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As Of Filer Filing As/For/On Docs:Pgs Issuer Agent
9/26/08 Putnam Funds Trust 485APOS 1:130 McMunn Associates Inc/FA
Putnam Funds Trust
Document/Exhibit Description Pages Size 1: 485APOS Putnam Funds Trust HTML 1,029K
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| a_sector485a.htm |
| As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on | ||
| September 26, 2008 | ||
| Registration No. 333-515 | ||
| 811-07513 | ||
|
| ||
| SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION | ||
| WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 | ||
| --------------- | ||
| FORM N-1A | ||
| ---- | ||
| REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 | / X / | |
| ---- | ||
| ---- | ||
| Pre-Effective Amendment No. | / / | |
| ---- | ||
| ---- | ||
| Post-Effective Amendment No. 84 | / X / | |
| and | ---- | |
| ---- | ||
| REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY | / X / | |
| ACT OF 1940 | ---- | |
| ---- | ||
| Amendment No. 85 | / X / | |
| (Check appropriate box or boxes) | ---- | |
| --------------- | ||
| PUTNAM FUNDS TRUST | ||
| (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter) | ||
| One Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109 | ||
| (Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code) | ||
| Registrant's Telephone Number, including Area Code | ||
| (617) 292-1000 | ||
| ----------------- | ||
| It is proposed that this filing will become effective | ||
| (check appropriate box) | ||
| ---- | ||
| / / | immediately upon filing pursuant to paragraph (b) | |
| ---- | ||
| ---- | ||
| / / | on (date) pursuant to paragraph (b) | |
| ---- | ||
| ---- | ||
| / / | 60 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) | |
| ---- | ||
| ---- | ||
| / / | on (date) pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) | |
| ---- | ||
| ---- | ||
| / X / | 75 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) | |
| ---- | ||
| ---- | ||
| / / | on (date) pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 485. | |
| ---- | ||
| If appropriate, check the following box: | ||
| ---- | ||
| / / | this post-effective amendment designates a new | |
| ---- | effective date for a previously filed post-effective amendment. | |
| -------------- | ||
| BETH S. MAZOR, Vice President | ||
| PUTNAM FUNDS TRUST | ||
| One Post Office Square | ||
| Boston, Massachusetts 02109 | ||
| (Name and address of agent for service) | ||
| --------------- | ||
| Copy to: | ||
| JOHN W. GERSTMAYR, Esquire | ||
| ROPES & GRAY LLP | ||
| One International Place | ||
| Boston, Massachusetts 02110 | ||
| --------------------- | ||
| This Post-Effective Amendment relates solely to the Registrant's Putnam Global | ||
| Consumer Fund, Putnam Global Energy Fund, Putnam Global Financial Fund, Putnam | ||
| Global Industrial Fund, Putnam Global Technology Fund and Putnam Global | ||
| Telecommunication Fund. Information contained in the Registrant's Registration | ||
| Statement relating to any other series of the Registrant is neither amended nor superseded | ||
| hereby. | ||
| Prospectus (Subject to completion) |
| __________, 2009 |
| Putnam Global Consumer Fund |
| Putnam Global Energy Fund |
| Putnam Global Financial Fund |
| Putnam Global Industrial Fund |
| Putnam Global Technology Fund |
| Putnam Global Telecommunication Fund |
Class A, B, C, M, R and Y shares
Investment Category: Blend
This prospectus explains what you should know about these mutual funds before you invest. Please read it carefully.
Putnam Investment Management, LLC (Putnam Management), which has managed mutual funds since 1937, manages these funds. These securities have not been approved or disapproved by the Securities and Exchange Commission nor has the Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any statement to the contrary is a crime.
You may be eligible for a reduced sales charge. See How do I buy fund shares? for details.
The information in this Prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This Prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.
CONTENTS
| [ ] Fund summaries |
| [ ] Goals |
| [ ] Main investment strategies |
| [ ] Main risks |
| [ ] Investor profiles |
| [ ] Past performance |
| [ ] Costs associated with your investment |
| [ ] What are each fund's main investment strategies and related risks? |
| 1 |
| [ ] Who oversees and manages the fund? |
| [ ] How do the funds price their shares? |
| [ ] How do I buy fund shares? |
| [ ] How do I sell or exchange fund shares? |
| [ ] Policy on excessive short-term trading |
| [ ] Distribution plans and payments to dealers |
| [ ] Fund distributions and taxes |
| 2 |
Fund summaries
GOALS
Each fund seeks capital appreciation.
MAIN INVESTMENT STRATEGIES - GLOBAL STOCKS
Global Consumer Fund. We invest mainly in common stocks of companies worldwide engaged in the consumer staples and consumer discretionary products and services industries that we believe have favorable investment potential. For example, we may purchase stocks of companies with stock prices that reflect a value lower than that which we place on the company. We also consider other factors we believe will cause the stock price to rise. Under normal circumstances, we invest at least 80% of the fund's net assets in securities of companies in the consumer staples and consumer discretionary products and services industries. We consider a company to be in the consumer staples and consumer discretionary products and services industries if at the time of investment we determine that at least 50% of the company's assets, revenues or profits are derived from these industries. We invest mainly in midsized and large companies, although we can invest in companies of any size.
Global Energy Fund. We invest mainly in common stocks of companies worldwide in the energy industries that we believe have favorable investment potential. For example, we may purchase stocks of companies with stock prices that reflect a value lower than that which we place on the company. We also consider other factors we believe will cause the stock price to rise. Under normal circumstances, we invest at least 80% of the fund's net assets in securities of companies in the energy industries. We consider a company to be in the energy industries if at the time of investment we determine that at least 50% of the company's assets, revenues or profits are derived from these industries. We invest mainly in midsized and large companies, although we can invest in companies of any size.
Global Financial Fund. We invest mainly in common stocks of companies worldwide in the financial industries that we believe have favorable investment potential. For example, we may purchase stocks of companies with stock prices that reflect a value lower than that which we place on the company. We also consider other factors we believe will cause the stock price to rise. Under normal circumstances, we invest at least 80% of the fund's net assets in securities of companies in the financial industries. We consider a company to be in the financial industries if at the time of investment we determine that at least 50% of the company's assets, revenues or profits are derived from these industries. We invest mainly in midsized and large companies, although we can invest in companies of any size.
Global Industrial Fund. We invest mainly in common stocks of companies worldwide in the industrial products, services or equipment industries that we believe have favorable investment potential. For example, we may purchase stocks of companies with stock
| 3 |
prices that reflect a value lower than that which we place on the company. We also consider other factors we believe will cause the stock price to rise. Under normal circumstances, we invest at least 80% of the fund's net assets in securities of companies in the industrial products, services or equipment industries. We consider a company to be in the industrial products, services or equipment industries if at the time of investment we determine that at least 50% of the company's assets, revenues or profits are derived from these industries. We invest mainly in midsized and large companies, although we can invest in companies of any size.
Global Technology Fund. We invest mainly in common stocks of companies worldwide in the technology industries that we believe have favorable investment potential. For example, we may purchase stocks of companies with stock prices that reflect a value lower than that which we place on the company. We also consider other factors we believe will cause the stock price to rise. Under normal circumstances, we invest at least 80% of the fund's net assets in securities of companies in the technology industries. We consider a company to be in the technology industries if at the time of investment we determine that at least 50% of the company's assets, revenues or profits are derived from these industries. We invest mainly in midsized and large companies, although we can invest in companies of any size.
Global Telecommunication Fund. We invest mainly in common stocks of companies worldwide in the telecommunication industries that we believe have favorable investment potential. For example, we may purchase stocks of companies with stock prices that reflect a value lower than that which we place on the company. We also consider other factors we believe will cause the stock price to rise. Under normal circumstances, we invest at least 80% of the fund's net assets in securities of companies in the telecommunication industries. We consider a company to be in the telecommunication industries if at the time of investment we determine that at least 50% of the company's assets, revenues or profits are derived from these industries. We invest mainly in midsized and large companies, although we can invest in companies of any size.
MAIN RISKS
The main risks that could adversely affect the value of each fund's shares and the total return on your investment include:
» The risks of investing outside the United States, such as currency fluctuations, economic or financial instability, lack of timely or reliable financial information and unfavorable political or legal developments. These risks are increased for investments in emerging markets.
» The risks of investing in a limited group of industries. Investments in a limited group of industries, even though representing interests in different companies within these industries, may be affected by common economic forces and other factors. This vulnerability to factors affecting the group of industries in which the fund invests is
| 4 |
significantly greater than it would be for a fund that invests in a broader range of industries, and may result in greater fund losses and volatility.
» The risk of investing in fewer issuers than a fund that invests more broadly. Each fund is “non-diversified,” which means that it may invest more of its assets in the securities of fewer issuers than a “diversified” fund. Each fund’s ability to invest in fewer issuers increases its vulnerability to factors affecting a single investment; therefore a fund may be more exposed to the risks of loss and volatility than a fund that invests more broadly.
» The risk that the stock price of one or more of the companies in a fund's portfolio will fall, or will fail to rise. Many factors can adversely affect a stock's performance, including both general financial market conditions and factors related to a specific company or industry. This risk is generally greater for small and midsized companies, which tend to be more vulnerable to adverse developments.
» The risk that movements in financial markets will adversely affect the price of each fund's investments, regardless of how well the companies in which we invest perform.
You can lose money by investing in a fund. A fund may not achieve its goal, and is not intended as a complete investment program. An investment in a fund is not a deposit in a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.
INVESTOR PROFILES
Each fund is designed for investors seeking capital appreciation and who are willing to wait out short-term market fluctuations. Each fund discourages short-term trading activity. An investment in a fund should not be your sole investment. However, any or all of the funds may be appropriate as part of a portfolio of funds with different investment strategies, such as growth, blend, value, and income. Ask your financial representative for details.
PAST PERFORMANCE
Performance information for each fund will be available after each fund completes a full calendar year of operation.
| 5 |
COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH YOUR INVESTMENT
Maximum sales charges and redemption fees (paid directly from your investment)
Most Putnam funds include a sales charge when you purchase shares in order to compensate your financial representative for asset allocation and other services. Putnam funds offer a variety of share classes to accommodate different ways of paying the sales charge (up front or over time). It is important to understand that the share classes with low or no up-front sales charge may impose higher ongoing expenses. To discourage short-term trading, most Putnam funds also charge a redemption fee for shares sold or exchanged within 7 days of purchase (within 90 days for certain Putnam funds, including these funds).
This table summarizes the fees and expenses you may pay if you invest in a fund. Expenses represent estimates for a fund’s first fiscal year, which ends on August 31, 2009.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)*
| Maximum Sales Charge | Maximum Deferred Sales Charge | Maximum Redemption | |
| (Load) Imposed on | (Load) (as a percentage of the original | Fee*** (as a percentage | |
| Purchases (as a percentage | purchase price or redemption | of total redemption | |
| of the offering price) | proceeds, whichever is lower) | proceeds) | |
|
| |||
| Class A | 5.75% | NONE** | 1.00% |
|
| |||
| Class B | NONE | 5.00% | 1.00% |
|
| |||
| Class C | NONE | 1.00% | 1.00% |
|
| |||
| Class M | 3.50% | NONE** | 1.00% |
|
| |||
| Class R | NONE | NONE | 1.00% |
|
| |||
| Class Y | NONE | NONE | 1.00% |
|
| |||
* Certain investments in class A and class M shares may qualify for discounts on applicable sales charges. See How do I buy fund shares? for details.
** A deferred sales charge of 1.00% on class A shares and of 0.65% on class M shares may be imposed on certain redemptions of shares bought without an initial sales charge.
*** A 1.00% redemption fee (also referred to as a "short-term trading fee") may apply to any shares that are redeemed (either by selling or exchanging into another fund) within 90 days of purchase.
| 6 |
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses <> (expenses that are deducted from fund assets)
All mutual funds pay ongoing fees for investment management and other services. These charges, expressed as a percentage of fund assets, are known as the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses.
The table below shows each fund’s estimated annual operating expenses for its first fiscal year which ends on August 31, 2009.
Putnam Global Consumer Fund
| Total | ||||||||||||
| Annual | ||||||||||||
| Distribution | Other | Fund | ||||||||||
| Management | and Service | Expenses | Operating | Expense | ||||||||
| Fees | (12b-1) Fees | ^ | Expenses | Reimbursement | Net Expenses | |||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class A | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class B | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
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| Class C | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class M | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class R | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class Y | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
Putnam Global Energy Fund
| Total | ||||||||||||
| Annual | ||||||||||||
| Distribution | Other | Fund | ||||||||||
| Management | and Service | Expenses | Operating | Expense | ||||||||
| Fees | (12b-1) Fees | ^ | Expenses | Reimbursement | Net Expenses | |||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class A | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class B | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class C | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
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| Class M | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class R | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class Y | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
Putnam Global Financial Fund
| Total | ||||||||||||
| Annual | ||||||||||||
| Distribution | Other | Fund | ||||||||||
| Management | and Service | Expenses | Operating | Expense | ||||||||
| Fees | (12b-1) Fees | ^ | Expenses | Reimbursement | Net Expenses | |||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class A | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class B | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class C | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class M | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class R | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
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| 7 |
| Class Y | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
Putnam Global Industrial Fund
| Total | ||||||||||||
| Annual | ||||||||||||
| Distribution | Other | Fund | ||||||||||
| Management | and Service | Expenses | Operating | Expense | ||||||||
| Fees | (12b-1) Fees | ^ | Expenses | Reimbursement | Net Expenses | |||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class A | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class B | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class C | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class M | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class R | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
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| Class Y | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
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Putnam Global Technology Fund
| Total | ||||||||||||
| Annual | ||||||||||||
| Distribution | Other | Fund | ||||||||||
| Management | and Service | Expenses | Operating | Expense | ||||||||
| Fees | (12b-1) Fees | ^ | Expenses | Reimbursement | Net Expenses | |||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class A | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class B | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
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| Class C | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
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| Class M | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
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| Class R | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
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| Class Y | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
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Putnam Global Telecommunication Fund
| Total | ||||||||||||
| Annual | ||||||||||||
| Distribution | Other | Fund | ||||||||||
| Management | and Service | Expenses | Operating | Expense | ||||||||
| Fees | (12b-1) Fees | ^ | Expenses | Reimbursement | Net Expenses | |||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Class A | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
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| Class B | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
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| Class C | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
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| Class M | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
|
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| Class R | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
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| Class Y | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | ||||||
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^ Includes estimated expenses attributable to the fund’s investments in other investment companies that the fund bears indirectly.
<> Reflects Putnam Management’s contractual obligation to limit fund expenses through 8/31/09. For information regarding expense limitations, see Charges and Expenses in the Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”).
| 8 |
How do these fees and expenses look in dollar terms?
This example takes the maximum up-front sales charge (or applicable contingent deferred sales charge) and annual operating expenses for each share class and translates them into dollar amounts, showing the cumulative effect of these costs over time. This helps you more easily compare the cost of investing in the fund to the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The example makes certain assumptions. It assumes that you invest $10,000 in a fund for the time periods shown and then, except as shown for class B shares and class C shares, redeem all your shares at the end of those periods. It also assumes a 5% return on your investment each year and that a fund’s operating expenses remain the same, except for amortization of offering costs which applies only to one year in the example. The example is hypothetical; your actual costs and returns may be higher or lower.
EXAMPLE: Sales charge plus annual operating expenses on a $10,000 investment over time
Putnam Global Consumer Fund
| 1 year | 3 years | ||
|
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|||
| Class A | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class B | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class B (no redemption) | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class C | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class C (no redemption) | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class M | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class R | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class Y | $_____ | $_____ | |
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Putnam Global Energy Fund
| 1 year | 3 years | ||
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| Class A | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class B | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class B (no redemption) | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class C | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class C (no redemption) | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class M | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class R | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class Y | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| 9 |
Putnam Global Financial Fund
| 1 year | 3 years | ||
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| Class A | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class B | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class B (no redemption) | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class C | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class C (no redemption) | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class M | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class R | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class Y | $_____ | $_____ | |
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Putnam Global Industrial Fund
| 1 year | 3 years | ||
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| Class A | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class B | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class B (no redemption) | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class C | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class C (no redemption) | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class M | $_____ | $_____ | |
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| Class R | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class Y | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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Putnam Global Technology Fund
| 1 year | 3 years | ||
|
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| Class A | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class B | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class B (no redemption) | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class C | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
|
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| Class C (no redemption) | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class M | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class R | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class Y | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
|
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Putnam Global Telecommunication Fund
| 1 year | 3 years | ||
|
|
|||
| Class A | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
|
|||
| Class B | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
|
|||
| Class B (no redemption) | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| 10 |
| Class C | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class C (no redemption) | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class M | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class R | $_____ | $_____ | |
|
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| Class Y | $_____ | $_____ | |
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What are each fund's main investment strategies and related risks?
This section contains greater detail on each fund’s main investment strategies and the related risks you would face as a fund shareholder. It is important to keep in mind that risk and reward generally go hand in hand; the higher the potential reward, the greater the risk. As mentioned in the fund summary, we pursue the fund's goal by investing mainly in stocks of companies worldwide in the group of industries indicated by the fund’s name. We may consider, among other factors, a company’s valuation, financial strength, competitive position in its industry, projected future earnings, cash flows and dividends when deciding whether to buy or sell investments.
»Common stocks. Common stock represents an ownership interest in a company. The value of a company’s stock may fall as a result of factors directly relating to that company, such as decisions made by its management or lower demand for the company’s products or services. A stock’s value may also fall because of factors affecting not just the company, but also companies in the same industry or in a number of different industries, such as increases in production costs. The value of a company’s stock may also be affected by changes in financial markets that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as changes in interest rates or currency exchange rates. In addition, a company’s stock generally pays dividends only after the company invests in its own business and makes required payments to holders of its bonds and other debt. For this reason, the value of a company’s stock will usually react more strongly than its bonds and other debt to actual or perceived changes in the company’s financial condition or prospects. Stocks of smaller companies may be more vulnerable to adverse developments than those of larger companies.
-Growth stocks. Stocks of companies we believe are fast-growing may trade at a higher multiple of current earnings than other stocks. The value of such stocks may be more sensitive to changes in current or expected earnings than the values of other stocks. If our assessment of the prospects for a company's earnings growth is wrong, or if our judgment of how other investors will value the company's earnings growth is wrong, then the price of the company's stock may fall or not approach the value that we have placed on it.
-Value stocks. Companies we believe are undergoing positive change and whose stock we believe is undervalued by the market may have experienced adverse business developments or may be subject to special risks that have caused their stocks to be out of favor. If our assessment of a company’s prospects is wrong, or if other investors do not
| 11 |
similarly recognize the value of the company, then the price of the company’s stock may fall or may not approach the value that we have placed on it.
»Foreign investments. Foreign investments involve certain special risks, including:
» Unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates: Foreign investments are typically issued and traded in foreign currencies. As a result, their values may be affected by changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar.
» Political and economic developments: Foreign investments may be subject to the risks of seizure by a foreign government, imposition of restrictions on the exchange or export of foreign currency, and tax increases.
» Unreliable or untimely information: There may be less information publicly available about a foreign company than about most U.S. companies, and foreign companies are usually not subject to accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and practices as stringent as those in the United States.
» Limited legal recourse: Legal remedies for investors may be more limited than the remedies available in the United States.
» Limited markets: Certain foreign investments may be less liquid (harder to buy and sell) and more volatile than most U.S. investments, which means we may at times be unable to sell these foreign investments at desirable prices. For the same reason, we may at times find it difficult to value the fund's foreign investments.
» Trading practices: Brokerage commissions and other fees are generally higher for foreign investments than for U.S. investments. The procedures and rules governing foreign transactions and custody may also involve delays in payment, delivery or recovery of money or investments.
The risks of foreign investments are typically increased in less developed countries, which are sometimes referred to as emerging markets. For example, political and economic structures in these countries may be changing rapidly, which can cause instability. These countries are also more likely to experience high levels of inflation, deflation or currency devaluation, which could hurt their economies and securities markets. For these and other reasons, investments in emerging markets are often considered speculative.
Certain of these risks may also apply to some extent to U.S.-traded investments that are denominated in foreign currencies, investments in U.S. companies that are traded in foreign markets or investments in U.S. companies that have significant foreign operations.
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» Industry focus
Global Consumer Fund - We invest mainly in companies that we consider to be principally engaged in the manufacture, sale or distribution of consumer staples and consumer discretionary products and services. Consumer staples are generally essential products for which demand tends to remain stable over economic cycles, such as food, beverages, tobacco and household and personal care products. Consumer discretionary products and services are generally non-essential products and services for which demand tends to increase as consumers’ disposable income increases, such as automobiles, apparel, electronics, home furnishings, and travel and leisure products and services. Events that affect the consumer staples and consumer discretionary products and services industries will have a greater effect on the fund than they would on a fund that is more widely diversified among a number of unrelated industries. For example, the consumer staples industries can be significantly affected by demographic and product trends, competitive pricing, marketing campaigns, environmental factors, government regulation, the performance of the overall economy, interest rates and consumer confidence. Similarly, the consumer discretionary industries can be significantly affected by the performance of the overall economy, interest rates, competition, consumer confidence, disposable household income and consumer spending, and changes in demographics and consumer tastes.
Global Energy Fund – We invest mainly in companies that we consider to be principally engaged in the energy field, including the exploration, production, development and refinement of conventional sources of energy such as oil, gas, electricity and coal, and alternative sources of energy such as nuclear, geothermal, oil shale, wind and solar power. Events that affect the energy industries will have a greater effect on the fund than they would on a fund that is more widely diversified among a number of unrelated industries. For example, the energy industries can be significantly affected by fluctuations in energy prices and supply and demand of energy fuels, energy conservation, exploration and production spending, the success of exploration projects, tax and other government regulations, weather or meteorological events, world events and economic conditions.
Global Financial Fund – We invest mainly in companies that we consider to be principally engaged in the financial services industries, such as commercial and investment banks, savings and loans organizations, brokerage and asset management firms, insurance companies, real estate investment trusts and real estate investment and development companies. Events that affect the financial services industries will have a greater effect on the fund than they would on a fund that is more widely diversified among a number of unrelated industries. For example, financial services companies can be significantly affected by availability and cost of capital funds and changes in interest rates, insurance claims activity and general economic conditions. Financial services companies are subject to extensive government regulations, which can limit the types and amounts of loans and other commitments they make and the interest rates and fees they charge and can have a significant impact on profitability. Losses resulting from financial difficulties of borrowers and declines in the value of assets can negatively
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impact the financial services industries. The financial services industries are also subject to relatively rapid changes as a result of industry consolidation trends which may result in distinctions between different financial service segments (for example, banking, insurance and brokerage businesses) becoming less clear.
Global Industrial Fund – We invest mainly in companies that we consider to be principally engaged in the research, development, manufacture, distribution, supply or sale of industrial products, services or equipment, which may include manufacturers of civil or military aerospace and defense equipment, building components and home improvement products and equipment, civil engineering firms and large-scale contractors, companies producing electrical components or equipment, manufacturers of industrial machinery and industrial components and products, providers of commercial printing services, and companies providing transportation services. Events that affect the industrial products, services or equipment industries will have a greater effect on the fund than they would on a fund that is more widely diversified among a number of unrelated industries. For example, the industrial products, services and equipments industries can be significantly affected by general economic trends, changes in consumer sentiment and spending, commodity prices, technological obsolescence, labor relations, legislation, government regulations and spending, import controls, and worldwide competition, and can be subject to liability for environmental damage, depletion of resources, and mandated expenditures for safety and pollution control.
Global Technology Fund – We invest mainly in companies that we believe have, or will develop, products, processes or services that will provide, or will benefit significantly from, technological advances and improvements. Events that affect the technology industries will have a greater effect on the fund than they would on a fund that is more widely diversified among a number of unrelated industries. For example, the technology industries can be significantly affected by obsolescence of existing technology, technological innovations, short product cycles, , falling prices and profits, competitive pressures such as new market entrants and aggressive pricing, and general economic conditions.
Global Telecommunication Fund – We invest mainly in companies that we consider to be principally engaged in the development, manufacture or sale of communications services or communications equipment. Events that affect the telecommunication industries will have a greater effect on the fund than they would on a fund that is more widely diversified among a number of unrelated industries. For example, the telecommunication industries can be significantly affected by federal and state government regulation of rates of return and services that may be offered, failure to obtain, or delays in obtaining, financial or regulatory approval, intense competition, communications equipment product incompatibility, changing consumer preferences, technological obsolescence, significant capital expenditures and heavy debt burdens.
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»Derivatives. We may engage in a variety of transactions involving derivatives, such as futures, options, warrants and swap contracts. Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value of something else, such as one or more underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies. We may make use of "short" derivatives positions, the values of which move in the opposite direction from the price of the underlying investment, pool of investments, index or currency. We may use derivatives both for hedging and non-hedging purposes. For example, we may use foreign currency transactions to increase or decrease a fund's exposure to a particular currency or group of currencies. We may also use derivatives as a substitute for a direct investment in the securities of one or more issuers. However, we may also choose not to use derivatives, based on our evaluation of market conditions or the availability of suitable derivatives. Investments in derivatives may be applied toward meeting a requirement to invest in a particular kind of investment if the derivatives have economic characteristics similar to that investment.
