Funding
|
|
|
9,000
|
|
|
Washington, D.C.
|
|
Government Relations
|
|
|
5,000
|
|
|
|
|
| |
(1)
|
Space vacated in September 2007; the Company is actively
searching for subtenants.
|
| |
| |
(2)
|
Space vacated in September 2006; the Company is actively
searching for subtenants.
|
31
None of
the Company’s facilities is encumbered by a
mortgage.
The Company believes that its headquarters, loan
servicing centers data center,
back-up
facility and data management and collections centers are
generally adequate to meet its long-term student loan and
business goals.
The Company’s principal office is currently
in owned space at 12061 Bluemont Way, Reston, Virginia, 20190.
|
|
|
Item 3.
|
Legal
Proceedings
|
On
April 6, 2007,
the Company was served with a putative
class action suit by several borrowers in federal court in the
Central District of California
(Anne Chae et. al., v.
SLM Corporation et. al.). The complaint, which was amended
on
April 12, 2007, alleges violations of California
Business & Professions Code 17200, breach of
contract,
breach of covenant of good faith and fair dealing, violation of
consumer legal remedies act and unjust enrichment. The complaint
challenges
the Company’s FFELP billing practices as they
relate to use of the simple daily interest method for
calculating interest. On
June 19, 2007,
the Company filed
the Company’s Motion to Dismiss the amended complaint. On
September 14, 2007, the court entered an order denying
Sallie Mae’s Motion to Dismiss. The court did not comment
on the merits of the allegations or the plaintiffs’ case
but instead merely determined that the allegations stated a
claim sufficient under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The
Company filed an answer on
September 28, 2007 and on
November 26, 2007 filed a motion for judgment on the
pleadings. On
January 4, 2008, the court entered an order
denying
the Company’s motion without ruling on the merits
of plaintiffs’ claims. On
September 17, 2007, the
court entered a scheduling order that set
July 8, 2008, as
the start date for the trial. Discovery has commenced and is
scheduled to continue through
May 30, 2008.
The Company
believes these allegations lack merit and will continue to
vigorously defend itself in this case, and notes that ED and the
applicable guarantor of plaintiffs’ loans have confirmed
that simple daily interest is the proper method for calculating
interest under the FFELP.
On
September 11, 2007, the Office of the Inspector General
(
“OIG”), of ED, confirmed that they planned to conduct
an audit to determine if
the Company billed for special
allowance payments, under the 9.5 percent floor
calculation, in compliance with the Higher Education Act,
regulations and guidance issued by ED. The audit covers the
period from 2003 through 2006, and is currently confined to the
Company’s Nellie Mae
subsidiaries. We ceased billing under
the 9.5 percent floor calculation at the end of 2006. We
believe that our billing practices were consistent with
longstanding ED guidance, but there can be no assurance that the
OIG will not advocate an interpretation that differs from the
ED’s previous guidance. The OIG has audited other industry
participants who billed for 9.5 percent SAP and in
certain cases ED has disagreed with the OIG’s
recommendation.
In August 2005, Rhonda Salmeron (the
“Plaintiff”)
filed a qui tam whistleblower case under the False Claims Act
against collection company Enterprise Recovery Systems, Inc., or
ERS. In the fall of 2006, Plaintiff amended her complaint and
added USA Funds, as a defendant. On
September 17, 2007,
Plaintiff filed a second amended complaint adding USA Group
Guarantee Services Inc., USA Servicing Corp., Sallie Mae
Servicing L.P. and Scott J. Nicholson, an officer and employee
of ERS as defendants. On
February 5, 2008, Plaintiff filed
a Third Amended Complaint. Plaintiff alleges that the various
defendants submitted false claims
and/or
created false records to support claims in connection with
collection activity on federally guaranteed student loans. The
allegations against USA Funds and Sallie Mae are that they
allowed the creation of false records and the submission of
false claims by failing to take adequate measures in connection
with audits of ERS. At this time, we intend to vigorously defend
the case. Plaintiff claims that the U.S. government has
been damaged in an amount greater than $12 million. The
False Claims Act provides for the award of treble damages and
$5,500 to $11,000 per false claim in successful qui tam
lawsuits. We intend to vigorously defend this action.
On
December 17, 2007, Sasha Rodriguez and Cathelyn Gregoire
filed a putative class action claim on behalf of themselves and
persons similarly situated against us in the United States
District Court for the District of Connecticut, alleging an
intentional violation of civil rights laws (42 U.S.C.
§ 1981, 1982), the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and
the Truth in Lending Act. Plaintiffs allege that we engaged in
underwriting practices on private loans which resulted, among
other things, in certain applicants being directed into
substandard and more expensive student loans on the basis of
race. No amount in controversy is stated in the complaint. We
intend to vigorously defend this action.
32
On
January 31, 2008, a putative securities class action
lawsuit was filed against
the Company and three senior officers
in federal court in the Southern District of New York
(Burch v. SLM Corporation, Albert L. Lord, C.E. Andrews,
and Robert S. Autor). The case has been assigned to the
Honorable William H. Pauley, III. The case purports to be
brought on behalf of all persons who purchased or otherwise
acquired the Common stock of
the Company between
January 18, 2007 and
January 3, 2008. The complaint
alleges that
the Company and the named officers violated federal
securities laws by issuing a series of materially false and
misleading statements to the market throughout the
Class Period, which statements allegedly had the effect of
artificially inflating the market price of
the Company’s
securities. The complaint alleges that defendants caused the
Company’s results for year-end 2006 and for the first three
quarters of 2007 to be materially misstated because
the Company
failed to adequately accrue its loan loss provisions, which
overstated
the Company’s net income, and that
the Company
failed to adequately disclose allegedly known trends and
uncertainties with respect to its non-traditional loan
portfolio. The complaint alleges violations of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 § 10(b) and § 20(a) and
Rule 10b-5.
The Company was served on
February 5, 2008 and the case is
pending. A class has not yet been certified in the above action.
The Company is aware of press reports that other similar actions
may be filed, but has not been served with any other complaints.
We intend to vigorously assert our defenses.
On
February 11, 2008,
the Company received a subpoena from
the Attorney General of the State of New York that seeks
documents and information relating to our direct-to-consumer
Tuition Answer product. We intend to cooperate with the Attorney
General’s office.
|
|
|
Item 4.
|
Submission
of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders
|
Nothing to report.
33
PART II.
|
|
|
Item 5.
|
Market
for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters
and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
|
The Company’s common stock is listed and traded on the New
York Stock Exchange under the symbol SLM. The number of holders
of record of
the Company’s common stock as of
January 31, 2008 was 714. The following table sets forth
the high and low sales prices for
the Company’s common
stock for each full quarterly period within the two most recent
fiscal years.
Common
Stock Prices
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1st Quarter
|
|
|
2nd Quarter
|
|
|
3rd Quarter
|
|
|
4th Quarter
|
|
|
|
|
2007
|
|
|
High
|
|
|
$
|
49.96
|
|
|
$
|
57.96
|
|
|
$
|
58.00
|
|
|
$
|
53.65
|
|
|
|
|
|
Low
|
|
|
|
40.30
|
|
|
|
40.60
|
|
|
|
41.73
|
|
|
|
18.68
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2006
|
|
|
High
|
|
|
$
|
58.35
|
|
|
$
|
55.21
|
|
|
$
|
53.07
|
|
|
$
|
52.09
|
|
|
|
|
|
Low
|
|
|
|
51.86
|
|
|
|
50.05
|
|
|
|
45.76
|
|
|
|
44.65
|
|
The Company paid quarterly cash dividends of $.22 for the first
quarter of 2006, $.25 for the last three quarters of 2006 and
$.25 for the first quarter of 2007.
Issuer
Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table summarizes
the Company’s common share
repurchases during 2007 pursuant to the stock repurchase program
(see Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements,
“Stockholders’ Equity”) first authorized in
September 1997 by the Board of Directors. Since the inception of
the program, which has no expiration date, the Board of
Directors has authorized the purchase of up to
342.5 million shares as of
December 31, 2007. Included
in this total are 25 million additional shares authorized
for repurchase by the Board in November 2007.
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Maximum Number
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Number of
|
|
|
of Shares that
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares Purchased
|
|
|
May Yet Be
|
|
|
|
|
Total Number
|
|
|
Average Price
|
|
|
as Part of Publicly
|
|
|
Purchased Under
|
|
|
|
|
of Shares
|
|
|
Paid per
|
|
|
Announced Plans
|
|
|
the Plans or
|
|
|
|
|
Purchased(1)
|
|
|
Share
|
|
|
or Programs
|
|
|
Programs(2)
|
|
|
|
|
(Common shares in
millions)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Period:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.2
|
|
|
$
|
45.87
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
15.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
.8
|
|
|
|
41.18
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
15.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.1
|
|
|
|
48.47
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
15.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
.1
|
|
|
|
48.10
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
15.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.1
|
|
|
|
39.75
|
|
|
|
1.0
|
|
|
|
39.6
|
|
|
|
|
|
49.0
|
|
|
|
44.57
|
|
|
|
49.0
|
|
|
|
38.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total fourth quarter
|
|
|
50.2
|
|
|
|
44.48
|
|
|
|
50.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
53.3
|
|
|
$
|
44.59
|
|
|
|
50.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) |
|
The total number of shares
purchased includes: i) shares purchased under the stock
repurchase program discussed above, and ii) shares
purchased in connection with the exercise of stock options and
vesting of performance stock to satisfy minimum statutory tax
withholding obligations and shares tendered by employees to
satisfy option exercise costs (which combined totaled
3.3 million shares for 2007).
|
| |
|
(2) |
|
Reduced by outstanding equity
forward contracts.
|
| |
|
(3) |
|
Includes 44 million shares
under an equity forward contract that the Company agreed to
physically settle with Citibank, N.A., on December 31, 2007.
|
34
Stock
Performance
The following graph compares the yearly percentage change in the
Company’s cumulative total shareholder return on its common
stock to that of Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock
Index and Standard & Poor’s Financials Index. The
graph assumes a base investment of $100 at
December 31,
2002 and reinvestment of dividends through
December 31,
2007.
