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As Of Filer Filing As/For/On Docs:Pgs Issuer Agent 10/16/06 Lundin Mining CORP 40FR12B 97:1602 TNT Filings Inc/FA
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| A TECHNICAL REVIEW |
| OF THE |
| GALMOY MINE AND PROSPECTING LICENCES |
| HELD BY ARCON IN THE |
| IRISH MIDLANDS-REPUBLIC OF IRELAND |
| FOR |
| LUNDIN MINING CORPORATION |
| prepared by |
| John R. Sullivan, P.Geo. |
| Senior Geologist |
| G. Ross MacFarlane, P.Eng. |
| Senior Associate Metallurgical Engineer |
| and |
| Stephen B. Cheeseman, P.Geo. |
| Senior Associate Geologist |
| April 22, 2005 | Watts, Griffis and McOuat Limited |
| Toronto, Canada | Consulting Geologists and Engineers |
Watts, Griffis and McOuat
|
TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
| Page | |
| 1. SUMMARY | 1 |
| 2. INTRODUCTION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE | 6 |
|
2.1 INTRODUCTION |
6 |
|
2.2 TERMS OF REFERENCE |
6 |
|
2.3 SOURCES OF INFORMATION |
7 |
|
2.4 UNITS AND CURRENCY |
8 |
|
2.5 DISCLAIMERS |
8 |
| 3. PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION | 9 |
|
3.1 LOCATION |
9 |
|
3.2 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION |
9 |
|
3.3 OTHER PERMITS AND PERMISSIONS |
13 |
| 4. ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES AND INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY | 15 |
|
4.1 ACCESS |
15 |
|
4.2 CLIMATE |
15 |
|
4.3 LOCAL RESOURCES AND INFRASTRUCTURE |
15 |
|
4.4 PHYSIOGRAPHY |
16 |
| 5. HISTORY | 17 |
| 6. GEOLOGICAL SETTING | 19 |
|
6.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY, STRUCTURE AND ALTERATION |
19 |
|
6.2 SURROUNDING PLS AND GALMOY MINE GEOLOGY |
24 |
|
6.3 GEOLOGY – OUTSIDE PLS |
29 |
| 7. DEPOSIT TYPES | 32 |
| 8. MINERALIZATION | 33 |
|
8.1 GALMOY MINE |
33 |
|
8.2 OUTSIDE PLS |
35 |
| 9. EXPLORATION | 36 |
|
9.1 GENERAL |
36 |
|
9.2 GALMOY MINE AND SURROUNDING PLS |
36 |
|
9.3 OUTSIDE PLS |
37 |
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Watts, Griffis and McOuat
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | |
| (continued) | |
| Page | |
| 10. DRILLING | 50 |
|
10.1 GENERAL |
50 |
|
10.2 GALMOY MINE AND SURROUNDING PLS |
50 |
|
10.3 OUTSIDE PLS |
51 |
|
10.4 CORE HANDLING AND LOGGING PROTOCOL |
52 |
| 11. SAMPLING METHOD AND APPROACH | 54 |
| 12. SAMPLE PREPARATION, ASSAYING AND SECURITY | 55 |
|
12.1 SAMPLE PREPARATION |
55 |
|
12.2 ASSAYING |
55 |
|
12.3 QAQC |
55 |
|
12.4 SECURITY |
56 |
| 13. DATA CORROBORATION | 57 |
| 14. ADJACENT PROPERTIES | 58 |
| 15. MINERAL RESOURCE AND MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES | 59 |
|
15.1 GENERAL |
59 |
|
15.2 R ZONE AUDIT |
63 |
|
15.3 OTHER SIGNIFICANT MINERALIZED ZONES |
71 |
|
15.4 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE SUMMARY |
72 |
| 16. MINING AND MINERAL PROCESSING OPERATIONS | 74 |
|
16.1GENERAL |
74 |
|
16.2 UNDERGROUND OPERATIONS |
76 |
|
16.3 MILL OPERATIONS |
80 |
|
16.4 MINE WORKFORCE |
85 |
|
16.5 CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS |
86 |
|
16.6 ENVIRONMENTAL, SAFETY AND HEALTH, AND COMMUNITY RELATIONS |
87 |
| 17. OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION | 89 |
|
17.1 MARKETING AND COMMERCIAL MATTERS |
89 |
|
17.2 WGM ECONOMIC ANALYSIS |
90 |
|
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|
Watts, Griffis and McOuat
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | ||
| (continued) | ||
| Page | ||
| 18. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 96 | |
|
18.1CONCLUSIONS |
96 | |
|
18.2 RECOMMENDATIONS |
97 | |
| CERTIFICATES | 99 | |
| REFERENCES | 105 | |
| APPENDIX 1: WGM ECONOMIC ANALYSIS | 107 | |
| LIST OF TABLES | ||
| 1. | Galmoy and Arcon land holdings – immediate mine area | 12 |
| 2. | Arcon Group land holdings – outside PLs | 13 |
| 3. | Galmoy Mine production data – 1997 through 2004 | 18 |
| 4. | Galmoy Mine – representative diamond drillhole intersections | 37 |
| 5. | Galmoy Mine and surrounding PLs – drilling statistics | 51 |
| 6. | Outside PLs – drilling statistics | 52 |
| 7. | WGM sampling results, Galmoy Mine | 57 |
| 8. | Galmoy Mine Mineral Resources prepared by Galmoy staff, September 30, 2004 – audited and reclassified by WGM, March 2005 |
59 |