Derivatives involve special risks and may result in losses. The successful use of derivatives depends on our ability to manage these sophisticated instruments. Some derivatives are "leveraged," which means that they provide a fund with investment exposure greater than the value of the fund's investment in the derivatives. As a result, these derivatives may magnify or otherwise increase investment losses to the fund. The risk of loss from certain short derivatives positions is theoretically unlimited. The prices of derivatives may move in unexpected ways due to the use of leverage or other factors, especially in unusual market conditions, and may result in increased volatility.
Other risks arise from the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions. A liquid secondary market may not always exist for a fund's derivatives positions at any time. In fact, many over-the-counter instruments (investments not traded on an exchange) will not be liquid. Over-the-counter instruments also involve the risk that the other party to the derivatives transaction will not meet its obligations. For further information about the risks of derivatives, see the statement of additional information (SAI).
»Short sales. We may engage in short sales, which are transactions in which a the fund sells a security it does not own to a third party by borrowing the security in anticipation of purchasing the same security at the market price on a later date to close out the short position The price the fund pays at the later date may be more or less than the price at which the fund sold the security , and the fund will incur a loss if the price of the security sold short increases between the time of the short sale and the time the fund replaces the borrowed security. The fund’s investment strategy of reinvesting proceeds received from selling securities short may effectively create leverage, which can amplify the effects of market volatility on the fund’s share price and make the fund’s returns more volatile. This is because leverage tends to magnify the effect of any increase or decrease in the value of the fund’s portfolio securities. The use of leverage may also cause the fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its obligations.
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»Other investments. In addition to the main investment strategies described above, we may make other types of investments, such as investments in preferred stocks, convertible securities and debt instruments. The fund may also loan its portfolio securities to earn additional income. These practices may be subject to other risks, as described in the SAI.
»Alternative strategies. Under normal market conditions, we keep the fund's portfolio fully invested, with minimal cash holdings. However, at times we may judge that market conditions make pursuing the fund's usual investment strategies inconsistent with the best interests of its shareholders. We then may temporarily use alternative strategies that are mainly designed to limit losses, including investing solely in the United States. However, we may choose not to use these strategies for a variety of reasons, even in very volatile market conditions. These strategies may cause the fund to miss out on investment opportunities, and may prevent the fund from achieving its goal.
»Changes in policies. The Trustees may change the fund's goal, investment strategies and other policies without shareholder approval, except as otherwise indicated.
»Portfolio transactions and portfolio turnover rate. The fund's daily transactions on stock exchanges, commodities markets and futures markets involve costs that are reflected in the fund's total return but not in the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses. Additional information regarding Putnam's brokerage selection procedures is included in the SAI.
Because different types of funds use different trading procedures, investors should exercise caution when comparing brokerage commissions and combined cost ratios for different types of funds. For example, while brokerage commissions represent one component of the fund's transaction costs, they do not reflect any undisclosed amount of profit or "mark-up" included in the price paid by the fund for principal transactions (transactions made directly with a dealer or other counterparty), including most fixed income securities and certain derivatives. In addition, brokerage commissions do not reflect other elements of transaction costs, including the extent to which the fund's purchase and sale transactions may change the market price for an investment (the "market impact").
Another factor in transaction costs is the fund's portfolio turnover rate, which measures how frequently the fund buys and sells investments. A portfolio turnover rate of 100%, for example, would mean that the fund sold and replaced securities valued at 100% of the fund’s assets within a one-year period. Funds with high turnover may be more likely to realize capital gains that must be distributed to shareholders as taxable income. High turnover may also cause a fund to pay more brokerage commissions and other transactions costs, which may detract from performance. The fund’s portfolio turnover rate and the amount of brokerage commissions it pays will vary over time based on market conditions.
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Both the fund's portfolio turnover rate and the amount of brokerage commissions it pays will vary over time based on market conditions. High turnover may lead to increased costs and decreased performance and, for investors in taxable accounts, increased taxes.
»Portfolio holdings. The SAI includes a description of the fund's policies with respect to the disclosure of its portfolio holdings. For more specific information on the fund's portfolio, you may visit the Putnam Investments website, www.putnam.com/individual, where the fund's top 10 holdings and related portfolio information may be viewed monthly beginning approximately 15 days after the end of each month, and full portfolio holdings may be viewed beginning on the last business day of the month after the end of each calendar quarter. This information will remain available on the website until the fund files a Form N-CSR or N-Q with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for the period that includes the date of the information, after which such information can be found on the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov.
Who oversees and manages the funds?
THE FUNDS’ TRUSTEES
As a shareholder of a mutual fund, you have certain rights and protections, including representation by a Board of Trustees. The Putnam Funds’ Board of Trustees oversees the general conduct of each fund’s business and represents the interests of the Putnam fund shareholders. The Putnam Funds’ Board of Trustees includes Trustees who are elected by shareholder vote at least once every five years and at least 75% of whom are independent (not an officer of the fund or affiliated with Putnam Management).
The Trustees periodically review each fund’s investment performance and the quality of other services such as administration, custody, and investor services. At least annually, the Trustees review the fees paid to Putnam Management and its affiliates for providing or overseeing these services, as well as the overall level of the fund’s operating expenses. In carrying out their responsibilities, the Trustees are assisted by an administrative staff, auditors and legal counsel that are selected by the Trustees and are independent of Putnam Management and its affiliates.
Contacting the funds’ Trustees
Address correspondence to:
The Putnam Funds Trustees
One Post Office Square
Boston, MA 02109
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THE FUNDS’ INVESTMENT MANAGER
The Trustees have retained Putnam Management to be each fund's investment manager, responsible for making investment decisions for each fund and managing eachfund's other affairs and business. Each fund pays Putnam Management a monthly management fee for these services based on the respective fund's average net assets as follows:
[TO BE UPDATED UPON CONTRACT APPROVAL]
Putnam Management has retained its affiliate, Putnam Investments Limited (“PIL”), to manage a separate portion of the assets of each fund. Subject to the supervision of Putnam Management, PIL, which provides a full range of international investment advisory services to institutional and retail clients, is responsible for making investment decisions for the portion of the assets of each fund that it manages. Putnam Management (and not the funds) pays a quarterly sub-management fee to PIL for its services at an annual rate of [0.00%] of the average aggregate net asset value of the portion of the assets of the each managed by PIL. PIL’s address is Cassini House, 57-59 St James’s Street, London, England, SW1A 1LD.
Putnam Management and PIL have retained their affiliate, The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC ("PAC"), as a sub-adviser to manage a separate portion of the assets of each fund. Subject to the supervision of Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable, PAC is responsible for making investment decisions for the portion of the assets of each fund that it manages. Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable (and not the funds), pays a quarterly sub-advisory fee to PAC for its services at the annual rate of [0.00%] of the average aggregate net asset value of the portion of the assets of each fund managed by PAC. Putnam Management and PIL have also retained PAC to provide investment recommendations with respect to a portion of the assets of each fund, as designated from time to time by Putnam Management or PIL. Putnam Management or PIL, as applicable (and not the fund), pays a quarterly sub-advisory fee to PAC for its services at the annual rate of [0.00%] of the average net asset value of the portion of each fund’s assets for which PAC is engaged to provide investment recommendations. PAC, which provides financial services to institutions and individuals through separately-managed accounts and pooled investment vehicles, has its headquarters at One Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109.
In order to limit each fund’s expenses, Putnam Management has agreed to limit its compensation (and, to the extent necessary, bear other expenses of each fund) through August 31, 2009 to the extent that expenses of each fund (exclusive of brokerage, interest, taxes, extraordinary expenses, and payments under each fund's distribution plans) would exceed an annual rate of [0.00%] of each fund's average net assets. For the purpose of determining any such limitation on Putnam Management's compensation, expenses of the funds do not reflect the application of commissions or cash management credits that may reduce designated fund expenses.
Investment management team. Putnam Management’s investment professionals are organized into investment management teams, with a particular team dedicated to a
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specific asset class. The members of the Large Cap Equity Research Team manage each fund's investments. The names of all team members can be found at www.putnam.com/individual.
The team members identified as each fund’s Portfolio Leader and Portfolio Members coordinate the team's efforts related to each fund and are primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of each fund’s portfolio. In addition to these individuals, the team also includes other investment professionals, whose analysis, recommendations and research inform investment decisions made for each fund.
The principal managers of the funds
Putnam Global Consumer Fund
| Portfolio | Joined | Employer | Positions Over Past Five Years |
| Leaders | Fund | ||
|
| |||
| Walter Scully | 2008 | Putnam Investments | Analyst |
| 1996 – Present | |||
|
| |||
| Timothy | 2008 | Putnam Investments | Analyst |
| Codrington | 1997 – Present | ||
|
| |||
Other funds managed by the fund’s Portfolio Leaders. As of September 26, 2008, Portfolio Leader Walter Scully was also a Portfolio Member of Putnam Research Fund. Timothy Codrington and Walter Scully may manage other accounts and variable trust funds managed by Putnam Management or an affiliate. The SAI provides additional information about other accounts managed by these individuals.
Putnam Global Energy Fund
| Portfolio | Joined | Employer | Positions Over Past Five Years |
| Leaders | Fund | ||
|
| |||
| Steve Curbow | 2008 | Putnam Investments | Analyst |
| December 2008 - Present | |||
| Independence | Analyst, Portfolio Manager and | ||
| Investments, L.L.C. | Director of Fundamental Research | ||
| October, 1999 – 2008 | |||
|
| |||
| Jessica Wirth | 2008 | Putnam Investments | Analyst |
| 2004 – Present | Previously, Investment Associate | ||
|
| |||
Other funds managed by the fund’s Portfolio Leaders. As of September 26, 2008, Portfolio Leader Jessica Wirth was also a Portfolio Member of Putnam Global Natural Resources Fund. Steve Curbow and Jessica Wirth may manage other accounts and variable trust funds managed by Putnam Management or an affiliate. The SAI provides additional information about other accounts managed by these individuals.
Putnam Global Financial Fund
| Portfolio | Joined | Employer | Positions Over Past Five Years |
| Leaders | Fund | ||
|
| |||
| David Hilder | 2008 | Putnam Investments | Analyst, Sector Team Leader |
| 2008 – Present | |||
| Bear Stearns & Co. | Equity Research Analyst | ||
| 2001- July, 2008 | |||
|
| |||
| David Morgan | 2008 | Putnam Investments | Analyst |
| Limited | |||
| 2004 – Present | |||
| Director, Equity Analyst, European | |||
| Citigroup Asset | Financials | ||
| Management | |||
| Prior to June, 2004 | |||
|
| |||
Other funds managed by the fund’s Portfolio Leaders. As of September 26, 2008, the fund’s Portfolio Leaders did not serve as Portfolio Leaders or Portfolio Members of any other Putnam funds. David Hilder and David Morgan, may manage other accounts and variable trust funds managed by Putnam Management or an affiliate. The SAI provides additional information about other accounts managed by these individuals.
Putnam Global Industrial Fund
| Portfolio | Joined | Employer | Positions Over Past Five Years |
| Leaders | Fund | ||
|
| |||
| David Gerber | 2008 | Putnam Investments | Analyst, |
| 1996 – Present | Previously, Portfolio Manager | ||
|
| |||
| Cyril Malak | 2008 | Putnam Investments | Analyst |
| 2002 – Present | |||
|
| |||
Other funds managed by the fund’s Portfolio Leaders. As of September 26, 2008, the fund’s Portfolio Leaders did not serve as Portfolio Leaders or Portfolio Members of any other Putnam funds. David Gerber and Cyril Malak may manage other accounts and variable trust funds managed by Putnam Management or an affiliate. The SAI provides additional information about other accounts managed by these individuals.
Putnam Global Technology Fund
| Portfolio | Joined | Employer | Positions Over Past Five Years |
| Leaders | Fund | ||
|
| |||
| Brook Dane | 2008 | Putnam Investments | Analyst, Sector Team Leader |
| 1995 – Present | |||
| Dane Falb Stone & Co. | Investment Associate | ||
| 1995 - 1998 | |||
|
| |||
| Jeffrey | 2008 | Putnam Investments | Analyst |
| Sacknowitz | 1999 – Present | ||
|
| |||
Other funds managed by the fund’s Portfolio Leaders. As of September 26 2008, Brook Dane was also a Portfolio Member of Putnam Research Fund. Brook Dane and Jeff Sacknowitz may manage other accounts and variable trust funds managed by Putnam Management or an affiliate. The SAI provides additional information about other accounts managed by these individuals.
Putnam Global Telecommunication Fund
| Portfolio | Joined | Employer | Positions Over Past Five Years |
| Leaders | Fund | ||
|
| |||
| Vivek Gandhi | 2008 | Putnam Investments | Analyst |
| 1999 – Present | |||
|
| |||
| Craig Goryl | 2008 | Putnam Investments | Analyst, |
| 1997 – Present | Previously, Research Associate | ||
|
| |||
Other funds managed by the fund’s Portfolio Leaders. As of September 26, 2008, the fund’s Portfolio Leaders Vivek Gandhi and Craig Goryl also were Portfolio Members of Putnam Utilities Growth and Income Fund. Vivek Gandhi and Craig Goryl may manage other accounts and variable trust funds managed by Putnam Management or an affiliate. The SAI provides additional information about other accounts managed by these individuals.
Fund ownership. As of the date of this prospectus, the funds’ Portfolio Leader and Portfolio Members did not own shares of the funds, which are newly created.
Compensation of investment professionals. Putnam Management believes that its investment management teams should be compensated primarily based on their success in helping investors achieve their goals. The portion of Putnam Investments' total incentive compensation pool that is available to Putnam Management's Investment Division is based primarily on its delivery, across all of the portfolios it manages, of consistent, dependable and superior performance over time. The respective peer groups for each fund, Lipper Consumer Goods (for Putnam Global Consumer Fund), Lipper Global Natural Resources (for Putnam Global Energy Fund), Lipper Global Financial Services (for Putnam Global Financial Fund), Lipper Industrials (for Putnam Global Industrial Fund), Lipper Global Science & Technology (for Putnam Global Technology Fund) and Lipper Telecommunications (for Putnam Global Telecommunication Fund), are their broad investment categories as determined by Lipper Inc. The portion of the incentive compensation pool available to your investment management teams varies based primarily on its delivery, across all of the portfolios it manages, of consistent, dependable and superior performance over time on a before-tax basis.
· Consistent performance means being above median over one year.
· Dependable performance means not being in the 4th quartile of the peer group over one, three or five years.
· Superior performance (which is the largest component of Putnam Management's incentive compensation program) means being in the top third of the peer group over three and five years.
In determining an investment management team's portion of the incentive compensation pool and allocating that portion to individual team members, Putnam Management retains discretion to reward or penalize teams or individuals, including the fund’s Portfolio Leaders and Portfolio Members, as it deems appropriate, based on other factors. The size of the overall incentive compensation pool each year depends in large part on Putnam's
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profitability for the year, which is influenced by its assets under management. Incentive compensation is generally paid as cash bonuses, but a portion of incentive compensation may instead be paid as grants of restricted stock, options or other forms of compensation, based on the factors described above. In addition to incentive compensation, investment team members receive annual salaries that are typically based on seniority and experience. Incentive compensation generally represents at least 70% of the total compensation paid to investment team members.
How do the funds price their shares?
The price of each fund's shares is based on its net asset value (NAV). The NAV per share of each class equals the total value of its assets, less its liabilities, divided by the number of its outstanding shares. Shares are only valued as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) each day the exchange is open.
Each fund values its investments for which market quotations are readily available at market value. It values all other investments and assets at their fair value. For example, a fund may value a stock traded on a U.S. exchange at its fair value when the exchange closes early or trading in the stock is suspended. It may also value a stock at fair value if recent transactions in the stock have been very limited or material information about the issuer becomes available after the close of the relevant market. The fair value determined for an investment may differ from recent market prices for the investment.
Each fund translates prices for its investments quoted in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates, which are generally determined as of 3:00 p.m. Eastern time each day the NYSE is open. As a result, changes in the value of those currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar may affect the fund's NAV. Because foreign markets may be open at different times than the NYSE, the value of a fund's shares may change on days when shareholders are not able to buy or sell them. Many securities markets and exchanges outside the U.S. close prior to the close of the NYSE and therefore the closing prices for securities in such markets or on such exchanges may not fully reflect events that occur after such close but before the close of the NYSE. As a result, the funds have adopted fair value pricing procedures, which, among other things, require a fund to assess the fair value of foreign equity securities if there has been a movement in the U.S. market that exceeds a specified threshold that may change from time to time. As noted above, the value determined for an investment using a fund’s fair value pricing procedures may differ from recent market prices for the investment.
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How do I buy fund shares?
»Opening an account
You can open a fund account and purchase class A, B, C, and M shares by contacting your financial representative or Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581 and obtaining a Putnam account application. The completed application, along with a check made payable to the fund, must then be returned to Putnam Investor Services at the following address:
Putnam Investor Services
P.O. Box 8383
Boston, MA 02266-8383
You can open a fund account with as little as $500. The minimum investment is waived if you make regular investments weekly, semi-monthly, or monthly through automatic deductions from your bank checking or savings account. Although Putnam is currently waiving the minimum, it reserves the right to reject initial investments under the minimum at its discretion.
Each fund sells its shares at the offering price, which is the NAV plus any applicable sales charge (class A and class M shares only). Your financial representative or Putnam Investor Services generally must receive your completed buy order before the close of regular trading on the NYSE for your shares to be bought at that day’s offering price.
If you participate in a retirement plan that offers any of the funds, please consult your employer for information on how to purchase shares of these funds through the plan, including any restrictions or limitations that may apply.
Mutual funds must obtain and verify information that identifies investors opening new accounts. If the funds are unable to collect the required information, Putnam Investor Services may not be able to open your fund account. Investors must provide their full name, residential or business address, Social Security or tax identification number, and date of birth. Entities, such as trusts, estates, corporations and partnerships, must also provide other identifying information. Putnam Investor Services may share identifying information with third parties for the purpose of verification. If Putnam Investor Services cannot verify identifying information after opening your account, the fund reserves the right to close your account.
Also, each fund may periodically close to new purchases of shares or refuse any order to buy shares if the fund determines that doing so would be in the best interests of the fund and its shareholders.
Purchasing additional shares
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Once you have an existing account, you can make additional investments at any time in any amount in the following ways:
»Through a financial representative. Your representative will be responsible for furnishing all necessary documents to Putnam Investor Services and may charge you for his or her services.
»Through Putnam’s Systematic Investing Program. You can make regular investments weekly, semi-monthly or monthly through automatic deductions from your bank checking or savings account.
»Via the Internet or phone. If you have an existing Putnam fund account and you have completed and returned an Electronic Investment Authorization Form, you can buy additional shares online at www.putnam.com or by calling Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581.
»By mail. You may also request a book of investment stubs for your account. Complete an investment stub and write a check for the amount you wish to invest, payable to the fund. Return the check and investment stub to Putnam Investor Services.
»By wire transfer. You may buy fund shares by bank wire transfer of same-day funds. Please call Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581 for wiring instructions. Any commercial bank can transfer same-day funds by wire. The funds will normally accept wired funds for investment on the day received if they are received by the funds’ designated bank before the close of regular trading on the NYSE. Your bank may charge you for wiring same-day funds. Although the fund’s designated bank does not currently charge you for receiving same-day funds, it reserves the right to charge for this service. You cannot buy shares for tax-qualified retirement plans by wire transfer.
WHICH CLASS OF SHARES IS BEST FOR ME?
This prospectus offers you four classes of fund shares: A, B, C and M. Qualified employee-benefit plans may also choose class R shares, and certain investors described below may also choose class Y shares. Each share class represents investments in the same portfolio of securities, but each class has its own sales charge and expense structure, allowing you and your financial representative to choose the class that best suits your investment needs. When you purchase shares of a fund, you must choose a share class. Deciding which share class best suits your situation depends on a number of factors that you should discuss with your financial representative, including:
»How long you expect to hold your investment. Class B shares should generally not be considered for shorter time frames because they charge a contingent deferred sales charge (CDSC) that is phased out over the first six years.
»How much you intend to invest. While investments of less than $100,000 can be made in any share class, classes A and M offer sales charge discounts starting at $50,000.
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»Total expenses associated with each share class. As shown in the section entitled
Costs associated with your investment, each share class offers a different combination of up-front and ongoing expenses. Generally, the lower the up-front sales charge, the greater the ongoing expenses.
Here is a summary of the differences among the classes of shares
Class A shares
► Initial sales charge of up to 5.75%
► Lower sales charges available for investments of $50,000 or more
► No deferred sales charge (except on certain redemptions of shares bought without an initial sales charge)
► Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class B , C or M shares because of lower 12b-1 fees.
Class B shares
► No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately
► Deferred sales charge of up to 5.00% if shares are sold within six years of purchase
► Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A or M shares because of higher 12b-1 fees
► Convert automatically to class A shares after eight years, thereby reducing future 12b-1 fees
► Orders for class B shares of one or more Putnam funds will be refused when the total value of the purchase, plus existing account balances that are eligible to be linked under a right of accumulation for purchases of class A shares (as described below), is $100,000 or more. Investors considering cumulative purchases of $100,000 or more should consider whether class A shares would be more advantageous and consult their financial representative.
Class C shares
► No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately
► Deferred sales charge of 1.00% if shares are sold within one year of purchase
► Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A or M shares because of higher 12b-1 fees
► No conversion to class A shares, so future 12b-1 fees do not decline over time
► Orders for class C shares of one or more Putnam funds, other than class C shares sold to qualified employee-benefit plans, will be refused when the total value of the purchase, plus existing account balances that are eligible to be linked under a right of accumulation for purchases of class A shares (as described below), is $1,000,000 or more. Investors considering cumulative purchases of $1,000,000 or more should consider whether class A shares would be more advantageous and consult their financial representative.
Class M shares
► Initial sales charge of up to 3.50%
► Lower sales charges available for investments of $50,000 or more
► No deferred sales charge (except on certain redemptions of shares bought without an initial sales charge)
► Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class B or C shares because of lower 12b-1 fees
► Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A shares because of higher 12b-1 fees
► No conversion to class A shares, so future 12b-1 fees do not decline over time
► Orders for class M shares of one or more Putnam funds, other than class M shares sold to qualified employee-benefit plans, will be refused when the total value of the purchase, plus existing account balances that are eligible to be linked under a right of accumulation for purchases of class M shares (as described below), is $1,000,000 or more. Investors considering cumulative purchases of $1,000,000 or more should consider whether class A shares would be more advantageous and consult their financial representative.
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Class R shares (available to qualified plans only)
► No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately
► No deferred sales charge
► Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class B, C or M shares because of lower 12b-1 fees
► Higher annual expenses, and lower dividends, than class A shares because of higher 12b-1 fees
► No conversion to class A shares, so future 12b-1 fees do not decline over time.
Class Y shares (available only to investors listed below)
The following investors may purchase class Y shares if approved by Putnam:
· qualified retirement plans that are clients of third-party administrators (including affiliates of Putnam) that have entered into agreements with Putnam and offer institutional share class pricing (no sales charge or 12b-1 fee);
· bank trust departments and trust companies that have entered into agreements with Putnam and offer institutional share class pricing to their clients;
· corporate IRAs administered by Putnam, if another retirement plan of the sponsor is eligible to purchase class Y shares;
· college savings plans that qualify for tax-exempt treatment under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code;
· other Putnam funds and Putnam investment products;
· investors purchasing shares through an asset-based fee program which regularly offers institutional share classes and which is sponsored by a registered broker-dealer or other financial institution that has entered into an agreement with Putnam; and
· fee-paying clients of a registered investment advisor (RIA) who initially invests for clients an aggregate of at least $100,000 in Putnam funds through a fund "supermarket" or other mutual fund trading platform sponsored by a broker-dealer or trust company of which the RIA is not an affiliated or associated person and which has entered into an agreement with Putnam.
Trust companies or bank trust departments that purchased class Y shares for trust accounts may transfer them to the beneficiaries of the trust accounts, who may continue to hold them or exchange them for class Y shares of other Putnam funds. Defined contribution plans (including corporate IRAs) that purchased class Y shares under prior eligibility criteria may continue to purchase class Y shares.
► No initial sales charge; your entire investment goes to work immediately
► No deferred sales charge
► Lower annual expenses, and higher dividends, than class A, B, C, M or R shares because of no 12b-1 fees.
Initial sales charges for class A and M shares
| Amount of purchase at offering | Class A sales charge as a | Class M sales charge as a | ||
| price ($) | percentage of*: | percentage of*: | ||
|
| ||||
| Net amount | Offering | Net amount | Offering | |
| invested | price** | invested | price** | |
|
| ||||
| Under 50,000 | 6.10% | 5.75% | 3.63% | 3.50% |
|
| ||||
| 50,000 but under 100,000 | 4.71 | 4.50 | 2.56 | 2.50 |
|
| ||||
| 100,000 but under 250,000 | 3.63 | 3.50 | 1.52 | 1.50 |
|
| ||||
| 250,000 but under 500,000 | 2.56 | 2.50 | 1.01 | 1.00 |
|
| ||||
| 500,000 but under 1,000,000 | 2.04 | 2.00 | 1.01 | 1.00 |
|
| ||||
| 1,000,000 and above | NONE | NONE | NONE | NONE |
|
| ||||
| 24 |
* Because of rounding in the calculation of offering price and the number of shares purchased, actual sales charges you pay may be more or less than these percentages.
