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Lionbridge Technologies Inc/DE – ‘10-K’ for 12/31/07

On:  Friday, 3/14/08, at 5:26pm ET   ·   For:  12/31/07   ·   Accession #:  1193125-8-57610   ·   File #:  0-26933

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  As Of                Filer                Filing    For·On·As Docs:Size              Issuer               Agent

 3/14/08  Lionbridge Technologies Inc/DE    10-K       12/31/07    8:1.4M                                   Donnelley … Solutions/FA

Annual Report   —   Form 10-K
Filing Table of Contents

Document/Exhibit                   Description                      Pages   Size 

 1: 10-K        Annual Report                                       HTML   1.12M 
 2: EX-10.32    Agreement Dated October 12, 2007                    HTML     85K 
 3: EX-14       Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. Code of Conduct       HTML     52K 
 4: EX-21.1     Subsidiaries of Lionbridge                          HTML     23K 
 5: EX-23.1     Consent of Pricewaterhousecoopers LLP               HTML      7K 
 6: EX-31.1     Certification of CEO Pursuant to Section 302        HTML     11K 
 7: EX-31.2     Certification of CFO Pursuant to Section 302        HTML     11K 
 8: EX-32.1     Certification of CEO and CFO Pursuant to Section    HTML      9K 
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10-K   —   Annual Report
Document Table of Contents

Page (sequential)   (alphabetic) Top
 
11st Page  –  Filing Submission
"Table of Contents
"Business
"Risk Factors
"Unresolved Staff Comments
"Properties
"Legal Proceedings
"Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders
"Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
"Selected Financial Data
"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
"Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
"Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
"Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
"Controls and Procedures
"Other Information
"Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
"Executive Compensation
"Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
"Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
"Principal Accountant Fees and Services
"Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
"Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
"Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2007 and 2006
"Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005
"Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005
"Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005
"Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
"Signatures

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  FORM 10-K  
Table of Contents

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

Form 10-K

 

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended: December 31, 2007

 

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number 000-26933

LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

(Exact Name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

DELAWARE   04-3398462
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
  (I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)
1050 Winter Street, Waltham, MA   02451
(Address of principal executive offices)   (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (781) 434-6000

Securities to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

Title of Each Class

  

Name of Exchange on Which Registered

Common Stock, $.01 Par Value

   Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2 (Check one):

Large accelerated filer  ¨            Accelerated filer  x

Non-accelerated filer  ¨    (Do not check if small reporting company)  ¨    Smaller reporting company  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, as of June 29, 2007, was approximately $148.2 million (based on the closing price of the registrant’s Common Stock on June 29, 2007, of $5.89 per share).

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s $.01 par value Common Stock as of February 29, 2008 was 58,344,357.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Lionbridge intends to file a proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007. Portions of such proxy statement are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report.

 

 

 


Table of Contents

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

          Page
No.

Part I

  

Item 1.

  

Business

   3

Item 1A.

  

Risk Factors

   10

Item 1B.

  

Unresolved Staff Comments

   16

Item 2

  

Properties

   16

Item 3.

  

Legal Proceedings

   17

Item 4.

  

Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders

   18

Part II

     

Item 5.

  

Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

   19

Item 6.

  

Selected Financial Data

   21

Item 7.

  

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

   23

Item 7A.

  

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

   45

Item 8.

  

Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

   46

Item 9.

  

Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

   46

Item 9A.

  

Controls and Procedures

   46

Item 9B.

  

Other Information

   47

Part III

     

Item 10.

  

Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

   47

Item 11.

  

Executive Compensation

   48

Item 12.

  

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

   48

Item 13.

  

Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

   48

Item 14.

  

Principal Accountant Fees and Services

   48

Part IV

     

Item 15.

  

Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

   48

SIGNATURES

   87

 

2


Table of Contents

PART I

Except for the historical information contained herein, the matters discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. Lionbridge makes such forward-looking statements under the provision of the “Safe Harbor” section of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any forward-looking statements should be considered in light of the factors described below in Item 1A “Risk Factors.” Actual results may vary materially from those projected, anticipated or indicated in any forward-looking statements. In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the words “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “future,” “could,” and similar words or expressions (as well as other words or expressions referencing future events, conditions or circumstances) identify forward-looking statements. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references to “Lionbridge,” “we,” “our,” “us” or our company in this Annual Report on Form 10-K refer to Lionbridge Technologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries.

 

Item 1. Business

About Lionbridge

Lionbridge is a leading provider of globalization, development and testing services that enable clients to develop, release, manage and maintain their enterprise content and technology applications globally. Lionbridge Global Language and Content (“GLC”) solutions enable the globalization and worldwide multilingual release of clients’ products, content and related technical support, training materials, and sales and marketing information. Globalization is the process of translating, localizing and adapting content and products to meet the language and cultural requirements of users throughout the world. As part of its GLC solutions, Lionbridge also develops eLearning content and technical documentation. Lionbridge GLC solutions are based on the Company’s internet-architected language technology platform and global service delivery model which make the translation and localization processes more efficient for Lionbridge clients and translators.

Through its Global Development and Testing (“GDT”) solutions, Lionbridge develops, re-engineers and optimizes IT applications and performs testing to ensure the quality, interoperability, usability and performance of clients’ software, consumer technology products, web sites, search engines and content. Lionbridge’s testing services, which are offered under the VeriTest brand, also include product certification and competitive analysis. Lionbridge has deep domain experience developing, testing and maintaining applications in a cost-efficient, blended on-site and offshore model.

Lionbridge provides a full suite of globalization, testing and development outsourcing services to businesses in diverse end markets including technology, mobile and electronics, life sciences, consumer, publishing, manufacturing, automotive and government. Lionbridge’s solutions include product and content globalization; content and eLearning courseware development; interpretation services; application development and maintenance; software and hardware testing; global search relevancy and sourcing; product certification and competitive analysis. Lionbridge’s services enable global organizations to increase market penetration and speed adoption of global content and products, enhance return on enterprise application investments, increase workforce productivity and reduce costs.

Lionbridge provides the following core benefits to clients:

Global Scale.    With approximately 4,600 employees worldwide, Lionbridge operates globalization, testing and development solution centers in 26 countries. Lionbridge leverages its global resources and proven program management capabilities to provide client delivery teams that are designed to have the optimal technical, linguistic and industry expertise and skills to meet each client’s specific needs. Lionbridge’s global infrastructure enables Lionbridge to deliver high-value, cost-effective services and to meet its clients’ budgetary and geographic requirements.

 

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Hosted Internet-based Language Management Technology.    Lionbridge globalization services utilize an internet-architected language technology platform. This platform includes a suite of applications that streamline the translation process and increase linguistic quality and consistency. This increased efficiency lowers translation costs, thereby affording clients greater freedom to be creative when preparing their source materials. A core component of this platform is Lionbridge’s Logoport™ technology, an internet-architected, hosted translation memory application that manages previously translated words, phrases and glossaries in real time and simplifies translation management. This advanced, industry standard-compatible application makes it easier for translators around the world to collaborate, share knowledge, and deliver consistent, high-quality results while enabling clients to better manage their language assets through the Lionbridge-hosted managed service platform. Lionbridge is also adding workflow capabilities and integrating portal and machine translation technology into a comprehensive language management platform called Freeway™. This comprehensive hosted infrastructure is enabling Lionbridge to provide clients with high quality globalization services and highly efficient centralized language management processes.

Integrated Full-Service Offering.    Lionbridge is able to serve as an outsourcing partner throughout a client’s product and content lifecycle from development and globalization to testing through maintenance. Clients can rely on Lionbridge’s comprehensive globalization services to develop, release and maintain their global content, websites and technology applications for their customers, partners and employees throughout the world. Lionbridge’s testing services enable clients to improve product quality and reduce downstream support costs. This unified suite of solutions allows Lionbridge to serve as its clients’ single outsource provider for developing, releasing, testing and maintaining multilingual content and technology across global end markets. By outsourcing to a large-scale provider, organizations are able to focus on their core competencies, drive process improvements and speed the process of communicating large amounts of information to customers and employees throughout their global organization.

Lionbridge is a corporation, which was incorporated in Delaware in September 1996. Its principal executive offices are located at 1050 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, its telephone number is (781) 434-6000, and its Web site is www.lionbridge.com. Lionbridge makes available, free of charge, on its Web site its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after the reports are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Lionbridge’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission are also available on the Web at www.sec.gov.

Lionbridge Services

Lionbridge provides a full suite of language, content, development, testing and interpretation services. Our services include the following:

Global Language and Content Services (“GLC”)

Product Globalization.    Lionbridge creates foreign language versions of its clients’ products and software applications, including the user interface, online help systems documentation and packaging. Through its internationalization, software localization and technical translation services, Lionbridge provides its clients with re-engineered and culturally adapted multilingual versions of their products and applications. Lionbridge’s product globalization services enable Lionbridge clients to release fully operable software applications, consumer devices and hardware products that are adapted to the cultural, linguistic and technical requirements of specific international markets.

As an example, Lionbridge provides localization services for a global mobile communications provider that releases dozens of new communication devices and related applications in more than 80 languages every year. Lionbridge localizes and tests software and related documentation, user interfaces and help screens. The Lionbridge process is integrated with and essential to the client’s worldwide product release cycle. As a result,

 

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Lionbridge believes that it is reducing the time required for its client’s new products to reach international markets and reducing the client’s global release costs while increasing its customer satisfaction worldwide.

Content Globalization.    Content globalization is the adaptation of internet, intranet, interactive, or marketing content to meet cultural, linguistic and business requirements of international markets. By globalizing content, organizations can more effectively communicate with their customers, partners and employees on a worldwide basis. Lionbridge provides multilingual content services which include translating and maintaining its clients’ web-based content, eLearning courseware and training materials, technical support databases, and sales and marketing information. By utilizing technology and integrating with its clients’ content management processes and systems, Lionbridge is able to manage the translation process in an automation-assisted manner for large volumes of content. Lionbridge combines technical writing and translation expertise, design and production capabilities, program management, standards-based automation technology and process optimization techniques to provide high-quality, client-specific solutions for multilingual content.

For example, Lionbridge is managing frequently changing content for a client’s global online search website and its online advertising program. Lionbridge is automating the process of extracting English language content from the client, routing it through translation memory technology and workflow processes and publishing the translated content directly to the client in an automated manner. As a result of this streamlined process, Lionbridge estimates that it is saving this client significant time and cost associated with the ongoing management of its multilingual search website and advertising programs.

Content Development.    Content development is the creation, design and deployment of content and related assets including rich media, text, images, and animations. Lionbridge provides content development solutions, including eLearning courseware development, and production and integration of content within a technology platform. As part of this solution, Lionbridge creates content, develops and integrates applications for authoring and managing content, delivers courses, and tracks user interaction within an interactive content application.

For example, Lionbridge is working with a global publishing company to develop content and technology applications for the company’s education curricula. Lionbridge is creating and converting multimedia courseware, maintaining and updating web-based instructions and ensuring that the content adheres to local, state and national standards for each of the client’s international end markets. This multi-year engagement involves a dedicated team of content development, software engineering and program management personnel that work both onsite at the client and offshore at Lionbridge’s solution center in Mumbai, India. Lionbridge believes that this integrated solution is enabling Lionbridge’s client to reduce its costs and shorten time to market for its eLearning platforms.

Global Language and Content Services Delivery.    By integrating language technology and skills, global resources, content creation expertise and skilled program management capabilities, Lionbridge provides a unified approach to developing, releasing and maintaining multilingual content and technology applications and offers a high-return solution for worldwide delivery and support.

Lionbridge maintains long-term, strategic relationships with an extensive network of third-party individual, local-country translators, including independent agencies and freelance professionals. Lionbridge also directly employs linguistic engineers, publishers, editors and translators. Lionbridge uses a combination of translation software as well as internal and external translators for its globalization services. This global network of employees and third-party translators allows Lionbridge to provide client delivery teams that have the appropriate combination of linguistic, technology and industry domain expertise, and local country presence, to meet each client’s specific needs. This flexible and scalable model also enables Lionbridge to manage large, complex client engagements while minimizing its fixed costs.

Lionbridge GLC services incorporate Freeway™, Lionbridge’s advanced internet-based language platform. Freeway supports efficient, high quality globalization and includes a collaboration portal for all project

 

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participants, a repository connector to select, extract and route content for localization, and process automation tools. Freeway also includes Logoport™ which is Lionbridge’s proprietary, internet-architected translation memory application that simplifies translation management. This hosted application makes it easier for translators to collaborate, share knowledge, and deliver consistent, high-quality results. Lionbridge believes that its Freeway and Logoport technologies enable clients to better manage their language assets on a real-time basis. As a result, Lionbridge increases the quality of multilingual content, enables the globalization process to be more efficient and minimizes translation costs as client programs grow in scope and duration. This technology-based approach to client programs allows Lionbridge to increase its opportunities for recurring clients and enhances its ability for margin growth.

Lionbridge’s delivery of its GLC services is based on its Lionbridge Excellence in Operations (“LEO”) methodology. LEO is a framework to assure quality and on-time deliverables to customers, internal teams and external partners. LEO is a proven, repeatable process designed to ensure consistency around the world. A roadmap for effective service delivery, LEO offers a unified, systematic approach to adapting products and content to a target locale’s technical, linguistic and cultural expectations. Lionbridge’s LEO incorporates regional best practices and consolidates them into a standardized set of global processes to ensure repeatability, predictability and common expectations across various operating centers. LEO standardizes processes throughout every Lionbridge solution center, defines key activities, and specifies goals for each project. Lionbridge’s process-oriented approach to production enables Lionbridge to deliver high-quality applications and content across multiple technology platforms, languages and cultures in a timely fashion, while continually improving process and service delivery for Lionbridge clients.

Global Development and Testing Services (“GDT”)

Application Development and Maintenance (“ADM”).    To support its clients’ global product releases, Lionbridge offers a scalable application development and maintenance solution that includes custom software development, application maintenance and code modernization. The core to this solution is Lionbridge’s global team approach that combines program managers either onsite at the client’s operation with application development and maintenance professionals located in service centers in India, Ireland and China. This global delivery model leverages Lionbridge’s worldwide infrastructure and enables Lionbridge to offer a high-quality, low-cost application development and maintenance solution that Lionbridge believes optimizes clients’ existing resources and reduces their cost of supporting business and IT applications.

For example, for a Fortune 500 provider of managed care and specialty healthcare insurance services, Lionbridge is modernizing several of the company’s back-end applications by migrating the applications to a newer more flexible technology platform. Concurrently, Lionbridge is enhancing and maintaining the client’s legacy systems with a combination of onsite program management and offshore code development, support and maintenance. Lionbridge believes that by using ADM services, the client will be able to better manage the deployment of new information technology systems and more cost-effectively manage its legacy claims processing, billing and other business-critical applications.

Testing.    Lionbridge provides a variety of testing and certification services which are offered to clients under the VeriTest® brand. VeriTest services include performance testing, quality assurance, usability testing, globalization testing, certification and competitive analysis. Performance testing is the process of determining whether a website or application will perform and function appropriately when high usage levels occur, either through an increase in the number of users accessing the website or application, or through an increase in the complexity of activity conducted on the site or application at a given time. VeriTest quality assurance services verify that a client’s hardware, software, website, or internal application does not have bugs, glitches, or oversights that could impact the functionality, compatibility, interoperability or performance of that application. VeriTest usability testing is the process of determining the extent to which a client’s hardware, software, website, or internal application meets users’ expectations for ease of use. VeriTest globalization testing determines whether the product is ready for global release by ensuring that locale-dependent functions work as intended

 

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within the local hardware and software environment of the end user. VeriTest services include product certification programs for many leading software, hardware and telecommunications companies, including Microsoft, Cingular, Novell, HP and EMC. These sponsoring companies retain VeriTest to develop and administer test criteria that independent software vendors must satisfy before they may display the sponsor’s logo (such as Microsoft’s Certified for Windows® Server) on their products. These certification tests confirm that software vendors’ applications properly interact with those of the platform vendor.