| 9. | Galmoy Mine Mineral Reserves prepared by Galmoy staff, September 30, 2004 – audited and reclassified by WGM, March 2005 |
60 |
| 10. | Galmoy Mine Mineral Reserves by Zone prepared by Galmoy staff, September 30, 2004 – audited and reclassified by WGM, March 2005 | 60 |
| 11. | Classical statistics (R Zone only) | 66 |
| 12. | Dilution and mining recovery factors | 68 |
| 13. | R Zone comparative results – Mineral Resource | 70 |
| 14. | R Zone comparative results – Mineral Reserve | 71 |
| 15. | Galmoy underground equipment | 78 |
| 16. | Mill operating results | 84 |
| 17. | Capital cost estimates – 2005 to 2010 (€'000) | 86 |
| 18. | Galmoy operating costs (€ per tonne milled – 2000 to 2005) | 87 |
|
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Watts, Griffis and McOuat
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
| Page | ||
| LIST OF FIGURES | ||
| 1. | Location Map and ARCON Prospecting Licences | 10 |
| 2. | Land Holdings, Property Geology and Mineralized Areas – Galmoy Mine Area | 14 |
| 3. | Generalized Geology of Ireland, Selected Mineral Deposits and ARCON PLs | 20 |
| 4. | Land Holdings, Property Geology and Mineralized Areas – Galmoy Mine Area | 26 |
| 5. | Representative Cross-section – G Zone | 30 |
| 6. | Representative Cross-section – R Zone | 31 |
| 7. | Geology and Drillhole Locations – Longford PL 582 | 39 |
| 8. | Geology and Drillhole Locations – Limerick PL 2840 | 41 |
| 9. | Geology and Drillhole Locations – Kinnity/Offaly PLs 2671R and 2859 | 44 |
| 10. | Geology and Drillhole Locations – Ferbane PLs 480 and 481 | 46 |
| 11. | Geology and Drillhole Locations – Harberton Bridge PLs 1604 and 1607 | 49 |
| 12. | R Zone 3D View (looking north) with some workings (grey), (Red=Measured Resource, Yellow=Indicated Resource) | 62 |
| 13. | Normal Histogram for %Zn (R Zone Only) | 66 |
| 14. | Plan view of R Zone stoping methodology | 69 |
| 15. | General Site Plan and Mineral Resource Zone Outlines | 75 |
| 16. | Schematic Concentrator Flowsheet | 83 |
|
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1. SUMMARY
Lundin Mining Corporation
("Lundin") retained Watts, Griffis and McOuat Limited ("WGM") to carry out an independent technical review of the operating Galmoy zinc, lead mine, and six surrounding Prospecting Licences ("PL") located in the southern part of the Republic of Ireland and eight other PLs held in other areas of Ireland. Four contiguous State Mining Licences ("SML") enclose the mine workings and are held by the Irish company ARCON Mines Limited. Five of the six surrounding PLs are held by ARCON Exploration P.l.c. and the sixth is held under option by the same company. Three of the eight outside PLs are held by ARCON Exploration P.l.c. and the remaining five are held by ARCON International Resources Plc. ("ARCON"). ARCON is the publicly-traded parent of the former two wholly-owned non-trading companies. This report forms part of Lundin's due diligence in support of its proposed merger with ARCON.The WGM review included two site visits, an audit of the Mineral Resource estimate for a significant portion of the Galmoy Mine, a review of the land holdings in the vicinity of the mine, a review of the underground operation, equipment and procedures, a review of the life of mine plan, a review of the concentrator, its equipment and operation, a review of the tailings disposal area and capital and operating costs. We also reviewed ongoing exploration activities in the mine area and briefly reviewed the potential of the ARCON PLs located elsewhere in Ireland.
The review and report were carried out and prepared in compliance with the standards of National Instrument 43-101 ("NI 43-101") in terms of structure and content and the Mineral Resource audit and classification were carried out in accordance with the provisions of NI 43-101 guidelines and the Council of
the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum ("the CIM Standards").WGM has audited the September 30, 2004 Mineral Resource estimates for the R Zone portion of the mine, as prepared by the geological staff of the mine and has validated the resulting block models, tonnages and grades. The R Zone hosts approximately 36% of the Measured and Indicated Mineral Resource.