** Offering price includes sales charge.
Reducing your class A or class M sales charge
The funds offer two principal ways for you to qualify for discounts on initial sales charges on class A and class M shares, often referred to as "breakpoint discounts":
•Right of Accumulation. You can add the amount of your current purchases of class A or class M shares of the fund and other Putnam funds to the value of your existing accounts in the fund and other Putnam funds. Individuals can also include purchases by, and accounts owned by, their spouse and minor children, including accounts established through different financial representatives. For your current purchases, you will pay the initial sales charge applicable to the total value of the linked accounts and purchases, which may be lower than the sales charge otherwise applicable to each of your current purchases. Shares of Putnam money market funds, other than money market fund shares acquired by exchange from other Putnam funds, are not included for purposes of the right of accumulation.
To calculate the total value of your existing accounts and any linked accounts, the fund will use the current maximum public offering price of those shares.
•Statement of Intention. A statement of intention is a document in which you agree to make purchases of class A or class M shares in a specified amount within a period of 13 months. For each purchase you make under the statement of intention, you will pay the initial sales charge applicable to the total amount you have agreed to purchase. While a statement of intention is not a binding obligation on you, if you do not purchase the full amount of shares within 13 months, the fund or funds will redeem shares from your account in an amount equal to the difference between the higher initial sales charge you would have paid in the absence of the statement of intention and the initial sales charge you actually paid.
Account types that may be linked with each other to obtain breakpoint discounts using the methods described above include:
•Individual accounts
•Joint accounts
•Accounts established as part of a retirement plan and IRA accounts (some restrictions may apply)
•Shares of Putnam funds owned through accounts in the name of your dealer or other financial intermediary (with documentation identifying beneficial ownership of shares)
•Accounts held as part of a Section 529 college savings plan managed by Putnam Management (some restrictions may apply)
| 25 |
In order to obtain a breakpoint discount, you should inform your financial representative at the time you purchase shares of the existence of other accounts or purchases that are eligible to be linked for the purpose of calculating the initial sales charge. The fund or your financial representative may ask you for records or other information about other shares held in your accounts and linked accounts, including accounts opened with a different financial representative. Restrictions may apply to certain accounts and transactions. Further details about breakpoint discounts can be found on Putnam Investments' website at www.putnam.com/individual by selecting Mutual Funds, then Pricing policies, and in the SAI.
»Additional reductions and waivers of sales charges. In addition to the breakpoint discount methods described above, sales charges may be reduced or waived under certain circumstances and for certain categories of investors. For instance, an employer-sponsored retirement plan is eligible to purchase class A shares without sales charges if its plan administrator or dealer of record has entered into an agreement with Putnam Retail Management or it invests at least $1 million in class A shares of a fund or other Putnam funds. Information about reductions and waivers of sales charges, including deferred sales charges, is included in the SAI. You may consult your financial representative or Putnam Retail Management for assistance.
How do I sell or exchange fund shares?
You can sell your shares back to the appropriate fund or exchange them for shares of another Putnam fund any day the NYSE is open, either through your financial representative or directly to the fund. (See Policy on excessive short-term trading regarding sales or exchanges made within 90 days of purchase.) Payment for redemption may be delayed until the fund collects the purchase price of shares, which may be up to 10 calendar days after the purchase date.
Regarding exchanges, not all Putnam funds offer all classes of shares or may be open to new investors. If you exchange shares subject to a deferred sales charge, the transaction will not be subject to the deferred sales charge. When you redeem the shares acquired through the exchange, however, the redemption may be subject to the deferred sales charge, depending upon when you originally purchased the shares. The deferred sales charge will be computed using the schedule of any fund into or from which you have exchanged your shares that would result in your paying the highest deferred sales charge applicable to your class of shares. For purposes of computing the deferred sales charge, the length of time you have owned your shares will be measured from the date of original purchase and will not be affected by any subsequent exchanges among funds.
»Selling or exchanging shares through your financial representative. Your representative must receive your request in proper form before the close of regular trading on the NYSE for you to receive that day's NAV, less any applicable deferred sales charge and short-term trading fee. Your representative will be responsible for
| 26 |
furnishing all necessary documents to Putnam Investor Services on a timely basis and may charge you for his or her services.
»Selling or exchanging shares directly with the funds. Putnam Investor Services must receive your request in proper form before the close of regular trading on the NYSE in order to receive that day's NAV, less any applicable sales charge and short-term trading fee.
By mail. Send a letter of instruction signed by all registered owners or their legal representatives to Putnam Investor Services. If you have certificates for the shares you want to sell or exchange, you must return them unendorsed with your letter of instruction.
By telephone. You may use Putnam's telephone redemption privilege to redeem shares valued at less than $100,000 unless you have notified Putnam Investor Services of an address change within the preceding 15 days, in which case other requirements may apply. Unless you indicate otherwise on the account application, Putnam Investor Services will be authorized to accept redemption instructions received by telephone. A telephone exchange privilege is currently available for amounts up to $500,000. Sale or exchange of shares by telephone is not permitted if there are certificates for your shares. The telephone redemption and exchange privileges may be modified or terminated without notice.
Via the Internet. You may also exchange shares via the Internet at www.putnam.com/individual.
»Shares held through your employer's retirement plan. For information on how to sell or exchange shares of a fund that were purchased through your employer's retirement plan, including any restrictions and charges that the plan may impose, please consult your employer.
»Additional requirements. In certain situations, for example, if you sell shares with a value of $100,000 or more, the signatures of all registered owners or their legal representatives must be guaranteed by a bank, broker-dealer or certain other financial institutions. In addition, Putnam Investor Services usually requires additional documents for the sale of shares by a corporation, partnership, agent or fiduciary, or surviving joint owner. For more information concerning Putnam's signature guarantee and documentation requirements, contact Putnam Investor Services.
Each fund also reserves the right to revise or terminate the exchange privilege, limit the amount or number of exchanges or reject any exchange. The fund into which you would like to exchange may also reject your exchange. These actions may apply to all shareholders or only to those shareholders whose exchanges Putnam Management determines are likely to have a negative effect on the fund or other Putnam funds. Consult Putnam Investor Services before requesting an exchange. Ask your financial representative or Putnam Investor Services for prospectuses of other Putnam funds. Some Putnam funds are not available in all states.
| 27 |
Deferred sales charges for class B, class C and certain class A and class M shares
If you sell (redeem) class B shares within six years of purchase, you will generally pay a deferred sales charge according to the following schedule.
| Year after | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7+ |
| purchase | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Charge | 5% | 4% | 3% | 3% | 2% | 1% | 0% |
|
| |||||||
A deferred sales charge of 1.00% will apply to class C shares if redeemed within one year of purchase. Unless otherwise agreed with Putnam Retail Management, class A shares that are part of a purchase of $1 million or more (other than by a qualified retirement plan) will be subject to a 1.00% deferred sales charge if redeemed within nine months of purchase. A deferred sales charge of 0.65% may apply to class M shares purchased without a sales charge for certain rollover IRA accounts if redeemed within one year of purchase.
Deferred sales charges will be based on the lower of the shares' cost and current NAV. Shares not subject to any charge will be redeemed first, followed by shares held longest. You may sell shares acquired by reinvestment of distributions without a charge at any time.
»Payment information. A fund generally sends you payment for your shares the business day after your request is received. Under unusual circumstances, the fund may suspend redemptions, or postpone payment for more than seven days, as permitted by federal securities law. You will not receive interest on uncashed redemption checks. Redemption proceeds may be paid in securities or other property rather than in cash if Putnam determines it is in the best interest of the fund.
»Redemption by a fund. If you own fewer shares than the minimum set by the Trustees (presently 20 shares), a fund may redeem your shares without your permission and send you the proceeds. To the extent permitted by applicable law, each fund may also redeem shares if you own more than a maximum amount set by the Trustees. There is presently no maximum, but the Trustees could set a maximum that would apply to both present and future shareholders.
Policy on excessive short-term trading
Risks of excessive short-term trading. Excessive short-term trading activity may reduce each fund's performance and harm all fund shareholders by interfering with portfolio management, increasing each fund's expenses and diluting the fund's net asset value. Depending on the size and frequency of short-term trades in each fund's shares, the fund may experience increased cash volatility, which could require the fund to maintain undesirably large cash positions or buy or sell portfolio securities it would not have
| 28 |
bought or sold otherwise. The need to execute additional portfolio transactions due to these cash flows may also increase a fund's brokerage and administrative costs and, for investors in taxable accounts, may increase the taxable distributions received from the fund.
Because the funds invest in foreign securities, their performance may be adversely impacted and the interests of longer-term shareholders may be diluted as a result of time-zone arbitrage, a short-term trading practice that seeks to exploit changes in the value of a fund’s investments that result from events occurring after the close of the foreign markets on which the investments trade, but prior to the later close of trading on the NYSE, the time as of which the fund determines its net asset value. If an arbitrageur is successful, he or she may dilute the interests of other shareholders by trading shares at prices that do not fully reflect their fair value.
Because each fund invests in securities that may trade infrequently or may be more difficult to value, such as securities of smaller companies, it may be susceptible to trading by short-term traders who seek to exploit perceived price inefficiencies in the fund’s investments. In addition, the market for securities of smaller companies may at times show “market momentum,” in which positive or negative performance may continue from one day to the next for reasons unrelated to the fundamentals of the issuer. Short-term traders may seek to capture this momentum by trading frequently in a fund’s shares, which will reduce fund performance and may dilute the interests of other shareholders. Because securities of smaller companies may be less liquid than securities of larger companies, a fund may also be unable to buy or sell these securities at desirable prices when the need arises (for example, in response to volatile cash flows caused by short-term trading). Similar risks may apply if a fund holds other types of less liquid securities, including below investment grade bonds.
Fund policies. In order to protect the interests of long-term shareholders of each fund, Putnam Management and the funds’ Trustees have adopted policies and procedures intended to discourage excessive short-term trading. Each fund seeks to discourage excessive short-term trading by imposing short-term trading fees and using fair value pricing procedures to value investments under some circumstances. In addition, Putnam Management monitors activity in those shareholder accounts about which it possesses the necessary information in order to detect excessive short-term trading patterns and takes steps to deter excessive short-term traders.
»Short-term trading fee. Each fund will impose a short-term trading fee of 1.00% of the total redemption amount (calculated at market value) if you sell or exchange your shares after holding them for 90 days or less (including if you purchased the shares by exchange). The short-term trading fee is paid directly to the respective fund and is designed to offset brokerage commissions, market impact and other costs associated with short-term trading. The short-term trading fee will not apply in certain circumstances, such as redemptions in the event of shareholder death or post-purchase disability, redemptions from certain omnibus accounts, redemptions made as part of a systematic withdrawal plan, and redemptions in connection with periodic portfolio rebalancings of
| 29 |
certain wrap accounts or automatic rebalancing arrangements entered into by Putnam Retail Management and a dealer. The fee will not apply to shares sold or exchanged by a Section 529 college savings plan or a Putnam fund-of-funds, or to redemptions for the purpose of paying benefits pursuant to tax-qualified retirement plans. In addition, for investors in defined contribution plans administered by Putnam, the short-term trading fee applies only to exchanges of shares purchased by exchange, and will not apply to redemptions to pay distributions or loans from such plans, redemptions of shares purchased directly with contributions by a plan participant or sponsor and redemptions of shares purchased in connection with loan repayments. These exceptions may also apply to defined contribution plans administered by third parties that assess a fund’s short-term trading fee. For purposes of determining whether the short-term trading fee applies, the shares that were held the longest will be redeemed first. Some financial intermediaries, retirement plan sponsors or recordkeepers that hold omnibus accounts with a fund are currently unable or unwilling to assess each fund’s short-term trading fee. Some of these firms use different systems or criteria to assess fees that are currently higher than, and in some cases in addition to, each fund’s short-term trading fee.
»Account monitoring. Putnam Management's Compliance Department currently uses multiple reporting tools to monitor activity in retail customer accounts for which Putnam Investor Services maintains records. This review is based on the funds’ internal parameters for detecting excessive short-term trading, which consider the number of "round trip" transactions above a specified dollar amount within a specified period of time. These parameters may change from time to time. If a monitored account engages in short-term trading that Putnam Management or a fund considers to be excessive or inappropriate, Putnam Management will issue the investor and his or her financial intermediary, if any, a written warning. Continued excessive short-term trading activity by an investor or intermediary that has received a warning may lead to the termination of the exchange privilege. Each fund also reserves the right to terminate the exchange privilege without a warning. In addition, Putnam Management will also communicate instances of excessive short-term trading to the compliance staff of an investor's broker, if one is identified.
»Account restrictions. In addition to enforcing these exchange parameters, Putnam Management and each fund reserve the right to reject or restrict purchases or exchanges for any reason. Putnam Management or a fund may determine that an investor's trading activity is excessive or otherwise potentially harmful based on various factors, including an investor's or financial intermediary's trading history in a fund, other Putnam funds or other investment products, and may aggregate activity in multiple accounts under common ownership or control. If a fund identifies an investor or intermediary as a potential excessive trader, it may, among other things, require further trades to be submitted by mail rather than by phone or over the Internet, impose limitations on the amount, number, or frequency of future purchases or exchanges, or temporarily or permanently bar the investor or intermediary from investing in the fund or other Putnam funds. Each fund may take these steps in its discretion even if the investor's activity may not have been detected by the particular fund's current monitoring parameters.
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Limitations on the funds’ policies. There is no guarantee that each fund will be able to detect excessive short-term trading in all accounts. For example, Putnam Management currently does not have access to sufficient information to identify each investor's trading history, and in certain circumstances there are operational or technological constraints on its ability to enforce the funds’ policies. In addition, even when Putnam Management has sufficient information, its detection methods may not capture all excessive short-term trading.
In particular, many purchase, redemption and exchange orders are received from financial intermediaries that hold omnibus accounts with each fund. Omnibus accounts, in which shares are held in the name of an intermediary on behalf of multiple beneficial owners, are a common form of holding shares among retirement plans and financial intermediaries such as brokers, advisers and third-party administrators. The funds are generally not able to identify trading by a particular beneficial owner within an omnibus account, which makes it difficult or impossible to determine if a particular shareholder is engaging in excessive short-term trading. Putnam Management monitors aggregate cash flows in omnibus accounts on an ongoing basis. If high cash flows or other information indicate that excessive short-term trading may be taking place, Putnam Management will contact the financial intermediary, plan sponsor or recordkeeper that maintains accounts for the underlying beneficial owner and attempt to identify and remedy any excessive trading. However, each fund's ability to monitor and deter excessive short-term traders in omnibus accounts ultimately depends on the capabilities and cooperation of these third-party financial firms. A financial intermediary or plan sponsor may impose different or additional limits on short-term trading.
Distribution plans and payments to dealers
Putnam funds are distributed primarily through dealers (including any broker, dealer, bank, bank trust department, registered investment advisor, financial planner, retirement plan administrator, and any other institution having a selling, services, or any similar agreement with Putnam Retail Management or one of its affiliates). In order to pay for the marketing of fund shares and services provided to shareholders, each fund has adopted distribution (12b-1) plans, which increase the annual operating expenses you pay each year in certain share classes, as described in the section Costs associated with your investment. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates also make additional payments to dealers that do not increase your fund expenses, as described below.
»Distribution (12b-1) plans. Each fund's 12b-1 plans provide for payments at annual rates (based on average net assets) of up to 0.35% on class A shares and 1.00% on class B, class C, class M and class R shares. The Trustees currently limit payments on class A, class M and class R shares to 0.25%, 0.75% and 0.50% of average net assets, respectively. Because these fees are paid out of a fund’s assets on an ongoing basis, they will increase the cost of your investment. The higher fees for class B, class C, class M and class R shares may cost you more over time than paying the initial sales charge for class A shares. Because class C and class M shares, unlike class B shares, do not convert
| 31 |
to class A shares, class C and class M shares may cost you more over time than class B shares. Class R shares will generally be less expensive than class B shares for shareholders who are eligible to purchase either class. Class Y shares, for shareholders who are eligible to purchase them, will be less expensive than other classes of shares because they do not bear sales charges or 12b-1 fees.
»Payments to dealers. If you purchase your shares through a dealer, your dealer generally receives payments from Putnam Retail Management representing some or all of the sales charges and distribution (12b-1) fees, if any, shown in the tables under the heading Costs associated with your investment at the front of this prospectus.
Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates also pay additional compensation to selected dealers in recognition of their marketing support and/or program servicing (each of which is described in more detail below). These payments may create an incentive for a dealer firm or its representatives to recommend or offer shares of the funds or other Putnam funds to its customers. These additional payments are made by Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates and do not increase the amount paid by you or a fund as shown under the heading Costs associated with your investment.
The additional payments to dealers by Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates are generally based on one or more of the following factors: average net assets of a fund attributable to that dealer, sales or net sales of a fund attributable to that dealer, or reimbursement of ticket charges (fees that a dealer firm charges its representatives for effecting transactions in fund shares), or on the basis of a negotiated lump sum payment for services provided.
Marketing support payments, which are generally available to most dealers engaging in significant sales of Putnam fund shares, are not expected, with certain limited exceptions, to exceed 0.085% of the average assets of Putnam's retail mutual funds attributable to that dealer on an annual basis. These payments are made for marketing support services provided by the dealers, including business planning assistance, educating dealer personnel about the Putnam funds and shareholder financial planning needs, placement on the dealer's preferred or recommended fund company list, and access to sales meetings, sales representatives and management representatives of the dealer.
Program servicing payments, which are paid in some instances to dealers in connection with investments in a fund by retirement plans and other investment programs, are not expected, with certain limited exceptions, to exceed 0.20% of the total assets in the program on an annual basis. These payments are made for program services provided by the dealer, including participant recordkeeping, reporting, or transaction processing, as well as services rendered in connection with fund/investment selection and monitoring, employee enrollment and education, plan balance rollover or separation, or other similar services.
Other payments. Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates may make other payments (including payments in connection with educational seminars or conferences) or allow
| 32 |
other promotional incentives to dealers to the extent permitted by SEC and NASD rules and by other applicable laws and regulations. Certain dealers also receive additional payments from the funds’ transfer agent in recognition of subaccounting or other services they provide to shareholders or plan participants who invest in the fund or other Putnam funds through their retirement plan. These payments are not expected, with certain exceptions for affiliated and unaffiliated entities noted in the SAI, to exceed 0.13% of the total assets of such shareholders or plan participants in a fund or other Putnam funds on an annual basis. See the discussion in the SAI under the heading Management - Investor Servicing Agent for more details.
You can find a list of all dealers to which Putnam made marketing support and/or program servicing payments in 2007 in the SAI, which is on file with the SEC and is also available on Putnam's website at www.putnam.com. You can also find other details in the SAI about the payments made by Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates and the services provided by your dealer. Your dealer may charge you fees or commissions in addition to those disclosed in this prospectus. You can also ask your dealer about any payments it receives from Putnam Retail Management and its affiliates and any services your dealer provides, as well as about fees and/or commissions it charges.
Fund distributions and taxes
Each fund normally distributes any net investment income and any net realized capital gains annually. You may choose to reinvest distributions from net investment income, capital gains or both in additional shares of a fund or other Putnam funds, or you may receive them in cash in the form of a check or an electronic deposit to your bank account. If you do not select an option when you open your account, all distributions will be reinvested. If you choose to receive distributions in cash, but correspondence from a fund or Putnam Investor Services is returned as "undeliverable," the distribution option on your account may be converted to reinvest future distributions in the fund. You will not receive interest on uncashed distribution checks.
For shares purchased through your employer’s retirement plan, the terms of the plan will govern how the plan may receive distributions from a fund. Generally, periodic distributions from a fund to the plan are reinvested in additional fund shares, although the plan may permit you to receive fund distributions from net investment income in cash while reinvesting capital gains distributions in additional shares or to receive all fund distributions in cash. If you do not select another option, all distributions will be reinvested in additional fund shares.
Unless you are investing through a tax-deferred retirement account (such as an IRA), you should consider avoiding a purchase of fund shares shortly before a fund makes a distribution, because doing so may cost you money in taxes. Contact your financial representative or Putnam to find out the distribution schedule for your fund.
For federal income tax purposes, distributions of net investment income are taxable as ordinary income. Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long a
| 33 |
fund owned the investments that generated them, rather than how long you have owned your shares. Properly designated distributions of gains from investments that a fund owned for more than one year are taxable as long-term capital gains. Distributions of gains from investments that a fund owned for one year or less and gains on the sale of bonds characterized as market discount are taxable as ordinary income. Properly designated distributions of "qualified dividend income" are taxable at the rate applicable to long-term capital gains provided that both you and your fund meet certain holding period and other requirements. Distributions are taxable to you even if they are paid from income or gains earned by a fund before your investment (and thus were included in the price you paid). Distributions are taxable in this manner whether you receive them in cash or reinvest them in additional shares of one of these funds or other Putnam funds.
Distributions by a fund to retirement plans that qualify for tax-exempt treatment under federal income tax laws will not be taxable. Special tax rules apply to investments through such plans. You should consult your tax advisor to determine the suitability of each fund as an investment through such a plan and the tax treatment of distributions (including distributions of amounts attributable to an investment in a fund) from such a plan.
A fund’s investments in certain debt obligations may cause the fund to recognize taxable income in excess of the cash generated by such obligations. Thus, a fund could be required at times to liquidate other investments in order to satisfy its distribution requirements.
A fund's investments in foreign securities may be subject to foreign withholding taxes. In that case, that fund's return on those investments would be decreased. Shareholders generally will not be entitled to claim a credit or deduction with respect to foreign taxes. In addition, a fund's investment in foreign securities or foreign currencies may increase or accelerate that fund's recognition of ordinary income and may affect the timing or amount of that fund's distributions.
A fund's use of derivatives, if any, may affect the amount, timing, and character of distributions to shareholders and, therefore, may increase the amount of taxes payable by shareholders.
Any gain resulting from the sale or exchange of your shares will generally also be subject to tax.
The above is a general summary of the tax implications of investing in a fund. You should consult your tax advisor for more information on your own tax situation, including possible foreign, state and local taxes.
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For more information about Putnam Global Consumer Fund, Putnam Global Energy Fund, Putnam Global Financial Fund, Putnam Global Industrial Fund, Putnam Global Technology Fund and Putnam Global Telecommunication Fund
The funds’ SAI includes additional information about the funds. The SAI is incorporated by reference into this prospectus, which means it is part of this prospectus for legal purposes. You may get free copies of these materials, request other information about any Putnam fund, or make shareholder inquiries, by contacting your financial representative, by visiting Putnam's website at www.putnam.com/individual, or by calling Putnam toll-free at 1-800-225-1581.
You may review and copy information about a fund, including its SAI, at the Securities and Exchange Commission's public reference room in Washington, D.C. You may call the Commission at 1-202-942-8090 for information about the operation of the public reference room. You may also access reports and other information about the funds on the EDGAR Database on the Commission's Internet site at http://www.sec.gov. You may get copies of this information, with payment of a duplication fee, by electronic request at the following E-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov., or by writing the Commission's Public Reference Section, Washington, D.C. 20549-0102. You may need to refer to the fund's file number.
PUTNAM INVESTMENTS
| One Post Office Square | |
| Boston, Massachusetts 02109 | |
| 1-800-225-1581 | |
| Address correspondence to | |
| Putnam Investor Services | |
| P.O. Box 8383 | |
| Boston, MA 02266-8383 | |
| www.putnam.com |
File No. 811-07513
| 35 |
| Putnam Global Consumer Fund |
| Putnam Global Energy Fund |
| Putnam Global Financial Fund |
| Putnam Global Industrial Fund |
| Putnam Global Technology Fund |
| Putnam Global Telecommunication Fund |
| EACH A SERIES OF PUTNAM FUNDS TRUST |
| FORM N-1A |
| PART B |
| STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ("SAI") (Subject to completion) |
| __________, 2008 |
This SAI is not a prospectus. If a fund has more than one form of current prospectus, each reference to the prospectus in this SAI shall include all of the fund's prospectuses, unless otherwise noted. The SAI should be read together with the applicable prospectus. For a free copy of the funds’ prospectus dated _______, 2008, as revised from time to time, call Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581, visit Putnam's website at www.putnam.com or write Putnam Investor Services, P.O. Box 8383, Boston, MA 02266-8383.
Part I of this SAI contains specific information about the funds. Part II includes information about these funds and the other Putnam funds.
