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As Of Filer Filing As/For/On Docs:Pgs Issuer Agent 10/16/06 Lundin Mining CORP 40FR12B 97:1602 TNT Filings Inc/FA
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ORE RESERVES AND MINERAL RESOURCES
OF THE
ZINKGRUVAN MINE
IN SOUTH-CENTRAL SWEDEN
2004-12-31
Prepared by
Lars Malmström, Chief Geologist of ZMAB
and
Per Hedström, Senior Geologist at ZMAB.
| Page | ||
| 1. | SUMMARY | 4 |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION | 6 |
| 2.1 | PURPOSE AND INFORMATION | 6 |
| 2.2 | QUALIFIED PERSON | 6 |
| 2.3 | UNITS AND CURRENCY | 6 |
| 3. | LOCATION AND PROPERTY DESCRIPTION | 7 |
| 3.1 | LOCATION | 7 |
| 3.2 | PROPERTY DESCRIPTION | 8 |
| 4. | ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE | |
| AND PHYSIOGRAPHY | 8 | |
| 4.1 | ACCESS | 8 |
| 4.2 | CLIMATE | 9 |
| 4.3 | LOCAL RESOURCES AND INFRASTRUCTURE | 9 |
| 4.4 | PHYSIOGRAPHY | 9 |
| 5. | HISTORY | 9 |
| 6. | GEOLOGICAL SETTING | 10 |
| 6.1 | REGIONAL AND LOCAL GEOLOGY | 10 |
| 6.2 | GEOLOGY OF THE ZINKGRUVAN DEPOSIT | 13 |
| 7. | DEPOSIT TYPE | 18 |
| 8. | MINERALIZATION | 18 |
| 8.1 | ZINC / LEAD OREBODIES | 18 |
| 8.2 | COPPER MINERALIZATION | 19 |
| 9. | EXPLORATION | 19 |
| 10. | DRILLING | 19 |
| 10.1 | GENERAL | 19 |
| 10.2 | CORE HANDLING AND LOGGING | 20 |
| 11. | SAMPLING | 20 |
| 12. | SAMPLE PREPARATION, ASSAYING AND SECURITY | 20 |
| 12.1 | SAMPLE PREPARATION | 20 |
| 12.2 | ASSAYING | 21 |
| 12.2.1. | ZMAB ANALYTICAL METHOD | 21 |
| 12.2.2 | ACME ANALYTICAL METHOD | 22 |
| 12.3 | QAQC | 23 |
| 12.4 | SECURITY | 23 |
| 13. | ADJACENT PROPERTIES | 23 |
| 14. | ORE RESOURCE AND MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES | 23 |
| 14.1 | GENERAL | 23 |
| 14.2 | RESERVES AND RESOURCES AREAS | 24 |
| 14.3 | ASSAY DATA | 32 |
| 14.4 | METHODS USED IN RESOURCE ESTIMATIONS | 33 |
| 14.4.1 | BLOCK MODEL METHOD | 33 |
| 14.4.2 | POLYGON METHOD | 34 |
| 14.4.3 | SECTION METHOD | 34 |
| 14.5 | QUALIFIED PERSON | 34 |
| 15. | MINING AND MINERAL PROCESSING OPERATIONS | 35 |
| 15.1 | GENERAL | 35 |
| 15.2 | UNDERGROUND OPERATIONS | 36 |
| 15.2.1 | GENERAL | 36 |
| 15.2.2 | MINING METHODS | 36 |
2
| 15.3 | CONCENTRATOR OPERATIONS | 38 |
| 15.3.1 | GENERAL | 38 |
| 15.3.2 | CONCENTRATOR FLOWSHEET | 38 |
| 15.3.3 | METALLURGICAL RESULTS | 39 |
| 15.3.4 | BACKFILL PLANT | 40 |
| 15.3.5 | TAILINGS | 40 |
| 16. | OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION | 41 |
| 16.1 | MARKETING AND COMMERCIAL MATTERS | 41 |
| 16.2 | COPPER PROJECT | 41 |
| 16.3 | ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS | 41 |
| 17. | REFERENCES | 42 |
| LIST OF TABLES | ||
| Table 1.1 | Summery Zinc/Lead Ore Reserves at December 31, 2004 | 5 |
| Table 1.2 | Summery Zinc/Lead Mineral Resources at December 31, 2004 | 5 |
| Table 1.3. | Summery Zinkgruvan Copper Mineral Resources at December 31, 2004 | 6 |
| Table 12.1 | Zinkgruvan Laboratory, Routine limits of detection | 21 |
| Table 12.2. | ACME Laboratory, Detection limits, G7AR, ICP-ES | 22 |
| Table 14.1 | Proved Zinc/Lead Ore Reserve at December 31, 2004 | 27 |
| Table 14.2 | Probable Zinc/Lead Ore Reserves at December 31, 2004 | 28 |
| Table 14.3 | Measured Zinc/Lead Mineral Resource at December 31, 2004 | 39 |
| Table 14.4 | Indicated Zinc/Lead Mineral Resource at December 31, 2004 | 30 |
| Table 14.5 | Inferred Zinc/Lead Mineral Resource at December 31, 2004 | 31 |
| Table 14.6 | Copper Mineral Resources at December 31,2004 | 32 |
| Table 15.1 | Concentrator Operating Results 2000-2004 | 40 |
| LIST OF FIGURES | ||
| Figure 3.1 | Property location map | 7 |
| Figure 3.2 | Exploitation concessions | 8 |
| Figure 6.1 | Simplified regional geology map – Bergslagen Greenstone Belt | 11 |
| Figure 6.2 | Generalized property geology map | 12 |
| Figure 6.3 | Nygruvan 650 level plan, and part of Burkland | 14 |
| Figure 6.4 | Nygruvan, schematic cross-section | 15 |
| Figure 6.5 | Burkland Zn/Pb and Cu zones, 650 level plan | 16 |
| Figure 6.6 | Knalla, schematic cross-section | 17 |
| Figure 14.1 | Nygruvan longitudinal section – mineral resource blocks | 25 |
| Figure 14.2 | Knalla longitudinal section – mineral resource blocks | 26 |
| Figure 15.1 | Zinkgruvan general site plan | 35 |
| Figure 15.2 | Schematic of the panel stoping method | 36 |
| Figure 15.3 | Schematic of the bench stoping method | 37 |
| Figure 15.4 | Schematic of the concentrator flowsheet | 38 |
3
1. SUMMARY
This report present the Reserves and Resources of the Zinkgruvan Mine
estimated by the staff of The Zinkgruvan Mining AB as of December 31, 2004. The
Zinkgruvan Mining AB is a subsidiary of Lundin Mining Corporation listed on the
Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) and on the "O-list" of the Stockholm Stock
Exchange. The Zinkgruvan mine is located in the south-central Sweden, 175 km in a
straight line west-southwest of Stockholm. The Zinkgruvan deposit has been known
since the 16th century. Large scale production started first 1857 and
has continued since then. At present the annul production of zinc-lead-silver
ore is in the order of 800 000 ton. The warm Gulf Stream in the Atlantic gives southern Sweden a relatively mild
climate. The average summer temperature is approx.18 C. The average winter
temperature is slightly below freezing. The regional infrastructure of paved
highways, electricity, telecommunications and other communications is good.