Five Year
Cumulative Total Shareholder Return
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Company/Index
|
|
12/31/02
|
|
12/31/03
|
|
12/31/04
|
|
12/31/05
|
|
12/31/06
|
|
12/31/07
|
|
SLM Corporation
|
|
$
|
100.0
|
|
|
$
|
110.4
|
|
|
$
|
158.6
|
|
|
$
|
166.2
|
|
|
$
|
150.0
|
|
|
$
|
62.7
|
|
|
S&P Financials Index
|
|
|
100.0
|
|
|
|
130.6
|
|
|
|
144.6
|
|
|
|
153.7
|
|
|
|
182.7
|
|
|
|
149.6
|
|
|
S&P 500 Index
|
|
|
100.0
|
|
|
|
128.4
|
|
|
|
142.1
|
|
|
|
149.0
|
|
|
|
172.3
|
|
|
|
181.7
|
|
Source: Bloomberg Total Return
Analysis
35
|
|
|
Item 6.
|
Selected
Financial Data
|
Selected
Financial Data
2003-2007
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)
The following table sets forth selected financial and other
operating information of
the Company. The selected financial
data in the table is derived from the consolidated financial
statements of
the Company. The data should be read in
conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, related
notes, and
“MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS” included in
this
Form 10-K.
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007
|
|
|
2006
|
|
|
2005
|
|
|
2004
|
|
|
2003
|
|
|
|
|
Operating Data:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income
|
|
$
|
1,588
|
|
|
$
|
1,454
|
|
|
$
|
1,451
|
|
|
$
|
1,299
|
|
|
$
|
1,326
|
|
|
Net income (loss)
|
|
|
(896
|
)
|
|
|
1,157
|
|
|
|
1,382
|
|
|
|
1,914
|
|
|
|
1,534
|
|
|
Basic earnings (loss) per common share, before cumulative effect
of accounting change
|
|
|
(2.26
|
)
|
|
|
2.73
|
|
|
|
3.25
|
|
|
|
4.36
|
|
|
|
3.08
|
|
|
Basic earnings (loss) per common share, after cumulative effect
of accounting change
|
|
|
(2.26
|
)
|
|
|
2.73
|
|
|
|
3.25
|
|
|
|
4.36
|
|
|
|
3.37
|
|
|
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share, before cumulative
effect of accounting change
|
|
|
(2.26
|
)
|
|
|
2.63
|
|
|
|
3.05
|
|
|
|
4.04
|
|
|
|
2.91
|
|
|
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share, after cumulative
effect of accounting change
|
|
|
(2.26
|
)
|
|
|
2.63
|
|
|
|
3.05
|
|
|
|
4.04
|
|
|
|
3.18
|
|
|
Dividends per common share
|
|
|
.25
|
|
|
|
.97
|
|
|
|
.85
|
|
|
|
.74
|
|
|
|
.59
|
|
|
Return on common stockholders’ equity
|
|
|
(22
|
)%
|
|
|
32
|
%
|
|
|
45
|
%
|
|
|
73
|
%
|
|
|
66
|
%
|
|
Net interest margin
|
|
|
1.26
|
|
|
|
1.54
|
|
|
|
1.77
|
|
|
|
1.92
|
|
|
|
2.53
|
|
|
Return on assets
|
|
|
(.71
|
)
|
|
|
1.22
|
|
|
|
1.68
|
|
|
|
2.80
|
|
|
|
2.89
|
|
|
Dividend payout ratio
|
|
|
(11
|
)
|
|
|
37
|
|
|
|
28
|
|
|
|
18
|
|
|
|
19
|
|
|
Average equity/average assets
|
|
|
3.51
|
|
|
|
3.98
|
|
|
|
3.82
|
|
|
|
3.73
|
|
|
|
4.19
|
|
|
Balance Sheet Data:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Student loans, net
|
|
$
|
124,153
|
|
|
$
|
95,920
|
|
|
$
|
82,604
|
|
|
$
|
65,981
|
|
|
$
|
50,047
|
|
|
Total assets
|
|
|
155,565
|
|
|
|
116,136
|
|
|
|
99,339
|
|
|
|
84,094
|
|
|
|
64,611
|
|
|
Total borrowings
|
|
|
147,046
|
|
|
|
108,087
|
|
|
|
91,929
|
|
|
|
78,122
|
|
|
|
58,543
|
|
|
Stockholders’ equity
|
|
|
5,224
|
|
|
|
4,360
|
|
|
|
3,792
|
|
|
|
3,102
|
|
|
|
2,630
|
|
|
Book value per common share
|
|
|
7.84
|
|
|
|
9.24
|
|
|
|
7.81
|
|
|
|
6.93
|
|
|
|
5.51
|
|
|
Other Data:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Off-balance sheet securitized student loans, net
|
|
$
|
39,423
|
|
|
$
|
46,172
|
|
|
$
|
39,925
|
|
|
$
|
41,457
|
|
|
$
|
38,742
|
|
36
|
|
|
Item 7.
|
Management’s
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations
|
MANAGEMENT’S
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Years ended December 31,
2005-2007
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts, unless otherwise
stated)
FORWARD-LOOKING
AND CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
Some of the statements contained in this Annual Report discuss
future expectations and business strategies or include other
“forward-looking” information. Those statements are
subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other
factors that could cause the actual results to differ materially
from those contemplated by the statements. The forward-looking
information is based on various factors and was derived using
numerous assumptions.
OVERVIEW
We are the largest source of funding, delivery and servicing
support for education loans in the United States. Our primary
business is to originate, acquire and hold both federally
guaranteed student loans and Private Education Loans, which are
not federally guaranteed or privately insured. The primary
source of our earnings is from net interest income earned on
those student loans as well as gains on the sales of such loans
in securitization transactions. We also earn fees for
pre-default and post-default receivables management services on
student loans, such that we are engaged in every phase of the
student loan life cycle — from originating and
servicing student loans to default prevention and ultimately the
collection on defaulted student loans. Through recent
acquisitions, we have expanded our receivables management
services to a number of different asset classes outside of
student loans. We also provide a wide range of other financial
services, processing capabilities and information technology to
meet the needs of educational institutions, lenders, students
and their families, and guarantee agencies. SLM Corporation,
more commonly known as Sallie Mae, is a holding company that
operates through a number of
subsidiaries. References in this
report to the
“Company” refer to SLM Corporation and
its
subsidiaries.
We have used both internal growth and strategic acquisitions to
attain our leadership position in the education finance
marketplace. Our sales force, which delivers our products on
campuses across the country, is the largest in the student loan
industry. The core of our marketing strategy is to promote our
on-campus brands, which generate student loan originations
through our Preferred Channel. Loans generated through our
Preferred Channel are more profitable than loans acquired
through other acquisition channels because we own them earlier
in the student loan’s life and generally incur lower costs
to acquire such loans. We have built brand leadership through
the Sallie Mae name, the brands of our
subsidiaries and those of
our lender partners. These sales and marketing efforts are
supported by the largest and most diversified servicing
capabilities in the industry. In recent years, borrowers have
been consolidating their FFELP Stafford loans into FFELP
Consolidation Loans in much greater numbers such that FFELP
Consolidation Loans now constitute 55 percent of our
Managed loan portfolio.
We have expanded into a number of fee-based businesses, most
notably, our Asset Performance Group (“APG”), formerly
known as Debt Management Operations (“DMO”) business.
Our APG business provides a wide range of accounts receivable
and collections services including student loan default aversion
services, defaulted student loan portfolio management services,
contingency collections services for student loans and other
asset classes, and accounts receivable management and collection
for purchased portfolios of receivables that are delinquent or
have been charged off by their original creditors. We also
purchase and manage portfolios of sub-performing and
non-performing mortgage loans.
We also earn fees for a number of services including student
loan and guarantee servicing, 529 college-savings plan
administration services, and for providing processing
capabilities and information technology to educational
institutions. We also operate an affinity marketing program
through Upromise, Inc. (“Upromise”).
37
We manage our business through two primary operating segments:
the Lending operating segment and the APG operating segment.
Accordingly, the results of operations of
the Company’s
Lending and APG operating segments are presented separately
below under
“BUSINESS SEGMENTS.” These operating
segments are considered reportable segments under the Financial
Accounting Standards Board’s (
“FASB”) Statement
of Financial Accounting Standards (
“SFAS”)
No. 131,
“Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise
and Related Information,” based on quantitative thresholds
applied to
the Company’s financial statements.
CRITICAL
ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations addresses our consolidated financial
statements, which have been prepared in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of
America (“GAAP”). The preparation of these financial
statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions
that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and
the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting
periods. We base our estimates and judgments on historical
experience and on various other factors that we believe are
reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ
from these estimates under varying assumptions or conditions.
Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements,
“Significant Accounting Policies,” includes a summary
of the significant accounting policies and methods used in the
preparation of our consolidated financial statements.
On a quarterly basis, management evaluates its estimates,
particularly those that include the most difficult, subjective
or complex judgments and are often about matters that are
inherently uncertain. These estimates relate to the following
accounting policies that are discussed in more detail below:
application of the effective interest method for loans
(premiums, discounts and Repayment Borrower Benefits),
securitization accounting and Retained Interests, allowance for
loan losses, and derivative accounting. In recent years, we have
frequently updated a number of estimates to account for the
continued high level of FFELP Consolidation Loan activity. Also,
a number of these estimates affect life-of-loan calculations.
Since our student loans have long average lives, the cumulative
effect of relatively small changes in estimates can be material.
Premiums,
Discounts and Repayment Borrower Benefits
For both federally insured and Private Education Loans, we
account for premiums paid, discounts received, capitalized
direct origination costs incurred on the origination of student
loans, and the impact of Repayment Borrower Benefits in
accordance with SFAS No. 91, “Accounting for
Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated with Originating or
Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Costs of Leases.” The
unamortized portion of the premiums and the discounts is
included in the carrying value of the student loans on the
consolidated balance sheet. We recognize income on our student
loan portfolio based on the expected yield of the student loan
after giving effect to the amortization of purchase premiums and
accretion of student loan discounts, as well as the impact of
Repayment Borrower Benefits. Premiums, capitalized direct
origination costs and discounts received are amortized over the
estimated life of the loan, which includes an estimate of
prepayment speeds. Estimates for future prepayments are
incorporated in an estimated Constant Prepayment Rate
(“CPR”), which is primarily based upon the historical
prepayments due to consolidation and defaults, extensions from
the utilization of forbearance, as well as, management’s
expectation of future prepayments and extensions. For Repayment
Borrower Benefits, the estimates of their effect on student loan
yield are based on analyses of historical payment behavior of
borrowers who are eligible for the incentives, and the
evaluation of the ultimate qualification rate for these
incentives. We periodically evaluate the assumptions used to
estimate the loan life and qualification rates, and in instances
where there are modifications to the assumptions, amortization
is adjusted on a cumulative basis to reflect the change.