The information in this Statement of Additional Information is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This Statement of Additional Information is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.
| 1 |
| Table of Contents | |
| PART I | |
| FUND ORGANIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION | I-[ ] |
| INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS | I-[ ] |
| CHARGES AND EXPENSES | I-[ ] |
| OTHER ACCOUNTS MANAGED BY THE FUNDS’ PORTFOLIO MANAGERS | I-[ ] |
| INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM | I-[ ] |
| PART II | |
| MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISKS | II-1 |
| TAXES | II-32 |
| MANAGEMENT | II-40 |
| DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE | II-58 |
| HOW TO BUY SHARES | II-60 |
| DISTRIBUTION PLANS | II-69 |
| INVESTOR SERVICES | II-76 |
| SIGNATURE GUARANTEES | II-80 |
| REDEMPTIONS | II-80 |
| SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY | II-81 |
| DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO INFORMATION | II-81 |
| PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES | II-82 |
| SECURITIES RATINGS | II-83 |
| CLAIMS-PAYING ABILITY RATINGS | II-86 |
| APPENDIX A | II-90 |
| 2 |
SAI
PART I
FUND ORGANIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION
Each of Putnam Global Consumer Fund, Putnam Global Energy Fund, Putnam Global Financial Fund, Putnam Global Industrial Fund, Putnam Global Technology Fund and Putnam Global Telecommunication Fund is a series of Putnam Funds Trust, a Massachusetts business trust organized on January 22, 1996 (the "Trust"). A copy of the Agreement and Declaration of Trust, which is governed by Massachusetts law, is on file with the Secretary of State of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
The Trust is an open-end management investment company with an unlimited number of authorized shares of beneficial interest. The Trustees may, without shareholder approval, create two or more series of shares representing separate investment portfolios. Any such series of shares may be divided without shareholder approval into two or more classes of shares having such preferences and special or relative rights and privileges as the Trustees determine. Each fund offers classes of shares with different sales charges and expenses.
Each share has one vote, with fractional shares voting proportionally. Shares of all series and classes will vote together as a single class on all matters except (i) when required by the Investment Company Act of 1940 or when the Trustees have determined that a matter affects one or more series or classes materially differently, shares are voted by individual series or class; and (ii) when the Trustees determine that such a matter affects only the interests of a particular series or class, then only shareholders of such series or class are entitled to vote thereon. Shares are freely transferable, are entitled to dividends as declared by the Trustees, and, if the fund were liquidated, would receive the net assets of the fund.
Each fund may suspend the sale of shares at any time and may refuse any order to purchase shares. Although each fund is not required to hold annual meetings of its shareholders, shareholders holding at least 10% of the outstanding shares entitled to vote have the right to call a meeting to elect or remove Trustees, or to take other actions as provided in the Agreement and Declaration of Trust. Each fund has also voluntarily undertaken to hold a shareholder meeting at which the Board of Trustees would be elected at least every five years beginning in 2004.
| 3 |
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS
As fundamental investment restrictions, which may not be changed without a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities, each fund may not and will not:
(1) With respect to 50% of its total assets, invest in securities of any issuer if, immediately after such investment, more than 5% of the total assets of the fund (taken at current value) would be invested in the securities of such issuer; provided that this limitation does not apply to obligations issued or guaranteed as to interest or principal by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities or to securities issued by other investment companies.
(2) With respect to 50% of its total assets, acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any issuer.
(3) Borrow money in excess of 33 1/3% of the value of its total assets (not including the amount borrowed) at the time the borrowing is made.
(4) Make loans, except by purchase of debt obligations in which the fund may invest consistent with its investment policies (including without limitation debt obligations issued by other Putnam funds), by entering into repurchase agreements, or by lending its portfolio securities.
(5) Purchase or sell real estate, although it may purchase securities of issuers which deal in real estate, securities which are secured by interests in real estate, and securities which represent interests in real estate, and it may acquire and dispose of real estate or interests in real estate acquired through the exercise of its rights as a holder of debt obligations secured by real estate or interests therein.
(6) Purchase or sell physical commodities unless acquired as a result of ownership of securities or other instruments. (This restriction shall not prevent the fund from purchasing or selling financial instruments representing interests in commodities or the values of which are determined by reference to commodities, but which do not involve the delivery of physical commodities to or by the fund, or from entering into financial futures contracts, options, foreign exchange contracts and other financial transactions.)
(7) Underwrite securities issued by other persons except to the extent that, in connection with the disposition of its portfolio investments, it may be deemed to be an underwriter under certain federal securities laws.
(8)(a) Global Consumer Fund only: Purchase securities (other than securities of the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities) if, as a result of such purchase, more than 25% of the fund's total assets would be invested in any one industry, except that the fund will normally invest at least 25% of its net assets in the consumer staples and consumer discretionary products and services industries.
| 4 |
(8)(b) Global Energy Fund only: Purchase securities (other than securities of the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities) if, as a result of such purchase, more than 25% of the fund's total assets would be invested in any one industry, except that the fund will normally invest at least 25% of its net assets in the energy industries.
(8)(c) Global Financial Fund only: Purchase securities (other than securities of the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities) if, as a result of such purchase, more than 25% of the fund's total assets would be invested in any one industry, except that the fund will normally invest at least 25% of its net assets in the financial services industries.
(8)(d) Global Industrial Fund only: Purchase securities (other than securities of the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities) if, as a result of such purchase, more than 25% of the fund's total assets would be invested in any one industry, except that the fund will normally invest at least 25% of its net assets in the industrial products, services or equipment industries.
(8)(e) Global Technology Fund only: Purchase securities (other than securities of the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities) if, as a result of such purchase, more than 25% of the fund's total assets would be invested in any one industry, except that the fund will normally invest at least 25% of its net assets in the technology industries.
(8)(f) Global Telecommunication Fund only: Purchase securities (other than securities of the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities) if, as a result of such purchase, more than 25% of the fund’s total assets would be invested in any one industry, except that the fund will normally invest at least 25% of its net assets in the telecommunication industries.
(9) Issue any class of securities which is senior to the fund’s shares of beneficial interest, except for permitted borrowings.
The Investment Company Act of 1940 provides that a "vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities" of the fund means the affirmative vote of the lesser of (1) more than 50% of the outstanding fund shares, or (2) 67% or more of the shares present at a meeting if more than 50% of the outstanding fund shares are represented at the meeting in person or by proxy.
The following non-fundamental investment policies may be changed by the Trustees without shareholder approval:
(1) The fund will not invest in (a) securities which are not readily marketable, (b) securities restricted as to resale (excluding securities determined by the Trustees of the fund (or the person designated by the Trustees of the fund to make such determinations) to be readily marketable), and (c) repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days, if, as a result, more than 15% of the fund's net assets (taken at current value) would be invested in securities described in (a), (b) and (c).
| 5 |
CHARGES AND EXPENSES
Management fees
Under a Management Contract with the Trust dated August 3, 2007, as amended, each fund pays a monthly fee to Putnam Management based on the average net assets of such fund, as determined at the close of each business day during the quarter, at the annual rate of:
[TO BE UPDATED UPON CONTRACT APPROVAL]
Trustee responsibilities and fees
The Trustees are responsible for generally overseeing the conduct of fund business. Subject to such policies as the Trustees may determine, Putnam Management furnishes a continuing investment program for the funds and makes investment decisions on their behalf. Subject to the control of the Trustees, Putnam Management also manages the funds’ other affairs and business.
The table below shows the value of each Trustee's holdings in each fund and in all of the Putnam Funds as of December 31, 2007.
| Name of Trustee | Dollar range of | Aggregate dollar range of shares |
| Putnam Global Consumer | held in all of the Putnam funds | |
| Fund, Putnam Global Energy | overseen by Trustee | |
| Fund, Putnam Global | ||
| Financial Fund, Putnam | ||
| Global Industrial Fund, | ||
| Putnam Global Technology | ||
| Fund and Putnam Global | ||
| Telecommunication Fund * | ||
| shares owned | ||
|
| ||
| Jameson A. Baxter | None | over $100,000 |
|
| ||
| Charles B. Curtis | None | over $100,000 |
|
| ||
| Robert J. Darretta | None | over $100,000 |
|
| ||
| Myra R. Drucker | None | over $100,000 |
|
| ||
| John A. Hill | None | over $100,000 |
|
| ||
| Paul L. Joskow | None | over $100,000 |
|
| ||
| Elizabeth T. Kennan | None | over $100,000 |
|
| ||
| Kenneth R. Leibler | None | over $100,000 |
|
| ||
| Robert E. Patterson | None | over $100,000 |
|
| ||
| George Putnam, III | None | over $100,000 |
|
| ||
| Richard B. Worley | None | over $100,000 |
|
| ||
| ** Charles E. Haldeman, Jr. | None | over $100,000 |
|
| ||
| +** Robert L. Reynolds | None | N/A |
|
| ||
| 6 |
* The funds have not yet commenced operations as of December 31, 2007.
** Trustees who are "interested persons" (as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940) of the fund, Putnam Management and/or Putnam Retail Management. Messrs. Haldeman and Reynolds are deemed “interested persons” by virtue of their positions as officers of the fund, Putnam Management and/or Putnam Retail Management. As of July 2008, Mr. Reynolds is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam, LLC (“Putnam Investments”). Mr. Haldeman is the President of your fund and each of the other Putnam funds and is Chairman of Putnam Management. Prior to July 2008, he was President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments. None of the other Trustees is an “interested person.”
+ Elected to the Board of Trustees after December 31, 2007.
Each independent Trustee of the fund receives an annual retainer fee and additional fees for each Trustees meeting attended, for attendance at industry seminars and for certain compliance-related services. Independent Trustees who serve on board committees receive additional fees for attendance at certain committee meetings and for special services rendered in that connection. Independent Trustees also are reimbursed for costs incurred in connection with their services, including costs of travel, seminars and educational materials. All of the current independent Trustees of the funds are Trustees of all the Putnam funds and receive fees for their services.
The Trustees periodically review their fees to ensure that such fees continue to be appropriate in light of their responsibilities as well as in relation to fees paid to trustees of other mutual fund complexes. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee, which consists solely of independent Trustees of the funds, estimates that committee and Trustee meeting time, together with the appropriate preparation, requires the equivalent of at least three business days per Trustee meeting.
The following table shows the year each Trustee was first elected a Trustee of the Putnam funds, the estimated fees to be paid to each Trustee by each fund for its first full fiscal year and the fees paid to each Trustee by all of the Putnam funds during calendar year 2007:
| 7 |
| COMPENSATION TABLES | ||||||
| Putnam Global Consumer Fund | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Estimated | ||||||
| Pension or | Estimated annual | |||||
| retirement | benefits from all | Total | ||||
| Estimated Aggregate | benefits accrued | Putnam funds upon | compensation | |||
| compensation | as part of fund | retirement(1) | from all Putnam | |||
| Trustees/Year | from the fund | expenses | funds (2) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Jameson A. Baxter/1994(3) | $[ | ] | $[ | ] | $110,500 | $305,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Charles B. Curtis/2001 | [ | ] | [ | ] | 113,900 | 291,250 |
|
| ||||||
| Robert J. Darretta/2007 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 135,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Myra R. Drucker/2004(3) | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 307,500 | |
|
| ||||||
| Charles E. Haldeman, Jr./2004 | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0 | ||
|
| ||||||
| John A. Hill/1985(3)(4) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 161,700 | 408,126 |
|
| ||||||
| Paul L. Joskow/1997(3) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 113,400 | 295,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Elizabeth T. Kennan/1992(3) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 108,000 | 300,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Kenneth R. Leibler/2006 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 300,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Robert E. Patterson/1984 | [ | ] | [ | ] | 106,500 | 300,000 |
|
| ||||||
| George Putnam, III/1984(4) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 130,300 | 307,500 |
|
| ||||||
| Robert L. Reynolds/2008(5) | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0 | ||
|
| ||||||
| W. Thomas Stephens/1997(6) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 107,100 | 290,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Richard B. Worley/2004 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 290,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| 8 |
| Putnam Global Energy Fund | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Estimated | ||||||
| Pension or | Estimated annual | |||||
| retirement | benefits from all | Total | ||||
| Estimated Aggregate | benefits accrued | Putnam funds upon | compensation | |||
| compensation | as part of fund | retirement(1) | from all Putnam | |||
| Trustees/Year | from the fund | expenses | funds (2) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Jameson A. Baxter/1994(3) | $[ | ] | $[ | ] | $110,500 | $305,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Charles B. Curtis/2001 | [ | ] | [ | ] | 113,900 | 291,250 |
|
| ||||||
| Robert J. Darretta/2007 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 135,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Myra R. Drucker/2004(3) | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 307,500 | |
|
| ||||||
| Charles E. Haldeman, Jr./2004 | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0 | ||
|
| ||||||
| John A. Hill/1985(3)(4) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 161,700 | 408,126 |
|
| ||||||
| Paul L. Joskow/1997(3) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 113,400 | 295,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Elizabeth T. Kennan/1992(3) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 108,000 | 300,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Kenneth R. Leibler/2006 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 300,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Robert E. Patterson/1984 | [ | ] | [ | ] | 106,500 | 300,000 |
|
| ||||||
| George Putnam, III/1984(4) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 130,300 | 307,500 |
|
| ||||||
| Robert L. Reynolds/2008(5) | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0 | ||
|
| ||||||
| W. Thomas Stephens/1997(6) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 107,100 | 290,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Richard B. Worley/2004 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 290,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| 9 |
| Putnam Global Financial Fund | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Estimated | ||||||
| Pension or | Estimated annual | |||||
| retirement | benefits from all | Total | ||||
| Estimated Aggregate | benefits accrued | Putnam funds upon | compensation | |||
| compensation | as part of fund | retirement(1) | from all Putnam | |||
| Trustees/Year | from the fund | expenses | funds (2) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Jameson A. Baxter/1994(3) | $[ | ] | $[ | ] | $110,500 | $305,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Charles B. Curtis/2001 | [ | ] | [ | ] | 113,900 | 291,250 |
|
| ||||||
| Robert J. Darretta/2007 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 135,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Myra R. Drucker/2004(3) | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 307,500 | |
|
| ||||||
| Charles E. Haldeman, Jr./2004 | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0 | ||
|
| ||||||
| John A. Hill/1985(3)(4) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 161,700 | 408,126 |
|
| ||||||
| Paul L. Joskow/1997(3) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 113,400 | 295,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Elizabeth T. Kennan/1992(3) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 108,000 | 300,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Kenneth R. Leibler/2006 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 300,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Robert E. Patterson/1984 | [ | ] | [ | ] | 106,500 | 300,000 |
|
| ||||||
| George Putnam, III/1984(4) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 130,300 | 307,500 |
|
| ||||||
| Robert L. Reynolds/2008(5) | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0 | ||
|
| ||||||
| W. Thomas Stephens/1997(6) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 107,100 | 290,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Richard B. Worley/2004 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 290,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| 10 |
| Putnam Global Industrial Fund | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Estimated | ||||||
| Pension or | Estimated annual | |||||
| retirement | benefits from all | Total | ||||
| Estimated Aggregate | benefits accrued | Putnam funds upon | compensation | |||
| compensation | as part of fund | retirement(1) | from all Putnam | |||
| Trustees/Year | from the fund | expenses | funds (2) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Jameson A. Baxter/1994(3) | $[ | ] | $[ | ] | $110,500 | $305,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Charles B. Curtis/2001 | [ | ] | [ | ] | 113,900 | 291,250 |
|
| ||||||
| Robert J. Darretta/2007 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 135,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Myra R. Drucker/2004(3) | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 307,500 | |
|
| ||||||
| Charles E. Haldeman, Jr./2004 | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0 | ||
|
| ||||||
| John A. Hill/1985(3)(4) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 161,700 | 408,126 |
|
| ||||||
| Paul L. Joskow/1997(3) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 113,400 | 295,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Elizabeth T. Kennan/1992(3) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 108,000 | 300,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Kenneth R. Leibler/2006 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 300,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Robert E. Patterson/1984 | [ | ] | [ | ] | 106,500 | 300,000 |
|
| ||||||
| George Putnam, III/1984(4) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 130,300 | 307,500 |
|
| ||||||
| Robert L. Reynolds/2008(5) | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0 | ||
|
| ||||||
| W. Thomas Stephens/1997(6) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 107,100 | 290,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Richard B. Worley/2004 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 290,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| 11 |
| Putnam Global Technology Fund | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Estimated | ||||||
| Pension or | Estimated annual | |||||
| retirement | benefits from all | Total | ||||
| Estimated Aggregate | benefits accrued | Putnam funds upon | compensation | |||
| compensation | as part of fund | retirement(1) | from all Putnam | |||
| Trustees/Year | from the fund | expenses | funds (2) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Jameson A. Baxter/1994(3) | $[ | ] | $[ | ] | $110,500 | $305,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Charles B. Curtis/2001 | [ | ] | [ | ] | 113,900 | 291,250 |
|
| ||||||
| Robert J. Darretta/2007 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 135,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Myra R. Drucker/2004(3) | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 307,500 | |
|
| ||||||
| Charles E. Haldeman, Jr./2004 | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0 | ||
|
| ||||||
| John A. Hill/1985(3)(4) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 161,700 | 408,126 |
|
| ||||||
| Paul L. Joskow/1997(3) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 113,400 | 295,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Elizabeth T. Kennan/1992(3) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 108,000 | 300,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Kenneth R. Leibler/2006 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 300,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Robert E. Patterson/1984 | [ | ] | [ | ] | 106,500 | 300,000 |
|
| ||||||
| George Putnam, III/1984(4) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 130,300 | 307,500 |
|
| ||||||
| Robert L. Reynolds/2008(5) | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0 | ||
|
| ||||||
| W. Thomas Stephens/1997(6) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 107,100 | 290,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Richard B. Worley/2004 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 290,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| 12 |
| Putnam Global Telecommunication Fund | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Estimated | ||||||
| Pension or | Estimated annual | |||||
| retirement | benefits from all | Total | ||||
| Estimated Aggregate | benefits accrued | Putnam funds upon | compensation | |||
| compensation | as part of fund | retirement(1) | from all Putnam | |||
| Trustees/Year | from the fund | expenses | funds (2) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Jameson A. Baxter/1994(3) | $[ | ] | $[ | ] | $110,500 | $305,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Charles B. Curtis/2001 | [ | ] | [ | ] | 113,900 | 291,250 |
|
| ||||||
| Robert J. Darretta/2007 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 135,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Myra R. Drucker/2004(3) | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 307,500 | |
|
| ||||||
| Charles E. Haldeman, Jr./2004 | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0 | ||
|
| ||||||
| John A. Hill/1985(3)(4) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 161,700 | 408,126 |
|
| ||||||
| Paul L. Joskow/1997(3) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 113,400 | 295,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Elizabeth T. Kennan/1992(3) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 108,000 | 300,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Kenneth R. Leibler/2006 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 300,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Robert E. Patterson/1984 | [ | ] | [ | ] | 106,500 | 300,000 |
|
| ||||||
| George Putnam, III/1984(4) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 130,300 | 307,500 |
|
| ||||||
| Robert L. Reynolds/2008(5) | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0 | ||
|
| ||||||
| W. Thomas Stephens/1997(6) | [ | ] | [ | ] | 107,100 | 290,000 |
|
| ||||||
| Richard B. Worley/2004 | [ | ] | N/A | N/A | 290,000 | |
|
| ||||||
| 13 |
(1) Estimated benefits for each Trustee are based on Trustee fee rates for calendar years 2003, 2004 and 2005.
(2) As of December 31, 2007, there were 102 funds in the Putnam family. For Mr. Hill, amounts shown also include compensation for service as Chairman of TH Lee, Putnam Emerging Opportunities Portfolio, a closed-end fund advised by an affiliate of Putnam Management.
(3) Certain Trustees are also owed compensation deferred pursuant to a Trustee Compensation Deferral Plan.
(4) Includes additional compensation to Messrs. Hill and Putnam for service as Chairman of the Trustees and President (through May 31, 2007) of the Funds, respectively.
(5) Mr. Reynolds was elected to the Board of Trustees of the Putnam funds on September 12, 2008.
(6) Mr. Stephens retired from the Board of Trustees of the Putnam funds on March 31, 2008.
| 14 |
Under a Retirement Plan for Trustees of the Putnam funds (the "Plan"), each Trustee who retires with at least five years of service as a Trustee of the funds is entitled to receive an annual retirement benefit equal to one-half of the average annual attendance and retainer fees paid to such Trustee for calendar years 2003, 2004 and 2005. This retirement benefit is payable during a Trustee's lifetime, beginning the year following retirement, for the number of years of service through December 31, 2006. A death benefit, also available under the Plan, ensures that the Trustee and his or her beneficiaries will receive benefit payments for the lesser of an aggregate period of (i) ten years or (ii) such Trustee's total years of service.
The Plan Administrator (currently the Board Policy and Nominating Committee) may terminate or amend the Plan at any time, but no termination or amendment will result in a reduction in the amount of benefits (i) currently being paid to a Trustee at the time of such termination or amendment, or (ii) to which a current Trustee would have been entitled had he or she retired immediately prior to such termination or amendment. The Trustees have terminated the Plan with respect to any Trustee first elected to the board after 2003.
For additional information concerning the Trustees, see "Management" in Part II of this SAI.
Share ownership
As of each fund’s commencement of operations, Putnam Investments owned of record and beneficially 100% of the shares of each fund and therefore may be deemed to "control" each fund. Putnam Investments, a Delaware limited liability company, is owned through a series of subsidiaries by Great-West Lifeco Inc., a Canadian corporation. The address of Putnam Investments is One Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109.
OTHER ACCOUNTS MANAGED BY THE FUNDS’ PORTFOLIO MANAGERS
The following table shows the number and approximate assets of other investment accounts (or portions of investment accounts) that the funds’ Portfolio Leaders and Portfolio Members managed as of the funds’ most recent fiscal year-end. The other accounts may include accounts for which the individual was not designated as a portfolio member. Unless noted, none of the other accounts pays a fee based on the account's performance.
[TABLES TO BE PROVIDED IN NEXT DRAFT]
| 15 |
See "Management - Portfolio Transactions - Potential conflicts of interest in managing multiple accounts" in Part II of this SAI for information on how Putnam Management addresses potential conflicts of interest resulting from an individual's management of more than one account.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
[To be determined], is each fund’s independent registered public accounting firm providing audit services, tax return review and other tax consulting services and assistance and consultation in connection with the review of various Securities and Exchange Commission filings. The funds have not yet commenced operations.
| 16 |
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | |
| MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISKS | 1 |
| TAXES | 32 |
| MANAGEMENT | 40 |
| DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE | 58 |
| HOW TO BUY SHARES | 60 |
| DISTRIBUTION PLANS | 69 |
| INVESTOR SERVICES | 76 |
| SIGNATURE GUARANTEES | 80 |
| REDEMPTIONS | 80 |
| SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY | 81 |
| DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO INFORMATION | 81 |
| PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES | 82 |
| SECURITIES RATINGS | 83 |
| CLAIMS-PAYING ABILITY RATINGS | 86 |
| APPENDIX A | 90 |
THE PUTNAM FUNDS
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (“SAI”)
PART II
MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISKS
As noted in the prospectus, in addition to the main investment strategies and the principal risks described in the prospectus, the fund may employ other investment practices and may be subject to other risks, which are described below. Because the following is a combined description of investment strategies of all of the Putnam funds, certain matters described herein may not apply to your fund. Unless a strategy or policy described below is specifically prohibited or limited by the investment restrictions discussed in the fund’s prospectus or in this SAI, or by applicable law, the fund may engage in each of the practices described below without limit. This section contains information on the investments and investment practices listed below. With respect to funds for which Putnam Investments Limited (“PIL”) and/or The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC (“PAC”) serves as sub-investment manager (as described in the fund’s prospectus), references to Putnam Investment Management, LLC (“Putnam Management”) in this section include PIL and/or PAC, as appropriate.
| Alternative Investment Strategies | Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities |
| Bank Loans | Options on Securities |
| Borrowing | Preferred Stocks and Convertible Securities |
| Derivatives | Private Placements and Restricted Securities |
| Floating Rate and Variable Rate Demand Notes | Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) |
| Foreign Currency Transactions | Redeemable Securities |
| Foreign Investments and Related Risks | Repurchase Agreements |
| Forward Commitments and Dollar Rolls | Securities Loans |
| Futures Contracts and Related Options | Securities of Other Investment Companies |
| Hybrid Instruments | Short-term Trading |
| Industry and Sector Groups | Special Purpose Acquisition Companies |
| Inflation-Protected Securities | Structured investments |
| Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) | Swap Agreements |
| Inverse Floaters | Tax-exempt Securities |
| Lower-rated Securities | Warrants |
| Money Market Instruments | Zero-coupon and Payment-in-kind Bonds |
Alternative Investment Strategies
Under normal market conditions, the fund seeks to remain fully invested and to minimize its cash holdings. However, at times, Putnam Management may judge that market conditions may make pursuing a fund's investment strategies inconsistent with the best interests of its shareholders. Putnam Management then may temporarily use alternative strategies that are mainly designed to limit the fund's losses. In implementing these strategies, the fund may invest primarily in, among other things, debt securities, preferred stocks, U.S. Government and agency obligations, cash or money market instruments (including, to the extent permitted by law or applicable exemptive relief, money market funds), or any other securities Putnam Management considers consistent with such defensive strategies.