Global Sourcing and Search.    Lionbridge provides specialized search relevance quality assurance solutions for clients with global internet portals and search engines. Lionbridge’s global sourcing and search solutions enable clients to improve their search engine performance and deliver better quality and more relevant search results for queries generated in each of the client’s target global markets. To deliver this solution, Lionbridge identifies and recruits teams of independent, in-country contractors that test the relevancy of search results for each target locale as well as the usability of specific content within the client’s website. This solution builds on Lionbridge’s skills for managing on-demand resources across a wide range of global markets. The community is managed by Lionbridge program and project managers to ensure the search engine results and web content are consistent with user expectations. Ultimately clients use this information to drive increased revenue growth through relevant advertising.

Lionbridge conducts its GDT and GLC services at its India facilities in Mumbai and Chennai. Lionbridge’s Mumbai, India operation has again attained the Software Engineering Institute’s (“SEI”) Capability Maturity Model (“CMM”) Level 5 rating, the highest possible CMM rating from the SEI, a research and development center chartered to improve software engineering practices. Several of Lionbridge’s operations are also registered as ISO-9000 and ISO-9001 facilities.

Interpretation Services

Lionbridge provides interpretation services for government and business organizations that require experienced linguists to facilitate communication. Lionbridge provides interpretation communication services in more than 360 languages and dialects, including onsite interpretation, over-the-phone interpretation and interpreter testing, training, and assessment services.

For one government organization, Lionbridge provides telephonic interpretation services, onsite interpretation services and translation services during interviews of individuals seeking asylum or protection from removal to their home countries. As a result, Lionbridge believes that this government organization can promote greater reliability in understanding and evaluating claims. For a large healthcare information service provider, Lionbridge provides interpretation services that link patients with interpreters who translate the confidential communications between the patients and healthcare providers. Lionbridge believes that this enables the healthcare information provider to effectively and efficiently service its non-English speaking users which total approximately 500 per month.

See Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included as part of Item 15 of this Form 10-K for financial information relating to Lionbridge’s operating segments and geographic areas of operation.

Sales and Marketing

Substantially all of Lionbridge’s revenue has been generated through its dedicated direct sales force based in the United States, Europe, Asia and India who sell the full range of Lionbridge services. The Lionbridge sales approach involves planning for an organization’s unique ongoing requirements, including future versions of products, and ongoing support, maintenance, and training, related to both technology products and content.

 

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Clients

Lionbridge clients are predominantly Global 2000 companies in the technology, consumer, retail, industrial, life sciences, financial services and manufacturing industries. Lionbridge provided services in excess of $50,000 to approximately 450 clients worldwide for the year ended December 31, 2007. The following companies are representative Lionbridge clients, each of whom purchased more than $2.0 million in services from Lionbridge in the year ended December 31, 2007:

 

Adobe

   Golden Ventures    Oracle

Alcatel

   Google    Palm

Autodesk

   HP    PTC

Canon

   Merck    Philips

Computer Associates

   Microsoft    Pearson

U.S. Department Of Justice

   Motorola    Porsche

EMC

   Nikon    Sony

Expedia

   Nokia    Volvo

In 2007, 2006 and 2005, Microsoft accounted for 21%, 22% and 20% of total revenue, respectively. No other client accounted for greater than 10% of total revenue in 2007, 2006 and 2005. Lionbridge’s ten largest clients accounted for 52%, 49% and 51% of revenue in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

Competition

Lionbridge provides a broad range of solutions for worldwide delivery of technology and content to its clients. The market for its services is highly fragmented, and Lionbridge has many competitors. Additionally, many potential customers address their globalization requirements through in-house capabilities, while others outsource their globalization needs, most often to regional vendors of translation services with specific subject matter or language expertise, or utilize technology-based translation solutions. Lionbridge’s current competitors include the following:

 

   

Existing and prospective clients’ internal globalization, testing and development departments;

 

   

Localization or translation services and technology providers such as SDL International plc, Translations.com, CLS Communications and Moravia as wells as the multiple regional vendors of translation services specializing in specific languages in various geographic areas;

 

   

Information Technology consulting and software development and testing services organizations such as Beyondsoft, Persistent Systems Ltd., Wipro Ltd., Cognizant and Patni, Inc. that provide outsourced Application Development and Management and testing services.

Lionbridge may also face competition from a number of other companies in the future, including some companies that currently seek localization services from it. Other potential entrants into Lionbridge’s market include India-based offshore development organizations that are providing a range of software development, testing and maintenance services for global technology companies that require localization of the products and applications they provide. As content management software is deployed internationally, these firms may be required to assist their customers with maintaining multilingual databases. While today these companies are often working with Lionbridge to assist in meeting their customers’ needs, it is possible that over time they will expand into offering competitive services.

From time to time, new companies may enter Lionbridge’s global language and content industry. Although Lionbridge builds unique applications on top of standard translation memory software licensed from third parties in its localization process, and to a lesser extent machine translation software also licensed from third parties, Lionbridge’s technology does not preclude or inhibit others from entering its market.

 

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Lionbridge believes the principal competitive factors in providing its services include its proprietary, web-based language technology platform; its ability to provide clients a comprehensive set of services that address multiple phases of a client’s content and technology application lifecycle; its global infrastructure that supports cost effective, high quality client delivery worldwide; project management expertise; quality and speed of service delivery; vertical industry expertise; expertise and presence in certain geographic areas and corporate reputation. Lionbridge believes it has competed favorably with respect to these factors and has a strong reputation in its industry.

Intellectual Property Rights

Lionbridge’s success is dependent, in part, upon its proprietary methodologies and practices, including its machine translation, Freeway and Logoport technologies, its proprietary testing linguistic practices and methodologies, its language assets and other intellectual property rights. Lionbridge has patents or patent applications pending relating to its language automation translation memory engine and Logoport technology and believes that the duration of these patents is adequate relative to the expected lives of their applications. Lionbridge relies on a combination of trade secret, license, nondisclosure and other contractual agreements, and copyright and trademark laws to protect its intellectual property rights. Existing trade secret and copyright laws afford Lionbridge only limited protection. Lionbridge enters into confidentiality agreements with its employees, contractors and clients, and limits access to and distribution of Lionbridge’s and Lionbridge’s clients’ proprietary information. Lionbridge cannot assure that these arrangements will be adequate to deter misappropriation of its proprietary information or that it will be able to detect unauthorized use and take appropriate steps to enforce its intellectual property rights.

Human Resources

As of December 31, 2007, Lionbridge had approximately 4,600 full-time equivalent employees. Of these, 3,900 were consulting and service delivery professionals and 700 were management and administrative personnel performing sales, operations, marketing, process and technology, research and development, finance, accounting, and administrative functions.

Lionbridge has employees in Norway and Poland who are represented by a labor union, and there are works councils in the Netherlands, France, Germany, Denmark, Finland, and Spain. Lionbridge has never experienced a work stoppage and believes that its employee relations are good.

 

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements which involve risks and uncertainties. Lionbridge’s actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including, without limitation, those set forth in the following risk factors and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to the other information included or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the following risk factors should be considered carefully in evaluating Lionbridge and its business.

Lionbridge’s reliance on a small number of large clients and the delay or reduction of its clients’ product releases and production schedules or the loss of, or reduction in revenue from, a major client could negatively affect Lionbridge’s revenue and results of operations.

A significant portion of Lionbridge’s revenue is linked to the product release cycles and production schedules of its clients, and, in particular, to certain key clients. As a result, Lionbridge performs varying amounts of work for specific clients from year to year based on their product release cycles and production schedules. A major client in one year may not have use for a similar level of Lionbridge’s services in another year. In addition, Lionbridge derives a significant portion of its revenues from large projects and programs for a limited number of large clients. For the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, Lionbridge’s largest client accounted for 21% and 22% of its revenue, respectively, and its five largest clients accounted for approximately 40% of its revenue. As a result, the loss of any major client or a significant reduction in a large project’s scope could materially reduce Lionbridge’s revenue and cash flow, and adversely affect its ability to maintain profitability.

Pursuing and completing potential acquisitions could divert management attention and financial resources and may not produce the desired business results.

As part of its growth strategy, Lionbridge intends to continue pursuing and making selected acquisitions of complementary businesses. Lionbridge does not have specific personnel dedicated solely to pursuing and making acquisitions. As a result, if Lionbridge pursues any acquisition, its management, in addition to their operational responsibilities, could spend a significant amount of time and management and financial resources to pursue and integrate the acquired business with its existing business. To fund the purchase price of an acquisition, Lionbridge might use capital stock, cash or a combination of both. Alternatively, Lionbridge may borrow money from a bank or other lender. If it uses capital stock, Lionbridge’s stockholders will experience dilution. If it uses cash or debt financing, Lionbridge’s financial liquidity may be reduced. In addition, from an accounting perspective, an acquisition may involve amortization of significant amounts of other intangible assets that could adversely affect Lionbridge’s ability to maintain profitability.

Despite the investment of these management and financial resources, an acquisition may not produce the revenue, earnings or business synergies that Lionbridge anticipated or may produce such synergies less rapidly than anticipated for a variety of reasons, including:

 

   

difficulties in the assimilation of the operations, operational systems deployments, technologies, services, products and personnel of the acquired company;

 

   

failure of acquired technologies and services to perform as expected;

 

   

risks of entering markets in which Lionbridge has no, or limited, prior experience;

 

   

effects of any undisclosed or potential legal or tax liabilities of the acquired company;

 

   

compliance with additional laws, rules or regulations that Lionbridge may become subject to as a result of an acquisition that might restrict Lionbridge’s ability to operate; and

 

   

the loss of key employees of the acquired company.

 

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Lionbridge may not be able to successfully address these problems. Lionbridge’s future operating results may depend to a significant degree on Lionbridge’s ability to successfully integrate acquisitions and manage operations while controlling expenses and cash outflows.

Lionbridge may have difficulty in identifying and competing for acquisition opportunities.

Lionbridge’s business strategy includes the pursuit of strategic acquisitions. While Lionbridge currently does not have commitments or agreements with respect to any acquisitions, it regularly explores potential acquisitions of strategically complementary businesses or operations. Lionbridge may not be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates and it can expect to face competition from other companies for potential acquisition candidates, making it more difficult to acquire suitable companies on favorable terms.

Lionbridge’s results of operations could be negatively affected by potential fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Lionbridge conducts a large portion of its business in international markets. Although a majority of Lionbridge’s contracts with clients are denominated in U.S. dollars, 71% and 67% of its costs and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, were denominated in foreign currencies. In addition, 15% and 23% of the Company’s consolidated tangible assets were subject to foreign currency exchange fluctuations as of December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, while 8% and 6% of its consolidated liabilities were exposed to foreign currency exchange fluctuations as of December 31, 2007 and 2006. In addition, net inter-company balances denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the respective entity were approximately $100.0 million and $111.0 million as of December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively. The principal foreign currency applicable to our business is the Euro. Management has a hedging program in place to partially hedge its exposure to assets or liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the respective entity. Management regularly reviews the hedging program and will make adjustments as necessary. Lionbridge’s hedging activities may not prove favorable or effective against the adverse impact resulting from unfavorable movement in foreign currency exchange rates, which could adversely affect the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

Lionbridge may not realize the anticipated benefits of past or future acquisitions and integration of these acquisitions may interrupt the Company’s business and management.

Lionbridge has made significant acquisitions in the past and expects to continue to make acquisitions as part of our long-term business strategy. Lionbridge may not realize the anticipated benefits of this or any other acquisition, or Lionbridge may not realize the anticipated benefits as quickly as originally anticipated. In particular, the process of integrating acquired companies into the Company’s existing business may result in unforeseen difficulties and delays. These risks include:

 

   

difficulty in integrating the operations and personnel of the acquired company;

 

   

difficulty in maintaining controls, procedures and policies during the transition and integration;

 

   

difficulty in integrating the acquired company’s accounting, financial reporting systems, human resources and other administrative systems; and

 

   

delays or difficulty to achieve the financial and strategic goals for the acquired and combined businesses on the original timetable.

Mergers and acquisitions are inherently risky and if Lionbridge does not fully complete the integration of acquired businesses successfully and in a timely manner, the Company may not realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisitions to the extent anticipated, or as rapidly as anticipated, which could adversely affect Lionbridge’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

 

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Potential fluctuations in Lionbridge’s quarterly results make financial forecasting difficult and could affect its common stock trading price.

As a result of fluctuations in Lionbridge’s revenues tied to foreign currency fluctuations, its clients’ activities and release cycles, customer and vendor pricing pressures, the three-to nine-month length of its typical sales cycle, historical growth, acquisition activity, the emerging nature of the markets in which it competes, global economic conditions and other factors outside its control, Lionbridge believes that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of its results of operations are not necessarily meaningful. You should not rely on the results of any one quarter as an indication of Lionbridge’s future performance. Lionbridge may not experience revenue increases in future years comparable to the revenue increases in some prior years. There have been quarters in the past in which Lionbridge’s results of operations have fallen below the expectations of securities analysts and investors and this may occur in the future. If in a future quarter Lionbridge’s results of operations were to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, the trading price of its common stock would likely decline.

Fluctuations in the mix of customer demand for the Company’s various types of service offerings could impact Lionbridge’s financial performance and impact Lionbridge’s ability to forecast performance.

Customer demand for the range of the Company’s service offerings varies from time to time and is not predictable, due to fluctuations in customer needs, changes in the customer industries and general economic conditions. As a result, the mix of services provided by Lionbridge to its customers varies at any given time, both within a quarter and from quarter to quarter. These variations in service mix impact gross margins and the predictability of gross margins for any period. Therefore, Lionbridge believes that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of its results of operations are not necessarily meaningful. You should not rely on the results of any one quarter as an indication of Lionbridge’s future performance. Lionbridge may not experience profitability or margin increases in future years comparable to those experienced in some prior years. There have been quarters in the past in which Lionbridge’s results of operations have fallen below the expectations of securities analysts and investors and this may occur in the future. If in a future quarter Lionbridge’s results of operations were to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, the trading price of its common stock would likely decline.

Lionbridge’s financial performance may be impacted by its ability to transition service execution to its lower cost operational sites, the timing of such transition, and customer acceptance of such transition.

Lionbridge’s business strategy includes the transition of customer service execution to its Global Delivery Centers located in India, China, Poland and Slovakia. The rate at which such services may be transitioned and the timing of any transition is difficult to predict and is dependent on customer demand for such services and customer acceptance of such any such transition. Accordingly, changes in the location of service execution may not produce the anticipated financial benefit and the Company may not realize the anticipated benefits of service execution in its Global Delivery Centers to the extent anticipated, or as rapidly as anticipated, all of which could adversely affect Lionbridge’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

Goodwill and other intangible assets represent a significant portion of Lionbridge’s assets; any impairment of Lionbridge’s goodwill or other intangible assets will adversely impact its net income.

At December 31, 2007, Lionbridge had goodwill and other intangible assets of approximately $159.7 million, net of accumulated amortization, which represented approximately 47.9% of its total assets. Lionbridge’s goodwill is subject to an impairment test on an annual basis, and both goodwill and other intangible assets are also tested whenever events and circumstances indicate that they may be impaired. Such events or conditions could include an economic downturn in the industries to which Lionbridge provides services, increased competition, an increase in operating or other costs, additional volatility in international currencies, the pace of technological improvements; or other information regarding Lionbridge’s market value, such as a reduction in stock price. Any excess goodwill resulting from the impairment test must be written off in the period

 

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of determination. Intangible assets (other than goodwill) are generally amortized over a one to five-year period, with the exception of various customer relationships acquired in the “Bowne Global Solutions (“BGS”) transaction that are amortized over a twelve-year period. In addition, Lionbridge will continue to incur non-cash charges in connection with the amortization of its intangible assets other than goodwill over the remaining useful lives of such assets. Future determinations of significant write-offs of goodwill or other intangible assets as a result of an impairment test or any accelerated amortization of other intangible assets could have a significant impact on Lionbridge’s net income and affect its ability to achieve or maintain profitability. Although the Company does not believe that an impairment of Lionbridge’s goodwill or other intangible assets exists at this time, in the event that such a condition or event occurs, we may record additional charges which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

If Lionbridge does not respond to future advances in technology and changes in customer demands, its business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

The demand for Lionbridge’s services will be substantially affected, in large part, by future advances in technology and changes in customer demands. Lionbridge’s success will also depend on its ability to address the increasingly sophisticated and varied needs of its existing and prospective clients. Lionbridge cannot assure you that there will be a demand for its services in the future. Lionbridge’s success in servicing its clients will be largely dependent on its development of strategic business solutions and methodologies in response to technological advances and client preferences. For example, Lionbridge’s services are based on a hosted internet-based language technology platform, a core component of which is Lionbridge’s Logoport technology.