There are several villages and smaller towns in the surrounding. The nearest
larger city is Örebro, 60 km to the north. It hosts a university, considerable
industry and an airport with daily flight to Stockholm and Copenhagen. The Zinkgruvan deposit is located in the SW corner of the Bergslagen mining
district, a part of the Proterozoic Svecofennian Domain. This district hosts
numerous iron ore and base metal mines in volcano-sedimentary complexes
consisting of felsic metavolcanics with intercalated limestone, calcsilicate and
mineralized deposits. The district is composed of a series of small elongated
basins with felsic metavolcanics overlain by metasediments. The basins are
surrounded by mainly granitoid intrusions of which the oldest are of the same
age as the felsic metavolcanics.
The Zinkgruvan deposit is situated in an east-west striking synclinal
structure. The tabular-shaped Zn-Pb-Ag ore bodies occur in a 5- to 25 m-thick
stratiform zone in the upper part of the metavolcanic-sedimentary group. The ore
deposit is about 5 km long and proved to a depth of 1,500 m. It strikes mainly
east-west and dips towards north. One subvertical fault splits the ore deposit
in to two major parts, the Knalla mine to the west and the Nygruvan mine to the
east. In the Nygruvan mine the dip is 60o -80o, while in
the Knalla mine folding is extensive and partly isoclinal.
Most of the economic Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization consist of massive beds of
sphalerite and galena intercalated with barren bed of quarzitic metatuffite and
calcsilicate rock. Beds of disseminated sphalerite and galena occur locally
towards the hanging wall. Particular, in the Knalla mine, galena is locally
remobilized into veins.
The estimation of Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserves of Zinkgruvan is
based on a database of diamond drill holes. Approximately 2000 drill holes are
used in defining the present Resources and Reserves. The main part of the Zn-Pb-Ag
Reserves have been estimated by using Block Modelling and an Ordinary Kriging
Method. In areas with randomly and often sparsely distributed drill holes
estimations, mainly of Resources , have been done by employing the Polygon
Method. A cut-off of 250 SEK/t NSR has been used for the Zn -Pb-Ag –
mineralizations. The Cu-mineralizations is defined by a cut-off of Cu 2%. 4
Table 1.1 Zinkgruvsam Zinc/Lead Ore Reserves at December 31, 2004
|
Area |
Category |
Tonnes |
Zn |
Pb |
Ag |
|
|
|
( x1000) |
(%) |
(%) |
(g/t) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nygruvan |
Proved |
1.702 |
12.6 |
3.4 |
64 |
|
Knalla |
Proved |
5.481 |
9.2 |
5.8 |
122 |
|
Total |
Proved |
7.183 |
10.0 |
5.3 |
109 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nygruvan |
Probable |
923 |
11.4 |
2.6 |
62 |
|
Knalla |
Probable |
704 |
6.5 |
2.9 |
75 |
|
Total |
Probable |
1.627 |
9.3 |
2.8 |
68 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
All Categories |
8.810 |
9.9 |
4.8 |
101 |
An economic cut-off of 250SEK is used in when converting Mineral Resources to Ore Reserves. For the Burkland deposit, zero-value wall rock (12%) and backfill (3%) dilution and mining recovery (95%) and mining losses (3%) factors are applied to Mineral Resource estimates in arriving at the cutoff figure. For the Nygruvan deposit, the corresponding figures are wall rock dilution 20-25%, mining recovery 95% and mining loss 5%. There is no backfill factor required.