Bank Loans
The fund may invest in bank loans. By purchasing a loan, the fund acquires some or all of the interest of a bank or other lending institution in a loan to a particular borrower. The fund may act as part of a lending syndicate, and in such cases would be purchasing a “participation” in the loan. The fund may also purchase loans by assignment from another lender. Many loans are secured by the assets of the borrower, and most
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impose restrictive covenants which must be met by the borrower. These loans are typically made by a syndicate of banks, represented by an agent bank which has negotiated and structured the loan and which is responsible generally for collecting interest, principal, and other amounts from the borrower on its own behalf and on behalf of the other lending institutions in the syndicate, and for enforcing its and their other rights against the borrower. Each of the lending institutions, including the agent bank, lends to the borrower a portion of the total amount of the loan, and retains the corresponding interest in the loan.
The fund’s ability to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts in connection with loan participations held by it will depend primarily on the financial condition of the borrower (and, in some cases, the lending institution from which it purchases the loan). The value of collateral, if any, securing a loan can decline, or may be insufficient to meet the borrower’s obligations or difficult to liquidate. In addition, the fund’s access to collateral may be limited by bankruptcy or other insolvency laws. The failure by the fund to receive scheduled interest or principal payments on a loan would adversely affect the income of the fund and would likely reduce the value of its assets, which would be reflected in a reduction in the fund's net asset value. Banks and other lending institutions generally perform a credit analysis of the borrower before originating a loan or participating in a lending syndicate. In selecting the loans in which the fund will invest, however, Putnam Management will not rely solely on that credit analysis, but will perform its own investment analysis of the borrowers. Putnam Management's analysis may include consideration of the borrower's financial strength and managerial experience, debt coverage, additional borrowing requirements or debt maturity schedules, changing financial conditions, and responsiveness to changes in business conditions and interest rates. Putnam Management will generally not have access to non-public information to which other investors in syndicated loans may have access. Because loans in which the fund may invest are not generally rated by independent credit rating agencies, a decision by the fund to invest in a particular loan will depend almost exclusively on Putnam Management's, and the original lending institution's, credit analysis of the borrower. Investments in loans may be of any quality, including “distressed” loans, and will be subject to the fund’s credit quality policy. The loans in which the fund may invest include those that pay fixed rates of interest and those that pay floating rates – i.e., rates that adjust periodically based on a known lending rate, such as a bank’s prime rate.
Loans may be structured in different forms, including novations, assignments and participating interests. In a novation, the fund assumes all of the rights of a lending institution in a loan, including the right to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts directly from the borrower and to enforce its rights as a lender directly against the borrower. The fund assumes the position of a co-lender with other syndicate members. As an alternative, the fund may purchase an assignment of a portion of a lender's interest in a loan. In this case, the fund may be required generally to rely upon the assigning bank to demand payment and enforce its rights against the borrower, but would otherwise be entitled to all of such bank's rights in the loan. The fund may also purchase a participating interest in a portion of the rights of a lending institution in a loan. In such case, it will be entitled to receive payments of principal, interest and premium, if any, but will not generally be entitled to enforce its rights directly against the agent bank or the borrower, and must rely for that purpose on the lending institution. The fund may also acquire a loan interest directly by acting as a member of the original lending syndicate.
The fund will in many cases be required to rely upon the lending institution from which it purchases the loan to collect and pass on to the fund such payments and to enforce the fund's rights under the loan. As a result, an insolvency, bankruptcy or reorganization of the lending institution may delay or prevent the fund from receiving principal, interest and other amounts with respect to the underlying loan. When the fund is required to rely upon a lending institution to pay to the fund principal, interest and other amounts received by it, Putnam Management will also evaluate the creditworthiness of the lending institution.
The borrower of a loan in which the fund holds an interest may, either at its own election or pursuant to terms of the loan documentation, prepay amounts of the loan from time to time. There is no assurance that the fund will be able to reinvest the proceeds of any loan prepayment at the same interest rate or on the same terms as those of the original loan.
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Corporate loans in which the fund may invest are generally made to finance internal growth, mergers, acquisitions, stock repurchases, leveraged buy-outs and other corporate activities. A significant portion of the corporate loans purchased by the fund may represent interests in loans made to finance highly leveraged corporate acquisitions, known as "leveraged buy-out" transactions, leveraged recapitalization loans and other types of acquisition financing. The highly leveraged capital structure of the borrowers in such transactions may make such loans especially vulnerable to adverse changes in economic or market conditions. In addition, loans generally are subject to restrictions on transfer, and only limited opportunities may exist to sell such participations in secondary markets. As a result, the fund may be unable to sell loans at a time when it may otherwise be desirable to do so or may be able to sell them only at a price that is less than their fair market value. The fund may hold investments in loans for a very short period of time when opportunities to resell the investments that Putnam Management believes are attractive arise.
Certain of the loans acquired by the fund may involve revolving credit facilities under which a borrower may from time to time borrow and repay amounts up to the maximum amount of the facility. In such cases, the fund would have an obligation to advance its portion of such additional borrowings upon the terms specified in the loan participation. To the extent that the fund is committed to make additional loans under such a participation, it will at all times set aside on its books liquid assets in an amount sufficient to meet such commitments. Certain of the loan participations acquired by the fund may also involve loans made in foreign (i.e., non-U.S.) currencies. The fund's investment in such participations would involve the risks of currency fluctuations described above with respect to investments in the foreign securities.
With respect to its management of investments in bank loans, Putnam Management will normally seek to avoid receiving material, non-public information (“Confidential Information”) about the issuers of bank loans being considered for acquisition by the fund or held in the fund’s portfolio. In many instances, borrowers may offer to furnish Confidential Information to prospective investors, and to holders, of the issuer’s loans. Putnam Management’s decision not to receive Confidential Information may place Putnam Management at a disadvantage relative to other investors in loans (which could have an adverse effect on the price the fund pays or receives when buying or selling loans). Also, in instances where holders of loans are asked to grant amendments, waivers or consent, Putnam Management’s ability to assess their significance or desirability may be adversely affected. For these and other reasons, it is possible that Putnam Management’s decision not to receive Confidential Information under normal circumstances could adversely affect the fund’s investment performance.
Notwithstanding its intention generally not to receive material, non-public information with respect to its management of investments in loans, Putnam Management may from time to time come into possession of material, non-public information about the issuers of loans that may be held in the fund’s portfolio. Possession of such information may in some instances occur despite Putnam Management’s efforts to avoid such possession, but in other instances Putnam Management may choose to receive such information (for example, in connection with participation in a creditors’ committee with respect to a financially distressed issuer). As, and to the extent, required by applicable law, Putnam Management's ability to trade in these loans for the account of the fund could potentially be limited by its possession of such information. Such limitations on Putnam Management's ability to trade could have an adverse effect on the fund by, for example, preventing the fund from selling a loan that is experiencing a material decline in value. In some instances, these trading restrictions could continue in effect for a substantial period of time.
In some instances, other accounts managed by Putnam Management or an affiliate may hold other securities issued by borrowers whose loans may be held in the fund’s portfolio. These other securities may include, for example, debt securities that are subordinate to the loans held in the fund’s portfolio, convertible debt or common or preferred equity securities. In certain circumstances, such as if the credit quality of the issuer deteriorates, the interests of holders of these other securities may conflict with the interests of the holders of the issuer’s loans. In such cases, Putnam Management may owe conflicting fiduciary duties to the fund and other client accounts. Putnam Management will endeavor to carry out its obligations to all of its clients to the fullest extent possible, recognizing that in some cases certain clients may achieve a lower economic return, as a
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result of these conflicting client interests, than if Putnam Management's client accounts collectively held only a single category of the issuer’s securities.
Borrowing
The fund may borrow money to the extent permitted by its investment policies and restrictions and applicable law. When the fund borrows money or otherwise leverages its portfolio, the value of an investment in the fund will be more volatile and other investment risks will tend to be compounded. This is because leverage tends to exaggerate the effect of any increase or decrease in the value of the fund’s holdings. In addition to borrowing money from banks, the fund may engage in certain other investment transactions that may be viewed as forms of financial leverage – for example, using dollar rolls, investing collateral from loans of portfolio securities, entering into when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward commitment transactions or using derivatives such as swaps, futures, forwards, and options. Because the fund either (1) sets aside cash (or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees) on its books in respect of such transactions during the period in which the transactions are open or (2) otherwise “covers” its obligations under the transactions, such as by holding offsetting investments, the fund does not consider these transactions to be borrowings for purposes of its investment restrictions or “senior securities” for purposes of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). In some cases (e.g., with respect to futures and forwards that are contractually required to “cash-settle”), the fund is permitted under relevant guidance from the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) or SEC staff to set aside assets with respect to an investment transaction in the amount of its net (marked-to-market) obligations thereunder, rather than the full notional amount of the transaction. By setting aside assets equal only to its net obligations, the fund will have the ability to employ leverage to a greater extent than if it set aside assets equal to the notional amount of the transaction, which may increase the risk associated with such investments.
Derivatives
Certain of the instruments in which the fund may invest, such as futures contracts, options, hybrid instruments, forward contracts, swap agreements and structured investments, are considered to be "derivatives." Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value or other attributes of an underlying asset, such as a security or an index. Further information about these instruments and the risks involved in their use is included elsewhere in the prospectus and in this SAI. The fund’s use of derivatives may cause the fund to recognize higher amounts of short-term capital gains, which are generally taxed to shareholders at ordinary income tax rates. Investments in derivatives may be applied toward meeting a requirement to invest in a particular kind of investment if the derivatives have economic characteristics similar to that investment. The fund’s use of certain derivatives may in some cases involve forms of financial leverage, which involves risk and may increase the volatility of the fund’s net asset value. See “—Borrowing.” In its use of derivatives, the fund may take both long positions (the values of which move in the same direction as the prices of the underlying investments, pools of investments, indexes or currencies), and short positions (the values of which move in the opposite direction from the prices of the underlying investments, pools of investments indexes or currencies).
Short positions may involve greater risks than long positions, as the risk of loss may be theoretically unlimited (unlike a long position, in which the risk of loss may be limited to the amount invested). The fund may use derivatives that combine “long” and “short” positions in order to capture the difference between underlying investments, pools of investments, indices or currencies.
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Floating Rate and Variable Rate Demand Notes
The fund may purchase taxable or tax-exempt floating rate and variable rate demand notes for short-term cash management or other investment purposes. Floating rate and variable rate demand notes and bonds may have a stated maturity in excess of one year, but may have features that permit a holder to demand payment of principal plus accrued interest upon a specified number of days notice. Frequently, such obligations are secured by letters of credit or other credit support arrangements provided by banks. The issuer has a corresponding right, after a given period, to prepay in its discretion the outstanding principal of the obligation plus accrued interest upon a specific number of days notice to the holders. The interest rate of a floating rate instrument may be based on a known lending rate, such as a bank's prime rate, and is reset whenever such rate is adjusted. The interest rate on a variable rate demand note is reset at specified intervals at a market rate.
Foreign Currency Transactions
To manage its exposure to foreign currencies, the fund may engage in foreign currency exchange transactions, including purchasing and selling foreign currency, foreign currency options, foreign currency forward contracts and foreign currency futures contracts and related options. In addition, the fund may engage in these transactions for the purpose of increasing its return. Foreign currency transactions involve costs, and, if unsuccessful, may reduce the fund’s return.
Generally, the fund may engage in both "transaction hedging" and "position hedging." The fund may also engage in foreign currency transactions for non-hedging purposes, subject to applicable law. When it engages in transaction hedging, the fund enters into foreign currency transactions with respect to specific receivables or payables, generally arising in connection with the purchase or sale of portfolio securities. The fund will engage in transaction hedging when it desires to "lock in" the U.S. dollar price of a security it has agreed to purchase or sell, or the U.S. dollar equivalent of a dividend or interest payment in a foreign currency. By transaction hedging the fund will attempt to protect itself against a possible loss resulting from an adverse change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and the applicable foreign currency during the period between the date on which the security is purchased or sold, or on which the dividend or interest payment is earned, and the date on which such payments are made or received. The fund may also engage in position hedging to protect against a decline in the value relative to the U.S. dollar of the currencies in which its portfolio securities are denominated or quoted (or an increase in the value of the currency in which securities the fund intends to buy are denominated or quoted).
The fund may purchase or sell a foreign currency on a spot (or cash) basis at the prevailing spot rate in connection with the settlement of transactions in portfolio securities denominated in that foreign currency or for other hedging or non-hedging purposes. If conditions warrant, for hedging or non-hedging purposes, the fund may also enter into contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies at a future date ("forward contracts") and purchase and sell foreign currency futures contracts. The fund may also purchase or sell exchange-listed and over-the-counter call and put options on foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies.
A foreign currency futures contract is a standardized exchange-traded contract for the future delivery of a specified amount of a foreign currency at a price set at the time of the contract. Foreign currency futures contracts traded in the United States are designed by and traded on exchanges regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the "CFTC"), such as the New York Mercantile Exchange, and have margin requirements.
A foreign currency forward contract is a negotiated agreement to exchange currency at a future time, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract as agreed by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. The contract price may be higher or lower than the current spot rate. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. For example, the maturity date of a forward contract may be any fixed number of days from
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the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, rather than a predetermined date in a given month. Forward contracts may be in any amount agreed upon by the parties rather than predetermined amounts. In addition, forward contracts are traded in the interbank market conducted directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers, so that no intermediary is required. A forward contract generally has no deposit requirement, and no commissions are charged at any stage for trades.
At the maturity of a forward or futures contract, the fund either may accept or make delivery of the currency specified in the contract, or at or prior to maturity enter into a closing transaction involving the purchase or sale of an offsetting contract. Closing transactions with respect to forward contracts are usually effected with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract. Closing transactions with respect to futures contracts may be effected only on a commodities exchange or board of trade which provides a secondary market in such contracts; a clearing corporation associated with the exchange assumes responsibility for closing out such contracts.
Although the fund intends to purchase or sell foreign currency futures contracts only on exchanges or boards of trade where there appears to be an active secondary market, there is no assurance that a secondary market on an exchange or board of trade will exist for any particular contract or at any particular time. In such event, it may not be possible to close a futures position and, in the event of adverse price movements, the fund would continue to be required to make daily cash payments of variation margin.
It is impossible to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, it may be necessary for the fund to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot market (and bear the expense of such purchase) if the market value of the security or securities being hedged is less than the amount of foreign currency the fund is obligated to deliver and a decision is made to sell the security or securities and make delivery of the foreign currency. Conversely, it may be necessary to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency received upon the sale of the portfolio security or securities if the market value of such security or securities exceeds the amount of foreign currency the fund is obligated to deliver.
As noted above, the fund may purchase or sell exchange-listed and over-the-counter call and put options on foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies. A put option on a futures contract gives the fund the right to assume a short position in the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A put option on a currency gives the fund the right to sell the currency at an exercise price until the expiration of the option. A call option on a futures contract gives the fund the right to assume a long position in the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A call option on a currency gives the fund the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the expiration of the option.
Foreign currency options are traded primarily in the over-the-counter market, although options on foreign currencies are also listed on several exchanges. Options are traded not only on the currencies of individual nations, but also on the euro, the joint currency of most countries in the European Union.
The fund will only purchase or write foreign currency options when Putnam Management believes that a liquid secondary market exists for such options. There can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for a particular option at any specific time. Options on foreign currencies may be affected by all of those factors which influence foreign exchange rates and investments generally.
The fund's currency hedging transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency and may at times not involve currencies in which its portfolio securities are then denominated. Putnam Management will engage in such "cross hedging" activities when it believes that such transactions provide significant hedging opportunities for the fund. Cross hedging transactions by the fund involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies to which such transactions relate and changes in the value of the currency or other asset or liability which is the subject of the hedge.
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Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that the fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange which one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, although these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency, they involve costs to the fund and tend to limit any potential gain which might result from the increase in value of such currency.
The fund may also engage in non-hedging currency transactions. For example, Putnam Management may believe that exposure to a currency is in the fund's best interest but that securities denominated in that currency are unattractive. In this situation, the fund may purchase a currency forward contract or option in order to increase its exposure to the currency. In accordance with SEC regulations, the fund will set aside liquid assets on its books to cover forward contracts used for non-hedging purposes.
In addition, the fund may seek to increase its current return or to offset some of the costs of hedging against fluctuations in current exchange rates by writing covered call options and covered put options on foreign currencies. The fund receives a premium from writing a call or put option, which increases the fund's current return if the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a net profit. The fund may terminate an option that it has written prior to its expiration by entering into a closing purchase transaction in which it purchases an option having the same terms as the option written.
The value of any currency, including U.S. dollars and foreign currencies, may be affected by complex political and economic factors applicable to the issuing country. In addition, the exchange rates of foreign currencies (and therefore the values of foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts) may be affected significantly, fixed, or supported directly or indirectly by U.S. and foreign government actions. Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to fluctuate in response to other market forces.
The value of a foreign currency option, forward contract or futures contract reflects the value of an exchange rate, which in turn reflects relative values of two currencies -- the U.S. dollar and the foreign currency in question. Although foreign exchange dealers do not charge a fee for currency conversion, they do realize a profit based on the difference (the "spread") between prices at which they are buying and selling various currencies. Thus, a dealer may offer to sell a foreign currency to the fund at one rate, while offering a lesser rate of exchange should the fund desire to resell that currency to the dealer. Because foreign currency transactions occurring in the interbank market involve substantially larger amounts than those that may be involved in the exercise of foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts, investors may be disadvantaged by having to deal in an odd-lot market for the underlying foreign currencies in connection with options at prices that are less favorable than for round lots. Foreign governmental restrictions or taxes could result in adverse changes in the cost of acquiring or disposing of foreign currencies.
There is no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies and there is no regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis. Available quotation information is generally representative of very large round-lot transactions in the interbank market and thus may not reflect exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable. The interbank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that options markets are closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, significant price and rate movements may take place in the underlying markets that cannot be reflected in the options markets.
The decision as to whether and to what extent the fund will engage in foreign currency exchange transactions will depend on a number of factors, including prevailing market conditions, the composition of the fund's portfolio and the availability of suitable transactions. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the fund will engage in foreign currency exchange transactions at any given time or from time to time.
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Foreign Investments and Related Risks
Foreign securities are normally denominated and traded in foreign currencies. As a result, the value of the fund's foreign investments and the value of its shares may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. In addition, the fund is required to compute and distribute its income in U.S. dollars. Therefore, if the exchange rate for a foreign currency declines after a fund's income has been earned and translated into U.S. dollars (but before payment), the fund could be required to liquidate portfolio securities to make such distributions. Similarly, if an exchange rate declines between the time a fund incurs expenses in U.S. dollars and the time such expenses are paid, the amount of such currency required to be converted into U.S. dollars in order to pay such expenses in U.S. dollars will be greater than the equivalent amount in any such currency of such expenses at the time they were incurred.
There may be less information publicly available about a foreign issuer than about a U.S. issuer, and foreign issuers may not be subject to accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and practices comparable to those in the United States. In addition, there may be less (or less effective) regulation of exchanges, brokers and listed companies in some foreign countries. The securities of some foreign issuers are less liquid and at times more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. issuers. Foreign brokerage commissions, custodial expenses and other fees are also generally higher than in the United States.
Foreign settlement procedures and trade regulations may be more complex and involve certain risks (such as delay in payment or delivery of securities or in the recovery of the fund's assets held abroad) and expenses not present in the settlement of investments in U.S. markets. For example, settlement of transactions involving foreign securities or foreign currencies (see below) may occur within a foreign country, and the fund may accept or make delivery of the underlying securities or currency in conformity with any applicable U.S. or foreign restrictions or regulations, and may pay fees, taxes or charges associated with such delivery. Such investments may also involve the risk that an entity involved in the settlement may not meet its obligations.
In addition, foreign securities may be subject to the risk of nationalization or expropriation of assets, imposition of currency exchange controls, foreign withholding taxes or restrictions on the repatriation of foreign currency, confiscatory taxation, political, social or financial instability and diplomatic developments which could affect the value of the fund's investments in certain foreign countries. Dividends or interest on, or proceeds from the sale of, foreign securities may be subject to foreign withholding taxes, and special U.S. tax considerations may apply.
Legal remedies available to investors in certain foreign countries may be more limited than those available with respect to investments in the United States or in other foreign countries. The laws of some foreign countries may limit the fund's ability to invest in securities of certain issuers organized under the laws of those foreign countries.
The risks described above, including the risks of nationalization or expropriation of assets, typically are increased in connection with investments in developing countries, also known as "emerging markets." For example, political and economic structures in these countries may be in their infancy and developing rapidly, and such countries may lack the social, political and economic stability characteristic of more developed countries. Certain of these countries have in the past failed to recognize private property rights and have at times nationalized and expropriated the assets of private companies. High rates of inflation or currency devaluations may adversely affect the economies and securities markets of such countries. Investments in emerging markets may be considered speculative.
The currencies of certain emerging market countries have experienced devaluations relative to the U.S. dollar, and future devaluations may adversely affect the value of assets denominated in such currencies. Many emerging market countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation or deflation for many years, and future inflation may adversely affect the economies and securities markets of such countries.
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In addition, unanticipated political or social developments may affect the value of investments in emerging markets and the availability of additional investments in these markets. The small size, limited trading volume and relative inexperience of the securities markets in these countries may make investments in securities traded in emerging markets illiquid and more volatile than investments in securities traded in more developed countries, and the fund may be required to establish special custodial or other arrangements before making investments in securities traded in emerging markets. There may be little financial or accounting information available with respect to issuers of emerging market securities, and it may be difficult as a result to assess the value or prospects of an investment in such securities.
American Depository Receipts (“ADRs”) as well as other “hybrid” forms of ADRs, including European Depository Receipts (“EDRs”) and Global Depository Receipts (“GDRs”), are certificates evidencing ownership of shares of a foreign issuer. These certificates are issued by depository banks and generally trade on an established market in the United States or elsewhere. The underlying shares are held in trust by a custodian bank or similar financial institution in the issuer’s home country. The depository bank may not have physical custody of the underlying securities at all times and may charge fees for various services, including forwarding dividends and interest and corporate actions. ADRs are alternatives to directly purchasing the underlying foreign securities in their national markets and currencies. However, ADRs continue to be subject to many of the risks associated with investing in foreign securities.
Certain of the foregoing risks may also apply to some extent to securities of U.S. issuers that are denominated in foreign currencies or that are traded in foreign markets, or securities of U.S. issuers having significant foreign operations.
Forward Commitments and Dollar Rolls
The fund may enter into contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time ("forward commitments") if the fund sets aside on its books liquid assets in an amount sufficient to meet the purchase price, or if the fund enters into offsetting contracts for the forward sale of other securities it owns. In the case of to-be-announced ("TBA") purchase commitments, the unit price and the estimated principal amount are established when the fund enters into a contract, with the actual principal amount being within a specified range of the estimate. Forward commitments may be considered securities in themselves, and involve a risk of loss if the value of the security to be purchased declines prior to the settlement date, which risk is in addition to the risk of decline in the value of the fund's other assets. Where such purchases are made through dealers, the fund relies on the dealer to consummate the sale. The dealer's failure to do so may result in the loss to the fund of an advantageous yield or price. Although the fund will generally enter into forward commitments with the intention of acquiring securities for its portfolio or for delivery pursuant to options contracts it has entered into, the fund may dispose of a commitment prior to settlement if Putnam Management deems it appropriate to do so. The fund may realize short-term profits or losses upon the sale of forward commitments.
The fund may enter into TBA sale commitments to hedge its portfolio positions or to sell securities it owns under delayed delivery arrangements. Proceeds of TBA sale commitments are not received until the contractual settlement date. During the time a TBA sale commitment is outstanding, equivalent deliverable securities, or an offsetting TBA purchase commitment deliverable on or before the sale commitment date, are held as "cover" for the transaction. Unsettled TBA sale commitments are valued at current market value of the underlying securities. If the TBA sale commitment is closed through the acquisition of an offsetting purchase commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss on the commitment without regard to any unrealized gain or loss on the underlying security. If the fund delivers securities under the commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss from the sale of the securities based upon the unit price established at the date the commitment was entered into.
The fund may enter into dollar roll transactions (generally using TBAs) in which it sells a fixed income security for delivery in the current month and simultaneously contracts to purchase similar securities (for example, same type, coupon and maturity) at an agreed upon future time. By engaging in a dollar roll
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transaction, the fund foregoes principal and interest paid on the security that is sold, but receives the difference between the current sales price and the forward price for the future purchase. The fund would also be able to earn interest on the proceeds of the sale before they are reinvested. The fund accounts for dollar rolls as purchases and sales. Because cash (or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees) in the amount of the fund’s commitment under a dollar roll is set aside on the fund’s books, the fund does not consider these transactions to be borrowings for purposes of its investment restrictions.
The obligation to purchase securities on a specified future date involves the risk that the market value of the securities that the fund is obligated to purchase may decline below the purchase price. In addition, in the event the other party to the transaction files for bankruptcy, becomes insolvent or defaults on its obligation, the fund may be adversely affected.