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ARCON prepares its Mineral Resource estimates according to the standards and definitions incorporated in the Code for Reporting Mineral Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves ("IMM Reporting Code") prepared by the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (now known as IOM3) working group on resources and reserves in conjunction with the
European Federation of Geologists ("EFG"), the Geological Society of London ("GSL") and the Institute of Geologists of Ireland ("IGI"). The IMM Reporting Code became effective in October 2001. WGM has reclassified these resources using CIM standards as required by NI 43-101 and they are shown below.| Galmoy Mine Mineral Resources (using a 4.5% ZnEq* cutoff and 3.7 m minimum mining thickness**) | |||||
| Prepared by Galmoy Staff September 30, 2004 – Audited & Reclassified by WGM (March 2005) | |||||
| Classification | Tonnes | % Zn | % Pb | g/t Ag | |
| Measured | 3,418,000 | 15.90 | 4.65 | 46.51 | |
| Indicated | 2,096,000 | 11.31 | 2.87 | 21.41 | |
| Measured + Indicated | 5,514,000 | 14.15 | 3.97 | 36.97 | |
| Inferred*** | 79,000 | 5.9 | 0.2 | 18 | |
| * | ZnEq (zinc equivalent) = % Zn + ½ % Pb. This factor is derived by mine staff based on metallurgical recoveries and metal prices. It is a factor often used in similar mines and has proven to be historically accurate. | ||||
| ** | When mining thicknesses must be increased to meet the 3.7 m minimum, this dilution is added at its assayed grade and if it has not been assayed, it is assigned the average below-cutoff grade calculated from all samples within the assay database. This procedure is not required for the R Zone since all drillholes were assayed to lengths greater than 3.7 m. | ||||
| *** | The Inferred Resource is in addition to the Measured and Indicated Resources. | ||||
The Mineral Reserve estimate for the Galmoy Mine (which is included within the Mineral Resource reported above, the Proven being derived from the Measured and the Probable from the Indicated) is as follows:
| Galmoy Mine Mineral Reserves (using a 6% ZnEq cutoff) | ||||
| Prepared by Galmoy Staff September 30, 2004 – Audited & Reclassified by WGM (March 2005) | ||||
| Classification | Tonnes | % Zn | % Pb | g/t Ag |
| Proven | 2,615,674 | 15.9 | 4.9 | 47 |
| Probable | 1,340,724 | 10.6 | 3.0 | 23 |
| Proven + Probable | 3,956,398 | 14.1 | 4.3 | 39 |
WGM is satisfied that the mine-staff estimates of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves are valid and accepts the results.
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Watts, Griffis and McOuat
Although different cutoff grades and minimum mining thicknesses have been used over time, an examination of historic Mineral Resource estimates indicates that Galmoy has been successful at replacing Mineral Reserves both by converting Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves and by finding new Mineral Resources, most recently in 2002 when the high-grade, large tonnage R Zone was discovered. At this time, however, the portion of the Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources not incorporated within the Proven and Probable Reserves is generally either below the 6% ZnEq cutoff grade or tied up in "permanent" pillars and unlikely to be mined. Therefore there is no reason to believe that any significant portion of the Measured and Indicated Mineral Resource not already classified as Mineral Reserve will be converted to Mineral Reserve. Should another discovery be made this situation will change.
Galmoy entered into production in early 1997 and to the end of 2004 has mined 4.4 million tonnes with a head grade of 11.02% Zn, 1.99% Pb. Recoveries have averaged 82.6% for Zn and 24.8% for Pb. From 2002 through 2004 production averaged approximately 654,000 tonnes per annum ("tpa") grading 11.39% Zn, 3.61% Pb with recoveries of 82.4% for Zn and 16.4% for Pb. As of September 30, 2004 the Galmoy life of mine plan projected production continuing until the end of 2009 at a rate of approximately 740,000 tpa grading 14.07% Zn, 4.3% Pb. Planned production for 2005 was adjusted downwards early in 2005 and a new life of mine plan is in preparation. It is WGM's opinion that as of January 1, 2005, the September 30, 2004 Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves (adjusted to take into account production until December 31, 2004) are sufficient to support production for 5.3 years, that is through April 2010.
WGM has completed an economic analysis of the Galmoy operation starting from January 1, 2005 and ending April 2010. The analysis projects production of 694,000 t in 2005, 720,000 tpa for 2006-2009 inclusive and 218,000 t in 2010. In compliance with NI 43-101, this analysis incorporates only Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves. The analysis does not take into account any financial matters related to the proposed Lundin – ARCON merger.
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The analysis shows that the operation will have an accumulated Net Cash Flow of US$140,523,000. The NPV at a discount rate of 10% is US$111,799,000.
WGM is of the opinion that using reasonable economic and operational assumptions the Galmoy operation starting from January 1, 2005 will be financially viable. It will remain robust under a variety of metal price, operating cost and exchange rate conditions.
The Galmoy Mine operation has no significant environmental liabilities due to its proactive attitude, stringent government regulations and the modern containment practices in place. Although there are occasional non-compliance levels with respect to several elements in the discharge water, Galmoy, with regulators' support is actively trying methods to reach 100% compliance.