Table 1.2
Zinkgruvsam Zinc/Lead Mineral Resources at December 31, 2004
| Area | Category |
Tonnes |
Zn |
Pb |
Ag |
|
( x1000) |
(%) |
(%) |
(g/t) |
||
|
|
|
|
|
||
| Nygruvan | Measured |
551 |
6.7 |
0.9 |
25 |
| Knalla | Measured |
518 |
9.0 |
2.2 |
43 |
| Total | Measured |
1,069 |
7.8 |
1.5 |
34 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
| Nygruvan | Indicated |
410 |
12.5 |
1.7 |
57 |
| Knalla | Indicated |
634 |
7.5 |
4.5 |
98 |
| Total | Indicated |
1,044 |
9.5 |
3.4 |
82 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
| Total | Meas. + Ind. |
2,113 |
8.6 |
2.5 |
58 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
||
| Nygruvan | Inferred |
275 |
12.9 |
6.5 |
97 |
| Knalla | Inferred |
7,889 |
9.8 |
4.1 |
101 |
| Total | Inferred |
8,164 |
9.9 |
4.2 |
101 |
In the structural hanging wall of the Burkland ore body occur a copper stockwork mineralization. Chalcopyrite is the main copper mineral and occurs as a fine grained dissemination or as irregular lumps and veins in a dolomitic marble.
5
Table 1.3 Zinkgruvsam Copper Mineral Resources at December 31, 2004
|
Area |
Category |
Tonnes |
Cu |
Zn |
Pb |
Ag |
|
|
|
( x1000) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(g/t) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Knalla |
Indicated |
2,707 |
3.1 |
0.5 |
0.0 |
48 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Knalla |
Inferred |
850 |
3.3 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
41 |
The Mineral Resource and Ore Reserves are reported using the JORC Code. It is The Zinkgruvan Mining AB's opinion that the Measured, Indicated, and Inferred Mineral Resources as presented in this report and categorised under the JORC Code are individually the equivalent of the corresponding Mineral Resources as presented in the CIM Standards on the Mineral Resources and Reserves, Definitions and Guidelines adopted by CIM Council, 2000. Similarly the Proved and Probable Ore Reserves are individually the equivalent of the Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves categories as presented in the CIM Standards
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 PURPOSE AND DATA INFORMATION
This report has been prepared in order to present the annual inventory of Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves at the Zinkgruvan Mine, owned by Zinkgruvan Mining AB (ZMAB), Sweden, a subsidiary to Lundin Mining Corporation, Canada since 2004. The Zinkgruvan mine is situated in South Central Sweden and has been in operation since the end of the1850's.
The information and data used for this report and the interpretation and evaluation of it has, except for chemical assaying of geological samples, been done in house by ZMAB. The Mine Planning Department uses the data of the inventory for annual up dating and presenting of the "Life of Mine Plan".
2.2 QUALIFIED PERSON
The Qualified Persons responsible for the preparation of this report are Lars Malmström Chief Geologist of ZMAB and Per Hedström, Senior Geologist at ZMAB.
2.3 UNITS AND CURRENCY
Metric units are used throughout this report unless noted otherwise. Currency is primarily Swedish kronor or crowns ("SEK") and United States dollars ("US$"). The currency exchange rate used is 7.5 SEK per US$.
6
3. PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
3.1. LOCATION
The Zinkgruvan mine is located in south-central Sweden in Närke County at
approximately 58°49'N latitude, 15°12'E longitude. As shown in Figure 3.1, it
lies 175 km in a straight line west-southwest of Stockholm and 210 km northeast
of Goteborg. While there is a small village called Zinkgruvan surrounding the
mine installations, the nearest significant communities are Åmmeberg and
Askersund, respectively 10 km and 15 km NW of the mine. They house most of the
mine employees.

7
3.2. PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
Zinkgruvan holds two exploitation concessions covering the deposit and its
immediate area, see Figure 3.2. The "Zinkgruvan Concession", consisting original
of a large number of small mining rights, was consolidated in 2002 in to one
concession covering an area of 254 ha. The "Klara Concession" was granted in
2003 and covers 355 ha, mainly over "new areas" in the western part of the
deposit. "Zinkgruvan" and "Klara" are valid until 2025 and 2027.

4. ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES AND INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY
4.1 ACCESS
The property can be reached from Stockholm along highway E18 in a westerly direction for a distance of 200 km to Örebro; from Örebro southward on highway E20 and County Road 50 for a distance of 20 km to Askersund, and then by a secondary paved road for a further 15 km through Åmmeberg to Zinkgruvan. Access to Örebro is also possible by rail and by aircraft on scheduled flights from Stockholm and Copenhagen amongst other locations.
Askersund is located at the north end of Lake Vättern, the second largest lake in Sweden. The largest lake in the country, Lake Vänern, is some 50 km from Askersund in a straight line. The port of Otterbäcken on Lake Vänern is about 100 km from Zinkgruvan by road. The port of Göteborg on Sweden's west coast is accessible by lake and canal from Otterbäcken, a distance of 200 km.
8
4.2 CLIMATE
The warm Gulf Stream in the Atlantic gives Sweden a milder climate than other
areas equally far north. Stockholm, the capital, is at almost the same latitude
as southern Greenland but has an average temperature of 18 C in July. The winter
temperatures average slightly below freezing and snowfall is moderate.
Temperature records for Zinkgruvan show that the mean annual
temperature is 5.5 C. Mean monthly temperatures are below freezing from December
through March. The coldest month is February, with an average maximum
temperature of -4.1 C and an average minimum of -11.1 C. The warmest month is
August with an average maximum temperature of 18.2 C and an average minimum of
12.2 C. Annual precipitation is about 750 mm. It ranges from a low of 11 mm in
March to a high of144 mm in August.
4.3 LOCAL RESOURCES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
The community of Askersund has a population of about 14,000. The village of
Zinkgruvan has about 290 inhabitants. Zinkgruvan is the largest private employer
in the municipality with about 280 employees. Other local economic activities
include agriculture, construction and light service industries. The town of
Askersund has a modest tourist industry in the summer and is a full service
community.