Futures Contracts and Related Options
Subject to applicable law, the fund may invest without limit in futures contracts and related options for hedging and non-hedging purposes, such as to manage the effective duration of the fund's portfolio or as a substitute for direct investment. A financial futures contract sale creates an obligation by the seller to deliver the type of financial instrument called for in the contract in a specified delivery month for a stated price. A financial futures contract purchase creates an obligation by the purchaser to take delivery of the type of financial instrument called for in the contract in a specified delivery month at a stated price. The specific instruments delivered or taken, respectively, at settlement date are not determined until on or near that date. The determination is made in accordance with the rules of the exchange on which the futures contract sale or purchase was made. Futures contracts are traded in the United States only on commodity exchanges or boards of trade -- known as "contract markets" -- approved for such trading by the CFTC, and must be executed through a futures commission merchant or brokerage firm which is a member of the relevant contract market. Examples of futures contracts that the fund may use (which may include single-security futures) include, without limitation, U.S. Treasury security futures, index futures, corporate or municipal bond futures, Government National Mortgage Association certificate futures, interest rate swap futures, and Eurodollar futures. In addition, as described elsewhere in this SAI, the fund may use foreign currency futures.
Although futures contracts (other than index futures and futures based on the volatility or variance experienced by an index) by their terms call for actual delivery or acceptance of commodities or securities, in most cases the contracts are closed out before the settlement date without the making or taking of delivery. Index futures and futures based on the volatility or variance experienced by an index do not call for actual delivery or acceptance of commodities or securities, but instead require cash settlement of the futures contract on the settlement date specified in the contract. Such contracts may also be closed out before the settlement date. Closing out a futures contract sale is effected by purchasing a futures contract for the same aggregate amount of the specific type of financial instrument or commodity with the same delivery date. If the price of the initial sale of the futures contract exceeds the price of the offsetting purchase, the seller is paid the difference and realizes a gain. Conversely, if the price of the offsetting purchase exceeds the price of the initial sale, the seller realizes a loss. If the fund is unable to enter into a closing transaction, the amount of the fund's potential loss is unlimited. The closing out of a futures contract purchase is effected by the purchaser's entering into a futures contract sale. If the offsetting sale price exceeds the purchase price, the purchaser realizes a gain, and if the purchase price exceeds the offsetting sale price, he realizes a loss.
Unlike when the fund purchases or sells a security, no price is paid or received by the fund upon the purchase or sale of a futures contract. Instead, upon entering into a contract, the fund is required to deliver to the futures broker an amount of liquid assets. This amount is known as "initial margin." The nature of initial margin in futures transactions is different from that of margin in security transactions in that futures contract margin does not involve the borrowing of funds to finance the transactions. Rather, initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit which is returned to the fund upon termination of the futures contract, assuming all contractual obligations have been satisfied. Futures contracts also involve brokerage costs.
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Subsequent payments, called "variation margin" or "maintenance margin," to and from the broker are made on a daily basis as the price of the underlying security or commodity fluctuates, making the long and short positions in the futures contract more or less valuable, a process known as "marking to the market." For example, when the fund has purchased a futures contract on a security and the price of the underlying security has risen, that position will have increased in value and the fund will receive from the broker a variation margin payment based on that increase in value. Conversely, when the fund has purchased a security futures contract and the price of the underlying security has declined, the position would be less valuable and the fund would be required to make a variation margin payment to the broker.
The fund may elect to close some or all of its futures positions at any time prior to their expiration in order to reduce or eliminate a position then currently held by the fund. The fund may close its positions by taking opposite positions which will operate to terminate the fund's position in the futures contracts. Final determinations of variation margin are then made, additional cash is required to be paid by or released to the fund, and the fund realizes a loss or a gain. Such closing transactions involve additional commission costs.
The fund does not intend to purchase or sell futures or related options for other than hedging purposes, if, as a result, the sum of the initial margin deposits on the fund's existing futures and related options positions and premiums paid for outstanding options on futures contracts would exceed 5% of the fund's net assets.
The fund has claimed an exclusion from the definition of the term "commodity pool operator" under the Commodity Exchange Act (the "CEA"), and therefore, is not subject to registration or regulation as a pool operator under the CEA.
Index futures. An index futures contract is a contract to buy or sell units of an index at a specified future date at a price agreed upon when the contract is made. Entering into a contract to buy units of an index is commonly referred to as buying or purchasing a contract or holding a long position in the index. Entering into a contract to sell units of an index is commonly referred to as selling a contract or holding a short position. A unit is the current value of the index. The fund may enter into stock index futures contracts, debt index futures contracts, or other index futures contracts appropriate to its objective(s). The fund may also purchase and sell options on index futures contracts.
For example, the Standard & Poor's 500 Composite Stock Price Index ("S&P 500") is composed of 500 selected U.S. common stocks. The S&P 500 assigns relative weightings to the common stocks included in the Index, and the value fluctuates with changes in the market values of those common stocks. In the case of the S&P 500, contracts are currently to buy or sell 250 units. Thus, if the value of the S&P 500 were $150, one contract would be worth $37,500 (250 units x $150). The stock index futures contract specifies that no delivery of the actual stocks making up the index will take place. Instead, settlement in cash must occur upon the termination of the contract, with the settlement being the difference between the contract price and the actual level of the stock index at the expiration of the contract. For example, if the fund enters into a futures contract to buy 250 units of the S&P 500 at a specified future date at a contract price of $150 and the S&P 500 is at $154 on that future date, the fund will gain $1,000 (250 units x gain of $4). If the fund enters into a futures contract to sell 250 units of the stock index at a specified future date at a contract price of $150 and the S&P 500 is at $152 on that future date, the fund will lose $500 (250 units x loss of $2).
Options on futures contracts. The fund may purchase and write call and put options on futures contracts it may buy or sell and enter into closing transactions with respect to such options to terminate existing positions. In return for the premium paid, options on futures contracts give the purchaser the right to assume a position in a futures contract at the specified option exercise price at any time during the period of the option. Upon exercise of the option, the delivery of the futures position by the writer of the option to the holder of the option will be accompanied by delivery of the accumulated balance in the writer's futures margin account which represents the amount by which the market price of the futures contract, at exercise, exceeds (in the case of a call) or is less than (in the case of a put) the exercise price of the option on the future. If an option is exercised on the last trading day prior to its expiration date, the settlement will be made entirely in cash equal to the difference between the exercise price of the option and the closing level of the underlying asset on which the
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future is based on the expiration date. Purchasers of options who fail to exercise their options prior to the exercise date suffer a loss of the premium paid.
The fund may use options on futures contracts in lieu of writing or buying options directly on the underlying securities or indices or purchasing and selling the underlying futures contracts. For example, to hedge against a possible decrease in the value of its portfolio securities, the fund may purchase put options or write call options on futures contracts rather than selling futures contracts. Similarly, the fund may purchase call options or write put options on futures contracts as a substitute for the purchase of futures contracts to hedge against a possible increase in the price of securities which the fund expects to purchase. Such options generally operate in the same manner, and involve the same risks, as options purchased or written directly on the underlying investments. In addition, the fund will be required to deposit initial margin and maintenance margin with respect to put and call options on futures contracts written by it pursuant to brokers' requirements similar to those described above in connection with the discussion of futures contracts. The writing of an option on a futures contract involves risks similar to those relating to the sale of futures contracts.
Compared to the purchase or sale of futures contracts, the purchase of call or put options on futures contracts generally involves less potential risk to the fund because the maximum amount at risk is the premium paid for the options (plus transaction costs). However, there may be circumstances when the purchase of a call or put option on a futures contract would result in a loss to the fund when the purchase or sale of a futures contract would not, such as when there is no movement in the prices of the hedged investments.
As an alternative to purchasing call and put options on index futures, the fund may purchase and sell call and put options on the underlying indices themselves. Such options would be used in a manner identical to the use of options on index futures.
Risks of transactions in futures contracts and related options. Successful use of futures contracts by the fund is subject to Putnam Management's ability to predict movements in various factors affecting securities markets, including interest rates and market movements, and, in the case of index futures and futures based on the volatility or variance experienced by an index, Putnam Management’s ability to predict the future level of the index or the future volatility or variance experienced by an index. For example, it is possible that, where the fund has sold futures to hedge its portfolio against a decline in the market, the index on which the futures are written may advance and the value of securities held in the fund's portfolio may decline. If this occurred, the fund would lose money on the futures and also experience a decline in value in its portfolio securities. It is also possible that, if the fund has hedged against the possibility of a decline in the market adversely affecting securities held in its portfolio and securities prices increase instead, the fund will lose part or all of the benefit of the increased value of those securities it has hedged because it will have offsetting losses in its futures positions. In addition, in such situations, if the fund has insufficient cash, it may have to sell securities to meet daily variation margin requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so.
The use of options and futures strategies also involves the risk of imperfect correlation among movements in the prices of the securities or other assets underlying the futures and options purchased and sold by the fund, of the options and futures contracts themselves, and, in the case of hedging transactions, of the securities which are the subject of a hedge. In addition to the possibility that there may be an imperfect correlation, or no correlation at all, between movements in the futures used by the fund and the portion of the portfolio being hedged, the prices of futures may not correlate perfectly with movements in the underlying asset due to certain market distortions. First, all participants in the futures market are subject to margin deposit and maintenance requirements. Rather than meeting additional margin deposit requirements, investors may close futures contracts through offsetting transactions which could distort the normal relationship between the underlying asset and futures markets. Second, margin requirements in the futures market are less onerous than margin requirements in the securities market, and as a result the futures market may attract more speculators than the securities market does. Increased participation by speculators in the futures market may also cause temporary price distortions. Due to the possibility of price distortions in the futures market and also because of the imperfect correlation between movements in the underlying asset and movements in the prices of related
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futures, even a correct forecast of general market trends by Putnam Management may still not result in a profitable position.
There is no assurance that higher than anticipated trading activity or other unforeseen events might not, at times, render certain market clearing facilities inadequate, and thereby result in the institution by exchanges of special procedures which may interfere with the timely execution of customer orders.
To reduce or eliminate a position held by the fund, the fund may seek to close out such position. The ability to establish and close out positions will be subject to the development and maintenance of a liquid secondary market. It is not certain that this market will develop or continue to exist for a particular futures contract or option. Reasons for the absence of a liquid secondary market on an exchange include the following: (i) there may be insufficient trading interest in certain contracts or options; (ii) restrictions may be imposed by an exchange on opening transactions or closing transactions or both; (iii) trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions may be imposed with respect to particular classes or series of contracts or options, or underlying securities; (iv) unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations on an exchange; (v) the facilities of an exchange or a clearing corporation may not at all times be adequate to handle current trading volume; or (vi) one or more exchanges could, for economic or other reasons, decide or be compelled at some future date to discontinue the trading of contracts or options (or a particular class or series of contracts or options), in which event the secondary market on that exchange for such contracts or options (or in the class or series of contracts or options) would cease to exist, although outstanding contracts or options on the exchange that had been issued by a clearing corporation as a result of trades on that exchange would continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms.
Hybrid Instruments
These instruments are generally considered derivatives and include indexed or structured securities, and combine the elements of futures contracts or options with those of debt, preferred equity or a depository instrument. A hybrid instrument may be a debt security, preferred stock, warrant, convertible security, certificate of deposit or other evidence of indebtedness on which a portion of or all interest payments, and/or the principal or stated amount payable at maturity, redemption or retirement, is determined by reference to prices, changes in prices, or differences between prices, of securities, currencies, intangibles, goods, articles or commodities (collectively, “underlying assets”), or by another objective index, economic factor or other measure, including interest rates, currency exchange rates, or commodities or securities indices (collectively, “benchmarks”). Hybrid instruments may take a number of forms, including, but not limited to, debt instruments with interest or principal payments or redemption terms determined by reference to the value of an index at a future time, preferred stock with dividend rates determined by reference to the value of a currency, or convertible securities with the conversion terms related to a particular commodity.
The risks of investing in hybrid instruments reflect a combination of the risks of investing in securities, options, futures and currencies. An investment in a hybrid instrument may entail significant risks that are not associated with a similar investment in a traditional debt instrument that has a fixed principal amount, is denominated in U.S. dollars or bears interest either at a fixed rate or a floating rate determined by reference to a common, nationally published benchmark. The risks of a particular hybrid instrument will depend upon the terms of the instrument, but may include the possibility of significant changes in the benchmark(s) or the prices of the underlying assets to which the instrument is linked. Such risks generally depend upon factors unrelated to the operations or credit quality of the issuer of the hybrid instrument, which may not be foreseen by the purchaser, such as economic and political events, the supply and demand of the underlying assets and interest rate movements. Hybrid instruments may be highly volatile and their use by the fund may not be successful.
Hybrid instruments may bear interest or pay preferred dividends at below market (or even relatively nominal) rates. Alternatively, hybrid instruments may bear interest at above market rates but bear an increased risk of principal loss (or gain). The latter scenario may result if “leverage” is used to structure the hybrid instrument. Leverage risk occurs when the hybrid instrument is structured so that a given change in a benchmark or
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underlying asset is multiplied to produce a greater value change in the hybrid instrument, thereby magnifying the risk of loss as well as the potential for gain.
Hybrid instruments can be an efficient means of creating exposure to a particular market, or segment of a market, with the objective of enhancing total return. For example, a fund may wish to take advantage of expected declines in interest rates in several European countries, but avoid the transaction costs associated with buying and currency-hedging the foreign bond positions. One solution would be to purchase a U.S. dollar-denominated hybrid instrument whose redemption price is linked to the average three year interest rate in a designated group of countries. The redemption price formula would provide for payoffs of less than par if rates were above the specified level. Furthermore, a fund could limit the downside risk of the security by establishing a minimum redemption price so that the principal paid at maturity could not be below a predetermined minimum level if interest rates were to rise significantly. The purpose of this arrangement, known as a structured security with an embedded put option, would be to give the fund the desired European bond exposure while avoiding currency risk, limiting downside market risk, and lowering transaction costs. Of course, there is no guarantee that the strategy will be successful and the fund could lose money if, for example, interest rates do not move as anticipated or credit problems develop with the issuer of the hybrid instrument.
Hybrid instruments are potentially more volatile and carry greater market risks than traditional debt instruments. Depending on the structure of the particular hybrid instrument, changes in a benchmark may be magnified by the terms of the hybrid instrument and have an even more dramatic and substantial effect upon the value of the hybrid instrument. Also, the prices of the hybrid instrument and the benchmark or underlying asset may not move in the same direction or at the same time.
Hybrid instruments may also carry liquidity risk since the instruments are often “customized” to meet the portfolio needs of a particular investor, and therefore, the number of investors that are willing and able to buy such instruments in the secondary market may be smaller than that for more traditional debt securities. Under certain conditions, the redemption value of such an investment could be zero. In addition, because the purchase and sale of hybrid investments could take place in an over-the-counter market without the guarantee of a central clearing organization, or in a transaction between the fund and the issuer of the hybrid instrument, the creditworthiness of the counterparty of the issuer of the hybrid instrument would be an additional risk factor the fund would have to consider and monitor. In addition, uncertainty regarding the tax treatment of hybrid instruments may reduce demand for such instruments. Hybrid instruments also may not be subject to regulation by the CFTC, which generally regulates the trading of commodity futures by U.S. persons, the SEC, which regulates the offer and sale of securities by and to U.S. persons, or any other governmental regulatory authority.
Industry and Sector Groups
Putnam Management uses a customized set of industry and sector groups for classifying securities ("Putnam Industry Codes"). The Putnam Industry Codes are based on an expanded Standard & Poor’s industry classification model, modified to be more representative of global investing and more applicable to both large and small capitalization securities. For presentation purposes, the fund may apply the Putnam Industry Codes differently in reporting industry groups in the fund’s shareholder reports or other communications.
Inflation-Protected Securities
The fund may invest in U.S. Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (“U.S. TIPS”), which are fixed income securities issued by the U.S. Department of Treasury, the principal amounts of which are adjusted daily based upon changes in the rate of inflation. The fund may also invest in other inflation-protected securities issued by non-U.S. governments or by private issuers. U.S. TIPS pay interest on a semi-annual basis, equal to a fixed percentage of the inflation-adjusted principal amount. The interest rate on these bonds is fixed at issuance, but over the life of the bond this interest may be paid on an increasing or decreasing principal value that has been adjusted for inflation.
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Repayment of the original bond principal upon maturity (as adjusted for inflation) is guaranteed for U.S. TIPS, even during a period of deflation. However, because the principal amount of U.S. TIPS would be adjusted downward during a period of deflation, the fund will be subject to deflation risk with respect to its investments in these securities. In addition, the current market value of the bonds is not guaranteed, and will fluctuate. If the fund purchases U.S. TIPS in the secondary market whose principal values have been adjusted upward due to inflation since issuance, the fund may experience a loss if there is a subsequent period of deflation. The fund may also invest in other inflation-related bonds which may or may not provide a guarantee of principal. If a guarantee of principal is not provided, the adjusted principal value of the bond repaid at maturity may be less than the original principal amount.
The periodic adjustment of U.S. TIPS is currently tied to the CPI-U, which is calculated by the U.S. Department of Treasury. The CPI-U is a measurement of changes in the cost of living, made up of components such as housing, food, transportation and energy. Inflation-protected bonds issued by a non-U.S. government are generally adjusted to reflect a comparable inflation index, calculated by that government. There can no assurance that the CPI-U or any non-U.S. inflation index will accurately measure the real rate of inflation in the prices of goods and services. If interest rates rise due to reasons other than inflation (for example, due to changes in currency exchange rates), investors in these securities may not be protected to the extent that the increase is not reflected in the bond's inflation measure. In addition, there can be no assurance that the rate of inflation in a non-U.S. country will be correlated to the rate of inflation in the United States.
In general, the value of inflation-protected bonds is expected to fluctuate in response to changes in real interest rates, which are in turn tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. Therefore, if inflation were to rise at a faster rate than nominal interest rates, real interest rates might decline, leading to an increase in value of inflation-protected bonds. In contrast, if nominal interest rates increased at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates might rise, leading to a decrease in value of inflation-protected bonds. If inflation is lower than expected during the period the fund holds the security, the fund may earn less on the security than on a conventional bond. Any increase in principal value is taxable in the year the increase occurs, even though holders do not receive cash representing the increase at that time. As a result, when the fund invests in inflation-protected securities, it could be required at times to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy its distribution requirements as a regulated investment company and to eliminate any fund-level income tax liability under the Internal Revenue Code.
The U.S. Treasury began issuing inflation-protected bonds in 1997. Certain non-U.S. governments, such as the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia, have a longer history of issuing inflation-protected bonds, and there may be a more liquid market in certain of these countries for these securities.
Initial Public Offerings
The fund may purchase debt or equity securities in initial public offerings (“IPOs”). These securities, which are often issued by unseasoned companies, may be subject to many of the same risks of investing in companies with smaller market capitalizations. Securities issued in IPOs have no trading history, and information about the companies may be available for very limited periods. Securities issued in an IPO frequently are very volatile in price, and the fund may hold securities purchased in an IPO for a very short period of time. As a result, the fund’s investments in IPOs may increase portfolio turnover, which increases brokerage and administrative costs and may result in taxable distributions to shareholders.
At any particular time or from time to time the fund may not be able to invest in securities issued in IPOs, or invest to the extent desired because, for example, only a small portion (if any) of the securities being offered in an IPO may be made available to the fund. In addition, under certain market conditions a relatively small number of companies may issue securities in IPOs. Similarly, as the number of Putnam funds to which IPO securities are allocated increases, the number of securities issued to any one fund may decrease. The investment performance of the fund during periods when it is unable to invest significantly or at all in IPOs
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may be lower than during periods when the fund is able to do so. In addition, as the fund increases in size, the impact of IPOs on the fund’s performance will generally decrease.
Inverse Floaters
These securities have variable interest rates that typically move in the opposite direction from movements in prevailing short-term interest rate levels – rising when prevailing short-term interest rate fall, and vice versa. The prices of inverse floaters can be considerably more volatile than the prices of bonds with comparable maturities. The fund currently does not intend to invest more than 15% of its assets in inverse floating obligations.
Lower-rated Securities
The fund may invest in lower-rated fixed-income securities (commonly known as "junk bonds"). The lower ratings reflect a greater possibility that adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer or in general economic conditions, or both, or an unanticipated rise in interest rates, may impair the ability of the issuer to make payments of interest and principal. The inability (or perceived inability) of issuers to make timely payment of interest and principal would likely make the values of securities held by the fund more volatile and could limit the fund's ability to sell its securities at prices approximating the values the fund had placed on such securities. In the absence of a liquid trading market for securities held by it, the fund at times may be unable to establish the fair value of such securities.
Securities ratings are based largely on the issuer's historical financial condition and the rating agencies' analysis at the time of rating. Consequently, the rating assigned to any particular security is not necessarily a reflection of the issuer's current financial condition, which may be better or worse than the rating would indicate. In addition, the rating assigned to a security by Moody's Investors Service, Inc. or Standard & Poor's (or by any other nationally recognized securities rating agency) does not reflect an assessment of the volatility of the security's market value or the liquidity of an investment in the security. See "SECURITIES RATINGS."
Like those of other fixed-income securities, the values of lower-rated securities fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates. A decrease in interest rates will generally result in an increase in the value of the fund's fixed-income assets. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the value of the fund's fixed-income assets will generally decline. The values of lower-rated securities may often be affected to a greater extent by changes in general economic conditions and business conditions affecting the issuers of such securities and their industries. Negative publicity or investor perceptions may also adversely affect the values of lower-rated securities. Changes by nationally recognized securities rating agencies in their ratings of any fixed-income security and changes in the ability of an issuer to make payments of interest and principal may also affect the value of these investments. Changes in the value of portfolio securities generally will not affect income derived from these securities, but will affect the fund's net asset value. The fund will not necessarily dispose of a security when its rating is reduced below its rating at the time of purchase. However, Putnam Management will monitor the investment to determine whether its retention will assist in meeting the fund's investment objective(s).
Issuers of lower-rated securities are often highly leveraged, so that their ability to service their debt obligations during an economic downturn or during sustained periods of rising interest rates may be impaired. Such issuers may not have more traditional methods of financing available to them and may be unable to repay outstanding obligations at maturity by refinancing. The risk of loss due to default in payment of interest or repayment of principal by such issuers is significantly greater because such securities frequently are unsecured and subordinated to the prior payment of senior indebtedness.
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At times, a substantial portion of the fund's assets may be invested in an issue of which the fund, by itself or together with other funds and accounts managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates, holds all or a major portion. Although Putnam Management generally considers such securities to be liquid because of the availability of an institutional market for such securities, it is possible that, under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, the fund could find it more difficult to sell these securities when Putnam Management believes it advisable to do so or may be able to sell the securities only at prices lower than if they were more widely held. Under these circumstances, it may also be more difficult to determine the fair value of such securities for purposes of computing the fund's net asset value. In order to enforce its rights in the event of a default, the fund may be required to participate in various legal proceedings or take possession of and manage assets securing the issuer's obligations on such securities. This could increase the fund's operating expenses and adversely affect the fund's net asset value. In the case of tax-exempt funds, any income derived from the fund's ownership or operation of such assets would not be tax-exempt. The ability of a holder of a tax-exempt security to enforce the terms of that security in a bankruptcy proceeding may be more limited than would be the case with respect to securities of private issuers. In addition, the fund's intention to qualify as a "regulated investment company" under the Internal Revenue Code may limit the extent to which the fund may exercise its rights by taking possession of such assets.
To the extent the fund invests in securities in the lower rating categories, the achievement of the fund's goals is more dependent on Putnam Management's investment analysis than would be the case if the fund were investing in securities in the higher rating categories.
Money Market Instruments
Money market instruments, or short-term debt instruments, consist of obligations such as commercial paper, bank obligations (i.e., certificates of deposit and bankers’ acceptances), repurchase agreements and various government obligations, such as Treasury bills. These instruments have a remaining maturity of one year or less and are generally of high credit quality. Money market instruments may be structured to be, or may employ a trust or other form so that they are, eligible investments for money market funds. For example, put features can be used to modify the maturity of a security or interest rate adjustment features can be used to enhance price stability. If a structure fails to function as intended, adverse tax or investment consequences may result. Neither the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) nor any other regulatory authority has ruled definitively on certain legal issues presented by certain structured securities. Future tax or other regulatory determinations could adversely affect the value, liquidity, or tax treatment of the income received from these securities or the nature and timing of distributions made by the funds.
Commercial paper is a money market instrument issued by banks or companies to raise money for short-term purposes. Unlike some other debt obligations, commercial paper is typically unsecured. Commercial paper may be issued as an asset-backed security (that is, backed by a pool of assets representing the obligations of a number of different issuers), in which case certain of the risks discussed in “Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed securities” would apply. Commercial paper is traded primarily among institutions.
Putnam Money Market Fund and Putnam Tax Exempt Money Market Fund may invest in bankers' acceptances issued by banks with deposits in excess of $2 billion (or the foreign currency equivalent) at the close of the last calendar year. If the Trustees change this minimum deposit requirement, shareholders would be notified. Other Putnam funds may invest in bankers' acceptances without regard to this requirement.