Lionbridge may be unable to continue to grow at its historical growth rates or to manage its growth effectively.

Growth is a key component of increasing the value of Lionbridge. Since its inception, Lionbridge’s business has grown significantly and it anticipates additional future growth. Lionbridge has focused some of its expansion efforts on leveraging the solution centers in India, China, Poland and Slovakia while concurrently restructuring certain western European and U.S. operations. This realignment has placed and may continue to place significant demands on management and operational resources. In order to manage growth effectively, Lionbridge must continue to evolve its operational systems. Additional growth may further strain Lionbridge’s management and operational resources. As a result of these concerns, Lionbridge cannot be sure that it will continue to grow, or, if it does grow, that it will be able to maintain its overall historical growth rate.

Lionbridge’s business may be harmed by defects or errors in the services it provides to its clients.

Many of the services Lionbridge provides are critical to its clients’ businesses. While Lionbridge maintains general liability insurance, including coverage for errors and omissions, defects or errors in the services it provides could interrupt its clients’ abilities to provide services to their end users resulting in delayed or lost client revenue. This could damage Lionbridge’s reputation through negative publicity, make it difficult to attract new, and retain existing customers and cause customers to terminate their contracts and seek damages. Lionbridge may incur additional costs to correct errors or defects. Lionbridge cannot assure you that its general liability and errors and omissions insurance coverage will be available in amounts sufficient to cover one or more large claims, or that the insurer will not disclaim coverage as to any future claims.

If Lionbridge fails to hire and retain professional staff, its ability to obtain and complete its projects could suffer.

Lionbridge’s potential failure to hire and retain qualified employees could impair its ability to complete existing projects and bid for or obtain new projects and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on its business and revenue. Lionbridge’s ability to grow and increase its market share largely depends on its ability to hire, train, retain and manage highly skilled employees, including project managers and technical, sales and

 

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marketing personnel. In addition, Lionbridge must ensure that its employees maintain their technical expertise and business skills. Lionbridge cannot assure you that it will be able to attract a sufficient number of qualified employees or that it will successfully train and manage the employees it hires to allow Lionbridge to carry out its operating plan.

Difficulties presented by international economic, political, legal, health, accounting and business factors could negatively affect Lionbridge’s business in international markets.

A strategic advantage of Lionbridge’s operations is its ability to conduct business in international markets. Lionbridge conducts business and has operations and clients throughout the world. As a result, Lionbridge’s business is subject to political and economic fluctuations in various countries and to more cost-intensive social insurance and employment laws and regulations, particularly in Europe. In addition, as Lionbridge continues to employ and retain personnel throughout the world and to comply with various employment laws, it may face difficulties in integrating such personnel on a cost-efficient basis. As Lionbridge aligns its worldwide workforce, it may face difficulties and expense in reducing its workforce in certain high cost countries and regions, including Europe. To date, Lionbridge has been able to successfully staff its international operations, but if Lionbridge seeks to expand its operations, it may become more difficult to manage its international business. In addition, Lionbridge’s ability to engage individual interpreters and translators as contractors rather than employees may be impacted by changes in employment laws, regulations and interpretations in certain jurisdictions, which may expose Lionbridge to additional costs and expenses. Lionbridge’s and its clients’ abilities to conduct business may also be affected by wars, political unrest, terrorism, natural disasters or the impact of diseases such as avian influenza. Furthermore, as a result of operating in international markets, Lionbridge is subject to longer payment cycles from many of its customers and may experience greater difficulties in timely accounts receivable collections. If Lionbridge fails to manage these operations successfully, its ability to service its clients and grow its business will be seriously impeded.

Lionbridge competes in highly competitive markets.

The markets for Lionbridge’s services are very competitive. Lionbridge cannot assure you that it will compete successfully against its competitors in the future. If Lionbridge fails to be competitive with these companies in the future, it may lose market share and its revenue could decline.

There are relatively few barriers preventing companies from competing with Lionbridge. Although Lionbridge owns proprietary technology, Lionbridge does not own any patented or other technology that, by itself, precludes or inhibits others from entering its market. As a result, new market entrants also pose a threat to Lionbridge’s business. In addition to Lionbridge’s existing competitors, Lionbridge may face further competition in the future from companies that do not currently offer globalization or testing services. Lionbridge may also face competition from internal globalization and testing departments of its current and potential clients. Technology companies, information technology services companies, business process outsourcing companies, web consulting firms, technical support call centers, hosting companies and content management providers may choose to broaden their range of services to include globalization or testing as they expand their operations internationally. Lionbridge cannot assure you that it will be able to compete effectively with potential future competitors.

Lionbridge will continue to depend on intellectual property rights to protect its proprietary technologies, although it may not be able to successfully protect these rights.

Lionbridge relies on its proprietary technology to enhance some of its service offerings. Lionbridge’s policy is to enter into confidentiality agreements with its employees, outside consultants and independent contractors. Lionbridge also uses patent, trademark, trade secret and copyright law in addition to contractual restrictions to protect its technology. Notwithstanding these precautions, it may be possible for a third party to obtain and use Lionbridge’s proprietary technology without authorization. Although Lionbridge holds registered or pending

 

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United States patents and foreign patents covering certain aspects of its technology, it cannot be sure of the level of protection that these patents will provide. Lionbridge may have to resort to litigation to enforce its intellectual property rights, to protect trade secrets or know-how, or to determine their scope, validity or enforceability. Enforcing or defending its proprietary technology is expensive, could cause diversion of Lionbridge’s resources and may not prove successful. The laws of other countries may afford Lionbridge little or no effective protection of its intellectual property rights.

The intellectual property of Lionbridge’s customers may be damaged, misappropriated, stolen or lost while in Lionbridge’s possession, subjecting it to litigation and other adverse consequences.

In the course of providing globalization and testing services to Lionbridge’s customers, Lionbridge takes possession of or is granted access to certain intellectual property of such customers, including unreleased versions of software and source code. In the event such intellectual property is damaged, misappropriated, stolen or lost, Lionbridge could suffer:

 

   

claims under indemnification provisions in customer agreements or other liability for damages;

 

   

delayed or lost revenue due to adverse customer reaction;

 

   

negative publicity; and

 

   

litigation that could be costly and time consuming.

Lionbridge has an accumulated deficit and may not be able to continue to achieve operating profit.

For the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, Lionbridge achieved operating profits of $9.0 million, $15.0 million, and $1.3 million, respectively. However, prior to 2005, since inception, Lionbridge incurred substantial losses and may incur losses in the future. Lionbridge has an accumulated deficit of $112.1 million as of December 31, 2007. Lionbridge intends to continue to invest in internal expansion, infrastructure, select acquisitions and its sales and marketing efforts. Lionbridge cannot assure you that it will continue to achieve operating profits in the future or will generate net income in the future.

Changes in, or interpretations of, tax rules and regulations may adversely affect Lionbridge’s effective tax rates.

Lionbridge is subject to income taxes in both the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Lionbridge is subject to the continual examination by tax authorities in certain jurisdictions and the Company regularly assesses the likelihood of outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. Although Lionbridge believes its tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits could be materially different than what is reflected in historical income tax provisions and accruals, and could result in a material effect on the Company’s income tax provision, net income, or cash flows in the period or periods for which that determination is made could result. If additional taxes are assessed, the possibility exists for an adverse impact on Lionbridge’s financial results.

In addition, unanticipated changes in Lionbridge’s tax rates could affect its future results of operations. Lionbridge’s future effective tax rates could be unfavorably affected by changes in tax laws or the interpretation in tax laws, by unanticipated decreases in the amount of revenues in countries with low statutory tax rates, or by changes in the valuation of the Company’s deferred tax assets or liabilities.

The adoption in June 2006 by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) of FASB Interpretation No. (FIN) 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes—An Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109, prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and

 

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measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. FIN 48 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition. The company began recognizing tax liabilities in accordance with FIN 48 beginning in the first quarter of 2007.

Changes in accounting policies may affect Lionbridge’s reported earnings and operating income.

Generally accepted accounting principles and accompanying accounting pronouncements, implementation guidelines and interpretations for many aspects of our business, including revenue recognition are highly complex and involve subjective judgments. Changes in these rules, their interpretation, or their application relative to changes in the Company’s services or business could significantly change Lionbridge’s reported earnings and could add significant volatility to these measures, without a comparable underlying change in cash flow from operations. Lionbridge’s application of applicable accounting guidance involves interpretation and judgment, and may, as a result, delay the timing of revenue recognition or accelerate the costs associated with deferred revenue.

Lionbridge may not realize the anticipated benefits of current or future cost reduction and restructuring initiatives.

Lionbridge has initiated and will continue to implement cost reduction actions to improve our operating cost structure, reduce overhead and better position ourselves competitively. These cost reduction initiatives include measures designed to better align operating expenses with expected revenue levels, resource reallocations, head count reductions and technology deployments. The timing and implementation of cost reduction initiatives is dependent upon a number of factors, including customer needs and transition requirements, local statutory and regulatory requirements, and economic conditions. Cost reduction initiatives could result in current period charges and expenses that could impact our operating results and anticipated benefits may be negatively impacted by foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Lionbridge cannot guarantee that these measures, or other expense reduction measures we take in the future, will result in the expected cost savings.

In connection with these cost reduction actions, Lionbridge may engage in restructuring actions and incur restructuring charges for actions undertaken in any particular quarter. In connection with determining the size and scope of any such restructuring charge, management will be required to make significant estimates related to expenses for severance and other employee separation costs, lease cancellation and other exit costs, and estimates of future rental income that may be generated through the subleasing of excess leased property. Should the actual amounts differ from our estimates, the amount of the restructuring charges could be materially impacted.

 

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

 

Item 2. Properties

Lionbridge maintains solution centers in North America, South America, Europe and Asia. Lionbridge’s headquarters and principal administrative, finance, legal, sales and marketing, investor relations and information technology operations are located in Waltham, Massachusetts. Its principal operational facilities are located as follows:

 

   

North America—Bellevue, Washington; Boise, Idaho; Boulder, Colorado; Framingham, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Oakdale, Minnesota; San Francisco, CA; Washington, D.C.; and Montreal, Canada

 

   

South America—Brazil, Chile

 

   

Europe—Belgium, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden

 

   

Asia—China, India, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand

 

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

On or about July 24, 2001, a purported securities class action lawsuit captioned “Samet v. Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. et al.” (01-CV-6770) was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (the “Court”) against the Company, certain of its officers and directors, and certain underwriters involved in the Company’s initial public offering. The complaint in this action asserted, among other things, that omissions regarding the underwriters’ alleged conduct in allocating shares in Lionbridge’s initial public offering to the underwriters’ customers. In March 2002, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York entered an order dismissing without prejudice the claims against Lionbridge and its officers and directors (the case remained pending against the underwriter defendants).

On April 19, 2002, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint naming as defendants not only the underwriter defendants but also Lionbridge and certain of its officers and directors. The amended complaint asserts claims under both the registration and antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws relating to, among other allegations, the underwriters’ alleged conduct in allocating shares in the Company’s initial public offering and the disclosures contained in the Company’s registration statement. On July 15, 2002, the Company, together with the other issuers named as defendants in these coordinated proceedings, filed a collective motion to dismiss the complaint on various legal grounds common to all or most of the issuer defendants. In October 2002, the claims against officers and directors were dismissed without prejudice. In February 2003, the Court issued its ruling on the motion to dismiss, ruling that the claims under the antifraud provisions of the securities laws could proceed against the Company and a majority of the other issuer defendants.

In June 2003, Lionbridge elected to participate in a proposed settlement agreement with the plaintiffs in this litigation. If the proposed settlement had been approved by the Court, it would have resulted in the dismissal, with prejudice, of all claims in the litigation against Lionbridge and against any other of the issuer defendants who elected to participate in the proposed settlement, together with the current or former officers and directors of participating issuers who were named as individual defendants. This proposed settlement was conditioned on, among other things, a ruling by the District Court that the claims against Lionbridge and against the other issuers who had agreed to the settlement would be certified for class action treatment for purposes of the proposed settlement, such that all investors included in the proposed classes in these cases would be bound by the terms of the settlement unless an investor opted to be excluded from the settlement.

On December 5, 2006, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit issued a decision in In re Initial Public Offering Securities Litigation that six purported class action lawsuits containing allegations substantially similar to those asserted against the Company may not be certified as class actions due, in part, to the Appeals Court’s determination that individual issues of reliance and knowledge would predominate over issues common to the proposed classes. On January 8, 2007, the plaintiffs filed a petition seeking rehearing en banc of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision. On April 6, 2007 the Court of Appeals denied the plaintiffs’ petition for rehearing of the Court’s December 5, 2006 ruling but noted that the plaintiffs remained free to ask the District Court to certify classes different from the ones originally proposed which might meet the standards for class certification that the Court of Appeals articulated in its December 5, 2006 decision. The plaintiffs have since moved for certification of different classes in the District Court.

In light of the Court of Appeals’ December 5, 2006 decision regarding certification of the plaintiffs’ claims, the District Court entered an order on June 25, 2007 terminating the proposed settlement between the plaintiffs and the issuers, including Lionbridge. Because any possible future settlement with the plaintiffs, if such a settlement were ever to be agreed to, would involve the certification of a class action for settlement purposes, the impact of the Court of Appeals’ class certification-related rulings on the possible future settlement of the claims against Lionbridge cannot now be predicted.

On October 1, 2007, the plaintiffs submitted their briefing in support of their motions to certify different classes in the six focus cases. The issuer defendants and the underwriter defendants filed separate oppositions to those motions on December 21, 2007. The motions to certify classes in the six focus cases are not yet fully

 

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briefed and remain pending. In addition, on August 14, 2007, the plaintiffs filed amended complaints in the six focus cases. On November 13, 2007, the issuer defendants moved to dismiss the claims against them in the amended complaints in the six focus cases. The underwriter defendants have also moved to dismiss the claims against them in the amended complaints in the six focus cases. Those motions to dismiss are fully briefed and remain pending.

With the termination of the proposed settlement, we intend to continue to defend the litigation vigorously. The litigation process is inherently uncertain and unpredictable, however, and there can be no guarantee as to the ultimate outcome of this pending lawsuit. The Company believes that the underwriters may have an obligation to indemnify Lionbridge for the legal fees and other costs of defending this suit. While Lionbridge cannot guarantee the outcome of these proceedings, the Company believes that the final result of this lawsuit will have no material effect on its consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

 

Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders

None.

 

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PART II

 

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

As of February 29, 2008, there were 600 holders of record of Lionbridge’s common stock. Lionbridge’s common stock is listed and traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “LIOX”.

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the range of high and low sales prices for the common stock for the past eight quarters, all as reported by the Nasdaq Global Market of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC. The quotations represent interdealer quotations, without adjustments for retail mark ups, mark downs, or commissions, and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.