The nearest airport is in Örebro with daily flights to Stockholm, Copenhagen
and other centres. Örebro also hosts a university and considerable light and
heavy industry. As with virtually all of southern Sweden there is an extensive
network of paved highways, rail service, excellent telecommunications
facilities, national grid electricity, an ample supply of water and a highly
educated work force. 4.4 PHYSIOGRAPHY
The property is located in very gently rolling terrain at about 175 metres
above mean sea level ("masl") and relief in the area is 30 m to 50 m. It is
largely forest and drift covered and cut by numerous small, slow moving streams,
typical of glaciated terrain and very reminiscent of boreal-forested areas of
Canada such as the Abitibi area of northern Ontario and Quebec. Outcrop is
scarce. 5. HISTORY
The Zinkgruvan deposit has been known since the 16th century but it was not
until 1857 that large scale production began under the ownership of the Vieille
Montagne Company of Belgium. Vieille Montagne merged into Union Miniere in 1990.
The earliest recorded mining activity in the area dates from approximately 1700.
This was from the Isåsa mine, immediately to the north of the present Zinkgruvan
operation. The mine operated intermittently until the mid 1800s, but never made
a profit and was shut down permanently in 1845. Interest in the present Zinkgruvan area as a potential zinc producer dates
from 1846-47. Trial mining and smelting were carried out but the operation was
unprofitable because of the large quantities of coal required for reducing the
ore. The Swedish owner of the property subsequently made contact with Vieille
Montagne, the world leader in the mining and processing of zinc ores at that
time.
9
The Belgian company agreed to purchase the properties, including mineral
rights and extensive surface rights in farm and forest land and in 1857 a Royal
Warrant was issued by the Swedish Crown authorizing this purchase by a foreign
company and documenting the terms of operation of the mine.
The first shipment of ore from Zinkgruvan to Belgium was made in 1860.
Vieille Montagne metallurgists, accustomed to treating oxidized ores in
carbonate gangues, encountered severe technical problems in smelting the
sulphide ores, however, the problem was eventually solved by the addition of a
roaster on site in 1864.
Processing, including roasting was carried out at Åmmeberg, with its small
port facility on Lake Vättern. Zinkgruvan still has some real estate holdings in
and around the village. The former tailings area now forms a golf course. From
the port, shipments of ore and (later) concentrate were shipped out through the
Swedish lake and canal system to the sea and on to Belgium. In the years immediately following the opening of the mine, production was
carried out on a modest scale. Hand sorting and heavy media separation were
sometimes employed to upgrade mined material. Later, for many years up to the
end of 1976, the rate of production was around 300,000 tonnes annually ("tpa"). In the mid-1970s, the company decided to expand production and doubled the
production rate to 600,000 tpa. A new main shaft was sunk to gain access to
additional ore, the mining method was modified to allow for heavier, mechanized
equipment, a new concentrator and tailings disposal facilities were built
adjacent to the mine and the Åmmeberg facilities were largely rehabilitated and
abandoned. The new facilities were brought on line at the beginning of 1977 and
the rate of production gradually began to increase towards the target of 600,000
tpa, which was achieved in 1982. Since then the production rate has been further
increased to its present ±800,000 tpa. In the present concentrator, run-of-mine ore is ground in a large autogenous
mill. The sulphides are then floated in bulk followed by lead-zinc separation. In late 1995 North Limited of Australia purchased the mine from Union Miniere
as part of a zinc strategy and in addition to mining, carried out an aggressive
exploration program in the immediate and surrounding area. In August 2000, Rio
Tinto became the owner of Zinkgruvan when it acquired North Limited. Since June
2004 Lundin Mining Corporation is the owner of Zinkgruvan Mining AB.
6. GEOLOGICAL SETTING
6.1 REGIONAL AND LOCAL GEOLOGY, METAMORPHISM AND STRUCTURE
Zinkgruvan is located in the SW corner of the Proterozoic-aged Bergslagen
greenstone belt/mining district, famed for its numerous iron ore and base metal
mines, notably the Falun deposit (200 km north of Zinkgruvan), which saw
production from before the year 1000 until 1992. The belt is shown in
10

The ore-bearing Bergslagen district is part of the southern volcanic belt of the Svecofennian Domain. The supracrustal rocks are dominated by felsic metavolcanic successions that can be up to 10 km deep. Limestones, calcsilicates and mineralized deposits are commonly found within the metavolcanics. The district is comprised of a series of small proximal basins in a continental rift environment. The active extensional stage was characterized by felsic volcanism and intrusions followed by subsidence and sedimentation.
The Zinkgruvan deposit is situated in an east-west striking synclinal structure within the lower Proterozoic Svecofennian supracrustal sequence (Figure 6.2). This sequence consists of metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks 1.90 to 1.88 billion years old, which rest on an unknown basement.
11

During early stages of the orogeny 1.87 to 1.85 billion years ago, differentiated, I-type granitoids, ranging from gabbro to granite in composition intruded the Svecofennian sequence. From 1.84 billion years ago until 1.77 billion years ago further intrusion occurred, forming late orogenic, undifferentiated, S-type plutons and dikes associated with migmatites, comprising granites, aplites and a large number of pegmatites. Finally, post-orogenic granites belonging to the NNWtrending Transscandinavian granite-porphyry belt created a large volume of granitic intrusion about 1.73 billion years ago.
The supracrustal rocks are divided into three lithostratigraphic groups:
** Metavolcanic group in the lower part of the stratigraphy;
** Metavolcano-sedimentary group; and
** Metasedimentary group, which occupies the highest stratigraphic position of the supracrustal rocks in the Zinkgruvan area.