There is considerable opportunity for operational and metallurgical improvements in the mill, which would improve the mechanical availability and metal recoveries.
WGM believes that the Galmoy operation can become a middle of the cost curve zinc producer for its remaining mine life, currently projected to be 5.3 years. Due to depressed zinc prices, the mine has not been fully capitalized and operational challenges have made it difficult to fully optimize the mine development and metal recoveries. These situations are now being addressed.
WGM is of the opinion that the Galmoy Mine and Surrounding PLs area hold excellent exploration potential. Irish-type deposits are not, however, easy to target or discover as they are not necessarily surrounded by extensive alteration or weakly mineralized haloes, which broaden the exploration footprint. Clear evidence of this is the fact that the R Zone occurs within 400 m of the CW Zone yet despite several years of exploration, development and even mining in the general area, was only discovered in 2002. Drilling is the primary exploration tool and there must be a strong commitment to an active drilling program in order to achieve success. While the entire Galmoy area holds potential, areas of particular note are the possible northerly extension of the G West Zone and the area between the R Zone and the Rapla Prospect. ARCON has held discussions regarding access for drilling with the owner of the surface rights for the former and has further drilling planned for the latter.
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The eight outside PLs all hold a certain amount of potential. With the exception of Harberton Bridge, ARCON has plans in place for a modest exploration programme on them and WGM supports these plans, however, all the PLs should be reviewed critically after these programs are completed if they fail to produce positive results (bearing in mind the challenges involved in exploring for Irish-type Zn, Pb deposits).
In order to take advantage of these exploration opportunities and operate more efficiently, a larger drilling budget, more exploration staff and modernized geophysical equipment and computer hardware and software are required. ARCON had a 2004 exploration budget of €846,000 and has a tentative 2005 exploration budget of €950,000 including funds for on-site and off-site projects. It is recommended that consideration be given to increasing this by 25% to approximately €1,200,000 or US$1,500,000.
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2. INTRODUCTION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Lundin Mining Corporation
("Lundin") was incorporated as South Atlantic Ventures Ltd. under the Canada Business Corporations Act. The name was changed in mid-2004. It is a public company listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange ("TSX") under the trading symbol LUN. It also trades on the Stockholm stock exchange. Its head office is located in Vancouver, Canada and its main business activities are carried out in Sweden. Among its principal assets are the Zinkgruvan Zn, Pb, Ag mine located in south-central Sweden, which has been in production since the 1850s. In addition it is in the process of acquiring a 100% interest in North Atlantic Natural Resources AB ("NAN"), another publicly traded company, which discovered, owns and operates the rich Storliden Cu, Zn, Ag, Au deposit located in northern Sweden and in production since the spring of 2002. Lundin has large land holdings in the far-north Norrbotten district of Sweden and is diamond drilling significant targets to test their iron oxide copper-gold potential. It has some mineral exploration interests in Finland.2.2 TERMS OF REFERENCE
Watts, Griffis and McOuat Limited
("WGM") was retained by Lundin to carry out an independent technical review of the Galmoy Mine ("Galmoy"), its Mineral Resources and associated assets and the exploration potential of the mine and surrounding area and other Prospecting Licences ("PL") held by the ARCON International Resources P.l.c. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, collectively referred to as "ARCON," in Ireland.WGM's assignment consisted of:
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The review and report were carried out and prepared in compliance with the standards of National Instrument 43-101 ("NI 43-101"). The Mineral Resource audit was carried out in accordance with the provisions of NI 43-101 guidelines and the Council of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum ("the CIM Standards").
2.3 SOURCES OF INFORMATION
In conducting this study, WGM relied on reports and information prepared by and/or for Galmoy and/or ARCON and supplied to us directly by them. WGM also drew on published scientific papers and other documents in the public domain. Portions of the descriptive material used in this report have been taken from all of the above. Both site visits were carried out by G. Ross MacFarlane, WGM Senior Associate Metallurgical Engineer and John Sullivan, WGM Senior Geologist. Discussions were held with management and technical personnel of Galmoy and ARCON on site and between and subsequent to the site visits by telephone and e-mail.
Representative samples of mineralization were taken during the first site visit. These samples were carried back to Canada for analysis.
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Documents used in the preparation of this report are listed under "References".
2.4 UNITS AND CURRENCY
Metric units are used throughout this report unless noted otherwise. Currency is primarily United States dollars ("US$") and Euros. In mid-April 2005, the currency exchange rates were approximately 0.78 Euros and 1.24 C$ per US$.
2.5 DISCLAIMERS
WGM has reviewed the State Mining Licences ("SML") for the Galmoy Mine deposit area and the ARCON PLs, as supplied by ARCON, but has not carried out a formal title search of them or the extensive surface rights held by ARCON covering portions of the same areas. WGM has relied on information provided by ARCON and Lundin in this regard.