 

     High    Low

2007

     

First Quarter

   $ 6.59    $ 4.93

Second Quarter

   $ 6.29    $ 4.89

Third Quarter

   $ 5.98    $ 3.40

Fourth Quarter

   $ 4.87    $ 2.89

2006

     

First Quarter

   $ 8.55    $ 6.61

Second Quarter

   $ 8.50    $ 4.94

Third Quarter

   $ 8.06    $ 4.81

Fourth Quarter

   $ 8.05    $ 5.62

During 2007, the Company purchased 83,662 restricted shares from employees to cover withholding taxes due from the employees at the time the shares vested. The following table provides information about Lionbridge’s purchases of restricted shares for the year ended December 31, 2007:

 

Period

   Total Number of
Shares Purchased
   Average Price
Paid Per Share

January 1, 2007January 31, 2007

   855    $ 6.31

February 1, 2007February 28, 2007

   54,821    $ 5.79

April 1, 2007April 30, 2007

   6,560    $ 5.60

May 1, 2007May 31, 2007

   4,840    $ 6.04

June 1, 2007June 30, 2007

   10,386    $ 5.89

July 1, 2007July 31, 2007

   477    $ 4.96

August 1, 2007August 31, 2007

   280    $ 4.17

September 1, 2007 – September 31, 2007

   2,718    $ 4.08

November 1, 2007November 30, 2007

   2,540    $ 4.20

December 1, 2007December 31, 2007

   185    $ 3.32
       
   83,662   
       

In addition, upon the termination of employees during the year ended December 31, 2007, 39,249 unvested restricted shares were forfeited. The following table provides information about Lionbridge’s forfeited restricted shares for the year ended December 31, 2007:

 

Period

   Total Number of
Shares Forfeited

January 1, 2007January 31, 2007

   4,000

April 1, 2007April 30, 2007

   1,500

June 1, 2007June 30, 2007

   2,000

July 1, 2007July 31, 2007

   4,500

August 1, 2007August 31, 2007

   3,000

October 1, 2007October 31, 2007

   23,875

November 1, 2007November 30, 2007

   374
    
   39,249
    

 

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In September 2007, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a $12.0 million stock repurchase program and as of December 31, 2007, the Company had acquired 3.2 million shares of its common stock for $10.2 million and as of January 24, 2008, the Company acquired 3.7 million shares of its common stock for $12.0 million. These stock purchases were at a volume weighted average price of $3.25 per share. In February 2008, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional $12.0 million shares of common stock of the Company. As of March 14, 2008, the Company acquired 146,468 shares of its common stock for $470,000 at a volume weighted average price of $3.21 per hare.

Lionbridge has not paid any cash dividends on its common stock and currently intends to retain any future earnings for use in its business.

The following chart compares the total return on a cumulative basis of $100 invested in Lionbridge’s common stock on December 31, 2002 to the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Hemscott Business Software & Services Index.

LOGO

 

     2002    2003    2004    2005    2006    2007

LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.  

   100.00    492.06    344.44    359.82    330.09    181.96

HEMSCOTT BUSINESS SOFTWARE & SERVICES

   100.00    133.30    143.98    145.68    172.60    179.01

NASDAQ COMPOSITE INDEX

   100.00    150.36    163.00    166.58    183.68    201.91

The Stock Performance Graph furnished shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

 

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The selected consolidated financial data as of December 31, 2007 and 2006 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2007 have been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of Lionbridge which appear as part of Item 15 of this Form 10-K. The selected consolidated financial data as of December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003 and for the years ended December 31, 2004 and 2003 have been derived from audited consolidated financial statements of Lionbridge that are not included in this Form 10-K.

The historical results presented are not necessarily indicative of future results. Moreover, on September 1, 2005, Lionbridge acquired BGS. As a result, revenue and operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007 increased substantially, as more fully discussed in Item 7. As a result of these increases, comparison of the years ended December 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007 to prior years is less useful. You should read the data set forth below in conjunction with the “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Form 10-K.

 

     Year Ended December 31,
     2007     2006     2005     2004     2003
     (In thousands, except per share data)

Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:

          

Revenue

   $ 451,994     $ 418,884     $ 236,262     $ 154,101     $ 141,706

Operating expenses:

          

Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)

     302,059       277,814       153,929       95,787       85,877

Sales and marketing

     32,841       30,483       20,725       14,388       13,087

General and administrative

     87,041       74,286       46,922       31,000       29,963

Research and development

     3,375       2,811       1,646       392       615

Depreciation and amortization

     5,186       5,536       3,525       2,928       3,298

Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets

     8,453       8,696       2,791       127       470

Merger, restructuring and other charges

     4,019       4,232       5,448       2,313       943
                                      

Total operating expenses

     442,974       403,858       234,986       146,935       134,253
                                      

Income from operations

     9,020       15,026       1,276       7,166       7,453

Interest expense:

          

Interest on outstanding debt

     5,403       7,712       2,556       —         1,893

Accretion of discount on debt and deferred financing costs

     190       858       310       —         356

Accelerated recognition of discount and deferred financing costs on early repayment of debt

     —         2,129       —         —         2,139

Interest income

     699       427       519       385       89

Other (income) expense, net

     3,347       3,779       587       (100 )     288
                                      

Income (loss) before income taxes

     779       975       (1,658 )     7,651       2,866

Provision for income taxes

     4,991       5,877       2,255       511       334
                                      

Net income (loss)

   $ (4,212 )   $ (4,902 )   $ (3,913 )   $ 7,140     $ 2,532
                                      

Net income (loss) per share: (1)

          

Basic

   $ (0.07 )   $ (0.08 )   $ (0.08 )   $ 0.15     $ 0.07

Diluted

   $ (0.07 )   $ (0.08 )   $ (0.08 )   $ 0.14     $ 0.06

Weighted average number of shares outstanding:

          

Basic

     59,297       58,997       50,515       46,548       37,406

Diluted

     59,297       58,997       50,515       49,361       40,551

 

(1) See Note 2 to Lionbridge’s consolidated financial statements for an explanation of the basis used to calculate net income (loss) per share.

 

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     December 31,
     2007    2006    2005    2004    2003
     (In thousands)

Balance Sheet Data:

              

Cash and cash equivalents

   $ 32,248    $ 27,354    $ 25,147    $ 38,450    $ 29,496

Working capital

     64,460      60,893      57,182      49,961      38,838

Total assets

     333,063      321,500      319,977      113,388      105,990

Long-term debt, less current portion and discounts

     71,751      77,855      90,268      —        —  

Capital lease obligations, less current portion

     207      150      177      15      167

Stockholders’ equity

     156,154      156,688      149,735      87,466      77,630

 

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion contains forward-looking statements which involve risks and uncertainties. Lionbridge makes such forward-looking statements under the provision of the “Safe Harbor” section of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any forward-looking statements should be considered in light of the factors described above in Item 1A “Risk Factors.” Actual results may vary materially from those projected, anticipated or indicated in any forward-looking statements. In this Item 7, the words “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “future,” “could,” and similar words or expressions (as well as other words or expressions referencing future events, conditions, or circumstances) identify forward-looking statements. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with “Risk factors,” “Selected Consolidated Financial Data” and the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

Founded in 1996, Lionbridge is a leading provider of globalization, development and testing services that enable clients to develop, release, manage and maintain their enterprise content and technology applications globally. Lionbridge Global Language and Content (“GLC”) solutions enable the globalization and worldwide multilingual release of clients’ products, content and related technical support, training materials, and sales and marketing information. Globalization is the process of adapting content and products to meet the language and cultural requirements of users throughout the world. As part of its GLC solutions, Lionbridge also develops eLearning content and technical documentation. Lionbridge GLC solutions are based on the Company’s internet-architected language technology platform and global service delivery model which make the translation process more efficient for Lionbridge clients and translators.

Through its Global Development and Testing (“GDT”) solutions, Lionbridge develops, re-engineers and optimizes IT applications and performs testing to ensure the quality, interoperability, usability and performance of clients’ software, consumer technology products, web sites and content. Lionbridge’s testing services, which are offered under the VeriTest brand, also include product certification and competitive analysis. Lionbridge has deep domain experience developing, testing and maintaining applications in a cost-efficient, blended on-site and offshore model.

Lionbridge provides a full suite of globalization, testing and development outsourcing services to businesses in diverse end markets including technology, mobile and electronics, life sciences, consumer, publishing, manufacturing, automotive and government. Lionbridge’s solutions include product and content globalization; content and eLearning courseware development; interpretation services; application development and maintenance; software and hardware testing; product certification and competitive analysis. Lionbridge’s services enable global organizations to increase market penetration and speed adoption of global content and products, enhance return on enterprise application investments, increase workforce productivity and reduce costs. In addition, as a result of Lionbridge’s acquisition of BGS, Lionbridge provides interpretation services to government organizations and businesses that require human interpreters for non-English speaking individuals.

In 2007, 2006 and 2005, Lionbridge’s operating profit was $9.0 million, $15.0 million and $1.3 million, respectively, with a net loss of $4.2 million, $4.9 million and $3.9 million, respectively. In 2004 and 2003, Lionbridge’s operating profit was $7.2 million and $7.5 million, respectively, and net income was $7.1 million and $2.5 million, respectively. In 2002, Lionbridge’s operating profit was $451,000 with a net loss of $4.8 million. Prior to 2002, the Company experienced operating losses, as well as net losses, for each year of its operations and, as of December 31, 2007 Lionbridge had an accumulated deficit of $112.1 million.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Lionbridge’s discussion and analysis of its financial condition and results of operations are based upon its consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally

 

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accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires Lionbridge to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Lionbridge periodically evaluates its estimates. Lionbridge bases its estimates on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Lionbridge reviewed the development, selection, and disclosure of the following critical accounting policies and estimates with its audit committee and the Company’s board of directors. Lionbridge’s critical accounting estimates relate to the following: revenue recognition, allowance for doubtful accounts, business combinations, valuation of goodwill and other intangible assets and the provision for income taxes.

Revenue Recognition.    Lionbridge recognizes revenue as services are performed and amounts are earned in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 101, “Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements,” as amended by SAB No. 104, “Revenue Recognition.” Lionbridge considers amounts to be earned when (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement has been obtained; (2) services are delivered; (3) the fee is fixed or determinable; and (4) collectibility is reasonably assured. Determination of criteria (3) and (4) are based on management’s judgments regarding the fixed nature of the fee charged for services rendered and products delivered and the collectibility of those fees.

Lionbridge’s revenue is recorded from the provision of services to customers for GLC, GDT and Interpretation services which include content development, product and content globalization, interpretation, software and hardware testing, product certification and application development and maintenance.

Content development, software and hardware testing, interpretations and application development and maintenance projects are normally time and expense priced contracts, and revenue is recognized using a time and expense basis over the period of performance, primarily based on labor costs incurred to date.

Product and content globalization and product certification projects are fixed price contracts and revenue is recognized as services are delivered. Depending on specific contractual provisions and nature of the deliverable, revenue is recognized on (1) a proportional performance model based on level of effort, (2) as milestones are achieved or (3) when final deliverables have been met. Amounts billed in excess of revenue recognized are recorded as deferred revenue.

The delivery of Lionbridge’s GLC services involves and is dependent on the translation of content by subcontractors and in-house employees. As the time and cost to translate each word of content within a project is relatively uniform, labor input is reflective of the delivery of the contracted service and an appropriate metric for the measurement of proportional performance in delivering such services. The use of a proportional performance assessment of service delivery requires significant judgment relative to estimating total contract costs, including assumptions relative to the length of time to complete the project, the nature and complexity of the work to be performed, anticipated increases in employee wages and prices for subcontractor services, and the availability of subcontractor services. When adjustments in estimated project costs are identified, anticipated losses, if any, are recognized in the period in which they are determined.

Lionbridge’s GLC agreements with its customers may provide the customer with a fixed and limited time period following delivery during which Lionbridge will attempt to address any non-conformity to previously agreed upon objective specifications relating to the work, either in the form of a limited acceptance period or a post-delivery warranty period. Management believes recognition of revenue at the time the services are delivered is appropriate, because its obligations under such provisions are limited in time, limited in scope, and historically have not involved significant costs. In the future, if the post delivery acceptance or warranty provisions become more complex or include subjective acceptance criteria, Lionbridge may have to revise its revenue recognition policy appropriately, which could affect the timing of revenue recognition.

Lionbridge provides integrated full-service offerings throughout a client’s product and content lifecycle, including GLC and GDT services. Such multiple-element service offerings are governed by the Emerging Issues

 

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Task Force Issue 00-21, “Accounting for Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables.” For these arrangements where the GLC and GDT services have independent value to the customer, and there is evidence of fair value for each service, the combined service arrangement is bifurcated into separate units for accounting treatment. In instances where it is not possible to bifurcate a project, direct and incremental costs attributable to each component are deferred and recognized together with the service revenue upon delivery. The determination of fair value requires the use of significant judgment. Lionbridge determines the fair value of service revenues based upon its recent pricing for those services when sold separately and/or prevailing market rates for similar services.

Revenue includes reimbursement of travel and out-of-pocket expenses with equivalent amounts of expense recorded in cost of revenue.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts.    Lionbridge establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts to cover accounts receivable that may not be collectible. In establishing the allowance for doubtful accounts, Lionbridge analyzes the collectibility of all accounts. Additionally, Lionbridge considers its historical bad debt experience and current economic trends in evaluating the allowance for doubtful accounts. Accounts written off in subsequent periods can differ materially from the allowance provided.

Business Combinations.     In the event that Lionbridge completes a business combination where the purchase method of accounting is used as required by Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 141, “Business Combinations,” the Company allocates the purchase price paid to the assets of the business acquired, including intangible assets, and the liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values, with any amount of excess purchase price recorded as goodwill. Significant management judgments and assumptions are required in determining the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities, particularly acquired intangible assets which typically comprise acquired customer contracts and relationships and acquired technology. The valuation of purchased intangible assets is principally based upon estimates of the future performance and cash flows from the acquired business. If different assumptions are used, it could materially impact the purchase price allocation and our financial position and results of operations.

Valuation of Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets.    Lionbridge assesses the impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Such events or conditions could include an economic downturn in the industries to which Lionbridge provides services; increased competition; an increase in operating or other costs; additional volatility in international currencies; the pace of technological improvements; or other information regarding Lionbridge’s market value, such as a reduction in stock price. When Lionbridge determines that the carrying value of intangibles or goodwill may not be recoverable based upon one or more of these indicators of impairment, the Company initially assesses any impairment using fair value measurements based on projected discounted cash flow valuation models. In addition, in accordance with SFAS No. 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets”, goodwill is reviewed for impairment on an annual basis. At December 31, 2007 and 2006, the Company performed its annual test of goodwill to determine if an impairment existed. This test determined that each reporting unit’s fair value exceeded the carrying value of the net assets of each respective reporting unit, using projected discounted cash flow modeling. As a result, no impairment was required in either year. Estimating future cash flows requires management to make projections that can differ materially from actual results.

The Company evaluates whether there has been an impairment in the carrying value of its other intangibles assets in accordance with SFAS No. 144, “Accounting for Impairment of Long-Lived Assets,” if circumstances indicate that a possible impairment may exist. An impairment in the carrying value of an asset is assessed when the undiscounted expected future operating cash flows derived from the asset are less than its carrying value. If it is determined that the asset is impaired then it is written down to its estimated fair value. Factors that could lead to an impairment of acquired customer relationships (recorded with the BGS acquisition) include a worsening in customer attrition rates compared to historical attrition rates, or lower than initially anticipated cash flows associated with customer relationships.

 

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Provision for Income Taxes.    Lionbridge is required to estimate its income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which it operates as part of preparing its consolidated financial statements. This involves estimating the current taxes in each taxing jurisdiction in addition to assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatments for tax and financial accounting purposes. These differences together with net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits may be recorded as deferred tax assets or liabilities on the balance sheet. A judgment must then be made to determine the likelihood that any deferred tax asset will be utilized to offset taxable income. To the extent that Lionbridge determines that it is more likely than not that its deferred tax assets will not be utilized, a valuation allowance is established. A change in taxable income in future periods that is significantly different from that projected may cause adjustments to the valuation allowance that could materially increase or decrease future income tax expense.