The metavolcanic group comprises mainly massive, fine-grained, red, felsic metavolcanic rocks which are in part quartz-microcline porphyritic with a low ( 5%) biotite content. They occur mainly in the northern part of the area and south of the Zinkgruvan basin structure. Some of the rocks in the metavolcanic group are assumed to have an ignimbritic origin.
The rocks of the metavolcano-sedimentary group are composed of mixed, chemically precipitated, and tuffaceous metasediments. The major rock type in this group is a metatuffite, which is commonly well banded and sometimes extremely finely laminated. Calc-silicate
12
rocks, marbles, calc-silicate-bearing quartzites, quartzitic tuffaceous
metasediments and sulphide ores are intercalated with the metatuffites. All of
these rocks are intruded by metabasic sills and dikes, usually 2 to 3 m wide.
The metasedimentary group contains mainly argillic, clastic
metasediments, which the metasediments are characteristically have a high
biotite content (>30%). They are strongly recrystallized and transformed to
veined gneisses. In upper parts of the stratigraphy migmatized and have
undergone some anatexis to form grey, medium grained, biotite-rich, massive
granitoids. In the lower part of the group, disseminated pyrrhotite occurs in
garnet-bearing siliceous beds of primary exhalative origin. Most of the mineralization in the district is associated with the metavolcano-sedimentary
group. The Zinkgruvan deposit, together with a number of small bodies of Zn-Pb
mineralization are situated in the higher part of the metavolcano-sedimentary
group. Higher up in the startigraphy a stratiform pyrrhotite mineralization
occurs in the uppermost part of the metavolcano-sedimentary group and in the
lower part of the metasedimentary group.
As a result of repeated deformation during the Svecofennian orogeny, the
relatively incompetent supracrustal rocks were isoclinally folded together with
the more competent, primorogenic granitoid massifs. The metamorphism is
low-pressure, upper amphibolite facies with migmatization and partial melting of
the biotite-rich rocks in the metasedimentary group. Sillimanite and cordierite
are common index minerals in these rocks. The low biotite rocks of the
metavolcano-sedimentary group, which underwent the same high-temperature
metamorphism exhibit well preserved, recrystallized, primary bedding.
Regional deformation ended before regional metamorphism, as the late orogenic
granites have not been affected by the regional deformation, however, the later
granites of the Transscandinavian granite-porphyry belt have deformed the
country rock during their intrusion, causing a local folding parallel to
subparallel to their margins.
Brittle fracturing is marked by NNE-trending fault systems resulting in
large-scale block movements between sections of the country rock. The Knalla
fault, separating the Nygruvan and Burkland ore zones is likely an example of
such a fault. Movements of several hundred metres are occasionally observed
along such faults (Figure 6.2). These fault systems postdate an easttrending
dolerite dike swarm, which has an age of about 1.53 billion years.
6.2 GEOLOGY OF THE ZINKGRUVAN DEPOSIT
The massive sulphide Zn, Pb mineralization is hosted by a metavolcano-sedimentary
sequence with associated carbonates and cherts and extends for some 5 km along
strike. Structurally, the deposit has undergone several phases of folding and is
divided into two distinct areas by the regional NNE-SSW-trending Knalla
fracture/fault zone. The property geology is shown on Figure 6.2. Stratigraphy is overturned such that the stratigraphic footwall forms the
structural hanging wall. From stratigraphic footwall (oldest) to hanging wall
(youngest) the deposit geology is presented schematic as follows:
** Felsic metatuffite (sometimes quartzitic and with occasional oxide iron formation beds);
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** Marble (host to the copper zone) occurs only in the Burkland-Sävsjön area;
** Massive sulphide Zn, Pb;
** Calcsilicate bedded metatuffite;
** Marble;
** Felsic metatuffite with disseminated pyrrhotite near the upper stratigraphic contact; and
** Argillic metasediment.

The Nygruvan section of the mine, which has provided the bulk of the production until recently, is situated to the east of the fracture/fault zone and consists of a single, fairly regular, tabular 5 m - 25 m thick horizon, striking NW-SE, dipping 60° to 80° to the NE and has a near-vertical plunge. It outcropped and persists to at least 1,200 m vertical depth. Figures 6.3 and 6.4 are respectively a 650 level plan and schematic cross-section through the Nygruvan area.
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The western or Knalla section of the mine, striking generally NE-SW (although quite variable locally) and dipping NW, consists of several bodies of highly contorted mineralization of quite variable thickness (3 m – 40 m). Dips are variable from near vertical to sub-horizontal. Plunges are also variable with the Burkland body plunging moderately NE and Cecilia and Dalby plunging NW. Burkland extends from 200 m to depths in excess of 1,400 m vertical. It flattens considerably at depth making exploration drilling and interpretation of results difficult. Figures 6.5 and 6.6 are respectively an 800 level Burkland plan and schematic cross-section through the Knalla area.
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Sitting in the immediate structural hanging wall of the Burkland ore body is a copper (chalcopyrite) stringer zone hosted by dolomitic marbles, in turn overlain by the oldest unit in the mine area, a metatuffite hyrothermal altered to a quartz-microcline rock. The copper zone dips steeply NW, is up to 250 m long, varies from 5 m to 38 m thick and extends from slightly above 600 m to 1,020 m vertical, all dimensions depending on grade cut-off employed. It is cut off latterly to the NE by the Knalla fault and has been cut off by drilling to the SW and above 650 m vertical. It may continue at depth.
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A thin, discontinuous clay rich fault zone occurs between the massive sulphide and the copper mineralization. The plan position of the copper zone is shown in Figure 6.5.