In accordance with rules issued by the SEC, the fund may from time to time invest all or a portion of its cash balances in Putnam Prime Money Market Fund or other money market and/or short-term bond funds advised by Putnam Management. In connection with such investments, Putnam Management may waive a portion of the advisory fees otherwise payable by the fund. See “Charges and expenses” in Part I of this SAI for the amount, if any, waived by Putnam Management in connection with such investments.
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Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities
Mortgage-backed securities, including collateralized mortgage obligations ("CMOs") and certain stripped mortgage-backed securities, represent a participation in, or are secured by, mortgage loans. Asset-backed securities are structured like mortgage-backed securities, but instead of mortgage loans or interests in mortgage loans, the underlying assets may include such items as motor vehicle installment sales or installment loan contracts, leases of various types of real and personal property and receivables from credit card agreements.
Mortgage-backed securities have yield and maturity characteristics corresponding to the underlying assets. Unlike traditional debt securities, which may pay a fixed rate of interest until maturity, when the entire principal amount comes due, payments on certain mortgage-backed securities include both interest and a partial repayment of principal. Besides the scheduled repayment of principal, repayments of principal may result from the voluntary prepayment, refinancing or foreclosure of the underlying mortgage loans. If property owners make unscheduled prepayments of their mortgage loans, these prepayments will result in early payment of the applicable mortgage-backed securities. In that event the fund may be unable to invest the proceeds from the early payment of the mortgage-backed securities in an investment that provides as high a yield as the mortgage-backed securities. Consequently, early payment associated with mortgage-backed securities may cause these securities to experience significantly greater price and yield volatility than that experienced by traditional fixed-income securities. The occurrence of mortgage prepayments is affected by factors including the level of interest rates, general economic conditions, the location and age of the mortgage and other social and demographic conditions. During periods of falling interest rates, the rate of mortgage prepayments tends to increase, thereby tending to decrease the life of mortgage-backed securities. During periods of rising interest rates, the rate of mortgage prepayments usually decreases, thereby tending to increase the life of mortgage-backed securities. If the life of a mortgage-backed security is inaccurately predicted, the fund may not be able to realize the rate of return it expected.
Adjustable rate mortgage securities (“ARMs”), like traditional mortgage-backed securities, are interests in pools of mortgage loans that provide investors with payments consisting of both principal and interest as mortgage loans in the underlying mortgage pool are paid off by the borrowers. Unlike fixed-rate mortgage-backed securities, ARMs are collateralized by or represent interests in mortgage loans with variable rates of interest. These interest rates are reset at periodic intervals, usually by reference to an interest rate index or market interest rate. Although the rate adjustment feature may act as a buffer to reduce sharp changes in the value of adjustable rate securities, these securities are still subject to changes in value based on, among other things, changes in market interest rates or changes in the issuer’s creditworthiness. Because the interest rates are reset only periodically, changes in the interest rate on ARMs may lag changes in prevailing market interest rates. Also, some ARMs (or the underlying mortgages) are subject to caps or floors that limit the maximum change in the interest rate during a specified period or over the life of the security. As a result, changes in the interest rate on an ARM may not fully reflect changes in prevailing market interest rates during certain periods. The fund may also invest in “hybrid” ARMs, whose underlying mortgages combine fixed-rate and adjustable rate features.
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are less effective than other types of securities as a means of "locking in" attractive long-term interest rates. One reason is the need to reinvest prepayments of principal; another is the possibility of significant unscheduled prepayments resulting from declines in interest rates. These prepayments would have to be reinvested at lower rates. The automatic interest rate adjustment feature of mortgages underlying ARMs likewise reduces the ability to lock-in attractive rates. As a result, mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities may have less potential for capital appreciation during periods of declining interest rates than other securities of comparable maturities, although they may have a similar risk of decline in market value during periods of rising interest rates. Prepayments may also significantly shorten the effective maturities of these securities, especially during periods of declining interest rates. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, a reduction in prepayments may increase the effective maturities of these securities, subjecting them to a greater risk of decline in market value in response to rising interest rates than traditional debt securities, and, therefore, potentially increasing the volatility of the fund.
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At times, some mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities will have higher than market interest rates and therefore will be purchased at a premium above their par value. Prepayments may cause losses on securities purchased at a premium.
CMOs may be issued by a U.S. government agency or instrumentality or by a private issuer. Although payment of the principal of, and interest on, the underlying collateral securing privately issued CMOs may be guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities, these CMOs represent obligations solely of the private issuer and are not insured or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities or any other person or entity.
Prepayments could cause early retirement of CMOs. CMOs are designed to reduce the risk of prepayment for investors by issuing multiple classes of securities, each having different maturities, interest rates and payment schedules, and with the principal and interest on the underlying mortgages allocated among the several classes in various ways. Payment of interest or principal on some classes or series of CMOs may be subject to contingencies or some classes or series may bear some or all of the risk of default on the underlying mortgages. CMOs of different classes or series are generally retired in sequence as the underlying mortgage loans in the mortgage pool are repaid. If enough mortgages are repaid ahead of schedule, the classes or series of a CMO with the earliest maturities generally will be retired prior to their maturities. Thus, the early retirement of particular classes or series of a CMO would have the same effect as the prepayment of mortgages underlying other mortgage-backed securities. Conversely, slower than anticipated prepayments can extend the effective maturities of CMOs, subjecting them to a greater risk of decline in market value in response to rising interest rates than traditional debt securities, and, therefore, potentially increasing their volatility.
Prepayments could result in losses on stripped mortgage-backed securities. Stripped mortgage-backed securities are usually structured with two classes that receive different portions of the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage loans. The yield to maturity on an interest only or “IO” class of stripped mortgage-backed securities is extremely sensitive not only to changes in prevailing interest rates but also to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the underlying assets. A rapid rate of principal prepayments may have a measurable adverse effect on the fund's yield to maturity to the extent it invests in IOs. If the assets underlying the IO experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the fund may fail to recoup fully its initial investment in these securities. Conversely, principal only or “POs” tend to increase in value if prepayments are greater than anticipated and decline if prepayments are slower than anticipated. The secondary market for stripped mortgage-backed securities may be more volatile and less liquid than that for other mortgage-backed securities, potentially limiting the fund's ability to buy or sell those securities at any particular time. The fund currently does not intend to invest more than 35% of its assets in IOs and POs under normal market conditions.
The risks associated with other asset-backed securities (including in particular the risks of issuer default and of early prepayment) are generally similar to those described above for CMOs. In addition, because asset-backed securities generally do not have the benefit of a security interest in the underlying assets that is comparable to a mortgage, asset-backed securities present certain additional risks that are not present with mortgage-backed securities. The ability of an issuer of asset-backed securities to enforce its security interest in the underlying assets may be limited. For example, revolving credit receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors on such receivables are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give debtors the right to set-off certain amounts owed, thereby reducing the balance due. Automobile receivables generally are secured, but by automobiles, rather than by real property.
Asset-backed securities may be collateralized by the fees earned by service providers. The value of asset-backed securities may be substantially dependent on the servicing of the underlying asset and are therefore subject to risks associated with negligence by, or defalcation of, their servicers. In certain circumstances, the mishandling of related documentation may also affect the rights of the security holders in and to the underlying collateral. The insolvency of entities that generate receivables or that utilize the assets may result in added costs and delays in addition to losses associated with a decline in the value of the underlying assets.
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Options on Securities
Writing covered options. The fund may write covered call options and covered put options on optionable securities held in its portfolio or that it has an absolute and immediate right to acquire without additional cash consideration (or, if additional cash consideration is required, cash or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees, in such amount as are set aside on the fund’s books), when in the opinion of Putnam Management such transactions are consistent with the fund's investment objective(s) and policies. Call options written by the fund give the purchaser the right to buy the underlying securities from the fund at a stated exercise price; put options give the purchaser the right to sell the underlying securities to the fund at a stated price.
The fund may write only covered options, which means that, so long as the fund is obligated as the writer of a call option, it will own the underlying securities subject to the option (or comparable securities satisfying the cover requirements of securities exchanges) or have an absolute and immediate right to acquire without additional cash consideration (or, if additional cash consideration is required, cash or other assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees, in such amount as are set aside on the fund’s books). In the case of put options, the fund will set aside on its books assets determined to be liquid by Putnam Management in accordance with procedures established by the Trustees and equal in value to the price to be paid if the option is exercised. In addition, the fund will be considered to have covered a put or call option if and to the extent that it holds an option that offsets some or all of the risk of the option it has written. The fund may write combinations of covered puts and calls on the same underlying security.
The fund will receive a premium from writing a put or call option, which increases the fund's return in the event the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a profit. The amount of the premium reflects, among other things, the relationship between the exercise price and the current market value of the underlying security, the volatility of the underlying security, the amount of time remaining until expiration, current interest rates, and the effect of supply and demand in the options market and in the market for the underlying security. By writing a call option, if the fund holds the security, the fund limits its opportunity to profit from any increase in the market value of the underlying security above the exercise price of the option but continues to bear the risk of a decline in the value of the underlying security. If the fund does not hold the underlying security, the fund bears the risk that, if the market price exceeds the option strike price, the fund will suffer a loss equal to the difference at the time of exercise. By writing a put option, the fund assumes the risk that it may be required to purchase the underlying security for an exercise price higher than its then-current market value, resulting in a potential capital loss unless the security subsequently appreciates in value.
The fund may terminate an option that it has written prior to its expiration by entering into a closing purchase transaction, in which it purchases an offsetting option. The fund realizes a profit or loss from a closing transaction if the cost of the transaction (option premium plus transaction costs) is less or more than the premium received from writing the option. If the fund writes a call option but does not own the underlying security, and when it writes a put option, the fund may be required to deposit cash or securities with its broker as "margin," or collateral, for its obligation to buy or sell the underlying security. As the value of the underlying security varies, the fund may have to deposit additional margin with the broker. Margin requirements are complex and are fixed by individual brokers, subject to minimum requirements currently imposed by the Federal Reserve Board and by stock exchanges and other self-regulatory organizations.
Purchasing put options. The fund may purchase put options to protect its portfolio holdings in an underlying security against a decline in market value. Such protection is provided during the life of the put option since the fund, as holder of the option, is able to sell the underlying security at the put exercise price regardless of any decline in the underlying security's market price. In order for a put option to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must decline sufficiently below the exercise price to cover the premium and transaction costs. By using put options in this manner, the fund will reduce any profit it might otherwise have realized from appreciation of the underlying security by the premium paid for the put option and by transaction
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costs. The fund may also purchase put options for other investment purposes, including to take a short position in the security underlying the put option.
Purchasing call options. The fund may purchase call options to hedge against an increase in the price of securities that the fund wants ultimately to buy. Such hedge protection is provided during the life of the call option since the fund, as holder of the call option, is able to buy the underlying security at the exercise price regardless of any increase in the underlying security's market price. In order for a call option to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must rise sufficiently above the exercise price to cover the premium and transaction costs. The fund may also purchase call options for other investment purposes.
Risk factors in options transactions. The successful use of the fund's options strategies depends on the ability of Putnam Management to forecast correctly interest rate and market movements. For example, if the fund were to write a call option based on Putnam Management's expectation that the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price were to rise instead, the fund could be required to sell the security upon exercise at a price below the current market price. Similarly, if the fund were to write a put option based on Putnam Management's expectation that the price of the underlying security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the fund could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a price higher than the current market price.
When the fund purchases an option, it runs the risk that it will lose its entire investment in the option in a relatively short period of time, unless the fund exercises the option or enters into a closing sale transaction before the option's expiration. If the price of the underlying security does not rise (in the case of a call) or fall (in the case of a put) to an extent sufficient to cover the option premium and transaction costs, the fund will lose part or all of its investment in the option. This contrasts with an investment by the fund in the underlying security, since the fund will not realize a loss if the security's price does not change.
The effective use of options also depends on the fund's ability to terminate option positions at times when Putnam Management deems it desirable to do so. There is no assurance that the fund will be able to effect closing transactions at any particular time or at an acceptable price. If a secondary market in options were to become unavailable, the fund could no longer engage in closing transactions. Lack of investor interest might adversely affect the liquidity of the market for particular options or series of options. A market may discontinue trading of a particular option or options generally. In addition, a market could become temporarily unavailable if unusual events -- such as volume in excess of trading or clearing capability -- were to interrupt its normal operations.
A market may at times find it necessary to impose restrictions on particular types of options transactions, such as opening transactions. For example, if an underlying security ceases to meet qualifications imposed by the market or the Options Clearing Corporation, new series of options on that security will no longer be opened to replace expiring series, and opening transactions in existing series may be prohibited. If an options market were to become unavailable, the fund as a holder of an option would be able to realize profits or limit losses only by exercising the option, and the fund, as option writer, would remain obligated under the option until expiration or exercise.
Disruptions in the markets for the securities underlying options purchased or sold by the fund could result in losses on the options. For example, if a fund is unable to purchase a security underlying a put option it had purchased, the fund may be unable to exercise the put option. If trading is interrupted in an underlying security, the trading of options on that security is normally halted as well. As a result, the fund as purchaser or writer of an option will be unable to close out its positions until options trading resumes, and it may be faced with considerable losses if trading in the security reopens at a substantially different price. In addition, the Options Clearing Corporation or other options markets may impose exercise restrictions. If a prohibition on exercise is imposed at the time when trading in the option has also been halted, the fund as purchaser or writer of an option will be locked into its position until one of the two restrictions has been lifted. If the Options Clearing
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Corporation were to determine that the available supply of an underlying security appears insufficient to permit delivery by the writers of all outstanding calls in the event of exercise, it may prohibit indefinitely the exercise of put options. The fund, as holder of such a put option, could lose its entire investment if it is unable to exercise the put option prior to its expiration.
Foreign-traded options are subject to many of the same risks presented by internationally-traded securities. In addition, because of time differences between the United States and various foreign countries, and because different holidays are observed in different countries, foreign options markets may be open for trading during hours or on days when U.S. markets are closed. As a result, option premiums may not reflect the current prices of the underlying interest in the United States.
Over-the-counter ("OTC") options purchased by the fund and assets held to cover OTC options written by the fund may, under certain circumstances, be considered illiquid securities for purposes of any limitation on the fund's ability to invest in illiquid securities. The fund may use both European-style options, which are only exercisable immediately prior to their expiration, and American-style options, which are exercisable at any time prior to the expiration date.
In addition to options on securities and futures, the fund may also enter into options on futures, swaps, or other instruments as described elsewhere in this SAI.
Preferred Stocks and Convertible Securities
The fund may invest in preferred stocks or convertible securities. A preferred stock generally pays dividends at a specified rate and has preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and the liquidation of an issuer's assets but is junior to the debt securities of the issuer in those same respects. The market prices of preferred stocks are subject to changes in interest rates and are more sensitive to changes in an issuer's creditworthiness than are the prices of debt securities. Shareholders of preferred stock may suffer a loss of value if dividends are not paid. Under ordinary circumstances, preferred stock does not carry voting rights. In addition, many preferred stocks may be called or redeemed prior to their maturity by the issuer under certain conditions.
Convertible securities include bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks and other securities that may be converted into or exchanged for, at a specific price or formula within a particular period of time, a prescribed amount of common stock or other equity securities of the same or a different issuer. Convertible securities entitle the holder to receive interest paid or accrued on debt or dividends paid or accrued on preferred stock until the security matures or is redeemed, converted or exchanged.
The market value of a convertible security is a function of its "investment value" and its "conversion value." A security's "investment value" represents the value of the security without its conversion feature (i.e., a nonconvertible fixed income security). The investment value may be determined by reference to its credit quality and the current value of its yield to maturity or probable call date. At any given time, investment value is dependent upon such factors as the general level of interest rates, the yield of similar nonconvertible securities, the financial strength of the issuer and the seniority of the security in the issuer's capital structure. A security's "conversion value" is determined by multiplying the number of shares the holder is entitled to receive upon conversion or exchange by the current price of the underlying security.
If the conversion value of a convertible security is significantly below its investment value, the convertible security will trade like nonconvertible debt or preferred stock and its market value will not be influenced greatly by fluctuations in the market price of the underlying security. Conversely, if the conversion value of a convertible security is near or above its investment value, the market value of the convertible security will be more heavily influenced by fluctuations in the market price of the underlying security. Convertible securities generally have less potential for gain than common stocks.
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The fund's investments in convertible securities may at times include securities that have a mandatory conversion feature, pursuant to which the securities convert automatically into common stock or other equity securities at a specified date and a specified conversion ratio, or that are convertible at the option of the issuer. Because conversion of the security is not at the option of the holder, the fund may be required to convert the security into the underlying common stock even at times when the value of the underlying common stock or other equity security has declined substantially.
The fund's investments in preferred stocks and convertible securities, particularly securities that are convertible into securities of an issuer other than the issuer of the convertible security, may be illiquid. The fund may not be able to dispose of such securities in a timely fashion or for a fair price, which could result in losses to the fund.
Private Placements and Restricted Securities
The fund may invest in securities that are purchased in private placements and, accordingly, are subject to restrictions on resale as a matter of contract or under federal securities laws. Because there may be relatively few potential purchasers for such investments, especially under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, the fund could find it more difficult to sell such securities when Putnam Management believes it advisable to do so or may be able to sell such securities only at prices lower than if such securities were more widely held. At times, it may also be more difficult to determine the fair value of such securities for purposes of computing the fund's net asset value.
While such private placements may offer attractive opportunities for investment not otherwise available on the open market, the securities so purchased are often "restricted securities," i.e., securities which cannot be sold to the public without registration under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) or the availability of an exemption from registration (such as Rules 144 or 144A), or which are "not readily marketable" because they are subject to other legal or contractual delays in or restrictions on resale.
The absence of a trading market can make it difficult to ascertain a market value for illiquid investments. Disposing of illiquid investments may involve time-consuming negotiation and legal expenses, and it may be difficult or impossible for the fund to sell them promptly at an acceptable price. The fund may have to bear the extra expense of registering such securities for resale and the risk of substantial delay in effecting such registration. In addition, market quotations are less readily available. The judgment of Putnam Management may at times play a greater role in valuing these securities than in the case of publicly traded securities.
Generally speaking, restricted securities may be sold only to qualified institutional buyers, or in a privately negotiated transaction to a limited number of purchasers, or in limited quantities after they have been held for a specified period of time and other conditions are met pursuant to an exemption from registration, or in a public offering for which a registration statement is in effect under the Securities Act. The fund may be deemed to be an "underwriter" for purposes of the Securities Act when selling restricted securities to the public, and in such event the fund may be liable to purchasers of such securities if the registration statement prepared by the issuer, or the prospectus forming a part of it, is materially inaccurate or misleading. The SEC Staff currently takes the view that any delegation by the Trustees of the authority to determine that a restricted security is readily marketable (as described in the investment restrictions of the funds) must be pursuant to written procedures established by the Trustees and the Trustees have delegated such authority to Putnam Management.
Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
The fund may invest in REITs. REITs are pooled investment vehicles that invest primarily in either real estate or real estate related loans. Like regulated investment companies such as the fund, REITs are not taxed on income distributed to shareholders provided that they comply with certain requirements under the Internal
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Revenue Code. The fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any expenses paid by REITs in which it invests in addition to the fund’s own expenses.
REITs involve certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general (such as possible declines in the value of real estate, lack of availability of mortgage funds, or extended vacancies of property). REITs are generally classified as equity REITs, mortgage REITs or a combination of equity and mortgage REITs. Equity REITs invest the majority of their assets directly in real property and derive income primarily from the collection of rents. Equity REITs can also realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value. Mortgage REITs invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive income from the collection of interest payments. Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the REITs, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the risk of borrower default. REITs, and mortgage REITs in particular, are also subject to interest rate risk. REITs are dependent upon their operators’ management skills, are generally not diversified (except to the extent the Internal Revenue Code requires), and are subject to heavy cash flow dependency and the risk of default by borrowers. REITs are also subject to the possibility of failing to qualify for tax-free pass-through of income under the Code or failing to maintain their exemptions from registration under the 1940 Act. REITs may have limited financial resources, may trade less frequently and in a limited volume, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than more widely held securities.
The fund's investment in a REIT may require the fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received or may result in the fund making distributions that constitute a return of capital to fund shareholders for federal income tax purposes. In addition, distributions by a fund from REITs will not qualify for the corporate dividends-received deduction, or, generally, for treatment as qualified dividend income.
Redeemable Securities
Certain securities held by the fund may permit the issuer at its option to "call" or redeem its securities. If an issuer were to redeem securities held by the fund during a time of declining interest rates, the fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds in securities providing the same investment return as the securities redeemed.
Repurchase Agreements
The fund, unless it is a money market fund, may enter into repurchase agreements, amounting to not more than 25% of its total assets. Money market funds may invest without limit in repurchase agreements. A repurchase agreement is a contract under which the fund acquires a security for a relatively short period (usually not more than one week) subject to the obligation of the seller to repurchase and the fund to resell such security at a fixed time and price (representing the fund's cost plus interest). It is the fund's present intention to enter into repurchase agreements only with commercial banks and registered broker-dealers and only with respect to obligations of the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities or certain other investment-grade, fixed-income securities (including, without limitation, certain corporate bonds and notes, commercial paper, mortgage-backed securities and short-term securities). Repurchase agreements may also be viewed as loans made by the fund which are collateralized by the securities subject to repurchase. Putnam Management will monitor such transactions to ensure that the value of the underlying securities will be at least equal at all times to the total amount of the repurchase obligation, including the interest factor. If the seller defaults, the fund could realize a loss on the sale of the underlying security to the extent that the proceeds of the sale including accrued interest are less than the resale price provided in the agreement including interest. In addition, if the seller should be involved in bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings, the fund may incur delay and costs in selling the underlying security or may suffer a loss of principal and interest if the fund is treated as an unsecured creditor and required to return the underlying collateral to the seller's estate.
Pursuant to an exemptive order issued by the SEC, the fund may transfer uninvested cash balances into a joint account, along with cash of other Putnam funds and certain other accounts. These balances may be invested in one or more repurchase agreements and/or short-term money market instruments.
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Securities Loans
The fund may make secured loans of its portfolio securities, on either a short-term or long-term basis, amounting to not more than 25% of its total assets, thereby realizing additional income. The risks in lending portfolio securities, as with other extensions of credit, consist of possible delay in recovery of the securities or possible loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower fail financially. If a borrower defaults, the value of the collateral may decline before the fund can dispose of it. As a matter of policy, securities loans are made to broker-dealers pursuant to agreements requiring that the loans be continuously secured by collateral consisting of cash or short-term debt obligations at least equal at all times to the value of the securities on loan, "marked-to-market" daily. The borrower pays to the fund an amount equal to any dividends or interest received on securities lent. The fund retains all or a portion of the interest received on investment of the cash collateral or receives a fee from the borrower. Although voting rights, or rights to consent, with respect to the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, the fund retains the right to call the loans at any time on reasonable notice, and it will do so to enable the fund to exercise voting rights on any matters materially affecting the investment. The fund may also call such loans in order to sell the securities. The fund may pay fees in connection with arranging loans of its portfolio securities.
Securities of Other Investment Companies
Securities of other investment companies, including shares of open- and closed-end investment companies and unit investment trusts (which may include exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”)), represent interests in collective investment portfolios that, in turn, invest directly in underlying instruments. The fund may invest in other investment companies when it has more uninvested cash than Putnam Management believes is advisable, when it receives cash collateral from securities lending arrangements, when there is a shortage of direct investments available, or when Putnam Management believes that investment companies offer attractive values.
Investment companies may be structured to perform in a similar fashion to a broad-based securities index or may focus on a particular strategy or class of assets. ETFs typically seek to track the performance or dividend yield of specific indexes or companies in related industries. These indexes may be broad-based, sector-based or international. Investing in investment companies involves substantially the same risks as investing directly in the underlying instruments, but also involves expenses at the investment company-level, such as portfolio management fees and operating expenses. These expenses are in addition to the fees and expenses of the fund itself, which may lead to duplication of expenses while the fund owns another investment company’s shares. In addition, investing in investment companies involves the risk that they will not perform in exactly the same fashion, or in response to the same factors, as the underlying instruments or index. To the extent the fund invests in other investment companies that are professionally managed, its performance will also depend on the investment and research abilities of investment managers other than Putnam Management.
Open-end investment companies typically offer their shares continuously at net asset value plus any applicable sales charge and stand ready to redeem shares upon shareholder request. The shares of certain other types of investment companies, such as ETFs and closed-end investment companies, typically trade on a stock exchange or over-the-counter at a premium or a discount to their net asset value. In the case of closed-end investment companies, the number of shares is typically fixed. The securities of closed-end investment companies and ETFs carry the risk that the price the fund pays or receives may be higher or lower than the investment company’s net asset value. ETFs and closed-end investment companies are also subject to certain additional risks, including the risks of illiquidity and of possible trading halts due to market conditions or other reasons, based on the policies of the relevant exchange. The shares of investment companies, particularly closed-end investment companies, may also be leveraged, which would increase the volatility of the fund’s net asset value.
The extent to which the fund can invest in securities of other investment companies, including ETFs, is generally limited by federal securities laws.