In July 2006, the FASB issued FIN 48 which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the financial statements in accordance with SFAS 109, “Accounting for Income Taxes.” FIN 48 provides that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits.

Income tax position must meet a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold at the effective date to be recognized upon the adoption of FIN 48 and in subsequent periods. This interpretation also provides guidance on measurement, derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition. Lionbridge adopted FIN 48 effective January 1, 2007.

As of January 1, 2007, the Company had gross unrecognized tax benefits of $1.5 million. Of this total, $1.5 million represents the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective income tax rate in future periods. Lionbridge accrues interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of its provision for income taxes. The total amount of accrued interest and penalties included in the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits of $1.5 million is $185,000. The Company does not reasonably estimate that the unrecognized tax benefit will change significantly within the next twelve months.

The Company recognizes tax reserves in accordance with FIN 48 and adjusts these reserves when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment, or loss of benefit, that is materially different from our current estimate of the tax exposure. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which they are determined. If the tax liabilities relate to tax uncertainties existing at the date of the acquisition of a business, the adjustment of such tax liabilities will result in an adjustment to the goodwill recorded at the date of acquisition.

The Company’s unrecognized tax benefits include exposures from not filing in certain jurisdictions and transfer pricing exposures from allocation of income between jurisdictions. Lionbridge believes that it is reasonably possible that approximately $116,000 of its unrecognized tax positions, each of which are individually insignificant, may be recognized by the end of 2008 as a result of a lapse of the statute of limitations.

Significant Acquisitions

Lionbridge has grown its business since inception through a combination of acquisitions and organic growth. Such acquisitions through December 31, 2007 have resulted in the cumulative recognition of approximately $204.3 million of goodwill and other intangible assets on its balance sheet. Other acquired intangible assets are amortized over periods ranging from one to twelve years.

Acquisitions in the three year period ended December 31, 2007 were as follows:

Bowne Global Solutions

On September 1, 2005, Lionbridge completed the acquisition of Bowne Global Solutions (“BGS”) pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of June 27, 2005. After the acquisition, BGS became

 

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a wholly owned subsidiary of Lionbridge. At the closing, each share of common stock of BGS was automatically converted into the right to receive a portion of the acquisition consideration. To fund a portion of the purchase price for its acquisition of BGS, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (“Credit Agreement”) dated as of September 1, 2005, together with certain of its U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries, the several banks and financial institutions as may become parties to the Credit Agreement (“Lenders”) and Wachovia Bank, National Association, as administrative agent for the Lenders. The Credit Agreement was replaced in December 2006 with a Credit Agreement dated as of December 21, 2006, by and among the Company, certain of its U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries, the several banks and financial institutions named therein, and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, which provided for a five-year revolving line of credit of up to $100.0 million.

The BGS acquisition was accounted for using the purchase method of accounting. The total purchase price was $188.4 million, consisting of a cash payment of $128.5 million made at the closing, 9.4 million shares of Lionbridge’s common stock with a fair market value of $56.5 million, and an additional $3.4 million of direct acquisition costs. The market price used to value the Lionbridge shares issued as partial consideration for BGS was $6.01, which represents the 5 day average closing price of the stock during the period beginning two days before and ending two days after June 28, 2005 the first trading day of the Company’s common stock following announcement of the acquisition on June 27, 2005. Lionbridge borrowed $2.5 million under the revolving credit facility component of the Credit Agreement and $97.7 million (net of $2.3 million of debt financing fees) under the term facility component of the Credit Agreement, which amounts were used to pay a portion of the cash consideration at the closing.

Additionally, in connection with the acquisition of BGS, Lionbridge recorded $48.3 million of amortizable intangible assets, including customer contracts, technology and customer relationships. The estimated useful life of acquired customer contracts ranges from 3.3 to 5.3 years and is being amortized on a straight-line basis. The estimated useful life of acquired technology ranges from 1 to 4 years and is being amortized on a straight-line basis. The estimated useful life of acquired customer relationships is 12 years and is being amortized using the economic consumption method to reflect diminishing cash flows from these relationships in the future. In determining the fair value of the acquired customer relationships, Lionbridge used a discounted cash flow model based upon the estimated future income streams associated with the customer relationships considering their estimated remaining period of benefit. As part of this model, Lionbridge relied on historical attrition rates combined with a premium factor related to the inherent risk of attrition in the newly acquired BGS customer base.

The final allocation of the purchase price, including direct acquisition costs, was based on the fair values of the assets and liabilities assumed as of December 31, 2005, as follows:

 

Current assets

   $ 78,541,000  

Property and equipment

     11,494,000  

Other assets

     1,815,000  

Acquired customer relationships

     32,000,000  

Acquired customer contracts

     14,000,000  

Acquired technology

     2,317,000  
        

Total assets

     140,167,000  

Accrued restructuring, current

     (3,691,000 )

Other current liabilities

     (33,805,000 )

Accrued restructuring, long term

     (721,000 )

Deferred tax liabilities, long term

     (7,734,000 )

Other non-current liabilities

     (1,894,000 )
        

Total liabilities

     (47,845,000 )
        

Net assets

     92,322,000  

Goodwill

     96,066,000  
        

Total purchase price

   $ 188,388,000  
        

 

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At December 31, 2005, the Company reported goodwill of $96.1 million resulting from the purchase price allocation. The goodwill of $96.1 million resulting from the purchase price allocation reflects the value of the underlying enterprise, as well as the anticipated value of synergies that Lionbridge expects to realize as the business is integrated into existing Lionbridge operations. The total $96.1 million of goodwill has been assigned to the Company’s GLC segment. Goodwill allocated to domestic operations is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

During 2006, the Company adjusted certain estimates recorded as part of the fair value purchase accounting. The acquired incentive compensation liability was reduced by $521,000 and deferred tax assets were reduced by $247,000. In addition, the Company received a $2.5 million purchase price reimbursement from Bowne & Co., Inc. (“Bowne”) for pre-acquisition tax liabilities and recorded a $164,000 tax receivable for recovery of pre-acquisition value added taxes. These purchase accounting adjustments resulted in a net decrease in goodwill of $3.0 million during 2006. Additionally, the Company continued to exit certain activities of BGS as a part of the merger plan, resulting in restructuring and other charges of $2.7 million for severance and $256,000 for vacated facilities costs.

During 2007, the Company adjusted certain estimates recorded as part of the fair value purchase accounting. The acquired disability benefit obligation was reduced by $169,000 resulting in an increase to goodwill.

In connection with the acquisition of BGS, Bowne agreed to indemnify the Company for any tax liabilities accruing on or prior to the acquisition date of September 1, 2005. Accordingly, the Company has not recorded any net amounts as pre-acquisition tax contingencies in connection with the BGS acquisition.

Lionbridge believes its acquisitions have contributed to its growth by rapidly expanding its employee base, geographic coverage, client base, industry expertise, and technical skills. Lionbridge anticipates that a portion of its future growth will be accomplished by additional acquisitions. The success of this plan depends upon, among other things, Lionbridge’s ability to integrate acquired personnel, operations, products and technologies into its organization effectively; to retain and motivate key personnel of acquired businesses; and to retain customers of acquired firms. Lionbridge cannot guarantee that it will be able to identify suitable acquisition opportunities, obtain any necessary financing on acceptable terms to finance any acquisitions, consummate any acquisitions, or successfully integrate acquired personnel and operations.

Merger, Restructuring and Other Charges

In 2007, Lionbridge recorded $4.0 million of restructuring and other charges. The $4.0 million included $2.1 million for workforce reductions in Europe, Asia, South America and the U.S. consisting of forty-six technical and twenty administrative staff, $639,000 recorded for vacated facilities and $164,000 of additional costs recorded for a previously vacated facility in order to reflect a new sublease arrangement, all recorded pursuant to the guidance in FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 146, Accounting for Costs associated with Exit or Disposal Activities” (“SFAS No. 146”), and related literature, $768,000 for the impairment of long-lived assets in connection with vacated facilities and $328,000 of other charges, principally expenses related to integrating financial systems used by the acquired BGS sites to a common general ledger financial system. Of these charges, $3.6 million related to the Company’s GLC segment, $92,000 related to the GDT segment and $328,000 related to Corporate and Other. Of the $2.9 million of cash payments related to restructuring in 2007, $2.5 million and $402,000 related to the GLC and GDT segments, respectively.

Lionbridge recorded $4.2 million of restructuring and other charges in the year ended December 31, 2006. The $4.2 million included $2.0 million for workforce reductions in Europe and the U.S. consisting of forty-five technical, four sales and two administrative staff and $421,000 for anticipated losses on vacated facilities, net of sub-lease income, both recorded pursuant to the guidance in SFAS No. 146 and $1.8 million of other charges, principally professional services fees, related to the integration of BGS. Of these charges, $1.6 million related to the Company’s GLC segment, $1.2 million related to the GDT segment and $1.4 million related to Corporate and Other. Of the $7.4 million of cash payments related to restructuring in 2006, $6.1 million and $1.3 million related to the GLC and GDT segments, respectively, and $30,000 related to Corporate and Other.

 

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Lionbridge recorded $5.4 million of restructuring and other charges in the year ended December 31, 2005. Of this amount, $5.0 million was primarily related to the acquisition of BGS and was recorded in the six month period ended December 31, 2005 and $449,000 was recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2005. The $5.4 million recorded in the year ended December 31, 2005 included $1.2 million for anticipated losses on vacated facilities, $1.3 million for workforce reductions in Europe and the U.S., consisting of fifty technical, thirteen administrative and three sales staff and $35,000 for the impairment of long-lived assets recorded pursuant to the guidance in SFAS No. 146 and $2.8 million of other charges, principally professional services fees, related to the integration of BGS recorded pursuant to the guidance in Emerging Issues Task Force Abstract 95-3, “Recognition of Liabilities in Connection With a Purchase Business Combination” (“EITF 95-3”), and related literature. Of these charges, $2.5 million related to the Company’s GLC segment, $72,000 to the GDT segment and $2.8 million related to Corporate and Other. Of the $3.6 million of cash payments related to restructuring in 2005, $3.2 million and $277,000 related to the GLC and GDT segments, respectively, and $83,000 related to Corporate and Other.

The following table summarizes the merger and restructuring reserve activity (excluding the $768,000 long-lived asset impairments in 2007 and the $328,000, $1.8 million and $2.8 million of other charges related to the integration of BGS recorded in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively) for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively:

 

    2007     2006     2005  

Balance, beginning of the year

  $ 2,388,000     $ 4,210,000     $ 784,000  

Employee severance:

     

Merger and restructuring charges recorded (1)

    2,120,000       2,011,000       1,329,000  

Liabilities assumed and recorded on business combinations (2)

    —         2,716,000       1,864,000  

Cash payments related to liabilities assumed and recorded on business combinations

    (3,000 )     (3,407,000 )     (1,306,000 )

Cash payments related to liabilities recorded on exit or disposal activities

    (1,382,000 )     (2,014,000 )     (1,430,000 )
                       
    735,000       (694,000 )     457,000  
                       

Vacated facility/lease termination:

     

Merger and restructuring charges recorded (1)

    639,000       421,000       1,246,000  

Liabilities assumed and recorded on business combinations (2)

    —         256,000       2,548,000  

Revisions of estimated liabilities

    164,000       —         —    

Cash payments related to liabilities assumed and recorded on business combinations

    (571,000 )     (1,222,000 )     (290,000 )

Cash payments related to liabilities recorded on exit or disposal activities

    (990,000 )     (583,000 )     (535,000 )
                       
    (758,000 )     (1,128,000 )     2,969,000  
                       

Balance, end of the year

  $ 2,365,000     $ 2,388,000     $ 4,210,000  
                       

 

(1) Charges recorded pursuant to the guidance in SFAS No. 146, and related literature
(2) Liabilities assumed and recorded pursuant to the guidance in EITF 95-3, and related literature

At December 31, 2007, the consolidated balance sheet includes accruals totaling $2.4 million primarily related to employee terminations costs and vacated facilities. Lionbridge currently anticipates that $1.9 million of this will be fully utilized in 2008. The remaining $488,000 relates to lease obligations on unused facilities expiring through 2010 and is included in long-term liabilities.

 

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Non-Cash Charges

Stock-Based Compensation

Lionbridge recorded stock-based compensation of approximately $7.2 million, $6.1 million and $1.6 million in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively, in connection with stock options and restricted stock awards.

Lionbridge issued 716,100 and 432,500 shares of restricted common stock and restricted stock units with a fair market value of $3.7 million and $3.0 million in 2007 and 2006, respectively. Restrictions on disposition lapse over four years from the date of grant on each anniversary date.

On September 19, 2006, Lionbridge issued 200,000 shares of restricted common stock with a fair market value of $1.2 million to its Chief Executive Officer. This restricted stock award is subject to the following market-based vesting criteria: 33% of the market-based award vests on the date that the Company’s average closing stock price in a consecutive thirty calendar day period is greater than or equal to $10.00; an additional 33% of the market-based award vests on the date that the Company’s average closing stock price in a consecutive thirty calendar day period is greater than or equal to $13.50; and the remaining 34% of the market-based award vests on the date the Company’s average closing stock price in a consecutive thirty calendar day period is greater than or equal to $17.00. The Company uses the lattice model to value market condition awards. For awards with market conditions with a cliff vesting feature, as described above, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

Lionbridge currently expects to amortize the following unamortized compensation in connection with restricted stock awards outstanding as of December 31, 2007 in the years ending:

 

Year ending December 31,

    

2008

   $ 2,619,000

2009

     1,690,000

2010

     872,000

2011

     242,000
      
   $ 5,423,000
      

For the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, 1,251,000, 1,337,500 and 959,000 stock options were granted, respectively.

Lionbridge currently expects to amortize the following amounts of stock-based compensation related to stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2007 in the years ending:

 

Year ending December 31,

    

2008

   $ 2,585,000

2009

     1,590,000

2010

     751,000

2011

     160,000
      
   $ 5,086,000
      

Executive Summary

Over the past several years, Lionbridge implemented key elements of its strategy for market expansion and long-term growth. The Company has developed and deployed the industry’s first web-based language technology, expanded its offshore capabilities, built upon its code and content service offerings, and developed

 

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an integrated services offering through its global infrastructure. In doing so, the Company has increased revenue from its existing customers and broadened its customer base across diverse industries.

In September 2005, Lionbridge acquired BGS, the globalization division of Bowne & Co., Inc. This acquisition created the largest-scale globalization company in the world with approximately 4,600 employees in 26 countries worldwide. BGS’s worldwide presence, language expertise and broadly diversified customer base complement Lionbridge’s advanced language technology and its comprehensive development and testing services and allowed the Company to expand its growth opportunities. As a result of the integration of this acquisition in 2006 and 2007, Lionbridge was able to apply its infrastructure of people, technology and expertise across a larger volume of activity.

During 2007, Lionbridge finalized the integration of BGS into its existing operations, expanded the deployment of its web-based language management system, and grew its employee base throughout its cost-efficient solution centers in India, China, Poland and Slovakia. The Company also enhanced its vertical market solution delivery by developing and hiring subject matter experts in life sciences and marketing/web content for certain solution centers. These initiatives are enabling Lionbridge to address its clients’ growing requirements for specialized global-scale, integrated code and content services that are based on an internet-architected, cost-efficient delivery model.

Deploying Web-Based Language Technology

Lionbridge is the only company in its industry that has a global internet-based platform to manage each client’s worldwide language assets in a free hosted environment. The linguistic engine of this platform is Logoport, Lionbridge’s Web-architected, on-demand, translation memory technology. Following initial pilot programs, Lionbridge deployed Logoport throughout its operations. The platform supports more than 500 million words, 700 client programs and 14,000 users worldwide. To further enhance its linguistic technology platform, Lionbridge developed and deployed Freeway, a free, web-based client portal. As a complimentary technology that is integrated with the Logoport linguistic engine, Freeway provides a client portal for submitting, tracking and managing translation activities in a web-based environment. Since its early deployment in 2006 and its expansion in 2007, more than 300 Lionbridge clients have adopted Freeway as their preferred management platform. As the backbone for the Company’s managed service model, Freeway provides one centralized Internet platform for managing translation, and allows Lionbridge to offer its clients the benefits of technology, without the cost or complexity.