The metavolcano-sedimentary group consists mainly of a potassium-rich metatuffite with intercalations of calcsilicate rocks, marbles, quartzites and sulphides. These intercalations give the metavolcano-sedimentary group, a pronounced stratification especially in the ore zone and its stratigraphic hanging wall.
The metatuffite is a homogenous, usually massive, quartz-microcline-biotite rock of rhyolitic to dacitic composition. It has a granoblastic texture and is often gneissic. The stratigraphy of the metavolcano-sedimentary group is best developed in the eastern part of the Nygruvan area where the sequence is thickest. Metabasic sills and dikes intruding the metavolcanic and the sedimentary group are the oldest intrusions. Dikes and irregular, massive, grey, usually coarse-grained pegmatites of granitic composition are relatively common in folded areas.
There is clear evidence of hydrothermal alteration in the mine sequence. Altered rocks have been heavily depleted in Mg, Mn and Fe. although there is some disagreement regarding Mn depletion. Sodiumdepletion is less evident in the mine area, although the Na/K ratio decreases upwards through the footwall sequence of progressively more altered metatuffite. There is significant enrichment in Ba, K, S and Ca.
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7. DEPOSIT TYPES
While the genetic model most appropriate for Zinkgruvan is still somewhat controversial, evidence, particularly the presence of a what appears to be a copper rich stringer zone stratigraphically below the Burkland ore body, seems to favour a volcanogenic ("VMS") model, in a distal environment, whereby mineralized hydrothermal fluids ascended through a vent system or systems and deposited sulphide mineralization in shallow, fairly flat-lying sea floor depressions during a particularly quiescent period. Some workers prefer a sedimentaryexhalitive ("SEDEX") model.
8. MINERALIZATION
8.1 ZINC/LEAD OREBODIES
Sphalerite and galena are the dominant sulphide minerals, generally massive, well banded and stratiform, generally 5 m to 25 m thick. At Nygruvan there are two parallel horizons (mainly in the eastern portion of the orebody), separated by 3 m to 8 m of gneissic metatuffite (quartz, microcline, biotite, and minor muscovite, chlorite and epidote). Chalcopyrite is present in small amounts (<0.2% Cu). Pyrrhotite, pyrite and arsenopyrite are present although the amount of pyrrhotite and pyrite (<1% each).
Metamorphism and deformation have mobilized galena into veins and fissures subparallel to original bedding in places. Native silver was even more mobile and is often found in small fissures. Remobilization is most commonly observed in the Pb-rich western part of Nygruvan and in the Burkland area. In both the Nygruvan and Knalla areas there is an increase in Zn+Pb grades towards the stratigraphic hanging wall of the massive sulphide horizon. Contacts of mineralization with hosting stratigraphy are generally very sharp, more so on the stratigraphic footwall than hanging wall.
In the Knalla portion of the mine, structure is more complex and structural thickening is common. There are often two to four parallel ore horizons separated by narrow widths of metatuffite. The Knalla area consists of five individual Zn, Pb bodies for which Ore Reserves and/or Mineral Resources have been estimated and exploration is ongoing to further define them and to find additional ones along what is a continuous although highly contorted horizon.
The bodies are, from NE to SW, Burkland, Savsjon, Mellanby, Cecilia and Borta Bakom. In addition the Lindangen zone occurs close to surface above Mellanby on the longitudinal section and was exploited earlier in the mine's life. It hosts a small resource, which is unlikely to be exploited because of its proximity to surface.
The only significant difference in mineralogy from Nygruvan to Knalla is that Co and Ni content are higher in the Burkland - Sävsjön deposit and are of sufficient quantity that they impact metallurgy and concentrate quality. The Co content of zinc concentrate sometimes exceeds the penalty limit of 150 ppm.
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8.2 COPPER MINERALIZATION
Copper stockwork mineralization was noted on the structural hanging wall of the Burkland deposit early in its exploration history. During 1996-1997 resource definition drilling at Burkland led to the recognition of significant hanging wall copper mineralization and a copper-specific drilling program was undertaken.
A 2.7 Mt Indicated Resource grading 3.1% Cu, 0.5% Zn, Ag 48 g/t has since been defined. The host rock is a dolomitic marble with variable amounts of porphyroblastic Mg-silicates.. Chalcopyrite is the main copper mineral and occurs as fine-grained disseminations infilling between dolomite grains or massive lumps and irregular veins up to several cm thick. Cubanite, CuFe2S3, is also present and occurs as lamellae in chalcopyrite. Bornite is present, while tetrahedrite is rare and mainly confined to footwall rocks outside the resource.
9. EXPLORATION
The Zinkgruvan deposit has been known since the 16th century but it was not until 1857 that large scale production began under the ownership of the Vieille Montagne Company of Belgium. Since then exploration of the deposit has progressed continuously.
With the expansion of the mine capacity in the mid-1970's exploration has to increase and become more aggressive in the beginning of the 1980-s. At first focus was on the continuation of the Nygruvan mine at depth, after that and at present focus is towards the western half of the minig area, the Knalla Mine at depth.
Exploration dominates by core drilling, undertaken both from surface and underground. Most of the exploring drilling takes place underground often from dedicated exploration drifts. Since the 1980'ties approximately 2 200 drill holes have been performed. The total length of drill core amounts to approx. 363 000m.
10. DRILLING
10.1 GENERAL
Diamond drilling data are the only data used for resource definition at all scales, stope definition and for grade control. In the last 10 years 5,700 m to 34,000 m of drilling have been completed on the mine site annually and until recently 20% of that was of a reconnaissance nature.