The estimate of the CPR measures the rate at which loans in the
portfolio pay before their stated maturity. A number of factors
can affect the CPR estimate such as the rate of consolidation
activity and default rates. Changes in CPR estimates are
discussed in more detail below. The impact of Repayment Borrower
Benefits is dependent on the estimate of the number of borrowers
who will eventually qualify for these benefits. For competitive
purposes, we occasionally change Repayment Borrower Benefits
programs in both amount and qualification factors. These
programmatic changes are reflected in the estimate of the
Repayment Borrower Benefits discount when made.
38
Securitization
Accounting and Retained Interests
We regularly engage in securitization transactions as part of
our financing strategy (see also “LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL
RESOURCES — Securitization Activities”). In a
securitization, we sell student loans to a trust that issues
bonds backed by the student loans as part of the transaction.
When our securitizations meet the sale criteria of
SFAS No. 140, “Accounting for Transfers and
Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities
— a Replacement of SFAS No. 125,” we
record a gain on the sale of the student loans, which is the
difference between the allocated cost basis of the assets sold
and the relative fair value of the assets received. The primary
judgment in determining the fair value of the assets received is
the valuation of the Residual Interest.
The Residual Interests in each of our securitizations are
treated as either (1) available-for-sale securities in
accordance with SFAS No. 115, “Accounting for
Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities,” and
therefore must be marked-to-market with temporary unrealized
gains and losses recognized, net of tax, in accumulated other
comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity or
(2) securities marked-to-market through earnings under
SFAS No. 155 “Accounting for Certain Hybrid
Financial Instruments.” Since there are no quoted market
prices for our Residual Interests, we estimate their fair value
both initially and each subsequent quarter using the key
assumptions listed below:
|
|
|
| |
•
|
the projected net interest yield from the underlying securitized
loans, which can be impacted by the forward yield curve, cost of
funds for auction rate securities as well as the Repayment
Borrower Benefits program;
|
| |
| |
•
|
the calculation of the Embedded Floor Income associated with the
securitized loan portfolio;
|
| |
| |
•
|
the CPR;
|
| |
| |
•
|
the expected credit losses from the underlying securitized loan
portfolio; and
|
| |
| |
•
|
the discount rate used, which is intended to be commensurate
with the risks involved.
|
We recognize interest income and periodically evaluate our
Residual Interests for other than temporary impairment in
accordance with the Emerging Issues Task Force
(“EITF”) Issue
No. 99-20,
“Recognition of Interest Income and Impairment on Purchased
and Residual Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial
Assets.” Under this standard, each quarter we estimate the
remaining cash flows to be received from our Retained Interests
and use these revised cash flows to prospectively calculate a
yield for income recognition. In cases where our estimate of
future cash flows results in a lower yield from that used to
recognize interest income in the prior quarter, the Residual
Interest is written down to fair value, first to the extent of
any unrealized gain in accumulated other comprehensive income,
then through earnings as an other than temporary impairment, and
the yield used to recognize subsequent income from the trust is
negatively impacted.
We also receive income for servicing the loans in our
securitization trusts. We assess the amounts received as
compensation for these activities at inception and on an ongoing
basis to determine if the amounts received are adequate
compensation as defined in SFAS No. 140. To the extent
such compensation is determined to be no more or less than
adequate compensation, no servicing asset or obligation is
recorded.
Allowance
for Loan Losses
We maintain an allowance for loan losses at an amount sufficient
to absorb losses incurred in our FFELP loan and Private
Education Loan portfolios at the reporting date based on a
projection of estimated probable net credit losses. We analyze
those portfolios to determine the effects that the various
stages of delinquency have on borrower default behavior and
ultimate charge-off. We estimate the allowance for loan losses
for our Managed loan portfolio using a migration analysis of
delinquent and current accounts. A migration analysis is a
technique used to estimate the likelihood that a loan receivable
may progress through the various delinquency stages and
ultimately charge-off, and is a widely used reserving
methodology in the consumer finance industry. We also use the
migration analysis to estimate the amount of uncollectible
accrued interest on Private Education Loans and write off that
amount against current period interest income.
39
When calculating the allowance for loan losses on Private
Education Loans, we divide the portfolio into categories of
similar risk characteristics based on loan program type, loan
status (in-school, grace, repayment, forbearance, delinquency),
underwriting criteria, existence or absence of a cosigner, and
aging. We use historical experience coupled with qualitative
factors regarding changes in portfolio mix, macroeconomic
indicators, policies, procedures, laws, regulations,
underwriting, and other factors to estimate default and
collection rate projections. We then apply default and
collection rate projections to each category. The vast majority
of our Private Education Loan programs do not require the
borrowers to begin repayment until six months after they have
graduated or otherwise have left school. Consequently, our loss
estimates for these programs are generally low while the
borrower is in school. At
December 31, 2007,
43 percent of the principal balance in the higher education
Managed Private Education Loan portfolio is related to borrowers
who are still in-school or grace and not required to make
payments. As the current portfolio ages, an increasing
percentage of the borrowers will leave school and be required to
begin payments on their loans. The allowance for losses will
change accordingly with the percentage of borrowers in repayment.
Our loss estimates are based on a loss emergence period of
generally two years. Similar to the rules governing FFELP
payment requirements, our collection policies allow for periods
of nonpayment for borrowers requesting additional payment grace
periods upon leaving school or experiencing temporary difficulty
meeting payment obligations. This is referred to as forbearance
status and is considered separately in our allowance for loan
losses. The majority of forbearance occurs early in the
repayment term when borrowers are starting their careers (see
“LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT — Private Education
Loans —
Private Education Loan
Delinquencies”). At
December 31, 2007, 13.9
percent of the Managed Private Education Loan portfolio in
repayment and forbearance was in forbearance status. The loss
emergence period is in alignment with our typical collection
cycle and takes into account these periods of nonpayment.
In general, Private Education Loan principal is charged off
against the allowance when the loan exceeds 212 days
delinquency. Recoveries on loans charged off are considered when
calculating the allowance for loan losses, and actual cash
recoveries are therefore recorded directly to the allowance.
FFELP loans are guaranteed as to their principal and accrued
interest in the event of default subject to a Risk Sharing level
set based on the date of loan disbursement. For loans disbursed
after
October 1, 1993, and before
July 1, 2006, the
Company receives 98 percent reimbursement on all qualifying
default claims. For loans disbursed on or after
July 1,
2006,
the Company receives 97 percent reimbursement. In
October 2005,
the Company’s loan servicing division,
Sallie Mae Servicing, was designated as an Exceptional Performer
(
“EP”) by ED which enabled
the Company to receive
100 percent reimbursement on default claims filed from the
date of designation through
June 30, 2006 for loans that
were serviced by Sallie Mae Servicing for a period of at least
270 days before the date of default. Legislation passed in
early 2006 decreased the rate of reimbursement under the EP
program from 100 percent to 99 percent for claims
filed on or after
July 1, 2006. As a result of this amended
reimbursement level,
the Company established an allowance at
December 31, 2005 for loans that were subject to the
one-percent Risk Sharing. The College Cost Reduction and
Access Act of 2007 (
“CCRAA”) repealed the EP program
and returned loans to their previous disbursement date-based
guarantee rates of 98 percent or 97 percent. In
reaction,
the Company increased its provision for FFELP loans to
cumulatively increase the allowance for loan losses to cover
these higher Risk Sharing levels.
The evaluation of the provisions for loan losses is inherently
subjective, as it requires material estimates that may be
susceptible to significant changes. Management believes that the
allowance for loan losses is appropriate to cover probable
losses in the student loan portfolio.
Effects
of Consolidation Activity on Estimates
Between 2003 and 2006, we experienced a surge in consolidation
activity as a result of aggressive marketing and historically
low interest rates. This, in turn, has had a significant effect
on a number of accounting estimates in recent years. We updated
our assumptions that are affected primarily by consolidation
activity and updated the estimates used in developing the cash
flows and effective yield calculations as they relate to the
amortization of student loan premiums and discounts, Repayment
Borrower Benefits, Residual Interest income and the valuation of
the Residual Interest.
40
Consolidation activity affects each estimate differently
depending on whether the original loans being consolidated were
on-balance sheet or off-balance sheet and whether the resulting
consolidation is retained by us or consolidated with a third
party. When we consolidate a loan that was in our portfolio, the
term of that loan is generally extended and the term of the
amortization of associated student loan premiums and discounts
is likewise extended to match the new term of the loan. In that
process, the unamortized premium balance must be adjusted to
reflect the new expected term of the consolidated loan as if it
had been in place from inception.
The estimate of the CPR also affects the estimate of the average
life of securitized trusts and therefore affects the valuation
of the Residual Interest. Prepayments shorten the average life
of the trust, and if all other factors remain equal, will reduce
the value of the Residual Interest, the securitization gain on
sale and the effective yield used to recognize interest income.
Prepayments on student loans in our securitized trusts are
significantly impacted by the rate at which securitized loans
are consolidated. When a loan is consolidated from the trust
either by us or a third party, the loan is treated as a
prepayment. In cases where the loan is consolidated by us, it
will be recorded as an on-balance sheet asset. We discuss the
effects of changes in our CPR estimates in “LIQUIDITY AND
CAPITAL RESOURCES — Securitization Activities and
Liquidity Risk and Funding Long-Term.”
The increased activity in FFELP Consolidation Loans has led to
demand for the consolidation of Private Education loans. Private
Education Consolidation Loans provide an attractive refinancing
opportunity to certain borrowers because they allow borrowers to
lower their monthly payments by extending the life of the loan
and/or lowering their interest rate. Consolidation of Private
Education Loans from off-balance sheet Private Education Loan
trusts will increase the CPR used to value the Residual Interest.
Effect
of Consolidation Activity
The schedule below summarizes the impact of loan consolidation
on each affected financial statement line item.