This report or portions of this report are not to be reproduced or used for any purpose other than to support Lundin's proposed merger with ARCON, without WGM's prior written permission in each specific instance. WGM does not assume any responsibility or liability for losses occasioned by any party as a result of the circulation, publication or reproduction or use of this report contrary to the provisions of this paragraph.
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3. PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
3.1 LOCATION
The Galmoy Mine is located in south-central Ireland in County Kilkenny, on its northern boundary with County Laois, at approximately 52°50'N latitude, 7°35'W longitude. As shown in Figure 1 (which also shows the outlines of ARCON's Prospecting Licences), it lies 30 km northwest of the city of Kilkenny and 105 km southwest of Dublin. There are several villages and hamlets close to the mine site but only a handful of residents in the immediate vicinity of the mine. Most of the lands overlying areas being worked underground or being explored by diamond drilling are pasture lands.
3.2 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
With rare exception, such as in large portions of the Galmoy Mine area, Mineral Rights in Ireland are vested in the State. They are administered by the
Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources, Exploration and Mining Division ("the Department"). Exploration, development and mining activities are governed by the Minerals Development Acts, 1940 to 1999. A Prospecting Licence is the initial title, is valid for six years and is renewable for two-year periods. PLs carry a permanent number, are of varying but pre-established irregular size (~25 to 35 km2) and entitle the holder to explore for specific minerals on an exclusive basis. Licence boundaries generally conform to those of a collection of surface rights in the form of farms. These would have been legally surveyed at one time but not likely in the recent past. The application fee is €190 and the initial two-year "rental" fee is €750, the second €875 and third €1,500. The applicant must submit a proposed work program and budget but is allowed to deviate from the plan over time as results dictate. Minimum expenditures are €10,000 for the first two-year period, €15,000 for the second and €20,000 for the third. For areas in which the Department wishes to encourage activity (Incentive Ground) fees and minimum expenditure requirements are much less. Occasionally they are made available for competitive bidding, the winner generally being determined based on the proposed exploration program judged the most appropriate by the most capable proponent. On licence renewal after the initial six-year period, each two-year period is subject to a €2,500 fee. Agreement must be obtained from the land owner to access the property to carry out exploration activities. Most land owners are co-operative and a fee of about €450/drillhole is the norm.|
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On making a discovery the PL holder has the exclusive right to apply for a State Mining Facility, which may take the form of a State Mining Licence ("SML"), such as those held by ARCON, State Mining Lease or State Mining Permission, all of which entitle the holder to exploit the minerals. The surface area is determined by the size of the deposit and the initial duration is related to the predicted life of the operation and may be renewed/extended. In the case of Galmoy, as SMLs have been granted, the durations have been set to match that of the first-granted SML, namely until February 2016. There is a basic annual licence fee for each SML. These fees amount to €157,000 for 2005. As of 2007 these fees will be adjusted annually according to changes in the consumer price index. In addition, production is subject to the effective equivalent of a Net Smelter Returns ("NSR") royalty payable to the state. The amount and terms are negotiated between the proponent and the Department as part of the licencing process. Galmoy production revenue is subject to a 1.25% NSR until June 30, 2006 and a 1.75% NSR until the cessation of production. A condition of all SMLs requires that if the Mineral Rights/compensation rights are privately held that compensation is paid. This compensation is negotiated between the owner and SML holder with the owner having the right to appeal to the Mining Board, an independent body, if no agreement can be reached. In order to establish a mining plant, surface rights must be obtained from the owner. Normally mining companies negotiate for and purchase these outright, which was the case with Galmoy. There is no provision for expropriation in the event negotiations are unsuccessful.
The immediate Galmoy mine, plant and tailings containment area is covered by four contiguous SMLs, SML 1, SML 6, SML 8 and SML 10, totalling 1,557.9 ha, all held in the name of ARCON Mines Limited. These SMLs are located within and surrounded by a contiguous block of six PLs (the "Surrounding PLs"). Five of these are held by ARCON Exploration P.l.c. and the sixth was optioned by ARCON Exploration P.l.c. from Westland Exploration Limited in 1998. The PL is now held by Minco Ireland Limited, an Irish junior company. ARCON was to have earned a 50% interest in the PL by incurring I£450,000 in expenditures by June 2003. That deadline was extended to June 2005 and by the end of 2004 some €217,000 remained to be spent to meet the original commitment. At this time ARCON has no plans to work this PL in 2005 so this extension must be renewed by June 2005. Minco has indicated to ARCON that it is prepared to do so provided that in return ARCON agrees that after vesting it will carry Minco's share of expenditures (so that it avoids dilution) for a period equal to that of the extension. ARCON holds an additional eight PLs (the "Outside PLs") in five isolated groups elsewhere in the Irish Midlands. In addition to mining and exploration titles, ARCON owns numerous surface rights/properties over the immediate mine and surrounding area.