Reconnaissance drilling for new mineralization is normally carried out from exploration drifts and holes may be up to 1,200 m long. Occasionally surface holes are drilled. To qualify as Inferred Resources drill spacing is generally 100 m vertical by 100 m horizontal and no mineralization been exposed by development. Indicated Resource drill spacing is in general 50 m by 50 m with some mineralization exposed by development. Measured Resources have drill spacing of 30 m to 50 m and are often well exposed by development. Stope definition holes generally have a maximum spacing of 15 m to 20 m.
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Drilling is done by contractors. Holes over 100 m in length are surveyed using a Maxibor instrument with readings taken every 3 m. Core size is generally 28-36 mm for underground holes and 28-39 mm for surface holes. Recovery is near 100%.
10.2 CORE HANDLING AND LOGGING PROTOCOL
Drill core is delivered to a modern, well-lighted core shack on the mine site. It arrives in labelled wooden core trays. The geologist calculates Q values (a geotechnical measurement combining several measures) and proceeds to geological logging using a Prorok software (developed and employed in Sweden) data entry module and lithological codes. There is provision for a written description also. One geologist is assigned to enter all drill logs into the database.
11. SAMPLING METHOD
The geologist marks the "from-to" for assay samples on the box and this "from-to" serves as the sample number, which he or she enters on a sample record sheet. Sample length is chosen based on sulphide content and varies, with the maximum length 3.5 m. The request for analyse follows the sample from the core shed through to the sample has undergone all stages of the sample preparation. A technician splits the core using a hydraulic splitter then places the split portion in a bag marked with the geologist supplied sample number. A diamond saw is used occasionally. The drill core samples are transported in manually labelled paper bags to the sample preparation facility.
The second half of the core is returned to the core tray and all core is archived in a warehouse located in the village of Åmmeberg.
12. SAMPLE PREPARATION, ASSAYING AND SECURITY
12.1 SAMPLE PREPARATION
On arrival the on-site laboratory, located in the concentrator, the drill core samples are dried and jaw crushed to <5 mm. The samples are then split to 100-150g by a mechanical splitter.
Prior to about 2002, the grain size was reduced to <38Pm in a "tema mill", and since about 2002, the riffle-split 100-150 g sample is placed in a Herzog automated pulveriser capable of handling 60 samples at a time and reduced to <36 microns. The pulveriser is air and water cleaned between sample runs .
Entire milled sample is stored in a manually labelled, sealed plastic cup.
Before samples are submitted, duplicate and dolerite blanks are inserted and samples for external check assay are selected.
All quality samples are inserted or selected in irregular intervals. Duplicate frequency varies between every 17-21st sample, dolerite blanks between every 23-25th and external check samples are selected for every 23-27th sample.
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If sample material is pale in coloration, the black dolerite blank is replaced by a quartz blank.
Shipments are made at least once per month depending on the level of drilling activity and the level of importance of the samples.
12.2 ASSAYING
Until 2001 all geological samples were assayed at the laboratory of Zinkgruvan. With a beginning April 2001, the Zinkgruvan laboratory was subsequently shifted out for ACME Analytical Laboratories, Vancouver, by shipping 10 g pulverised samples from new projects to Acme for analysis. Since September 2002 all geological samples have been assayed by ACME.
12.2.1 ZMAB ANALYTICAL METHOD
The laboratory processes samples from the enrichment plant, concentrate sales, geological samples and environmental samples.
Geological samples have been analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy since 1979 and the equipment currently in use is the fourth generation of AAS at Zinkgruvan.
All geological samples are assayed for Zn, Pb, Ag, Cu, Fe, Co and Ni in two separate digestions:
1) 250 mg is collected from the pulp by a spoon and is boiled in 10 ml HNO3, HF is added and boiled off. Sublimate is re dissolved in HCl. After cooling, the sample is diluted by H2O to 250 ml. Analyse for Zn, Pb, Ag, Cu and Fe by Atomic Absorption (AAS).
2) 500 mg is collected from the pulp by a spoon and is boiled in 15 ml Aqua Regia with 6 ml HF and 5 ml HClO4. Boiling reduces solution and residue is dissolved in H2O. Analyse for Co and Ni by AAS.
Analytical results are collected manually and entered by hand, first on the original request for analyse, and then entered manually into excel spreadsheets (one per drill hole/ analytical request) with the same format as the request for analyse.
Data is entry checked by the laboratory personnel before release to the project geologist. The project geologist checks correspondence between assay results and geological logging before the data is approved for incorporation in the Drill hole database.
The AAS instrument routine detection limits are presented in table 12.1. Table 12.1. Routine limits of detection
| Element | Routine limits of detection |
| Zn | 0,05 % |
| Pb | 0,05 % |
| Ag | 5 g/t |
| Cu | 5 ppm |
| Fe | 0,02 % |
| Co | 5 ppm |
| Ni | 5 ppm |
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12.2.2. ACME ANALYTICAL METHOD
Routine assay is by ICP-ES, program G7AR, a program that uses a 1g pulp sample diluted in 100 ml Aqua Regia, which is then run by ICP-ES.
The program covers 23 elements, those of critical importance being Zn, Pb, Ag, Cu, Co, Ni and in addition Al, As, Bi, Ca, Cd, Cr, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Sb, Sr and W.
Elements and detection limits are presented in table 12.2. under the heading "Group 7AR Det Lim".

Table 12.2. ACME G7AR, ICP-ES Detection limits
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12.3 QAQC
Beginning during 2001 and fully operative during 2002, Zinkgruvan has a systematic QAQC program in place. As noted above, duplicate and blanks are inserted in the Zinkgruvan preparation laboratory prior to shipment to Vancouver at irregular intervals and check assays are selected for external assay (ALS Chemex) at irregular intervals. Additional to the Zinkgruvan quality control samples, ACME inserts an additional blank and pulp duplicate, and a commercial standard into each 34 sample batch.