On-Balance
Sheet Student Loans
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Consolidating
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estimate
|
|
Lender
|
|
Effect on Estimate
|
|
CPR
|
|
Accounting Effect
|
|
|
|
Premium
|
|
Sallie Mae
|
|
Term extension
|
|
Decrease
|
|
Estimate
Adjustment(1) —
increase unamortized balance of premium. Reduced amortization
expense going forward.
|
|
Premium
|
|
Other lenders
|
|
Loan prepaid
|
|
Increase
|
|
Estimate
Adjustment(1) —
decrease unamortized balance of premium or accelerated
amortization of premium.
|
|
Repayment Borrower Benefits
|
|
Sallie Mae
|
|
Term extension
|
|
N/A
|
|
Existing Repayment Borrower Benefits reserve reversed into
income — new FFELP Consolidation Loan benefit
amortized over a longer
term.(2)
|
|
Repayment Borrower Benefits
|
|
Other lenders
|
|
Loan prepaid
|
|
N/A
|
|
Repayment Borrower Benefits reserve reversed into
income.(2)
|
|
|
|
|
(1) |
|
As estimates are updated, in
accordance with SFAS No. 91, the premium balance must
be adjusted from inception to reflect the new expected term of
the loan, as if it had been in place from inception.
|
| |
|
(2) |
|
Consolidation estimates also affect
the estimates of borrowers who will eventually qualify for
Repayment Borrower Benefits.
|
41
Off-Balance
Sheet Student Loans
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Consolidating
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estimate
|
|
Lender
|
|
Effect on Estimate
|
|
CPR
|
|
Accounting Effect
|
|
|
|
Residual Interest
|
|
Sallie Mae or other lenders
|
|
Loan prepaid
|
|
Increase
|
|
• Reduction in fair market value of Residual Interest
resulting in either an impairment charge or reduction in prior
unrealized market value gains recorded in other comprehensive
income.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
• Decrease in prospective effective yield used to
recognize interest income.
|
Derivative
Accounting
We use interest rate swaps, cross-currency interest rate swaps,
interest rate futures
contracts, Floor Income
Contracts and
interest rate cap
contracts as an integral part of our overall
risk management strategy to manage interest rate and foreign
currency risk arising from our fixed rate and floating rate
financial instruments. In addition, we use equity forward
contracts (see Note 12,
“Stockholders’
Equity,” to the financial statements for further
discussion) to lock-in our future purchase price of the
Company’s stock to better manage share repurchases. We
account for these instruments in accordance with
SFAS No. 133,
“Accounting for Derivative
Instruments and Hedging Activities,” which requires that
every derivative instrument, including certain derivative
instruments embedded in other
contracts, be recorded at fair
value on the balance sheet as either an asset or liability. We
determine the fair value for our derivative instruments
primarily by using pricing models that consider current market
conditions and the contractual terms of the derivative
contracts. Market inputs into the model include interest rates,
optionality, forward interest rate curves, volatility factors,
forward foreign exchange rates, and the closing price of the
Company’s stock (related to our equity forward
contracts).
The fair values of some derivatives are determined using
counterparty valuations. Pricing models and their underlying
assumptions impact the amount and timing of unrealized gains and
losses recognized; the use of different pricing models or
assumptions could produce different financial results. As a
matter of policy, we compare the fair values of our derivatives
that we calculate to those provided by our counterparties on a
monthly basis. Any significant differences are identified and
resolved appropriately.
SFAS No. 133 requires that changes in the fair value
of derivative instruments be recognized currently in earnings
unless specific hedge accounting criteria as specified by
SFAS No. 133 are met. We believe that all of our
derivatives are effective economic hedges and are a critical
element of our interest rate risk management strategy. However,
under SFAS No. 133, some of our derivatives, primarily
Floor Income
Contracts, certain Eurodollar futures
contracts,
basis swaps and equity forwards, do not qualify for
“hedge
treatment” under SFAS No. 133. Therefore, changes
in market value along with the periodic net settlements must be
recorded through the
“gains (losses) on derivative and
hedging activities, net” line in the consolidated statement
of income with no consideration for the corresponding change in
fair value of the hedged item. The derivative market value
adjustment is primarily caused by interest rate and foreign
currency exchange rate volatility, changing credit spreads
during the period, and changes in our stock price (related to
equity forwards) as well as, the volume and term of derivatives
not receiving hedge accounting treatment. See also
“BUSINESS SEGMENTS — Limitations of ‘Core
Earnings’ — Pre-tax Differences between
‘Core Earnings’ and GAAP by Business Segment
— Derivative Accounting” for a detailed
discussion of our accounting for derivatives.
42
SELECTED
FINANCIAL DATA
Condensed
Statements of Income
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Increase (Decrease)
|
|
|
|
|
Years Ended December 31,
|
|
|
2007 vs. 2006
|
|
|
2006 vs. 2005
|
|
|
|
|
2007
|
|
|
2006
|
|
|
2005
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
%
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income
|
|
$
|
1,588
|
|
|
$
|
1,454
|
|
|
$
|
1,451
|
|
|
$
|
134
|
|
|
|
9
|
%
|
|
$
|
3
|
|
|
|
—
|
%
|
|
Less: provisions for loan losses
|
|
|
1,015
|
|
|
|
287
|
|
|
|
203
|
|
|
|
728
|
|
|
|
254
|
|
|
|
84
|
|
|
|
41
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income after provisions for loan losses
|
|
|
573
|
|
|
|
1,167
|
|
|
|
1,248
|
|
|
|
(594
|
)
|
|
|
(51
|
)
|
|
|
(81
|
)
|
|
|
(6
|
)
|
|
Gains on student loan securitizations
|
|
|
367
|
|
|
|
902
|
|
|
|
552
|
|
|
|
(535
|
)
|
|
|
(59
|
)
|
|
|
350
|
|
|
|
63
|
|
|
Servicing and securitization revenue
|
|
|
437
|
|
|
|
553
|
|
|
|
357
|
|
|
|
(116
|
)
|
|
|
(21
|
)
|
|
|
196
|
|
|
|
55
|
|
|
Losses on loans and securities, net
|
|
|
(95
|
)
|
|
|
(49
|
)
|
|
|
(64
|
)
|
|
|
(46
|
)
|
|
|
(94
|
)
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
|
23
|
|
|
Gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net
|
|
|
(1,361
|
)
|
|
|
(339
|
)
|
|
|
247
|
|
|
|
(1,022
|
)
|
|
|
(301
|
)
|
|
|
(586
|
)
|
|
|
(237
|
)
|
|
Guarantor servicing fees
|
|
|
156
|
|
|
|
132
|
|
|
|
115
|
|
|
|
24
|
|
|
|
18
|
|
|
|
17
|
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
Contingency fee revenue
|
|
|
336
|
|
|
|
397
|
|
|
|
360
|
|
|
|
(61
|
)
|
|
|
(15
|
)
|
|
|
37
|
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
Collections revenue
|
|
|
272
|
|
|
|
240
|
|
|
|
167
|
|
|
|
32
|
|
|
|
13
|
|
|
|
73
|
|
|
|
44
|
|
|
Other income
|
|
|
385
|
|
|
|
338
|
|
|
|
273
|
|
|
|
47
|
|
|
|
14
|
|
|
|
65
|
|
|
|
24
|
|
|
Operating expenses
|
|
|
1,552
|
|
|
|
1,346
|
|
|
|
1,138
|
|
|
|
206
|
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
|
208
|
|
|
|
18
|
|
|
Income taxes
|
|
|
412
|
|
|
|
834
|
|
|
|
729
|
|
|
|
(422
|
)
|
|
|
(51
|
)
|
|
|
105
|
|
|
|
14
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
(2
|
)
|
|
|
(50
|
)
|
|
|
(2
|
)
|
|
|
(33
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net income (loss)
|
|
|
(896
|
)
|
|
|
1,157
|
|
|
|
1,382
|
|
|
|
(2,053
|
)
|
|
|
(177
|
)
|
|
|
(225
|
)
|
|
|
(16
|
)
|
|
Preferred stock dividends
|
|
|
37
|
|
|
|
36
|
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
14
|
|
|
|
64
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net income (loss) attributable to common stock
|
|
$
|
(933
|
)
|
|
$
|
1,121
|
|
|
$
|
1,360
|
|
|
$
|
(2,054
|
)
|
|
|
(183
|
)%
|
|
$
|
(239
|
)
|
|
|
(18
|
)%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic earnings (loss) per common share
|
|
$
|
(2.26
|
)
|
|
$
|
2.73
|
|
|
$
|
3.25
|
|
|
$
|
(4.99
|
)
|
|
|
(183
|
)%
|
|
$
|
(.52
|
)
|
|
|
(16
|
)%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share
|
|
$
|
(2.26
|
)
|
|
$
|
2.63
|
|
|
$
|
3.05
|
|
|
$
|
(4.89
|
)
|
|
|
(186
|
)%
|
|
$
|
(.42
|
)
|
|
|
(14
|
)%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dividends per common share
|
|
$
|
.25
|
|
|
$
|
.97
|
|
|
$
|
.85
|
|
|
$
|
(.72
|
)
|
|
|
(74
|
)%
|
|
$
|
.12
|
|
|
|
14
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
43
Condensed
Balance Sheets
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Increase (Decrease)
|
|
|
|
|
December 31,
|
|
|
2007 vs. 2006
|
|
|
|
|
2007
|
|
|
2006
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
Assets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans, net
|
|
$
|
35,726
|
|
|
$
|
24,841
|
|
|
$
|
10,885
|
|
|
|
44
|
%
|
|
FFELP Consolidation Loans, net
|
|
|
73,609
|
|
|
|
61,324
|
|
|
|
12,285
|
|
|
|
20
|
|
|
Private Education Loans, net
|
|
|
14,818
|
|
|
|
9,755
|
|
|
|
5,063
|
|
|
|
52
|
|
|
Other loans, net
|
|
|
1,174
|
|
|
|
1,309
|
|
|
|
(135
|
)
|
|
|
(10
|
)
|
|
Cash and investments
|
|
|
10,546
|
|
|
|
5,185
|
|
|
|
5,361
|
|
|
|
103
|
|
|
Restricted cash and investments
|
|
|
4,600
|
|
|
|
3,423
|
|
|
|
1,177
|
|
|
|
34
|
|
|
Retained Interest in off-balance sheet securitized loans
|
|
|
3,044
|
|
|
|
3,341
|
|
|
|
(297
|
)
|
|
|
(9
|
)
|
|
Goodwill and acquired intangible assets, net
|
|
|
1,301
|
|
|
|
1,372
|
|
|
|
(71
|
)
|
|
|
(5
|
)
|
|
Other assets
|
|
|
10,747
|
|
|
|
5,586
|
|
|
|
5,161
|
|
|
|
92
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total assets
|
|
$
|
155,565
|
|
|
$
|
116,136
|
|
|
$
|
39,429
|
|
|
|
34
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Short-term borrowings
|
|
$
|
35,947
|
|
|
$
|
3,528
|
|
|
$
|
32,419
|
|
|
|
919
|
%
|
|
Long-term borrowings
|
|
|
111,098
|
|
|
|
104,559
|
|
|
|
6,539
|
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
Other liabilities
|
|
|
3,285
|
|
|
|
3,680
|
|
|
|
(395
|
)
|
|
|
(11
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities
|
|
|
150,330
|
|
|
|
111,767
|
|
|
|
38,563
|
|
|
|
35
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11
|
|
|
|
9
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
Stockholders’ equity before treasury stock
|
|
|
7,055
|
|
|
|
5,401
|
|
|
|
1,654
|
|
|
|
31
|
|
|
Common stock held in treasury
|
|
|
1,831
|
|
|
|
1,041
|
|
|
|
790
|
|
|
|
76
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total stockholders’ equity
|
|
|
5,224
|
|
|
|
4,360
|
|
|
|
864
|
|
|
|
20
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
|
|
$
|
155,565
|
|
|
$
|
116,136
|
|
|
$
|
39,429
|
|
|
|
34
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RESULTS
OF OPERATIONS
We present the results of operations first on a consolidated
basis followed by a presentation of the net interest margin with
accompanying analysis presented in accordance with GAAP. As
discussed in detail above in the “OVERVIEW” section,
we have two primary business segments, Lending and APG, plus a
Corporate and Other business segment. Since these business
segments operate in distinct business environments, the
discussion following the results of our operations is primarily
presented on a segment basis. See “BUSINESS SEGMENTS”
for further discussion on the components of each segment.