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The various mining and exploration titles are more fully described in Tables 1 and 2 and are shown on Figures 1 and 2. WGM has neither researched nor reviewed the surface rights holdings, therefore has not documented them.
| TABLE 1 | ||||
| GALMOY AND ARCON LAND HOLDINGS – IMMEDIATE MINE AREA | ||||
| Title No. | Owner | Date Granted | Expiry Date | Area (ha) |
| Mine Area | ||||
| SML 1 | ARCON Mines Limited | Feb. 3, 1995 | Feb. 2, 2016 | 1,410 |
| SML 6 | ARCON Mines Limited | Aug. 29, 2002 | Feb. 2, 2016 | 26 |
| SML 8 | ARCON Mines Limited | Jan. 20, 2005 | Feb. 2, 2016 | 12.9 |
| SML 10 | ARCON Mines Limited | Feb. 22,2005 | Feb. 2, 2016 | 109 |
| Total | 4 SMLs | 1,557.9 | ||
| Surrounding PLs | ||||
| PL 586R | ARCON Exploration | Oct. 26, 1981 | Oct. 25, 2005 | 23,880 |
| PL 754 | ARCON Exploration | Feb. 20, 1987 | Feb. 19, 2007 | 35,200 |
| PL 3245R | ARCON Exploration | Dec. 19, 1986 | Dec. 18, 2006 | 55,950 |
| PL 3312 | ARCON Exploration | Aug. 4, 1987 | Aug. 3, 2005 | 29,360 |
| PL 3313 | ARCON Exploration | Aug. 4, 1987 | Aug. 3, 2005 | 49,940 |
| PL 1653 (optioned) | Minco Ireland Limited | Feb. 22, 1983 | Feb. 21, 2007 | 29,950 |
| Total | 6 | 224,280 | ||
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| TABLE 2 | |||||
| ARCON GROUP LAND HOLDINGS – OUTSIDE PLs | |||||
| Title No. | Owner | Group | Date Granted | Expiry Date | Area (ha) |
| Name | |||||
| PL 582 | *ARCON International | June 19, 1981 | June 18, 2005 | 28,700 | |
| PL 480 | ARCON International | Sept. 22, 1994 | Sept. 21, 2006 | 30,860 | |
| PL 481 | ARCON International | Sept. 22, 1994 | Sept. 21, 2006 | 26,490 | |
| PL 2671R | ARCON Exploration | Aug. 12, 1998 | Aug. 11, 2006 | 33,620 | |
| PL 2859 | ARCON International | Aug. 17, 1981 | Aug. 17, 2005 | 33,667 | |
| PL 1604 | ARCON Exploration | June 17, 1998 | June 16, 2006 | 27,000 | |
| PL 1607 | ARCON Exploration | June 17, 1998 | June 16, 2006 | 35,090 | |
| PL 2840 | ARCON International | Dec. 19, 1986 | Dec. 18, 2006 | 33,800 | |
| Total | 8 PLs | 249,227 | |||
| * ARCON International Resources P.l.c. – Of which ARCON Mines Limited and ARCON Exploration P.l.c. are wholly-owned subsidiaries. | |||||
3.3 OTHER PERMITS AND PERMISSIONS
Local government, in this case County Kilkenny through its Planning Board, regulates much of the activity, both on surface and underground, at the mine. It administers with applications, conducts hearings and issues Planning Permissions, which set surface and underground use terms and conditions, however, the national government Environmental Probation Agency is responsible for most environmental matters. The County employs consultants to provide advice on many technical matters since it does not have the population base to support a large number of fulltime professionals and as a largely agricultural community had no history of dealing with mining related matters before the discovery of Galmoy. It also consults with the Department on certain matters. Galmoy is generally in compliance with all its Planning Permissions. In instances where the mine has exceeded compliance levels of certain elements for mine discharge water the operation has always been forthright with regulators and demonstrated a willingness to address the issues and the mine's environmental impact. The mine environmental supervisor spends a considerable portion of his time interacting with local residents and government authorities discussing issues and advising them of mine developments on an ongoing basis.
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4. ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES AND INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY
4.1 ACCESS
The mine can be reached from Dublin WSW along the M 7 motorway to Port Laoise for approximately 80 km, then SW to Johnstown for 36 km on highway N 8. From there well maintained, paved secondary roads lead about 8 km to the mine. The city of Kilkenny lies about 30 km to the southeast and the mine is easily accessible from there as it is from other major centres. Numerous secondary and tertiary roads, most of them paved, although often narrow and sinuous, reach all corners of the immediate mine area and Surrounding PLs. The Outside PLs are also easy of access on well maintained, paved roads.
4.2 CLIMATE
Given that it is a relatively small island surrounded by ocean and sea, Ireland as a whole has a stable, maritime temperate climate. Portions of the interior, including County Kilkenny have more of a continental climate. The average temperature in July is 16°C and in January 5°C. Prevailing westerly winds pick up moisture from the warm Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean and drop it first over the western mountains. About 80% of the rest of the country has 760-1,250 mm of rainfall yearly, although the eastern coast is relatively dry. Annual precipitation in the Kilkenny area is about 1,000 mm.