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Short-term Trading
In seeking the fund's objective(s), Putnam Management will buy or sell portfolio securities whenever Putnam Management believes it appropriate to do so. From time to time the fund will buy securities intending to seek short-term trading profits. A change in the securities held by the fund is known as "portfolio turnover" and generally involves some expense to the fund. This expense may include brokerage commissions or dealer markups and other transaction costs on both the sale of securities and the reinvestment of the proceeds in other securities. If sales of portfolio securities cause the fund to realize net short-term capital gains, such gains will be taxable as ordinary income. As a result of the fund's investment policies, under certain market conditions the fund's portfolio turnover rate may be higher than that of other mutual funds. Portfolio turnover rate for a fiscal year is the ratio of the lesser of purchases or sales of portfolio securities to the monthly average of the value of portfolio securities -- excluding securities whose maturities at acquisition were one year or less. The fund's portfolio turnover rate is not a limiting factor when Putnam Management considers a change in the fund's portfolio.
Special Purpose Acquisition Companies
The fund may invest in stock, warrants, and other securities of special purpose acquisition companies (“SPACs”) or similar special purpose entities that pool funds to seek potential acquisition opportunities. Unless and until an acquisition is completed, a SPAC generally invests its assets (less a portion retained to cover expenses) in U.S. Government securities, money market securities and cash; if an acquisition that meets the requirements for the SPAC is not completed within a pre-established period of time, the invested funds are returned to the entity’s shareholders. Because SPACs and similar entities are in essence blank check companies without an operating history or ongoing business other than seeking acquisitions, the value of their securities is particularly dependent on the ability of the entity’s management to identify and complete a profitable acquisition. Some SPACs may pursue acquisitions only within certain industries or regions, which may increase the volatility of their prices. In addition, these securities, which are typically traded in the over-the-counter market, may be considered illiquid and/or be subject to restrictions on resale.
Structured investments
A structured investment is a security having a return tied to an underlying index or other security or asset class. Structured investments generally are individually negotiated agreements and may be traded over-the-counter. Structured investments are organized and operated to restructure the investment characteristics of the underlying security. This restructuring involves the deposit with or purchase by an entity, such as a corporation or trust, or specified instruments (such as commercial bank loans) and the issuance by that entity or one or more classes of securities (“structured securities”) backed by, or representing interests in, the underlying instruments. The cash flow on the underlying instruments may be apportioned among the newly issued structured securities to create securities with different investment characteristics, such as varying maturities, payment priorities and interest rate provisions, and the extent of such payments made with respect to structured securities is dependent on the extent of the cash flow on the underlying instruments. Because structured securities typically involve no credit enhancement, their credit risk generally will be equivalent to that of the underlying instruments. Investments in structured securities are generally of a class of structured securities that is either subordinated or unsubordinated to the right of payment of another class. Subordinated structured securities typically have higher yields and present greater risks than unsubordinated structured securities. Structured securities are typically sold in private placement transactions, and there currently is no active trading market for structured securities. Investments in government and government-related and restructured debt instruments are subject to special risks, including the inability or unwillingness to repay principal and interest, requests to reschedule or restructure outstanding debt and requests to extend additional loan amounts.
Swap Agreements
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The fund may enter into swap agreements and other types of over-the-counter transactions such as caps, floors and collars with broker-dealers or other financial institutions for hedging or investment purposes. A swap involves the exchange by the fund with another party of their respective commitments to pay or receive cash flows, e.g., an exchange of floating rate payments for fixed-rate payments. The purchase of a cap entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index or other underlying financial measure exceeds a predetermined value on a predetermined date or dates, to receive payments on a notional principal amount from the party selling the cap. The purchase of a floor entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index or other underlying financial measure falls or other underlying measure below a predetermined value on a predetermined date or dates, to receive payments on a notional principal amount from the party selling the floor. A collar combines elements of a cap and a floor.
Swap agreements and similar transactions can be individually negotiated and structured to include exposure to a variety of different types of investments or market factors. Depending on their structures, swap agreements may increase or decrease the fund's exposure to long-or short-term interest rates (in the United States or abroad), foreign currency values, mortgage securities, mortgage rates, corporate borrowing rates, or other factors such as security prices, inflation rates or the volatility of an index or one or more securities. For example, if the fund agrees to exchange payments in U.S. dollars for payments in a non-U.S. currency, the swap agreement would tend to decrease the fund's exposure to U.S. interest rates and increase its exposure to that non-U.S. currency and interest rates. The fund may also engage in total return swaps, in which payments made by the fund or the counterparty are based on the total return of a particular reference asset or assets (such as an equity or fixed-income security, a combination of such securities, or an index). The value of the fund's swap positions would increase or decrease depending on the changes in value of the underlying rates, currency values, volatility or other indices or measures. Caps and floors have an effect similar to buying or writing options. Depending on how they are used, swap agreements may increase or decrease the overall volatility of a fund’s investments and its share price. The fund's ability to engage in certain swap transactions may be limited by tax considerations.
The fund’s ability to realize a profit from such transactions will depend on the ability of the financial institutions with which it enters into the transactions to meet their obligations to the fund. If a counterparty's creditworthiness declines, the value of the agreement would be likely to decline, potentially resulting in losses. If a default occurs by the other party to such transaction, the fund will have contractual remedies pursuant to the agreements related to the transaction, which may be limited by applicable law in the case of a counterparty's insolvency. Under certain circumstances, suitable transactions may not be available to the fund, or the fund may be unable to close out its position under such transactions at the same time, or at the same price, as if it had purchased comparable publicly traded securities.
The fund may also enter into options on swap agreements ("swaptions"). A swaption is a contract that gives a counterparty the right (but not the obligation) to enter into a new swap agreement or to shorten, extend, cancel or otherwise modify an existing swap agreement, at some designated future time on specified terms. The fund may write (sell) and purchase put and call swaptions to the same extent it may make use of standard options on securities or other instruments. Swaptions are generally subject to the same risks involved in the fund’s use of options. See “—Options on Securities.”
A credit default swap is an agreement between the fund and a counterparty that enables the fund to buy or sell protection against a credit event related to a particular issuer. One party, acting as a “protection buyer,” makes periodic payments to the other party, a “protection seller,” in exchange for a promise by the protection seller to make a payment to the protection buyer if a negative credit event (such as a delinquent payment or default) occurs with respect to a referenced bond or group of bonds. Credit default swaps may also be structured based on the debt of a basket of issuers, rather than a single issuer, and may be customized with respect to the default event that triggers purchase or other factors (for example, the Nth default within a basket, or defaults by a particular combination of issuers within the basket, may trigger a payment obligation). The fund may enter into credit default swap contracts for investment purposes. As a credit protection seller in a credit default swap
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contract, the fund would be required to pay the par (or other agreed-upon) value of a referenced debt obligation to the counterparty in the event of a default by a third party, such as a U.S. or non-U.S. corporate issuer, on the debt obligation. In return for its obligation, the fund would receive from the counterparty a periodic stream of payments over the term of the contract provided that no event of default has occurred. If no default occurs, the fund would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations. As the seller, the fund would be subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the swap.
The fund may also purchase credit default swap contracts in order to hedge against the risk of default of the debt of a particular issuer or basket of issuers or profit from changes in the creditworthiness of the particular issuer(s) (also known as “buying credit protection”). In these cases, the fund would function as the counterparty referenced in the preceding paragraph. This would involve the risk that the investment may expire worthless and would only generate income in the event of an actual default by the issuer(s) of the underlying obligation(s) (or, as applicable, a credit downgrade or other indication of financial instability). It would also involve the risk that the seller may fail to satisfy its payment obligations to the fund in the event of a default. The purchase of credit default swaps involves costs, which will reduce the fund’s return.
Tax-exempt Securities
General description. As used in this SAI, the term "Tax-exempt Securities" includes debt obligations issued by a state, its political subdivisions (for example, counties, cities, towns, villages, districts and authorities) and their agencies, instrumentalities or other governmental units, the interest from which is, in the opinion of bond counsel, exempt from federal income tax and (if applicable) the corresponding state’s personal income tax. Such obligations are issued to obtain funds for various public purposes, including the construction of a wide range of public facilities, such as airports, bridges, highways, housing, hospitals, mass transportation, schools, streets and water and sewer works. Other public purposes for which Tax-exempt Securities may be issued include the refunding of outstanding obligations or the payment of general operating expenses.
Short-term Tax-exempt Securities are generally issued by state and local governments and public authorities as interim financing in anticipation of tax collections, revenue receipts or bond sales to finance such public purposes.
In addition, certain types of "private activity" bonds may be issued by public authorities to finance projects such as privately operated housing facilities; certain local facilities for supplying water, gas or electricity; sewage or solid waste disposal facilities; student loans; or public or private institutions for the construction of educational, hospital, housing and other facilities. Such obligations are included within the term Tax-exempt Securities if the interest paid thereon is, in the opinion of bond counsel, exempt from federal income tax and (if applicable) state personal income tax (such interest may, however, be subject to federal alternative minimum tax). Other types of private activity bonds, the proceeds of which are used for the construction, repair or improvement of, or to obtain equipment for, privately operated industrial or commercial facilities, may also constitute Tax-exempt Securities, although the current federal tax laws place substantial limitations on the size of such issues.
Tax-exempt Securities share many of the structural features and risks of other bonds, as described elsewhere in this SAI. For example, the fund may purchase callable Tax-exempt Securities, zero-coupon Tax-exempt Securities, or “stripped” Tax-exempt Securities, which entail additional risks. The fund may also purchase structured or asset-backed Tax-exempt Securities, such as the securities (including preferred stock) of special purpose entities that hold interests in the Tax-exempt Securities of one or more issuers and issue “tranched” securities that are entitled to receive payments based on the cash flows from those underlying securities. See “—Redeemable securities,” “—Zero-coupon and Payment-in-kind Bonds,” “—Structured investments,” and “—Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities” in this SAI. Structured Tax-exempt Securities may involve increased risk that the interest received by the fund may not be exempt from federal or state income tax, or that such interest may result in liability for the alternative minimum tax for shareholders of the fund. For example, in certain cases, the issuers of certain securities held by a special purpose entity may not have received an
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unqualified opinion of bond counsel that the interest from the securities will be exempt from federal income tax and (if applicable) the corresponding state’s personal income tax.
The amount of information about the financial condition of an issuer of tax-exempt Securities may not be as extensive as that which is made available by corporations whose securities are publicly traded. As a result, the achievement of the fund's goals is more dependent on Putnam Management's investment analysis than would be the case if the fund were investing in securities of better-known issuers.
Escrow-secured or pre-refunded bonds. These securities are created when an issuer uses the proceeds from a new bond issue to buy high grade, interest-bearing debt securities, generally direct obligations of the U.S. government, in order to redeem (or “pre-refund”), before maturity, an outstanding bond issue that is not immediately callable. These securities are then deposited in an irrevocable escrow account held by a trustee bank to secure all future payments of principal and interest on the pre-refunded bond until that bond’s call date. Pre-refunded bonds often receive an ‘AAA’ or equivalent rating. Because pre-refunded bonds still bear the same interest rate, and have a very high credit quality, their price may increase. However, as the original bond approaches its call date, the bond's price will fall to its call price.
Residual interest bonds. The fund may invest in residual interest bonds, which are created by depositing municipal securities in a trust and dividing the income stream of an underlying municipal bond in two parts, one, a variable rate security and the other, a residual interest bond. The interest rate for the variable rate security is determined by an index or a periodic auction process, while the residual interest bond holder receives the balance of the income from the underlying municipal bond less an auction fee. The market prices of residual interest bonds may be highly sensitive to changes in market rates and may decrease significantly when market rates increase.
Tobacco Settlement Revenue Bonds. The fund may invest in tobacco settlement revenue bonds, which are secured by an issuing state’s proportionate share of payments under the Master Settlement Agreement (“MSA”). The MSA is an agreement that was reached out of court in November 1998 between 46 states and six U.S. jurisdictions and tobacco manufacturers representing an overwhelming majority of U.S. market share. The MSA provides for annual payments by the manufacturers to the states and jurisdictions in perpetuity in exchange for releasing all claims against the manufacturers and a pledge of no further litigation. The MSA established a base payment schedule and a formula for adjusting payments each year. Tobacco manufacturers pay into a master escrow trust based on their market share, and each state receives a fixed percentage of the payment as set forth in the MSA. Within some states, certain localities may in turn be allocated a specific portion of the state’s MSA payment pursuant to an arrangement with the state.
A number of state and local governments have securitized the future flow of payments under the MSA by selling bonds pursuant to indentures, some through distinct governmental entities created for such purpose. The bonds are backed by the future revenue flow that is used for principal and interest payments on the bonds. Annual payments on the bonds, and thus risk to the fund, are dependent on the receipt of future settlement payments by the state or its instrumentality. The actual amount of future settlement payments may vary based on, among other things, annual domestic cigarette shipments, inflation, the financial capability of participating tobacco companies, and certain offsets for disputed payments. Payments made by tobacco manufacturers could be reduced if cigarette shipments continue to decline below the base levels used in establishing manufacturers’ payment obligations under the MSA. Demand for cigarettes in the U.S. could continue to decline based on many factors, including, without limitation, anti-smoking campaigns, tax increases, price increases implemented to recoup the cost of payments by tobacco companies under the MSA, reduced ability to advertise, enforcement of laws prohibiting sales to minors, elimination of certain sales venues such as vending machines, and the spread of local ordinances restricting smoking in public places.
Because tobacco settlement bonds are backed by payments from the tobacco manufacturers, and generally not by the credit of the state or local government issuing the bonds, their creditworthiness depends on the ability of tobacco manufacturers to meet their obligations. The bankruptcy of an MSA-participating manufacturer could cause delays or reductions in bond payments, which would affect the fund’s net asset value. Under the MSA, a
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market share loss by MSA-participating tobacco manufacturers to non-MSA participating manufacturers would also cause a downward adjustment in the payment amounts under some circumstances.
The MSA and tobacco manufacturers have been and continue to be subject to various legal claims, including, among others, claims that the MSA violates federal antitrust law. In addition, the United States Department of Justice has alleged in a civil lawsuit that the major tobacco companies defrauded and misled the American public about the health risks associated with smoking cigarettes. An adverse outcome to this lawsuit or to any other litigation matters or regulatory actions relating to the MSA or affecting tobacco manufacturers could adversely affect the payment streams associated with the MSA or cause delays or reductions in bond payments by tobacco manufacturers.
In addition to the risks described above, tobacco settlement revenue bonds are subject to other risks described in this SAI, including the risks of asset-backed securities discussed under “Mortgage-backed and Asset-backed Securities.”
Participation interests (Money Market Funds only). The money market funds may invest in Tax-exempt securities either by purchasing them directly or by purchasing certificates of accrual or similar instruments evidencing direct ownership of interest payments or principal payments, or both, on Tax-exempt securities, provided that, in the opinion of counsel, any discount accruing on a certificate or instrument that is purchased at a yield not greater than the coupon rate of interest on the related Tax-exempt securities will be exempt from federal income tax to the same extent as interest on the Tax-exempt securities. The money market funds may also invest in Tax-exempt securities by purchasing from banks participation interests in all or part of specific holdings of Tax-exempt securities. These participations may be backed in whole or in part by an irrevocable letter of credit or guarantee of the selling bank. The selling bank may receive a fee from the money market funds in connection with the arrangement. The money market funds will not purchase such participation interests unless it receives an opinion of counsel or a ruling of the IRS that interest earned by it on Tax-exempt securities in which it holds such participation interests is exempt from federal income tax. No money market fund expects to invest more than 5% of its assets in participation interests.
Stand-by commitments. When the fund purchases Tax-exempt securities, it has the authority to acquire stand-by commitments from banks and broker-dealers with respect to those Tax-exempt securities. A stand-by commitment may be considered a security independent of the Tax-exempt security to which it relates. The amount payable by a bank or dealer during the time a stand-by commitment is exercisable, absent unusual circumstances, would be substantially the same as the market value of the underlying Tax-exempt security to a third party at any time. The fund expects that stand-by commitments generally will be available without the payment of direct or indirect consideration. The fund does not expect to assign any value to stand-by commitments.
Yields. The yields on Tax-exempt securities depend on a variety of factors, including general money market conditions, effective marginal tax rates, the financial condition of the issuer, general conditions of the Tax-exempt security market, the size of a particular offering, the maturity of the obligation and the rating of the issue. The ratings of nationally recognized securities rating agencies represent their opinions as to the credit quality of the Tax-exempt securities which they undertake to rate. It should be emphasized, however, that ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality. Consequently, Tax-exempt securities with the same maturity and interest rate but with different ratings may have the same yield. Yield disparities may occur for reasons not directly related to the investment quality of particular issues or the general movement of interest rates and may be due to such factors as changes in the overall demand or supply of various types of Tax-exempt securities or changes in the investment objectives of investors. Subsequent to purchase by the fund, an issue of Tax-exempt securities or other investments may cease to be rated, or its rating may be reduced below the minimum rating required for purchase by the fund. Neither event will require the elimination of an investment from the fund's portfolio, but Putnam Management will consider such an event in its determination of whether the fund should continue to hold an investment in its portfolio.
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"Moral obligation" bonds. The fund may invest in so-called “moral obligation” bonds, where repayment of the bond is backed by a moral (but not legally binding) commitment of an entity other than the issuer, such as a state legislature, to pay. Such a commitment may be in addition to the legal commitment of the issuer to repay the bond or may represent the only payment obligation with respect to the bond (where, for example, no amount has yet been specifically appropriated to pay the bond. See “—Municipal leases” below.)
Municipal leases. The fund may acquire participations in lease obligations or installment purchase contract obligations (collectively, “lease obligations”) of municipal authorities or entities. Lease obligations do not constitute general obligations of the municipality for which the municipality’s taxing power is pledged. Certain of these lease obligations contain “non-appropriation” clauses, which provide that the municipality has no obligation to make lease or installment purchase payments in future years unless money is appropriated for such purpose on a yearly basis. In the case of a “non-appropriation” lease, the fund’s ability to recover under the lease in the event of non-appropriation or default will be limited solely to the repossession of the leased property, and in any event, foreclosure of that property might prove difficult.
Additional risks. Securities in which the fund may invest, including Tax-exempt securities, are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors, such as the federal Bankruptcy Code (including special provisions related to municipalities and other public entities), and laws, if any, that may be enacted by Congress or state legislatures extending the time for payment of principal or interest, or both, or imposing other constraints upon enforcement of such obligations. There is also the possibility that, as a result of litigation or other conditions, the power, ability or willingness of issuers to meet their obligations for the payment of interest and principal on their Tax-exempt securities may be materially affected.
From time to time, legislation may be introduced or litigation may arise that may restrict or eliminate the federal income tax exemption for interest on debt obligations issued by states and their political subdivisions. Federal tax laws limit the types and amounts of tax-exempt bonds issuable for certain purposes, especially industrial development bonds and private activity bonds. Such limits may affect the future supply and yields of these types of Tax-exempt securities. Further proposals limiting the issuance of Tax-exempt securities may well be introduced in the future. If it appeared that the availability of Tax-exempt securities for investment by the fund and the value of the fund's portfolio could be materially affected by such changes in law, the Trustees of the fund would reevaluate its investment objective and policies and consider changes in the structure of the fund or its dissolution. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers for the current law on tax-exempt bonds and securities.
Warrants
The fund may invest in warrants, which are instruments that give the fund the right to purchase certain securities from an issuer at a specific price (the “strike price”) for a limited period of time. The strike price of warrants typically is much lower than the current market price of the underlying securities, yet they are subject to similar price fluctuations. As a result, warrants may be more volatile investments than the underlying securities and may offer greater potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss. Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the underlying securities and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. Also, the value of the warrant does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities and a warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to the expiration date. These factors can make warrants more speculative than other types of investments.
In addition to warrants on securities, the fund may purchase put warrants and call warrants whose values vary depending on the change in the value of one or more specified securities indices ("index warrants"). Index warrants are generally issued by banks or other financial institutions and give the holder the right, at any time during the term of the warrant, to receive upon exercise of the warrant a cash payment from the issuer based on the value of the underlying index at the time of exercise. In general, if the value of the underlying index rises above the exercise price of the index warrant, the holder of a call warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the value of the index and the exercise
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price of the warrant; if the value of the underlying index falls, the holder of a put warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the exercise price of the warrant and the value of the index. The holder of a warrant would not be entitled to any payments from the issuer at any time when, in the case of a call warrant, the exercise price is greater than the value of the underlying index, or, in the case of a put warrant, the exercise price is less than the value of the underlying index. If the fund were not to exercise an index warrant prior to its expiration, then the fund would lose the amount of the purchase price paid by it for the warrant.
The fund will normally use index warrants in a manner similar to its use of options on securities indices. The risks of the fund's use of index warrants are generally similar to those relating to its use of index options. Unlike most index options, however, index warrants are issued in limited amounts and are not obligations of a regulated clearing agency, but are backed only by the credit of the bank or other institution which issues the warrant. Also, index warrants generally have longer terms than index options. Index warrants are not likely to be as liquid as certain index options backed by a recognized clearing agency. In addition, the terms of index warrants may limit the fund's ability to exercise the warrants at such time, or in such quantities, as the fund would otherwise wish to do.
Zero-coupon and Payment-in-kind Bonds
The fund may invest without limit in so-called "zero-coupon" bonds and "payment-in-kind" bonds. Zero-coupon bonds are issued at a significant discount from their principal amount in lieu of paying interest periodically. Payment-in-kind bonds allow the issuer, at its option, to make current interest payments on the bonds either in cash or in additional bonds. Because zero-coupon and payment-in-kind bonds do not pay current interest in cash, their value is subject to greater fluctuation in response to changes in market interest rates than bonds that pay interest currently. Both zero-coupon and payment-in-kind bonds allow an issuer to avoid the need to generate cash to meet current interest payments. Accordingly, such bonds may involve greater credit risks than bonds paying interest currently in cash. The fund is required to accrue interest income on such investments and to distribute such amounts at least annually to shareholders even though such bonds do not pay current interest in cash. Thus, it may be necessary at times for the fund to liquidate other investments in order to satisfy its distribution requirements under the Internal Revenue Code.
TAXES
The following discussion of U.S. federal income tax consequences is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), existing U.S. Treasury regulations, and other applicable authority, as of the date of this SAI. These authorities are subject to change by legislative or administrative action, possibly with retroactive effect. The following discussion is only a summary of some of the important U.S. federal tax considerations generally applicable to investments in the fund. There may be other tax considerations applicable to particular shareholders. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding their particular situation and the possible application of foreign, state and local tax laws.
Taxation of the fund. The fund intends to qualify each year as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. In order to qualify for the special tax treatment accorded regulated investment companies and their shareholders, the fund must, among other things:
(a) derive at least 90% of its gross income for each taxable year from (i) dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale of stock, securities and foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures, or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies, and (ii) net income from interests in “qualified publicly traded partnerships” (as defined below);
(b) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of the fund’s taxable year, (i) at least 50% of the market value of the fund’s total assets is represented by cash and cash items, U.S. Government securities, securities of other regulated investment companies, and other securities limited in respect of any one issuer to a
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value not greater than 5% of the value of the fund’s total assets and not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of the fund’s total assets is invested (x) in the securities (other than those of the U.S. Government or other regulated investment companies) of any one issuer or of two or more issuers which the fund controls and which are engaged in the same, similar, or related trades or businesses, or (y) in the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (as defined below). In the case of the fund’s investments in loan participations, the fund shall treat a financial intermediary as an issuer for the purposes of meeting this diversification requirement; and
(c) distribute with respect to each taxable year at least 90% of the sum of its investment company taxable income (as that term is defined in the Code without regard to the deduction for dividends paid—generally, taxable ordinary income and the excess, if any, of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses) and net tax-exempt interest income, for such year.
In general, for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement described in paragraph (a) above, income derived from a partnership will be treated as qualifying income only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the partnership which would be qualifying income if realized by the regulated investment company. However, 100% of the net income of a regulated investment company derived from an interest in a “qualified publicly traded partnership” (defined as a partnership (i) interests in which are traded on an established securities market or readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof, (ii) that derives at least 90% of its income from the passive income sources described in Code section 7704(d), and (iii) that derives less than 90% of its income from the qualifying income described in paragraph (a) above) will be treated as qualifying income. In addition, although in general the passive loss rules of the Code do not apply to regulated investment companies, such rules do apply to a regulated investment company with respect to items attributable to an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership. Finally, for purposes of paragraph (b) above, the term “outstanding voting securities of such issuer” will include the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership.
If the fund qualifies as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment, the fund will not be subject to federal income tax on income distributed in a timely manner to its shareholders in the form of dividends (including Capital Gain Dividends, as defined below).
If the fund were to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company accorded special tax treatment in any taxable year, the fund would be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates, and all distributions from earnings and profits, including any distributions of net tax-exempt income and net long-term capital gains, would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. In addition, the fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment.
If the fund fails to distribute in a calendar year substantially all of its ordinary income for such year and substantially all of its capital gain net income for the one-year period ending October 31 (or later if the fund is permitted so to elect and so elects), plus any retained amount from the prior year, the fund will be subject to a 4% excise tax on the undistributed amounts. The fund intends generally to make distributions sufficient to avoid impo