Securitization gains and the ongoing servicing and
securitization income are included in “LIQUIDITY AND
CAPITAL RESOURCES — Securitization Activities.”
The discussion of derivative market value gains and losses is
under “BUSINESS SEGMENTS — Limitations of
‘Core Earnings’ — Pre-tax Differences
between ‘Core Earnings’ and GAAP by Business
Segment — Derivative Accounting.” The
discussion of goodwill and acquired intangible amortization and
impairment is discussed under “BUSINESS
SEGMENTS — Limitations of ‘Core
Earnings’ — Pre-tax Differences between
‘Core Earnings’ and GAAP by Business
Segment — Acquired intangibles.”
CONSOLIDATED
EARNINGS SUMMARY
The main drivers of our net income are the growth in our Managed
student loan portfolio, which drives net interest income and
securitization transactions, the spread we earn on student
loans, unrealized gains and losses on derivatives that do not
receive hedge accounting treatment, the timing and size of
securitization gains, growth in our fee-based business and
expense control.
44
For the year ended
December 31, 2007, our net loss was
$896 million, or $2.26 diluted loss per share, compared to
net income of $1.2 billion, or $2.63 diluted earnings per
share, in the year-ago period. The effective tax rate in those
periods was (86) percent and 42 percent, respectively.
The movement in the effective tax rate was primarily driven by
the permanent tax impact of excluding non-taxable gains and
losses on equity forward
contracts which are marked to market
through earnings under the FASB’s SFAS No. 133.
Pre-tax income decreased by $2.5 billion versus the year
ended
December 31, 2006 primarily due to a
$1.0 billion increase in net losses on derivative and
hedging activities, which was mostly comprised of losses on our
equity forward
contracts. Losses on derivative and hedging
activities were $1.4 billion for the year ended
December 31, 2007 compared to $339 million for the
year ended
December 31, 2006.
Pre-tax income for the year ended
December 31, 2007 also
decreased versus the year ended
December 31, 2006 due to a
$535 million decrease in gains on student loan
securitizations. The securitization gain in 2007 was the result
of one Private Education Loan securitization that had a pre-tax
gain of $367 million or 18.4 percent of the amount
securitized. In the year-ago period, there were three Private
Education Loan securitizations that had total pre-tax gains of
$830 million or 16.3 percent of the amount
securitized. For the year ended
December 31, 2007,
servicing and securitization income was $437 million, a
$116 million decrease from the year ended
December 31,
2006. This decrease was primarily due to a $97 million
increase in impairment losses which was mainly the result of
FFELP Stafford Consolidation Loan activity exceeding
expectations, increased Private Education Consolidation Loan
activity, increased Private Education Loan expected default
activity, and an increase in the discount rate used to value the
Private Education Loan Residual Interests (see
“LIQUIDITY
AND CAPITAL RESOURCES — Residual Interest in
Securitized Receivables”).
Net interest income after provisions for loan losses decreased
by $594 million versus the year ended
December 31,
2006. The decrease was due to the year-over-year increase in the
provisions for loan losses of $728 million, which offset
the year-over-year $134 million increase in net interest
income. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to
an increase of $30.8 billion in the average balance of
on-balance sheet interest earning assets offset by a decrease in
the student loan spread, including the impact of Wholesale
Consolidation Loans (see “Student Loan Spread —
Student Loan Spread Analysis — On-Balance
Sheet”). The increase in provisions for loan losses
relates to higher provision amounts for Private Education Loans,
FFELP loans, and mortgage loans primarily due to a weakening
U.S. economy (see
“LENDING BUSINESS
SEGMENT — Activity in the Allowance for Private
Education Loan Losses; and — Total Provisions for
Loan Losses”).
Fee and other income and collections revenue increased
$42 million from $1.11 billion for the year ended
December 31, 2006 to $1.15 billion for the year ended
December 31, 2007. Operating expenses increased by
$206 million year-over-year. This increase in operating
expenses was primarily due to $56 million in Merger-related
expenses and $23 million in severance costs incurred in
2007. As part of
the Company’s cost reduction efforts,
these severance costs were related to the elimination of
approximately 350 positions (representing three percent of the
overall employee population) across all areas of
the Company.
Operating expenses in 2007 also included $93 million
related to a full year of expenses for Upromise compared to
$33 million incurred in 2006 subsequent to the August 2006
acquisition of this subsidiary.
Our Managed student loan portfolio grew by $21.5 billion
(or 15 percent), from $142.1 billion at
December 31, 2006 to $163.6 billion at
December 31, 2007. In 2007 we acquired $40.3 billion
of student loans, an 8 percent increase over the
$37.4 billion acquired in the year-ago period. The 2007
acquisitions included $9.3 billion in Private Education
Loans, an 11 percent increase over the $8.4 billion
acquired in 2006. In the year ended
December 31, 2007, we
originated $25.5 billion of student loans through our
Preferred Channel, an increase of 9 percent over the
$23.4 billion originated in the year-ago period.
For the year ended
December 31, 2006, net income was
$1.2 billion ($2.63 diluted earnings per share), a
16 percent decrease from the $1.4 billion in net
income ($3.05 diluted earnings per share) for the year ended
45
December 31, 2005. On a pre-tax basis, year-to-date
2006 net income of $2.0 billion was a 6 percent
decrease from the $2.1 billion in pre-tax net income earned
in the year ended
December 31, 2005. The larger percentage
decrease in year-over-year, after-tax net income versus pre-tax
net income is driven by the tax accounting permanent impact of
excluding $360 million in unrealized equity forward losses
from 2006 taxable income and excluding $121 million of
unrealized equity forward gains from 2005 taxable income.
Fluctuations in the effective tax rate were primarily driven by
the permanent tax impact of excluding non-taxable gains and
losses on equity forward
contracts as discussed above. The net
effect from excluding non-taxable gains and losses on equity
forward
contracts from taxable income was an increase in the
effective tax rate from 34 percent in the year ended
December 31, 2005 to 42 percent in the year ended
December 31, 2006.
Year-over-year net interest income is roughly unchanged as the
$12 billion increase in average interest earning assets was
offset by a 23 basis point decrease in the net interest
margin. The year-over-year decrease in the net interest margin
is due to higher average interest rates which reduced Floor
Income by $155 million, and to the increase in the average
balance of lower yielding cash and investments.
Securitization gains increased by $350 million in the year
ended
December 31, 2006 versus 2005. The securitization
gains for 2006 were primarily driven by the three off-balance
sheet Private Education Loan securitizations, which had total
pre-tax gains of $830 million or 16 percent of the
amount securitized, versus two off-balance sheet Private
Education Loan securitizations in 2005, which had pre-tax gains
of $453 million or 15 percent of the amount
securitized.
For the year ended
December 31, 2006, servicing and
securitization revenue increased by $196 million to
$553 million. The increase in servicing and securitization
revenue can be attributed to $103 million in lower
impairments on our Retained Interests and the growth in the
average balance of off-balance sheet student loans. Impairments
are primarily caused by the effect of FFELP Consolidation Loan
activity on our FFELP Stafford securitization trusts. Pre-tax
impairments on our Retained Interests in securitizations totaled
$157 million for the year ended
December 31, 2006
versus $260 million for the year ended
December 31,
2005.
In 2006, net losses on derivative and hedging activities were
$339 million, a decrease of $586 million from the net
gains of $247 million in 2005. This decrease primarily
relates to $230 million of unrealized losses in 2006,
versus unrealized gains of $634 million in the prior year,
which resulted in a year-over-year reduction in pre-tax income
of $864 million. The effect of the unrealized losses was
partially offset by a $278 million reduction in realized
losses on derivatives and hedging activities on instruments that
were not accounted for as hedges. The decrease in unrealized
gains was primarily due to the impact of a lower SLM stock price
on our equity forward
contracts which resulted in a
mark-to-market unrealized loss of $360 million in 2006
versus an unrealized gain of $121 million in the year-ago
period, and to a decrease of $305 million in unrealized
gains on Floor Income
Contracts. The smaller unrealized gains on
our Floor Income
Contracts were primarily caused by the
relationship between the Floor Income
Contracts’ strike
prices versus the estimated forward interest rates during 2006
versus 2005.
Fee and other income and collections revenue increased
$192 million from $915 million for the year ended
December 31, 2005 to $1.1 billion for the year ended
December 31, 2006. Operating expenses increased by
$208 million year-over-year. This increase in operating
expenses can primarily be attributed to $63 million of
stock option compensation expense, due to the implementation of
SFAS No. 123(R) in the first quarter of 2006 and to
$33 million related to expenses for Upromise, acquired in
August 2006.