4.3 LOCAL RESOURCES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
County Kilkenny has a population of about 80,500. Of these approximately 30,000 live in the city of Kilkenny. The nearest towns to the mine of any size are Johnstown, 8 km to the south and Rathdowney, 8 km to the north. Galmoy is a very significant employer in the area with about 240 employees. The area is largely rural and the main economic activity in the vicinity of the mine is dairy, beef and sheep farming, with limited construction and light service industries.
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As with virtually all of Ireland there is an extensive network of paved highways, excellent telecommunications facilities, national grid electricity, an ample supply of water and a well educated work force. Other than the need to apply for and abide by Planning Permissions referred to above, it is not anticipated that there would be any particular impediments to expand existing facilities or establish new ones should this be required. Although there was some concern in the community prior to the start of operations about potential impact on surface and underground water resources, the water supply has actually been enhanced by infrastructure supplied to the communities near the mine.
4.4 PHYSIOGRAPHY
The mine is located in the southeastern part of the Central Plain which lies 60 to 90 m above sea level. It includes numerous lakes and large areas of marsh and peat bog, some of which are exploited commercially by a state organization, as well as fertile agricultural land. Scattered ridges rise above the plain, but none reach any great height.
Although most of the Central Plain is drained by the River Shannon, the southeastern part is within the catchment of the River Nore, which together with the Barrow and Suir Rivers flow into the sea near Waterford. In parts of the country, the limestone bedrock has formed an underground drainage system.
The main resource in Ireland is its agricultural land that covers more than 70% of the countryside. Less than 5% of the remaining land is under tree cover, despite reforestation. Outcrop is scarce.
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5. HISTORY
PL 586, hosting the initial discovery at Galmoy was first issued in 1962 and was explored continuously by various companies under joint venture agreements until 1977. Most of the work was carried out over the central and northern parts of the licence, north of where the Galmoy Mine deposits were later discovered. The work consisted of geochemical, geological and geophysical surveys, and a total of twenty-four diamond drillholes was completed, with weak sub-economic mineralization intersected.
Conroy Petroleum and Natural Resources P.L.C.
("Conroy") was issued with the licence in 1981. Exploration was strongly focused on geophysical work, particularly Induced Polarization ("IP")/Resistivity. Drilling on a chargeability anomaly in 1986 intersected 7.39% Zn, 0.28% Pb over 8.7 m in what is now the CW Zone. Follow-up geophysics and drilling in the same year discovered the G Zone. A positive feasibility study was completed in 1990 and the period from 1990 to 1994 was used to secure Planning Permission and environmental licences. Conroy changed its name to ARCON International Resources P.l.c. in 1992. A State Mining Licence was issued in February 1995 and development of the mine commenced in May 1995. The CW Zone was intersected by major underground development in September 1996 and the first concentrates were trucked from the mine site in April 1997.Exploration drilling restarted on a small scale in 1994 and a full exploration programme commenced in 1995 at the mine site and on the Surrounding PLs. The programme has been very successful over time and is ongoing. New zones in the mine area and other "resource" zones in the Templetuohy Bog area some 6 km to the southwest of the mine site near the ARCON/Lisheen Mine boundary have been discovered as has the Rapla Prospect, discovered in 1999 at a depth of 500 m some 6 km northeast of the mine site along the regional fault system (G Fault) on which the Galmoy and Lisheen mines lie. Rapla straddles the boundary between a 100% ARCON owned PL and the PL held under option from Minco Ireland Limited.
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The most significant discovery since production began was the R Zone, first intersected in 2002 less than 400 m east-southeast of the CW Zone. It is high grade and hosts roughly 36% of the mine's Mineral Resource as estimated at September 30, 2004 and is indicative of the additional potential of the property.
Production figures from start-up through the end of 2004 are shown in Table 3.