In 2008, Lionbridge plans to accelerate the deployment of Freeway and Logoport across all programs, customers and translators worldwide and implement new technology enhancements to increase efficiency. In addition, building upon the Company’s existing scalable, Web-architected solutions, Lionbridge plans to expand the development of its machine translation and workflow technologies to simplify and automate processes while increasing productivity. By combining real-time, hosted language management with cost-efficient execution, Lionbridge believes it has a distinct competitive advantage in what it can offer its clients: accelerated time to market, greater efficiency and seamless global delivery.

Accelerating Global Scale

Over the past ten years, Lionbridge has built a global infrastructure that optimizes its core service offerings. During this time, the Company has also expanded the scale and breadth of client solutions. Through the expansion of its operational infrastructure, through the deployment of technology and through its establishment of offshore delivery capabilities, Lionbridge has responded to its customers’ needs for a complete service offering that unifies content and application development, multilingual delivery, vertical market expertise and testing services as one integrated outsourced program offering.

As the Company increases the size and scope of its client relationships and serves clients across a broader set of industry sectors, the Company plans to align its business to link sales opportunities with delivery

 

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initiatives. In 2008, the Company expects to strengthen its globalization business by enhancing its operations and market strategy to grow business in specific vertical markets such as life sciences, financial services, and technology. At the same time, the Company’s plans to facilitate the growth of Lionbridge’s emerging service offerings by enhancing its dedicated sales and delivery teams for its development, testing, content creation, interpretations, and global search and sourcing solutions.

By leveraging its global scale to provide the capability, capacity, and subject-matter expertise its clients require, and by further deploying and enhancing its technology, Lionbridge expects to increase its operational efficiency, improve quality and productivity for its clients, which may in turn, accelerate its revenue and growth opportunities.

Financial Highlights

During 2007, the Company’s revenues and results of operations reflect the significant fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and the significant decline in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against most foreign currencies, the Euro in particular. During this period, the U.S. dollar declined 9.4% percent against the Euro. As a result, during 2007 and as identified below, a portion of the Company’s revenue growth was attributable to the positive impact of the decline in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against non-U.S. currencies and correspondingly, nearly all of the Company’s operating growth was offset by the negative impact of the decline in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against non-U.S. currencies.

In 2007, Lionbridge revenue was $452.0 million, an increase of $33.1 million or 7.9% from $418.9 million in 2006. Revenue growth during 2007 in each of the GLC, GDT and Interpretation segments was $18.9 million, $13.1million and $1.1 million, respectively. As compared to 2006, approximately half of the Company’s year on year revenue growth, or $16.5 million, was the result of organic growth and approximately half, or $16.6 million, was due to the decline in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against most foreign currencies. This increase in revenue was partially offset by a $2.0 million increase in deferred revenue which negatively impacted comparative recognized revenue in the GLC business.

Revenue growth in 2007 resulted in $9.0 million of operating income, cash flow from operations of $20.7 million and strengthened the Company’s working capital position year-over-year.

The growth in operating income and cash flow from operations in 2007 was attained despite the negative impact of the decline in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against most foreign currencies. The Company estimates that the decline of the U.S. dollar impacted operating income adversely by $7.0 million, year over year, essentially offsetting the benefits realized in the GLC business from the deployment and use of Lionbridge’s language management technology platform, the implementation of operational and technology efficiencies, cost reduction initiatives and restructuring activities initiated over the past few years.

During the fourth quarter of 2007, Lionbridge began treating its foreign subsidiaries as service providers that earn a profit based on a cost plus model, which it believes more appropriately reflects the contributions of these subsidiaries. This treatment changed our statutory tax filing positions at year-end. Lionbridge expects that treating our foreign subsidiaries as service providers will result in a more normalized tax provision in 2007 and future years. Additionally, pursuant to a $12.0 million stock repurchase program authorized by the Company’s Board of Directors in September 2007, as of December 31, 2007, the Company had acquired 3.2 million shares of its common stock for $10.2 million and as of January 24, 2008, the Company had acquired 3.7 million shares of its common stock for $12.0 million. These stock purchases were at a volume weighted average price of $3.25 per share. In February 2008, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional $12.0 million shares of common stock of the Company. As of March 14, 2008, the Company had acquired 146,468 shares of its common stock for $470,000 million at a volume weighted average price of $3.21 per share.

 

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth certain consolidated financial data as a percentage of total revenue.

 

     Year Ended December 31,  
     2007     2006     2005  

Revenue

   100.0 %   100.0 %   100.0 %

Operating expenses:

      

Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)

   66.8     66.3     65.2  

Sales and marketing

   7.3     7.3     8.8  

General and administrative

   19.3     17.7     19.8  

Research and development

   0.7     0.7     0.7  

Depreciation and amortization

   1.1     1.3     1.5  

Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets

   1.9     2.1     1.2  

Merger, restructuring and other charges

   0.9     1.0     2.3  
                  

Total operating expenses

   98.0     96.4     99.5  
                  

Income from operations

   2.0     3.6     0.5  

Interest expense:

      

Interest on outstanding debt

   1.2     1.9     1.1  

Accretion of discount on debt and deferred financing charges

   0.1     0.2     0.1  

Accelerated recognition of discount and deferred financing costs on early repayment of debt

   —       0.5     —    

Interest income

   0.2     0.1     0.2  

Other expense, net

   0.7     0.9     0.2  
                  

Income (loss) before income taxes

   0.2     0.2     (0.7 )

Provision for income taxes

   1.1     1.4     1.0  
                  

Net loss

   (0.9 )%   (1.2 )%   (1.7 )%
                  

Revenue.    The following table shows Global Language and Content (“GLC”), Global Development and Testing (“GDT”), and Interpretation revenues in dollars and as a percentage of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively:

 

     2007          2006          2005       

GLC

   $ 354,073,000    78 %   $ 335,205,000    80 %   $ 172,550,000    73 %

GDT

     73,839,000    16 %     60,697,000    14 %     56,624,000    24 %

Interpretation

     24,082,000    6 %     22,982,000    6 %     7,088,000    3 %
                                       

Total revenue

   $ 451,994,000    100 %   $ 418,884,000    100 %   $ 236,262,000    100 %
                                       

In 2007, total revenue was $452.0 million, an increase of $33.1 million, or 7.9% from $418.9 million in 2006. Revenue growth during 2007 in each of the GLC, GDT and Interpretation segments was $18.9 million, $13.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively. As compared to 2006, approximately 49.8% of the Company’s year-on-year revenue growth, or $16.5 million, was the result of organic growth and approximately 50.2% or $16.6 million of the Company’s growth was due to the decline in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against most foreign currencies. This increase in revenue was partially offset by a $2.0 million increase in deferred revenue which negatively impacted comparative recognized revenue in the GLC business.

In 2006, total revenue was $418.9 million, an increase of $182.6 million, or 77.3% from $236.3 million in 2005. Revenue for 2006 and 2005 included twelve months and four months of consolidated revenue from the legacy BGS operations, respectively. Due to the completion of the integration of the legacy Lionbridge and BGS

 

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GLC service and sales operations during the year ended December 31, 2006, it was no longer possible to separately attribute revenue increases to legacy Lionbridge and BGS sales and operations. The Company has concluded that the revenue increase during 2006 is attributable to both the additional eight months of BGS revenue and the synergies of the combined, integrated sales and operational model. The increase consists of $162.7 million, $4.1 million and $15.9 million of revenue growth in GLC, GDT and Interpretation, respectively.

Revenue from the Company’s GLC business for the year ended December 31, 2007 increased $18.9 million, or 5.6%, to $354.1 million from $335.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. Revenue increased approximately $5.0 million as the result of organic growth and approximately $15.9 million due to the impact of the decline in the U.S. dollar’s exchange rates, in particular the Euro, during the twelve months ended December 31, 2007. This increase was partially offset by the $2.0 million increase in deferred revenue in the GLC business.

Revenue from the Company’s GDT business for the year ended December 31, 2007 was $73.8 million, an increase of $13.1 million, or 21.7%, from $60.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. The year-on-year increase in GDT was primarily due to increased revenue from two customer engagements. Revenue in the GDT business is not materially impacted by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. In 2006, revenue from the Company’s GDT business was $60.7 million, an increase of $4.1 million, or 7.2%, from $56.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2005. The year-on-year increase in GDT revenue was primarily due to increased revenue from existing large customer programs, new projects within existing customers, as well as growth in the life sciences sector.

Revenue from the Company’s Interpretation business for the year ended December 31, 2007 increased $1.1 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2006. The Interpretation business is not materially impacted by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. In 2006, revenue from the Company’s Interpretation business increased $15.9 million, or 224.2%, to $23.0 million from $7.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2005. This increase in revenue is attributable to the inclusion of eight additional months of revenue from Lionbridge’s acquisition of BGS, as compared to 2005.

Lionbridge’s ten largest customers accounted for 52% of revenue in 2007 as compared to 49% of revenue in 2006 and 51% of revenue in 2005.

Cost of Revenue.    Cost of revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization, consists primarily of expenses incurred for translation services provided by third parties as well as salaries and associated employee benefits for personnel related to client projects. The following table shows GLC, GDT and Interpretation cost of revenues, the percentage change from the prior year and as a percentage of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively:

 

     2007     % Change
2006 to 2007
    2006     % Change
2005 to 2006
    2005  

GLC:

          

Cost of revenue

   $ 236,671,000     6.9 %   $ 221,467,000     94.8 %   $ 113,701,000  

Percentage of revenue

     66.8 %       66.1 %       65.9 %

GDT:

          

Cost of revenue

     46,840,000     22.6 %     38,212,000     10.0 %     34,727,000  

Percentage of revenue

     63.4 %       63.0 %       61.3 %

Interpretation:

          

Cost of revenue

     18,548,000     2.3 %     18,135,000     229.7 %     5,501,000  

Percentage of revenue

     77.0 %       78.9 %       77.6 %
                            

Total cost of revenue

   $ 302,059,000       $ 277,814,000       $ 153,929,000  
                            

Percentage of revenue

     66.8 %       66.3 %       65.2 %

 

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During 2007, as a percentage of revenue, cost of revenue increased to 66.8% as compared to 66.3% for the same period of the prior year, primarily due to the negative impact of the decline in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against most foreign currencies, and changes in the revenue and service mix as discussed below. The Company estimates that the decline of the U.S. dollar impacted cost of revenue by over 150 basis points, year-over-year, essentially offsetting the benefits realized from the deployment and use of Lionbridge’s language management technology platform, and lower internal operating costs resulting from certain restructuring and cost reduction actions initiated over the past few years.

Each segment provides distinctive services, with different gross margins. For the year ended December 31, 2007 GLC, GDT and Interpretation accounted for approximately 78.0%, 16.5% and 5.5% of the total revenue, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2006 when GLC, GDT and Interpretation accounted for approximately 80.0%, 14.5% and 5.5% of the total revenue.

For the year ended December 31, 2007, cost of revenue increased $24.2 million, or 8.7%, to $302.1 million as compared to $277.8 million for the prior year. The increase was primarily in support of $33.1 million of incremental revenue as compared to the prior year, and includes approximately $18.0 million due to the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies as noted above, with the balance due to changes in the revenue and service mix year over year. The cost of revenue increase during 2006 compared to 2005 is substantially attributable to the additional eight months of cost of revenue related to the legacy BGS operations; however, this increase was partially offset by the cost savings from the combined, integrated sales and operational model.

Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue in the Company’s GLC business increased to 66.8% for the year ended December 31, 2007, as compared to 66.1% for the same period of the prior year. This increase reflects higher costs for translation services, mainly due to variation in work mix and the negative impact of the decline in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against most foreign currencies. As noted above, the negative impact of the decline in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against most foreign currencies significantly impacted the cost of revenue ratios in the GLC business. The Company estimates that the decline of the U.S. dollar impacted cost of revenue by over 140 basis points, year over year, essentially offsetting the benefits realized from the deployment and use of Lionbridge’s language management technology platform, and lower internal operating costs resulting from certain restructuring and cost reduction actions initiated over the past few years. For the year ended December 31, 2007 cost of revenue increased $15.2 million to $236.7 million compared to $221.5 million for the prior year. The increase was primarily in support of $18.9 million incremental revenue as compared to the prior year, and includes approximately $15.5 million due to the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies as noted above, with the balance due to changes in the revenue and service mix year-over-year.

In 2006, cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue in the Company’s GLC business increased to 66.1% as compared to 65.9% for the same period of the prior year. This increase reflects higher costs for translation services, mainly due to variation in work mix and the impact of the implementation of a new contract management system during the second half of 2006. These increases were partially offset by benefits realized from the deployment and use of Lionbridge’s language management technology platform, and lower internal operating costs resulting from certain restructuring and cost reduction actions initiated in 2005. Due to the completion of the integration of the legacy Lionbridge and BGS GLC service and sales operations during 2006, it was no longer possible to separately attribute increases in the cost of revenue to legacy Lionbridge and BGS operations. The Company concluded that the cost of revenue increase during 2006 is substantially attributable to the additional eight months of cost of revenue related to the legacy BGS operations and that this increased expense was partially offset by the cost savings from the combined, integrated sales and operational model.

GDT cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue increased to 63.4% for the year ended December 31, 2007 as compared to 63.0% for the year ended December 31, 2006. This increase was primarily due to the changes in the revenue and service mix and the U.S. dollar’s decline against the Indian Rupee and the Euro in the year ended

 

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December 31, 2007, as compared to the prior year. The Company estimates that the decline of the U.S. dollar impacted GDT cost of revenue by over 250 basis points, year-over-year. Cost of revenue in the Company’s GDT business was $46.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2007, an increase of $8.6 million, or 22.6%, as compared to $38.2 million for the prior year. This increase was primarily associated with the $13.1 million increase in revenue year-over-year, and to a lesser degree work mix variation in services as compared to the prior year. The increase includes approximately $2.3 million due to the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies as noted above

In 2006, GDT cost of revenue increased to 63.0% as compared to 61.3% for 2005. The Company accelerated the transition of several customer projects from execution in the United States and Western Europe to execution in India and China throughout 2006. In connection with these transitions, the Company closed its Galway, Ireland delivery center. To carry-out this transition, the Company invested in facility upgrades and capacity expansions primarily in India and China, and incurred start-up and transition costs to transfer project deliveries from Western Europe to India and China. In addition, work mix variations in testing services as compared to the prior year resulted in higher cost of revenue during 2006. GDT cost of revenue was $38.2 million for 2006, an increase of $3.5 million, or 10.0%, from $34.7 million in 2005, primarily reflecting increased revenue levels and the impact of the start-up and transition costs as noted above.

Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue in the Company’s Interpretation business decreased to 77.0% for the year ended December 31, 2007 as compared to 78.9% for the year ended December 31, 2006. This decrease reflects the favorable impact of pricing and work mix variations in services as compared to the prior year. The Company’s Interpretation business is not materially impacted by foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Cost of revenue was $18.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2007, an increase of $413,000, or 2.3%, as compared to $18.1 million for the same period of 2006, primarily due to pricing and work mix variations in services as compared to the prior year.

In 2006, cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue in the Company’s Interpretation business increased to 78.9% in 2006, as compared to 77.6% for the year ended December 31, 2005. This increase reflects the impact of changes in the work mix, including the addition of “rare languages” interpretation services and certain one-time start-up expenses related to a new contract, as compared to the prior year. Cost of revenue was $18.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2006, an increase of $12.6 million, or 229.7%, as compared to $5.5 million for the same period of 2005. The increase primarily reflects the cost required to support twelve months of revenue from the legacy BGS operations in 2006, as compared to four months of revenue from the legacy BGS operations in 2005.