Our Managed student loan portfolio grew by $19.6 billion
(or 16 percent), from $122.5 billion at
December 31, 2005 to $142.1 billion at
December 31, 2006. In 2006 we acquired $37.4 billion
of student loans, a 24 percent increase over the
$30.2 billion acquired in the year-ago period. The 2006
acquisitions included $8.4 billion in Private Education
Loans, a 31 percent increase over the $6.4 billion
acquired in 2005. In the year ended
December 31, 2006, we
originated $23.4 billion of student loans through our
Preferred Channel, an increase of 9 percent over the
$21.4 billion originated in the year-ago period.
46
Average
Balance Sheets
The following table reflects the rates earned on interest
earning assets and paid on interest bearing liabilities for the
years ended
December 31, 2007,
2006 and
2005. This table
reflects the net interest margin for the entire Company for our
on-balance sheet assets. It is included in the Lending segment
discussion because that segment includes substantially all
interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities.
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Years Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
|
2007
|
|
|
2006
|
|
|
2005
|
|
|
|
|
Balance
|
|
|
Rate
|
|
|
Balance
|
|
|
Rate
|
|
|
Balance
|
|
|
Rate
|
|
|
|
|
Average Assets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans
|
|
$
|
31,294
|
|
|
|
6.59
|
%
|
|
$
|
21,152
|
|
|
|
6.66
|
%
|
|
$
|
20,720
|
|
|
|
4.90
|
%
|
|
FFELP Consolidation Loans
|
|
|
67,918
|
|
|
|
6.39
|
|
|
|
55,119
|
|
|
|
6.43
|
|
|
|
47,082
|
|
|
|
5.31
|
|
|
Private Education Loans
|
|
|
12,507
|
|
|
|
11.65
|
|
|
|
8,585
|
|
|
|
11.90
|
|
|
|
6,922
|
|
|
|
9.16
|
|
|
Other loans
|
|
|
1,246
|
|
|
|
8.49
|
|
|
|
1,155
|
|
|
|
8.48
|
|
|
|
1,072
|
|
|
|
7.89
|
|
|
Cash and investments
|
|
|
12,710
|
|
|
|
5.57
|
|
|
|
8,824
|
|
|
|
5.70
|
|
|
|
6,662
|
|
|
|
4.15
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total interest earning assets
|
|
|
125,675
|
|
|
|
6.90
|
%
|
|
|
94,835
|
|
|
|
6.94
|
%
|
|
|
82,458
|
|
|
|
5.47
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-interest earning assets
|
|
|
9,715
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8,550
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6,990
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total assets
|
|
$
|
135,390
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
103,385
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
89,448
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Short-term borrowings
|
|
$
|
16,385
|
|
|
|
5.74
|
%
|
|
$
|
3,902
|
|
|
|
5.33
|
%
|
|
$
|
4,517
|
|
|
|
3.93
|
%
|
|
Long-term borrowings
|
|
|
109,984
|
|
|
|
5.59
|
|
|
|
91,461
|
|
|
|
5.37
|
|
|
|
77,958
|
|
|
|
3.70
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total interest bearing liabilities
|
|
|
126,369
|
|
|
|
5.61
|
%
|
|
|
95,363
|
|
|
|
5.37
|
%
|
|
|
82,475
|
|
|
|
3.71
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-interest bearing liabilities
|
|
|
4,272
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3,912
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3,555
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stockholders’ equity
|
|
|
4,749
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4,110
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3,418
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
|
|
$
|
135,390
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
103,385
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
89,448
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest margin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.26
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.53
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.76
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rate/Volume
Analysis
The following rate/volume analysis shows the relative
contribution of changes in interest rates and asset volumes.
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Increase
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Attributable to
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Change in
|
|
|
|
|
Increase
|
|
|
Rate
|
|
|
Volume
|
|
|
|
|
2007 vs. 2006
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest income
|
|
$
|
2,096
|
|
|
$
|
(98
|
)
|
|
$
|
2,194
|
|
|
Interest expense
|
|
|
1,962
|
|
|
|
301
|
|
|
|
1,661
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income
|
|
$
|
134
|
|
|
$
|
(399
|
)
|
|
$
|
533
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2006 vs. 2005
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest income
|
|
$
|
2,067
|
|
|
$
|
1,370
|
|
|
$
|
697
|
|
|
Interest expense
|
|
|
2,064
|
|
|
|
1,589
|
|
|
|
475
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income
|
|
$
|
3
|
|
|
$
|
(219
|
)
|
|
$
|
222
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
47
The changes in net interest income are primarily due to
fluctuations in the student loan spread discussed below, as well
as the growth of our student loan portfolio and the level of
cash and investments we may hold on our balance sheet for
liquidity purposes. In connection with the Merger Agreement, we
increased our liquidity portfolio to higher than historical
levels. The liquidity portfolio has a negative net interest
margin and, as a result, the increase in this portfolio reduced
net interest income by $18 million for the year ended
December 31, 2007.
Student
Loans
For both federally insured and Private Education Loans, we
account for premiums paid, discounts received and certain
origination costs incurred on the origination and acquisition of
student loans in accordance with SFAS No. 91,
“Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated
with Originating or Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Costs of
Leases.” The unamortized portion of the premiums and
discounts is included in the carrying value of the student loan
on the consolidated balance sheet. We recognize income on our
student loan portfolio based on the expected yield of the
student loan after giving effect to the amortization of purchase
premiums and the accretion of student loan discounts, as well as
interest rate reductions and rebates expected to be earned
through Repayment Borrower Benefits programs. Discounts on
Private Education Loans are deferred and accreted to income over
the lives of the student loans. In the table below, this
accretion of discounts is netted with the amortization of the
premiums.
Student
Loan Spread
An important performance measure closely monitored by management
is the student loan spread. The student loan spread is the
difference between the income earned on the student loan assets
and the interest paid on the debt funding those assets. A number
of factors can affect the overall student loan spread, such as:
|
|
|
| |
•
|
the mix of student loans in the portfolio, with FFELP
Consolidation Loans having the lowest spread and Private
Education Loans having the highest spread;
|
| |
| |
•
|
the premiums paid, borrower fees charged and capitalized costs
incurred to acquire student loans, which impact the spread
through subsequent amortization;
|
| |
| |
•
|
the type and level of Repayment Borrower Benefits programs for
which the student loans are eligible;
|
| |
| |
•
|
the level of Floor Income and, when considering the “Core
Earnings” spread, the amount of Floor Income-eligible loans
that have been hedged through Floor Income Contracts; and
|
| |
| |
•
|
funding and hedging costs.
|
48
Student
Loan Spread Analysis — On-Balance Sheet
The following table analyzes the reported earnings from
on-balance sheet student loans. For an analysis of our student
loan spread for the entire portfolio of Managed student loans on
a similar basis to the on-balance sheet analysis, see
“LENDING BUSINESS SEGMENT — Student Loan
Spread Analysis — ‘Core Earnings’
Basis.”
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Years Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
|
2007
|
|
|
2006
|
|
|
2005
|
|
|
|
|
On-Balance Sheet
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Student loan yield, before Floor Income
|
|
|
7.96
|
%
|
|
|
7.94
|
%
|
|
|
6.22
|
%
|
|
Gross Floor Income
|
|
|
.05
|
|
|
|
.04
|
|
|
|
.25
|
|
|
Consolidation Loan Rebate Fees
|
|
|
(.60
|
)
|
|
|
(.67
|
)
|
|
|
(.65
|
)
|
|
Repayment Borrower Benefits
|
|
|
(.12
|
)
|
|
|
(.12
|
)
|
|
|
(.11
|
)
|
|
Premium and discount amortization
|
|
|
(.16
|
)
|
|
|
(.14
|
)
|
|
|
(.16
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Student loan net yield
|
|
|
7.13
|
|
|
|
7.05
|
|
|
|
5.55
|
|
|
Student loan cost of funds
|
|
|
(5.56
|
)
|
|
|
(5.36
|
)
|
|
|
(3.69
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Student loan spread, before Interim ABCP Facility
Fees(1)(2)
|
|
|
1.57
|
%
|
|
|
1.69
|
%
|
|
|
1.86
|
%
|
|
Interim ABCP Facility
Fees(3)
|
|
|
(.04
|
)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Student loan
spread(1)
|
|
|
1.53
|
%
|
|
|
1.69
|
%
|
|
|
1.86
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average Balances
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
On-balance sheet student
loans(1)
|
|
$
|
104,740
|
|
|
$
|
84,173
|
|
|
$
|
74,724
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) Excludes
the effect of the Wholesale Consolidation Loan portfolio on the
student loan spread and average balance for the years ended
December 31, 2007 and 2006.
|
|
(2) Student
loan spread including the effect of Wholesale Consolidation
Loans
|
|
|
1.44
|
%
|
|
|
1.68
|
%
|
|
|
1.86
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(3) The
Interim ABCP Facility Fees are the commitment and liquidity fees
related to a financing facility in connection with the Merger
Agreement.
|
The table above shows the various items that impact our student
loan spread. Gross Floor Income (Floor Income earned before
payments on Floor Income
Contracts) is impacted by the level of
interest rates and the percentage of the FFELP portfolio
eligible to earn Floor Income. The spread impact from
Consolidation Loan Rebate Fees fluctuates as a function of the
percentage of FFELP Consolidation Loans on our balance sheet.
Repayment Borrower Benefits are generally impacted by the amount
of Repayment Borrower Benefits being offered as well as the
payment behavior of the underlying loans. Premium and discount
amortization is generally impacted by the prices we pay for
loans and amounts capitalized related to such purchases or
originations. Premium and discount amortization is also impacted
by prepayment behavior of the underlying loans.
The decrease in our student loan spread, before Interim ABCP
Facility Fees and the effect of Wholesale Consolidation Loans,
for the year ended
December 31, 2007 versus 2006 was
primarily due to an increase in our cost of funds. Our cost of
funds for on-balance sheet student loans excludes the impact of
basis swaps that economically hedge the re-pricing and basis
mismatch between our funding and student loan asset indices, but
do not receive hedge accounting treatment under
SFAS No. 133. We use basis swaps extensively to manage
our basis risk associated with our interest rate sensitive
assets and liabilities. These swaps generally do not qualify as
accounting hedges, and as a result, are required to be accounted
for in the
“gains (losses) on derivatives and hedging
activities, net” line in the consolidated statement of
income, as opposed to being accounted for in interest expense.