Before any data set is accepted for incorporation in the Drill hole Database, a standardized format, quality report, documenting all internal and external information regarding the QC is compiled. The Batch quality report also includes checks against control charts with pre-set warning and action limits.
12.4 SECURITY
The drill core remains within the secure mine compound during the entire logging and splitting process and sample preparation is carried out on site in secure facilities also. All sample batches are packaged securely and sample numbering is checked at each stage of the process.
13. ADJACENT PROPERTIES
There are no known significant exploration properties adjacent to or near the Zinkgruvan property.
The property is situated in the far southern portion of the Bergslagen belt, which to the north hosts numerous iron ore and base metal deposits many of which have seen production. At the present time the only significant production from the belt besides Zinkgruvan is from the Garpenberg Zn, Ag operation of Boliden, located 175 km to the north (Figure 3.1).
14. MINERAL RESOURCE AND MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES
14.1 GENERAL
The Zinkgruvan Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates are shown in Tables 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4 and 14.5. The Mineral Resources are reported in addition to Ore Reserves.
Estimation and classification of Ore Reserves and Mineral Resources are according to the Australasian Joint Ore Reserves Committee ("JORC") code. It is The Zinkgruvan Mining AB's opinion that the Measured, Indicated, and Inferred Mineral Resources as presented above and categorized under the JORC Code are individually the equivalent of the corresponding Mineral Resources as presented in the CIM Standards on the Mineral Resources and Reserves, Definitions and Guidelines adopted by CIM Council, 2000. Similarly the Proved and Probable Ore Reserves are individually the equivalent of the Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves categories as presented in the CIM Standards.
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Mineral Resources of Zinkgruvan are calculated using a Net Smelter Return (NSR) cut-off value of approx. 250 SEK/t and a Minimum mining width of 3 m.
In converting Mineral Resources to Ore Reserves a economic cut-off of 250 SEK/t is used. For the Burkland deposit, 12% zero-value wall rock and 3% zero-value backfill dilution, and 0.95 mining recovery and 0.97 mucking loss factors are applied to Mineral Resource estimates in arriving at the cut-off figure. For the Nygruvan deposit, the corresponding figures are wall rock dilution 20-25%, mining recovery 0.95 and mucking loss 0.95. There is no backfill factor required for Nygruvan.
The NSR cut-off is calculated using the following metal prices: zinc US$ 992/t, lead US$ 617/t, silver US$ 5.00/oz. With an exchange rate of 7.5 SEK/US$ the following NSR factors are used: zinc 1% /t = 37.3 SEK, lead 1%/t =24,9 SEK and silver 1g/t =0,80 SEK.
In calculating the Cu Resources a cut-off of 2% Cu has been used.
14. 2 RESERVES AND RESOURCES AREAS
The bulk of the Reserves and Resources are hosted by the Burkland deposit, with a smaller portion remaining in the Nygruvan deposit, which has been mined since the 1850s. Smaller tonnages are hosted by the Savsjon, Mellanby, Cecilia, Borta Bakom and Lindangen, all of which lie SW of Burkland. Other than Lindangen, a portion of which lies within the crown pillar, none are fully defined. In addition, there is an estimate reported for the copper zone, sitting on the hanging wall of the Burkland deposit. All these zones are shown on Figures 14.1 and 14.2.
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Table 14.1 Zinkgruvan Proved Zinc/Lead Ore Reserve at December 31, 2004 Comments:-
Standard polygonal modelling method uses calculated horizontal economic
thicknesses and a Minimum Mining Width based on orientation of mineralisation
and planned mining method
Similarly calculated economic intervals are used for wireframe
interpretation, which are then used to constrain block modelling
Ordinary kriging has been used for block model grade interpolation Pillars
excluded Economic cut-offs vary according to planned mining method 27 Table 14.2 Zinkgruvan Probable Zinc/Lead Ore Reserve at December 31, 2004
Location
Level
ktonnes
Zn %
Pb %
Ag g/t
Method
Dilution
NYGRUVAN
650
10
56
9,3
6,2
92
Polygonal
25%
800
305
57
6,9
0,7
20
Polygonal
25%
875
305
272
6,2
0,6
22
Polygonal
20%
950
240-260
337
12,9
2,1
59
Polygonal
22%
1000
240-260
391
16,2
3,9
72
Polygonal
20%
1050
240-260
338
13,5
5,4
87
Polygonal
20%
1100
240-260
251
14,1
4,6
79
Polygonal
20%
Total
1 702
12,6
3,4
64
KNALLA
Burkland
450
939
7,5
5,5
129
Block Model
12%
630
1 888
9,5
6,0
134
Block Model
12%
765
549
9,9
5,5
102
Block Model
12%
960
1 869
9,3
5,9
111
Block Model
12%
1010
236
11,7
6,1
143
Total
5 481
9,2
5,8
122
TOTAL
7 183
10,0
5,3
109
| Location | Level | ktonnes | Zn % | Pb % | Ag g/t | Method | Dilution |
| NYGRUVAN | |||||||
| G | 475 | 110 | 10,9 | 6,5 | 89 | Polygonal | 20% |
| C | 1060 | 220 | 13,4 | 1,7 | 75 | Block Model | 20% |
| D | 1000 | 100 | 8,7 | 1,0 | 46 | Block Model | 20% |
| F | 1100 | 270 | 8,5 | 1,1 | 33 | Block Model | 20% |
| A | 1150 | 223 | 14,2 | 4,3 | 78 | Polygonal | 20% |
| Total | 923 | 11,4 | 2,6 | 62 | |||
| KNALLA | |||||||
| Sävsjön |