Sales and Marketing.    Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries, commissions and associated employee benefits, travel expenses of sales and marketing personnel, promotional expenses, sales force automation/CRM system expense, training, and the costs of programs aimed at increasing revenue, such as advertising, trade shows, public relations and other market development programs. The following table shows sales and marketing expenses, the dollar change from the prior year and as a percentage of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively:

 

     2007     2006     2005  

Total sales and marketing expenses

   $ 32,841,000     $ 30,483,000     $ 20,725,000  

Increase from prior year

     2,358,000       9,758,000    

Percentage of revenue

     7.3 %     7.3 %     8.8 %

For the year ended December 31, 2007, sales and marketing expenses increased $2.4 million, as compared with the prior year. This increase is primarily attributable to increased compensation and travel expense, to support the $33.1 million increase in revenue, year-over-year, as well as projected revenue growth in the future. Additionally the increase reflects increased spending on marketing initiatives as compared to the prior year.

 

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Approximately $900,000 of the $2.4 million increase is due to the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies. As a percentage of revenue, sales and marketing expense was flat at 7.3%, as compared to 2006, despite the negative impact of the decline in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against most foreign currencies.

In 2006, sales and marketing expenses increased 47.1% to $30.5 million from $20.7 million in 2005. This increase was primarily due to higher employee-related expenses and travel costs in the sales organization to support part of the $182.6 million increase in revenue, year-over-year. Additionally, sales and marketing expense includes approximately $727,000 of additional stock-based compensation expense associated with the adoption of SFAS 123R on January 1, 2006 for the year ended December 31, 2006 as compared to the prior year. As a percentage of revenue, sales and marketing expenses decreased to 7.3% in 2006 from 8.8% in 2005. This improvement is primarily as a result of the increased revenue levels year-on-year, partially offset by higher employee-related expenses and travel costs in the sales organization.

General and Administrative.    General and administrative expenses consist of salaries of the management, purchasing, process and technology, finance and administrative groups, and associated employee benefits and travel; facilities costs; information systems costs; professional fees; business reconfiguration costs and all other site and corporate costs. The following table shows general and administrative expenses, the dollar change from the prior year and as a percentage of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively:

 

     2007     2006     2005  

Total general and administrative expenses

   $ 87,041,000     $ 74,286,000     $ 46,922,000  

Increase from prior year

     12,755,000       27,364,000    

Percentage of revenue

     19.3 %     17.7 %     19.8 %

For the year ended December 31, 2007, general and administrative expenses increased $12.8 million, or 17.2%, to $87.0 million as compared to $74.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. Approximately $3.9 million of the increase is attributable to the decline in the U.S. dollar’s exchange rates against certain foreign currencies, in particular the Euro and Indian Rupee. The remainder is in support of the overall growth of the Company, and is primarily due to $5.3 million increased compensation expense, including $1.0 million increased stock-based compensation, $1.6 million in tax and systems consulting, and $1.4 million in rent expense, year-over-year. As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative expenses increased to 19.3% for the year ended December 31, 2007 as compared to 17.7%, for the same period of the prior year. The Company estimates that the decline in the U.S. dollar impacted this percentage of revenue by almost 20 basis points, and the remainder is due primarily to the items noted above, as well as the impact of supporting the increase in revenue from period to period.

In 2006, general and administrative expenses increased $27.4 million to $74.3 million from $46.9 million in 2005. This increase is primarily due to the expenses attributable to Lionbridge’s integration of BGS, with the remainder of the increase resulting from higher employee costs, professional fees and certain other costs incurred in connection with the consolidation of BGS, as compared to the corresponding period of the prior year. Additionally, general and administrative expense includes approximately $2.6 million of additional stock-based compensation expense associated with the adoption of SFAS 123R on January 1, 2006 for the year ended December 31, 2006 as compared to the prior year. General and administrative expenses, as a percentage of revenue, decreased to 17.7% in 2006 as compared to 19.8% in 2005. The percentage of revenue improved year over year, as the increased expenses noted above were more than offset by the growth in revenue and the benefit of restructuring activities primarily related to the integration of the BGS acquisition.

Research and Development.    Research and development expenses relate primarily to the Company’s web-based hosted language management technology platform used in the globalization process and the research and development of a globalization management system. The cost consists primarily of salaries and associated

 

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employee benefits and third-party contractor expenses. The following table shows research and development expenses, the dollar change from the prior year and as a percentage of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively:

 

     2007     2006     2005  

Total research and development expenses

   $ 3,375,000     $ 2,811,000     $ 1,646,000  

Increase from prior year

     564,000       1,165,000    

Percentage of revenue

     0.7 %     0.7 %     0.7 %

For the year ended December 31, 2007, research and development expense increased $564,000 to $3.4 million as compared to $2.8 million for the prior year. Approximately $200,000 of the increase for the year ended December 31, 2007, is due to the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies. In 2006, research and development expense increased 70.8% to $2.8 million from $1.6 million in 2005. These increases were primarily attributable to research and development costs incurred in development of a web-based hosted language management technology platform and, to a lesser degree, attributable to additional research and development activities acquired from BGS. The Company expects research and development expense to increase during 2008 as the Company invests in the further development of its web-based hosted language management technology platform.

Depreciation and Amortization.    Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment that is being recognized over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method. The following table shows depreciation and amortization expense, the dollar change from the prior year and as a percentage of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively:

 

     2007     2006     2005  

Total depreciation and amortization expense

   $ 5,186,000     $ 5,536,000     $ 3,525,000  

Increase (decrease) from prior year

     (350,000 )     2,011,000    

Percentage of revenue

     1.1 %     1.3 %     1.5 %

For the year ended December 31, 2007, depreciation and amortization expense decreased by $350,000 to $5.2 million, as compared to $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. The decrease is primarily due to the culmination of depreciable lives of certain assets acquired in prior years. These decreases were partially offset by increases attributable to a decline in foreign currency exchange rates of approximately $300,000 for the year ended December 31, 2007 as compared to the prior year. In 2006, depreciation and amortization expense increased $2.0 million, or 57.0%, to $5.5 million, as compared to $3.5 million in 2005. The increase was primarily the result of the incremental depreciation and amortization expense attributable to Lionbridge’s consolidation of BGS, and reflects the impact of the additional eight months of combined operations in 2006, as compared to four months during 2005, partially offset by lower depreciation expense due to the culmination of depreciable lives of certain assets acquired in prior years.

Amortization of Acquisition-related Intangible Assets.    Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets consists of the amortization of identifiable intangible assets from acquired businesses. Amortization expense for 2007, 2006 and 2005 of $8.5 million, $8.7 million and $2.8 million, respectively, relates primarily to the amortization of identifiable intangible assets acquired from BGS.

Interest Expense.    Interest expense represents interest paid or payable on debt, the amortization of deferred financing costs, the accretion of discount on debt, and accelerated deferred financing charges upon early repayment of debt. The following table shows interest expense, dollar changes from the prior year and as a percentage of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively:

 

     2007     2006     2005  

Total interest expense

   $ 5,593,000     $ 10,699,000     $ 2,866,000  

Increase (decrease) from prior year

     (5,106,000 )     7,833,000    

Percentage of revenue

     1.3 %     2.6 %     1.2 %

 

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For the year ended December 31, 2007, interest expense of $5.6 million decreased $5.1 million from $10.7 million, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2006. The decrease reflects the one-time charge of $2.1 million in 2006 from the accelerated recognition of deferred financing costs on early debt repayment coupled with $12.0 million lower average borrowings and lower interest rates in 2007 as compared to 2006. In addition, interest expense for 2007 includes the effect of the interest rate swap. On July 20, 2007, the Company entered into a three-year amortizing interest rate swap with a notional amount of $20.0 million that corresponds to a portion of the Company’s floating rate credit facility. The $20.0 million notional amount effectively converted that portion of the Company’s total floating rate credit facility to fixed rate debt.

In 2006, interest expense of $10.7 million primarily represents interest paid or payable on debt and the amortization of deferred financing costs on the original $100.0 million term facility entered into by the Company in the third quarter of 2005 to fund a portion of the purchase price for its acquisition of BGS. On December 21, 2006, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement which replaced the Company’s Term Loan B and Revolving Credit Facility with Wachovia Bank, National Association that had been in place since September 1, 2005. An incremental $2.1 million of interest expense was recognized as accelerated deferred financing costs in December 2006 upon early repayment of this debt. The Credit Agreement provides for a five-year $100.0 million revolving credit facility. At December 31, 2007, $71.7 million was outstanding with an interest rate of 6.3%.

Other Expense, Net.    The Company recognized $3.3 million in other expense, net, for the year ended December 31, 2007 as compared to $3.8 million in other expense, net, for the year ended December 31, 2006. This decrease includes $5.9 million of foreign currency transaction losses, due to the decline in the U.S. dollar’s exchange rates against other currencies, in particular the Euro, as compared to the net position and variance during the corresponding periods of prior year, reduced by net realized and unrealized foreign currency gains of $2.0 million recorded in 2007 on forward contracts. Additionally, the decrease includes a benefit of pre-BGS acquisition accounts receivable bad debt recoveries of approximately $395,000 and other miscellaneous income recorded during 2007.

In 2006, the Company recognized $3.8 million in other expense, net, as compared to $587,000 in the prior year. This increase was primarily attributable to the larger net position of U.S. dollar and Euro denominated assets and liabilities, due to the BGS acquisition, combined with the variances among the Euro and other currencies against the U.S. dollar in 2006, as compared to the net position and variance during the prior year, partially offset by net realized and unrealized foreign currency gains of $247,000 recorded in 2006 on forward contracts. Additionally, the increase includes a reserve of approximately $800,000 recorded in connection with employment litigation matters.

Provision for Income Taxes.    The following table shows the provision for income taxes and the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively:

 

     2007     2006     2005  

Provision for income taxes

   $ 4,991,000     $ 5,877,000     $ 2,255,000  

Effective income tax rate

     640.7 %     602.8 %     (136.0 )%

The income tax provision decreased $886,000 to $5.0 million in 2007 from $5.9 million in 2006. The 2007 provision for income taxes is primarily attributable to $4.1 million of current income tax expense resulting from profits in various foreign jurisdictions; a $959,000 increase in the FIN 48 tax reserve; and a $476,000 increase in the deferred tax liability associated with tax deductible goodwill acquired in the BGS acquisition during 2005.

The tax deductible goodwill acquired in the BGS acquisition during calendar year 2005 has resulted in an increase to the U.S. net operating loss carryover. This U.S. net operating loss carryover gives rise to a deferred tax asset, which is fully offset by a valuation allowance. Therefore, the Company does not obtain any current cash tax savings for this deductible tax amortization; nor is there any financial statement benefit recorded for the

 

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current year deduction attributable with the tax amortization associated with this purchased goodwill. Since the Company is not allowed to amortize the purchased goodwill for GAAP purposes, but is allowed to deduct amortization for tax purposes, the tax basis in purchased goodwill decreases over time. This results in a book basis in an asset that is greater than the tax basis in the asset, and gives rise to a future taxable difference.

The tax provision increased $3.6 million, from 2005 to 2006. Approximately $6.0 million of tax expense resulted from profits in various foreign jurisdictions; a $1.5 million decrease in the deferred tax benefit associated with the amortization of the foreign deferred tax assets and liabilities; a $722,000 increase in the worldwide FIN 48 tax reserves; and a $527,000 increase in the deferred tax liability associated with tax deductible goodwill acquired in the BGS acquisition during 2005.

 

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Quarterly Results of Operations

The following tables set forth unaudited consolidated quarterly financial data for the periods indicated. Lionbridge derived this data from its unaudited consolidated financial statements, and, in the opinion of management, they have been prepared on the same basis as Lionbridge’s audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, and include all adjustments, which consist only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly the financial results for the periods. The operating results for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period.

 

    (Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands)
Quarter Ended
 
    Dec. 31,
2007
    Sept. 30,
2007
    June 30,
2007
  March 31,
2007
  Dec. 31,
2006
    Sept. 30,
2006
    June 30,
2006
  March 31,
2006
 

Revenue

  $ 117,243     $ 111,544     $ 114,591   $ 108,616   $ 101,272     $ 107,964     $ 110,525   $ 99,123  

Operating expenses:

               

Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)

    80,215       74,820       74,806     72,218     68,595       72,445       71,946     64,828  

Sales and marketing

    8,590       7,729       8,571     7,951     8,020       7,274       7,163     8,026  

General and administrative

    24,333       20,807       21,319     20,582     18,622       18,882       18,296     18,486  

Research and development

    1,022       851       785     717     638       689       741     743  

Depreciation and amortization

    1,268       1,300       1,324     1,294     1,308       1,323       1,413     1,492  

Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets

    2,113       2,113       2,113     2,114     2,167       2,177       2,176     2,176  

Merger, restructuring and other charges

    2,410       359       972     278     766       2,055       644     767  
                                                         

Total operating expenses

    119,951       107,979       109,890     105,154     100,116       104,845       102,379     96,518  
                                                         

Income (loss) from operations

    (2,708 )     3,565       4,701     3,462     1,156       3,119       8,146     2,605  

Interest expense:

               

Interest on outstanding debt

    1,273       1,324       1,388     1,418     1,822       1,984       2,041     1,865  

Accretion of discount on debt

    47       48       49     46     141       257       238     222  

Accelerated recognition of discount and deferred financing costs on early repayment of debt

    —         —         —       —       2,129       —         —       —    

Interest income

    210       164       119     206     95       146       51     135  

Other expense, net

    923       1,335       598     491     1,543       1,091       785     360  
                                                         

Income (loss) before income taxes

    (4,741 )     1,022       2,785     1,713     (4,384 )     (67 )     5,133     293  

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes

    (776 )     1,688       2,598     1,481     1,580       866       2,131     1,300  
                                                         

Net income (loss)

  $ (3,965 )   $ (666 )   $ 187   $ 232   $ (5,964 )   $ (933 )   $ 3,002   $ (1,007 )
                                                         

Net income (loss) per share of common stock:

               

Basic

  $ (0.07 )   $ (0.01 )   $ 0.00   $ 0.00   $ (0.10 )   $ (0.02 )   $ 0.05   $ (0.02 )

Diluted

  $ (0.07 )   $ (0.01 )   $ 0.00   $ 0.00   $ (0.10 )   $ (0.02 )   $ 0.05   $ (0.02 )

Weighted average number of shares outstanding:

               

Basic

    58,690       59,614       59,540     59,320     59,178       59,062       58,967     58,750  

Diluted

    58,690       59,614       60,929     60,791     59,178       59,062       60,772     58,750  

Lionbridge has experienced quarter-to-quarter variability in its revenue and operating profit. This variability is due to fluctuations in its clients’ release cycles, the length of its sales cycle, rapid growth, acquisitions, the emerging nature of the markets in which Lionbridge competes, global economic conditions, exchange rate fluctuations and other factors outside Lionbridge’s control. Lionbridge believes that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of results of operations are not necessarily meaningful. You should not rely on these comparisons as a measure of future performance.

 

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table shows cash and cash equivalents, working capital, net cash provided by operating activities, net cash used in investing activities, and net cash provided by (used in) financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively:

 

    2007     2006     2005  

Cash and cash equivalents

  $ 32,248,000     $ 27,354,000     $ 25,147,000  

Working capital

    64,460,000       60,893,000       57,182,000  

Net cash provided by operating activities

    20,695,000       16,639,000       8,826,000  

Net cash used in investing activities

    (3,412,000 )     (1,000,000 )     (120,537,000 )

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

    (16,016,000 )     (14,134,000 )     99,735,000  

In 2007, Lionbridge’s working capital increased $4.4 million to $65.3 million at December 31, 2007, as compared to $60.9 million at December 31, 2006. The increase was primarily due to higher cash, accounts receivable and other current assets balances, partially offset by higher accounts payable, accrued expenses, deferred revenue and lower work in process. The increase was primarily due to the net impact of the growth of the business year-on-year.