As a result, these basis swaps are not considered in the
calculation of the cost of funds in the above table, and in
times of volatile movements of interest rates like those
experienced in the second half of 2007, the student loan spread
in the above table can significantly change. See
“LENDING
BUSINESS SEGMENT — Student Loan Spread
Analysis — ‘Core Earnings’ Basis,”
which reflects these basis swaps in interest expense, and
demonstrates the economic hedge effectiveness of these basis
swaps. The
49
decrease in the student loan spread was also due to an increase
in the estimate of uncollectible accrued interest related to our
Private Education Loans (see “LENDING BUSINESS
SEGMENT — Student Loan Spread Analysis —
‘Core Earnings’ Basis.”)
The decrease in the student loan spread before the effect of
Wholesale Consolidation Loans in the year ended
December 31, 2006 versus 2005 was primarily due to the
reduction in Gross Floor Income earned. A primary driver of
fluctuations in our on-balance sheet student loan spread when
interest rates significantly change from period to period can be
the level of Gross Floor Income earned in the period.
Interest rates increased significantly between 2005 and 2006
which reduced Gross Floor Income earned. We believe that we have
economically hedged most of the long-term Floor Income through
the sale of Floor Income
Contracts, under which we receive an
upfront fee and agree to pay the counterparty the Floor Income
earned on a notional amount of student loans. These
contracts do
not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and as a result the
payments on the Floor Income
Contracts are included in the
consolidated statement of income with
“gains (losses) on
derivative and hedging activities, net” rather than in
student loan interest income, where the offsetting Floor Income
is recorded.
In the second half of 2006, we implemented a new loan
acquisition strategy under which we began purchasing FFELP
Consolidation Loans outside of our normal origination channels,
primarily via the spot market. We refer to this volume as our
Wholesale Consolidation Channel. FFELP Consolidation Loans
acquired through this channel are considered incremental volume
to our core acquisition channels, which are focused on the
retail marketplace with an emphasis on our internal brand
strategy. Wholesale Consolidation Loans generally command
significantly higher premiums than our originated FFELP
Consolidation Loans, and as a result, Wholesale Consolidation
Loans have lower spreads. Since Wholesale Consolidation Loans
are acquired outside of our core loan acquisition channels and
have different yields and return expectations than the rest of
our FFELP Consolidation Loan portfolio, we have excluded the
impact of the Wholesale Consolidation Loan volume from the
student loan spread analysis to provide more meaningful
period-over-period comparisons on the performance of our student
loan portfolio. We are no longer buying Wholesale Consolidation
Loans.
FEDERAL
AND STATE TAXES
The Company is subject to federal and state income taxes. Our
effective tax rate for the years ended
December 31, 2007,
2006 and
2005 was (86) percent, 42 percent and
34 percent, respectively. The effective tax rate reflects
the permanent impact of the exclusion of gains and losses on
equity forward
contracts with respect to
the Company’s
stock for tax purposes. These permanent differences were a
$1.6 billion loss in 2007, a $360 million loss in
2006, and a $121 million gain in 2005.
BUSINESS
SEGMENTS
The results of operations of
the Company’s Lending and APG
operating segments are presented below. These defined business
segments operate in distinct business environments and are
considered reportable segments under SFAS No. 131,
“Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related
Information,” based on quantitative thresholds applied to
the Company’s financial statements. In addition, we provide
other complementary products and services through smaller
operating segments that do not meet such thresholds and are
aggregated in the Corporate and Other reportable segment for
financial reporting purposes. These products and services
include guarantor and loan servicing, 529 college-savings plan
administration, and the operation of an affinity marketing
program.
The management reporting process measures the performance of the
Company’s operating segments based on the management
structure of
the Company as well as the methodology used by
management to evaluate performance and allocate resources. In
accordance with the Rules and Regulations of the Securities and
Exchange Commission (
“SEC”), we prepare financial
statements in accordance with GAAP. In addition to evaluating
the Company’s GAAP-based financial information, management,
including
the Company’s chief operation decision makers,
evaluates the performance of
the Company’s operating
segments based on their profitability on a basis that, as
allowed under SFAS No. 131, differs from GAAP. We
refer to management’s basis of evaluating our segment
results as
“Core Earnings” presentations for each
business segment and we
50
refer to these performance measures in our presentations with
credit rating agencies and lenders. Accordingly, information
regarding
the Company’s reportable segments is provided
herein based on
“Core Earnings,” which are discussed
in detail below.
Our “Core Earnings” are not defined terms within GAAP
and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported
by other companies. “Core Earnings” net income
reflects only current period adjustments to GAAP net income as
described below. Unlike financial accounting, there is no
comprehensive, authoritative guidance for management reporting
and as a result, our management reporting is not necessarily
comparable with similar information for any other financial
institution. Our operating segments are defined by the products
and services they offer or the types of customers they serve,
and they reflect the manner in which financial information is
currently evaluated by management. Intersegment revenues and
expenses are netted within the appropriate financial statement
line items consistent with the income statement presentation
provided to management. Changes in management structure or
allocation methodologies and procedures may result in changes in
reported segment financial information.
“Core Earnings” are the primary financial performance
measures used by management to develop
the Company’s
financial plans, track results, and establish corporate
performance targets and incentive compensation. While
“Core
Earnings” are not a substitute for reported results under
GAAP, we rely on
“Core Earnings” in operating our
business because
“Core Earnings” permit management to
make meaningful period-to-period comparisons of the operational
and performance indicators that are most closely assessed by
management. Management believes this information provides
additional insight into the financial performance of the core
business activities of our operating segments. Accordingly, the
tables presented below reflect
“Core Earnings” which
are reviewed and utilized by management to manage the business
for each of our reportable segments. A further discussion
regarding
“Core Earnings” is included under
“Limitations of ‘Core Earnings’ ” and
“Pre-tax Differences between ‘Core Earnings’ and
GAAP by Business Segment.”
51
The Lending operating segment includes all discussion of income
and related expenses associated with the net interest margin,
the student loan spread and its components, the provisions for
loan losses, and other fees earned on our Managed portfolio of
student loans. The APG operating segment reflects the fees
earned and expenses incurred in providing accounts receivable
management and collection services. Our Corporate and Other
reportable segment includes our remaining fee businesses and
other corporate expenses that do not pertain directly to the
primary segments identified above.
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year Ended
|
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2007
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Corporate
|
|
|
|
|
Lending
|
|
|
APG
|
|
|
and Other
|
|
|
|
|
Interest income:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans
|
|
$
|
2,848
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
FFELP Consolidation Loans
|
|
|
5,522
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Private Education Loans
|
|
|
2,835
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Other loans
|
|
|
106
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Cash and investments
|
|
|
868
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total interest income
|
|
|
12,179
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
Total interest expense
|
|
|
9,597
|
|
|
|
27
|
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income (loss)
|
|
|
2,582
|
|
|
|
(27
|
)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Less: provisions for loan losses
|
|
|
1,394
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income (loss) after provisions for loan losses
|
|
|
1,188
|
|
|
|
(27
|
)
|
|
|
(1
|
)
|
|
Contingency fee revenue
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
336
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Guarantor serving fees
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
156
|
|
|
Collections revenue
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
269
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Other income
|
|
|
194
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
218
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total other income
|
|
|
194
|
|
|
|
605
|
|
|
|
374
|
|
|
Operating
expenses(1)
|
|
|
709
|
|
|
|
390
|
|
|
|
341
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income before income taxes and minority interest in net earnings
of subsidiaries
|
|
|
673
|
|
|
|
188
|
|
|
|
32
|
|
|
Income tax
expense(2)
|
|
|
249
|
|
|
|
70
|
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
“Core Earnings” net income
|
|
$
|
424
|
|
|
$
|
116
|
|
|
$
|
20
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) |
|
Operating expenses for the Lending,
APG, and Corporate and Other reportable segments include
$31 million, $11 million, and $15 million,
respectively, of stock option compensation expense, and
$19 million, $2 million and $2 million,
respectively, of severance expense.
|
| |
|
(2) |
|
Income taxes are based on a
percentage of net income before tax for the individual
reportable segment.
|
52
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year Ended
|
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2006
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Corporate
|
|
|
|
|
Lending
|
|
|
APG
|
|
|
and Other
|
|
|
|
|
Interest income:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans
|
|
$
|
2,771
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
FFELP Consolidation Loans
|
|
|
4,690
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Private Education Loans
|
|
|
2,092
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Other loans
|
|
|
98
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Cash and investments
|
|
|
705
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total interest income
|
|
|
10,356
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
Total interest expense
|
|
|
7,877
|
|
|
|
23
|
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income (loss)
|
|
|
2,479
|
|
|
|
(23
|
)
|
|
|
(5
|
)
|
|
Less: provisions for loan losses
|
|
|
303
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income (loss) after provisions for loan losses
|
|
|
2,176
|
|
|
|
(23
|
)
|
|
|
(5
|
)
|
|
Contingency fee revenue
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
397
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Guarantor servicing fees
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
132
|
|
|
Collections revenue
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
239
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Other income
|
|
|
177
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
155
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total other income
|
|
|
177
|
|
|
|
636
|
|
|
|
287
|
|
|
Operating
expenses(1)
|
|
|
645
|
|
|
|
358
|
|
|
|
250
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income before income taxes and minority interest in net earnings
of subsidiaries
|
|
|
1,708
|
|
|
|
255
|
|
|
|
32
|
|
|
Income tax
expense(2)
|
|
|
632
|
|
|
|
94
|
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
“Core Earnings” net income
|
|
$
|
1,076
|
|
|
$
|
157
|
|
|
$
|
20
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) |
|
Operating expenses for the Lending,
APG, and Corporate and Other reportable segments include
$34 million, $12 million, and $17 million,
respectively, of stock option compensation expense.
|
| |
|
(2) |
|
Income taxes are based on a
percentage of net income before tax for the individual
reportable segment.
|
53
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year Ended
|
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2005
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Corporate
|
|
|
|
|
Lending
|
|
|
APG
|
|
|
and Other
|
|
|
|
|
Interest income:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FFELP Stafford and Other Student Loans
|
|
$
|
2,298
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
FFELP Consolidation Loans
|
|
|
3,014
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Private Education Loans
|
|
|
1,160
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Other loans
|
|
|
85
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Cash and investments
|
|
|
396
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total interest income
|
|
|
6,953
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
Total interest expense
|
|
|
4,798
|
|
|
|
19
|
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income (loss)
|
|
|
2,155
|
|
|
|
(19
|
)
|
|
|
(1
|
)
|
|
Less: provisions for loan losses
|
|
|
138
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income (loss) after provisions for loan losses
|
|
|
2,017
|
|
|
|
(19
|
)
|
|
|
(1
|
)
|
|
Contingency fee revenue
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
360
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Guarantor serving fees
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
115
|
|
|
Collections revenue
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
167
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Other income
|
|
|
111
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
125
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total other income
|
|
|
111
|
|
|
|
527
|
|
|
|
240
|
|
|
Operating expenses
|
|
|
547
|
|
|
|
288
|
|
|
|
235
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income before income taxes and minority interest in net earnings
of subsidiaries
|
|
|
1,581
|
|
|
|
220
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
Income tax
expense(1)
|
|
|
586
|
|
|
|
81
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
“Core Earnings” net income
|
|
$
|
993
|
|
|
$
|
135
|
|
|
$
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) |
|
Income taxes are based on a
percentage of net income before tax for the individual
reportable segment.
|
Limitations of “Core Earnings”
While GAAP provides a uniform, comprehensive basis of
accounting, for the reasons described above, management believes
that
“Core Earnings” are an important additional tool
for providing a more complete understanding of the
Company’s results of operations. Nevertheless,
“Core
Earnings” are subject to certain general and specific
limitations that investors should carefully consider. For
example, as stated above, unlike financial accounting, there is
no comprehensive, authoritative guidance for management
reporting. Our
“Core Earnings” are not defined terms
within GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled
measures reported by other companies. Unlike GAAP,
“Core
Earnings” reflect only current period adjustments to GAAP.