| TABLE 3 | |||||||||||
| GALMOY MINE PRODUCTION DATA – 1997 THROUGH 2004 | |||||||||||
| Year | Tonnes | Head Grade | Recovery | Concentrate Grade | Concentrate Produced | Metal Produced | |||||
| Milled | Zinc | Lead | Zinc | Lead | |||||||
| DMT * | % Zn | % Pb | % Zn | % Pb | % Zn | % Pb | DMT | DMT | DMT | DMT | |
| 1997 | 410,137 | 10.43 | 0.73 | 77.34 | 51.55 | 54.53 | 52.16 | 60,684 | 2,952 | 33,088 | 1,540 |
| 1998 | 371,159 | 11.31 | 0.66 | 85.76 | 51.15 | 54.43 | 58.19 | 66,156 | 2,141 | 36,005 | 1,246 |
| 1999 | 578,780 | 11.34 | 0.75 | 84.45 | 37.07 | 53.27 | 51.14 | 104,032 | 3,158 | 55,422 | 1,615 |
| 2000 | 542,523 | 10.37 | 0.77 | 82.64 | 23.91 | 51.81 | 37.93 | 89,709 | 2,619 | 46,481 | 993 |
| 2001 | 548,216 | 10.27 | 0.57 | 82.60 | 4.01 | 52.59 | 41.02 | 88,423 | 417 | 46,501 | 171 |
| 2002 | 659,817 | 10.05 | 2.82 | 81.41 | 6.50 | 53.06 | 49.09 | 101,705 | 2,902 | 53,968 | 1,425 |
| 2003 | 660,231 | 11.27 | 2.66 | 82.42 | 0.00 | 51.68 | N/A | 118,670 | None | 61,326 | None |
| 2004 | 641,289 | 12.90 | 5.41 | 83.25 | 43.33 | 51.47 | 57.71 | 133,785 | 25,989 | 68,858 | 14,998 |
| Total | 4,412,152 | 11.02 | 1.99 | 82.59 | 24.76 | 52.63 | 54.73 | 763,163 | 40,178 | 401,650 | 21,988 |
| * DMT = Dry Metric Tonnes | |||||||||||
ARCON has over the years carried out aggressive exploration programmes both in the general mine area and on Outside PLs, although this has fluctuated to some extent with the economic fortunes of the mine. Exploration on the Outside PLs has occasionally been in joint ventures with other companies providing funding to earn an interest. A summary of exploration results on the Outside PLs is provided in Section 9.2.
Virtually all the ARCON exploration work (with the exception of diamond drilling), including geophysical surveys, has been carried out by in-house crews.
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6. GEOLOGICAL SETTING
6.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY, STRUCTURE AND ALTERATION
The following regional description is largely derived from a recent paper by Hitzman and Beaty (Hitzman and Beaty, 2003) in a volume titled "Europe's Major Base Metal Deposits," published by the Irish Association for Economic Geology.
Two stratigraphic intervals within the Lower Carboniferous carbonate sequence, which are the local stratigraphically lowest units of non-argillaceous carbonate rocks, host all the Irish zinc deposits: the Navan Group in the central and northern portion of the Irish Midlands and the Waulsortian Limestone in central and southern Ireland. Figure 3 shows the generalized geology of Ireland, along with its significant mineral deposits and the ARCON PLs.
Pre-Carboniferous Geology
The transgressive Irish Carboniferous carbonate sequence hosting the Irish zinc-lead deposits lies conformably above Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous red beds. These red beds rest unconformably on lower greenschist facies, complexly folded and faulted greywackes, slates, volcanic rocks, and volcaniclastic sediments of Lower Palaeozoic and Precambrian age. The basement rocks are cut by late Silurian to early Devonian granitic to granodioritic intrusions. The Old Red Sandstone is the basal component of the major transgressive sequence which covers the Irish Midlands. The Upper Old Red Sandstone forms a northward-thinning wedge which ranges in thickness from approximately 6 km in SW Ireland to several tens of metres in the north-central Midlands. Regional thickness variations in Upper Old Red Sandstone indicate that it was deposited in a 70 to 100 km wide, ENE-trending basin termed the Munster Basin. The northern margin of the Munster Basin is interpreted as a synsedimentary fault zone from the presence of rapid thickness variations, extremely coarse conglomeratic sequences, and bimodal volcanic rocks. Another normal fault zone developed 50 to 70 km south of the northern edge of the Munster Basin at the end of the Upper Devonian. The area south of this fault zone is termed the South Munster Basin.
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Lower Carboniferous
Courceyan Stage (360-349 Ma)
The basal Carboniferous red bed sequence thins and youngs northward. It is conformably overlain in the south and central Midlands by a 50 to 100 m thick, dominantly argillaceous, marine carbonate sequence informally termed the Lower Limestone Shale. North of an ESE-trending line from Galway to south of Dublin, these transgressive basal marine sediments gradually thicken and become less argillaceous. In the northern Midlands the basal Carboniferous carbonate sediments are informally termed the Navan Group or Mixed Beds. They consist of a thin basal section of terrigenous sediments overlain by mudstones, sandy and bioclastic grainstones, and oolite grainstones. The Navan Group contains minor disseminated sphalerite and thin sphalerite-galena veinlets throughout the north-central Midlands, one economic orebody (Navan), and a number of zinc-lead prospects (Tatestown, Moyvoughly, Oldcastle, Keel). At Navan and Tatestown, high-grade mineralization commonly occurs in undolomitised micrites or grainstones beneath sandy or shaley dolomitic horizons, suggesting that these contacts facilitated the lateral flow of ascending hydrothermal fluids. At Moyvoughly, mineralization preferentially occurs within a mixed sediment package of grainstones, siltstones, sandstones, and micrites lying above a basal mudstone and below a well cemented calcareous sandstone unit; sulphide zones are most laterally persistent within grainstones. At Oldcastle, sulphides occur primarily within micrite