Accordingly,
the Company’s
“Core Earnings”
presentation does not represent a comprehensive basis of
accounting. Investors, therefore, may not compare our
Company’s performance with that of other financial services
companies based upon
“Core Earnings.” “Core
Earnings” results are only meant to supplement GAAP results
by providing additional information regarding the operational
and performance indicators that are most closely used by
management,
the Company’s board of directors, rating
agencies and lenders to assess performance.
Other limitations arise from the specific adjustments that
management makes to GAAP results to derive “Core
Earnings” results. For example, in reversing the unrealized
gains and losses that result from SFAS No. 133,
“Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging
Activities,” on derivatives that do not qualify for
“hedge treatment,” as well as on derivatives that do
qualify but are in part ineffective because they are not perfect
hedges, we focus on the long-term economic effectiveness of
those instruments relative to the underlying hedged item and
isolate the effects of interest rate volatility, changing credit
spreads and changes in our stock price on the fair value of such
instruments during the period. Under GAAP, the effects of these
54
factors on the fair value of the derivative instruments (but not
on the underlying hedged item) tend to show more volatility in
the short term. While our presentation of our results on a
“Core Earnings” basis provides important information
regarding the performance of our Managed portfolio, a limitation
of this presentation is that we are presenting the ongoing
spread income on loans that have been sold to a trust managed by
us. While we believe that our
“Core Earnings”
presentation presents the economic substance of our Managed loan
portfolio, it understates earnings volatility from
securitization gains. Our
“Core Earnings” results
exclude certain Floor Income, which is real cash income, from
our reported results and therefore may understate earnings in
certain periods. Management’s financial planning and
valuation of operating results, however, does not take into
account Floor Income because of its inherent uncertainty, except
when it is economically hedged through Floor Income
Contracts.
Pre-tax
Differences between “Core Earnings” and GAAP by
Business Segment
Our
“Core Earnings” are the primary financial
performance measures used by management to evaluate performance
and to allocate resources. Accordingly, financial information is
reported to management on a
“Core Earnings” basis by
reportable segment, as these are the measures used regularly by
our chief operating decision makers. Our
“Core
Earnings” are used in developing our financial plans and
tracking results, and also in establishing corporate performance
targets and determining incentive compensation. Management
believes this information provides additional insight into the
financial performance of
the Company’s core business
activities.
“Core Earnings” net income reflects only
current period adjustments to GAAP net income, as described in
the more detailed discussion of the differences between
“Core Earnings” and GAAP that follows, which includes
further detail on each specific adjustment required to reconcile
our
“Core Earnings” segment presentation to our GAAP
earnings.
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Years Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
|
2007
|
|
|
2006
|
|
|
2005
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Corporate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Corporate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Corporate
|
|
|
|
|
Lending
|
|
|
APG
|
|
|
and Other
|
|
|
Lending
|
|
|
APG
|
|
|
and Other
|
|
|
Lending
|
|
|
APG
|
|
|
and Other
|
|
|
|
|
“Core Earnings” adjustments:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net impact of securitization accounting
|
|
$
|
247
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
532
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(60
|
)
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
Net impact of derivative accounting
|
|
|
217
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
(1,558
|
)
|
|
|
131
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
(360
|
)
|
|
|
516
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
121
|
|
|
Net impact of Floor Income
|
|
|
(169
|
)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
(209
|
)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
(204
|
)
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Net impact of acquired intangibles
|
|
|
(55
|
)
|
|
|
(28
|
)
|
|
|
(29
|
)
|
|
|
(49
|
)
|
|
|
(34
|
)
|
|
|
(11
|
)
|
|
|
(42
|
)
|
|
|
(15
|
)
|
|
|
(4
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total “Core Earnings” adjustments to
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GAAP
|
|
$
|
240
|
|
|
$
|
(28
|
)
|
|
$
|
(1,587
|
)
|
|
$
|
405
|
|
|
$
|
(34
|
)
|
|
$
|
(371
|
)
|
|
$
|
210
|
|
|
$
|
(15
|
)
|
|
$
|
117
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1) Securitization Accounting: Under GAAP,
certain securitization transactions in our Lending operating
segment are accounted for as sales of assets. Under “Core
Earnings” for the Lending operating segment, we present all
securitization transactions on a “Core Earnings” basis
as long-term non-recourse financings. The upfront
“gains” on sale from securitization transactions as
well as ongoing “servicing and securitization revenue”
presented in accordance with GAAP are excluded from “Core
Earnings” and are replaced by the interest income,
provisions for loan losses, and interest expense as they are
earned or incurred on the securitization loans. We also exclude
transactions with our off-balance sheet trusts from “Core
Earnings” as they are considered intercompany transactions
on a “Core Earnings” basis.
55
The following table summarizes
“Core Earnings”
securitization adjustments for the Lending operating segment for
the years ended
December 31, 2007,
2006 and
2005.
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Years Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
|
2007
|
|
|
2006
|
|
|
2005
|
|
|
|
|
“Core Earnings” securitization adjustments:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income on securitized loans, before provisions for
loan losses and before intercompany transactions
|
|
$
|
(818
|
)
|
|
$
|
(896
|
)
|
|
$
|
(870
|
)
|
|
Provisions for loan losses
|
|
|
380
|
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
|
(65
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income on securitized loans, after provisions for
loan losses, before intercompany transactions
|
|
|
(438
|
)
|
|
|
(880
|
)
|
|
|
(935
|
)
|
|
Intercompany transactions with off-balance sheet trusts
|
|
|
(119
|
)
|
|
|
(43
|
)
|
|
|
(34
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income on securitized loans, after provisions for
loan losses
|
|
|
(557
|
)
|
|
|
(923
|
)
|
|
|
(969
|
)
|
|
Gains on student loan securitizations
|
|
|
367
|
|
|
|
902
|
|
|
|
552
|
|
|
Servicing and securitization revenue
|
|
|
437
|
|
|
|
553
|
|
|
|
357
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total “Core Earnings” securitization adjustments
|
|
$
|
247
|
|
|
$
|
532
|
|
|
$
|
(60
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
“Intercompany transactions with off-balance sheet
trusts” in the above table relates primarily to the losses
incurred through the repurchase of delinquent loans out of our
off-balance sheet securitization trusts. When Private Education
Loans in our securitization trusts settling before
September 30, 2005, become 180 days delinquent, we
typically exercise our contingent call option to repurchase
these loans at par value out of the trust and record a loss for
the difference in the par value paid and the fair market value
of the loan at the time of purchase. The significant increase in
these intercompany transactions from 2006 to 2007 was driven
primarily by the increase in delinquency trends and charge-offs
during 2007 associated with our Private Education Loan
portfolio. We do not hold the contingent call option for any
trusts settled after
September 30, 2005.
2)
Derivative Accounting: “Core
Earnings” exclude periodic unrealized gains and losses that
are caused primarily by the one-sided mark-to-market derivative
valuations prescribed by SFAS No. 133 on derivatives
that do not qualify for
“hedge treatment” under GAAP.
These unrealized gains and losses occur in our Lending operating
segment and in our Corporate and Other reportable segment as it
relates to equity forwards. In our
“Core Earnings”
presentation, we recognize the economic effect of these hedges,
which generally results in any cash paid or received being
recognized ratably as an expense or revenue over the hedged
item’s life.
“Core Earnings” also exclude the
gain or loss on equity forward
contracts that under
SFAS No. 133, are required to be accounted for as
derivatives and are marked-to-market through earnings.
SFAS No. 133 requires that changes in the fair value
of derivative instruments be recognized currently in earnings
unless specific hedge accounting criteria, as specified by
SFAS No. 133, are met. We believe that our derivatives
are effective economic hedges, and as such, are a critical
element of our interest rate risk management strategy. However,
some of our derivatives, primarily Floor Income
Contracts,
certain basis swaps and equity forward
contracts (discussed in
detail below), do not qualify for
“hedge treatment” as
defined by SFAS No. 133, and the stand-alone
derivative must be marked-to-market in the income statement with
no consideration for the corresponding change in fair value of
the hedged item. The gains and losses described in
“Gains
(losses) on derivative and hedging activities, net” are
primarily caused by interest rate and foreign currency exchange
rate volatility, changing credit spreads and changes in our
stock price during the period as well as the volume and term of
derivatives not receiving hedge treatment.
Our Floor Income
Contracts are written options that must meet
more stringent requirements than other hedging relationships to
achieve hedge effectiveness under SFAS No. 133.
Specifically, our Floor Income
Contracts do not qualify for
hedge accounting treatment because the paydown of principal of
the student loans underlying the Floor Income embedded in those
student loans does not exactly match the change in the notional
amount of our written Floor Income
Contracts. Under
SFAS No. 133, the upfront payment is deemed a
liability and changes in fair value are recorded through income
throughout the life of the
contract. The
56
change in the value of Floor Income
Contracts is primarily
caused by changing interest rates that cause the amount of Floor
Income earned on the underlying student loans and paid to the
counterparties to vary. This is economically offset by the
change in value of the student loan portfolio, including our
Retained Interests, earning Floor In