As of December 31, 2007, cash and cash equivalents totaled $32.2 million, an increase of $4.9 million from $27.4 million at December 31, 2006. This increase was primarily due to cash generated by the business of $20.7 million, $1.8 million of cash received from forward contract hedges, partially offset by $5.2 million used to purchase property and equipment and $6.1 million used to pay down long-term debt, and $10.2 million used to repurchase shares.

Accounts receivable and work in process at December 31, 2007 totaled $106.9 million, an increase of $4.6 million from $102.3 million at December 31, 2006. As of December 31, 2007, other current assets increased $5.2 million to $12.3 million from $7.2 million at December 31, 2006. Current liabilities totaled $87.1 million, an increase of $11.2 million from $75.9 million at December 31, 2006. These changes were driven by the growth in the business, year-over-year.

In 2006, Lionbridge’s working capital increased $3.7 million to $60.9 million at December 31, 2006, as compared to $57.2 million at December 31, 2005. The increase was primarily due to higher cash, accounts receivable and work in process balances, partially offset by higher accounts payable and accrued expenses. The increase was primarily due to the net impact of the growth of the business year on year.

As of December 31, 2006, cash and cash equivalents totaled $27.4 million, an increase of $2.2 million from $25.1 million at December 31, 2005. This increase was primarily due to cash generated by the business of $16.6 million, $2.5 million of cash received from Bowne & Co., Inc. related to BGS purchase price adjustments, partially offset by $4.2 million used to purchase property and equipment and $15.3 million used to pay down long-term debt. Additionally, the Company received $1.3 million in proceeds from the issuance of common stock under option and employee stock purchase plans.

Accounts receivable and work in process at December 31, 2006 totaled $102.3 million, an increase of $8.5 million from $93.8 million at December 31, 2005. As of December 31, 2006, other current assets decreased slightly to $7.2 million from $7.4 million at December 31, 2005. Current liabilities totaled $75.9 million, an increase of $6.7 million from $69.2 million at December 31, 2005. These changes were driven by the growth in the business, year-over-year.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $20.7 million in 2007, as compared to $16.6 million in 2006. The primary source of cash in 2007 was a $7.5 million decrease in work in process, a $5.5 million increase in

 

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accounts payable and accrued expenses and a $6.9 million increase in deferred revenue, partially offset by other changes including a net loss of $4.2 million (net of $20.7 million in depreciation, amortization and other non-cash expenses and gains), a $9.8 million increase certain other operating assets, and a $5.8 million increase in accounts receivable.

In 2006, net cash provided by operating activities was $16.6 million in 2006, as compared to $8.8 million in 2005. The primary source of cash in 2006 was a $2.1 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses, a $622,000 decrease in certain other operating assets, partially offset by other changes including a net loss of $4.9 million (net of $22.2 million in depreciation, amortization and other non-cash expenses and gains), a $2.9 million increase in accounts receivable and work-in-process, and a $433,000 decrease in deferred revenue.

Lionbridge has not experienced any significant trends in accounts receivable and work in process other than changes relative to the change in revenue, as previously noted. Fluctuations in accounts receivable from period to period relative to changes in revenue are a result of timing of customer invoicing and receipt of payments from customers.

Net cash used in investing activities increased $2.4 million to $3.4 million in 2007 as compared to $1.0 million in 2006. The primary use of cash in investing activity in 2007 was $5.2 million for the purchase of property and equipment. Net cash provided by investing activities in 2007 included $1.8 million net proceeds from forward contract hedges.

In 2006, net cash used in investing activities decreased $119.5 million to $1.0 million in 2006 as compared to $120.5 million in 2005. The primary use of cash in investing activity in 2006 was $4.2 million for the purchase of property and equipment. Net cash provided by investing activities in 2006 included a purchase price reimbursement from Bowne of $2.5 million.

Net cash used in financing activities in 2007 was $16.0 million as compared to $14.1 million of net cash provided by financing activities in 2006. Net cash used by financing activities in 2007 primarily included $10.2 used to repurchase the Company’s shares on the open market pursuant to the Company’s stock repurchase program and $6.1 million used to pay down its outstanding debt. In addition, the Company raised $359,000 in proceeds from the issuance of common stock under stock option plans.

Net cash used in financing activities in 2006 was $14.1 million as compared to $99.7 million of net cash provided by financing activities in 2005. Net cash used by financing activities, were primarily to pay down $15.3 million of its outstanding debt, net during the year. In addition, the Company raised $1.3 million in proceeds from the issuance of common stock under option and employee stock purchase plans, partially offset by the payment of $59,000 in capital lease obligations.

On December 21, 2006, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement, together with VeriTest, Inc. (“VeriTest”), Lionbridge US, Inc. (“Lionbridge US”), Lionbridge Global Solutions Federal, Inc. (“Federal”) and Lionbridge Global Solutions II, Inc. (“LGS II”) (VeriTest, Lionbridge US, Federal and LGS II, are collectively the “US Guarantors”), the several banks and financial institutions as may become parties to the Credit Agreement (collectively, the “Lenders”) and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as administrative agent for the Lenders (“HSBC”). The Credit Agreement replaced the Company’s Term Loan B and Revolving Credit Facility with Wachovia Bank, National Association that had been in place since September 1, 2005. The Credit Agreement provides for a five-year $100.0 million revolving credit facility. At December 31, 2007, $71.7 million was outstanding with an interest rate of 6.3% as compared to $77.7 million outstanding at December 31, 2006 with an interest rate of 7.1%.

On February 10, 2005, Lionbridge filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (SEC File No. 333-122698), covering the registration of common stock (the “Securities”), in an aggregate amount of $130.0 million, which was declared

 

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effective by the Commission on February 23, 2005. These Securities may be offered from time to time in amounts, at prices and on terms to be determined at the time of sale. The Company believes the shelf registration provides additional financing flexibility to meet potential future funding requirements and the ability to take advantage of potentially attractive capital market conditions. Lionbridge anticipates that its present cash and short-term investments position, available financing and access to capital markets should provide adequate cash to fund its currently anticipated cash needs for the next twelve months and foreseeable future.

Contractual Obligations

The following table summarizes Lionbridge’s contractual cash obligations at December 31, 2007 and the effect such obligations are expected to have on its liquidity and cash flow in future periods:

 

     Total    Less than
1 Year
   1-3
Years
   4-5
Years
   More than
5 Years
     (In thousands)

Capital leases

   $ 251    $ 44    $ 207    $ —      $ —  

Debt

     71,700      —        —        71,700      —  

Interest on debt (1)

     18,366      4,634      9,183      4,549      —  

Operating leases

     60,902      13,395      16,052      8,902      22,553
                                  
   $ 151,219    $ 18,073    $ 25,442    $ 85,151    $ 22,553
                                  

 

(1) Interest payment amounts are projected using market rates as of December 31, 2007. Future interest payments may differ from these projections based on changes in market interest rates. Interest on debt includes projected interest expense on the three-year amortizing interest rate swap the Company has in place as of December 31, 2007.

Lionbridge adopted FIN 48 as of January 1, 2007. As of December 31, 2007, the total amount of net unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions and the accrual for the related interest was $6.0 million. The Company is unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate when cash settlement, if any, will occur with a tax authority as the timing of examinations and ultimate resolution of those examinations is uncertain.

As of December 31, 2007, Lionbridge did not have any material purchase obligations, or other material long-term commitments reflected on its consolidated balance sheet.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company does not have any special purpose entities or off-balance sheet financing arrangements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In September 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (“SFAS No. 157”). SFAS No. 157 establishes a framework for measuring fair value and requires expanded disclosures regarding fair value measurements. This accounting standard is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. However, in January 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position FAS 157-b, “Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157” (“FSP FAS 157-b”). This FSP permits entities to elect to defer the effective date of SFAS No. 157 for all non-financial liabilities, except those that are recognized or disclosed as fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. The Company has elected to defer the adoption of SFAS No. 157 for those assets and liabilities included in FSP FAS 157-b. The adoption of SFAS No. 157 will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, including an amendment of FASB Statements No. 115” (“SFAS No. 159”). SFAS No. 159

 

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permits entities to choose, upon recognition or at specified other election dates, to measure eligible financial assets and liabilities at fair value (the “fair value option”). This election is made on an instrument-by-instrument basis and unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option has been elected must be reported in earnings for each subsequent reporting period. This accounting standard is effective for the Company’s 2008 fiscal year. The Company does not expect the effect of adopting SFAS No. 159 to be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position, annual results of operations or cash flows.

In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS 141R, “Business Combinations” (“SFAS No. 141R”), which is effective for the Company in fiscal year 2009. SFAS 141R retains the fundamental requirements in SFAS No. 141, “Business Combinations” (“SFAS No. 141”) which requires that the acquisition method of accounting (formerly known as the purchase method) is used for all business combinations and changes the accounting treatment for certain acquisition related costs, restructuring activities, and acquired contingencies, among other changes. SFAS No. 141R retains the guidance in SFAS No. 141 for identifying and recognizing intangible assets separately from goodwill. This standard is required to be adopted for acquisitions consummated after December 31, 2008, with certain provisions applied to earlier acquisitions in periods after that date. The Company continues to evaluate the impact of SFAS No. 141R, and expects that its adoption will reduce the Company’s operating earnings due to required recognition of acquisition and restructuring costs through operating earnings on future acquisitions. The magnitude of this impact will be dependent on the number, size, and nature of acquisitions in periods subsequent to adoption.

In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160, “Non-controlling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements, an Amendment of ARB No. 51” (“SFAS 160”), which amends the accounting for and disclosure of the non-controlling interest in a subsidiary and for the deconsolidation of a subsidiary. This Statement clarifies the definition and classification of a non-controlling interest, revises the presentation of non-controlling interests in the consolidated income statement, establishes a single method of accounting for changes in a parent’s ownership interest in a subsidiary that does not result in deconsolidation, and requires that a parent recognize a gain or loss in net earnings (loss) when a subsidiary is deconsolidated. This Statement also requires expanded disclosures in the consolidated financial statements that clearly identify and distinguish between the interests of the parent’s owners and the interests of the non-controlling owners of a subsidiary. SFAS No. 160 will be effective for the Company beginning in fiscal 2009. The Company does not expect the adoption of SFAS No. 160 to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, annual results of operations or cash flows.

 

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Lionbridge conducts its business globally and its earnings and cash flows are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates and currency exchange rates. The Company manages its risk to foreign currency transaction exposure and interest rates through risk management programs that includes the use of derivative financial instruments. Lionbridge operates these programs pursuant to documented corporate risk management policies. Lionbridge does not enter into any derivative transactions for speculative purposes. Gains and losses on derivative financial instruments substantially offset gains and losses on underlying hedged exposures.

Interest Rate Risk.    Lionbridge is exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates with respect to its revolving loan facility which bears interest at Prime or LIBOR (at the Company’s discretion) plus an applicable margin based on certain financial covenants. As of December 31, 2007, $71.7 million was outstanding under this facility. A hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in interest rates would have approximately a $455,000 impact on the Company’s interest expense based on the $71.7 million outstanding at December 31, 2007 with an interest rate of 6.3%. On July 20, 2007, the Company entered into a three-year amortizing interest rate swap with a notional amount of $20.0 million that corresponds to a portion of the Company’s floating rate credit facility. The $20.0 million notional amount effectively converted that portion of the Company’s total floating rate credit facility to fixed rate debt. The fair value of the interest rate derivative was a liability of $533,000 at

 

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December 31, 2007. A 10% increase in interest rates would increase the derivative’s fair value by approximately $108,000. A 10% decrease in interest rates would decrease the derivative’s fair value by approximately $109,000. The interest rate swap is designated as a cash flow hedge under SFAS No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” (“SFAS No. 133”) and there is no hedge ineffectiveness at December 31, 2007. Additionally, Lionbridge is exposed to market risk through its investing activities. The Company’s portfolio consists primarily of short-term time deposits with investment grade banks and maturities less than 30 days. A hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in interest rates would not have a material impact on the carrying value of Lionbridge’s investments due to their immediately available liquidity.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk.    Lionbridge conducts a large portion of its business in international markets. Although a majority of Lionbridge’s contracts with clients are denominated in U.S. dollars, 71% and 67% of its costs and expenses in 2007 and 2006, respectively, were denominated in foreign currencies. In addition, 15% and 23% of the Company’s consolidated tangible assets were subject to foreign currency exchange fluctuations as of December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, while 8% and 6% of its consolidated liabilities were exposed to foreign currency exchange fluctuations as of December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively. In addition, net inter-company balances denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the respective entity were approximately $100.0 million and $111.0 million as of December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively. The principal foreign currency applicable to our business is the Euro. The Company has implemented a risk management program that partially mitigates its exposure to assets or liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the respective entity which includes the use of derivative financial instruments not designated as hedges in accordance with SFAS No. 133. The Company had forward contracts outstanding in the notional amount of $54.4 million at December 31, 2007 and recorded $298,000 in other assets to recognize the fair value of these forward contracts. A 10% appreciation in the U.S. dollar’s value relative to the hedge currencies would decrease the forward contracts’ fair value by approximately $4.0 million at December 31, 2007. A 10% depreciation in the U.S. dollar’s value relative to the hedge currencies would increase the forward contract’s fair value by approximately $4.3 million. Any increase or decrease in the fair value of the Company’s currency exchange rate sensitive forward contracts would be substantially offset by a corresponding decrease or increase in the fair value of the hedged underlying asset or liability.

 

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Lionbridge’s consolidated financial statements together with the related notes and the report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, are set forth beginning on page F-1 of this Form 10-K.

 

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

 

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.    Lionbridge maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, as the Company’s are designed to do, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the risk related to controls and procedures.

 

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In connection with the preparation of this Form 10-K, as of December 31, 2007, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based upon this evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2007. These conclusions were communicated to the Audit Committee.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.    The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management and Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

The Company’s management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007. In making its assessment of internal controls over financial reporting, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (“COSO”) of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Based on this assessment, the Company’s CEO and CFO concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective at December 31, 2007 based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control-Integrated Framework.

The Company’s registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This report is included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting.    There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2007 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

 

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

PART III

Anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding, in no event whatsoever are the sections entitled “Stock Performance Graph”, “Nominating and Compensation Committee Report on Executive Compensation” and “Audit Committee Report”, nor the Audit Committee Charter attached as an appendix thereto, to be incorporated by reference herein from Lionbridge’s proxy statement in connection with its annual meeting of stockholders expected to be held in the second quarter of 2007.

 

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Certain information relating to directors and executive officers of Lionbridge is incorporated by reference herein from Lionbridge’s proxy statement in connection with its annual meeting of stockholders expected to be held in the second quarter of 2008, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of Lionbridge’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2007.

Lionbridge has adopted a code of conduct that applies to all employees, including its principal executive officer, principal financial officer, and principal accounting officer. A copy of the code of ethics is available on Lionbridge’s Web site.

 

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Item 11. Executive Compensation

Certain information relating to remuneration of directors and executive officers and other transactions involving management is incorporated by reference herein from Lionbridge’s proxy statement in connection with its annual meeting of stockholders expected to be held in the second quarter of 2008, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of Lionbridge’s year ended December 31, 2007.

 

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Certain information relating to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and information on securities for issuance under equity compensation plans is incorporated by reference herein from Lionbridge’s proxy statement in connection with its annual meeting of stockholders expected to be held in the second quarter of 2008, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of Lionbridge’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2007.

 

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Certain information relating to certain relationships and related transactions, and director independence is incorporated by reference herein from Lionbridge’s proxy statement in connection with its annual meeting of stockholders expected to be held in the second quarter of 2008, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of Lionbridge’s year ended December 31, 2007.

 

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

Information regarding principal auditor fees and services is set forth under “Principal Auditor Fees and Services” in Lionbridge’s proxy statement in connection with its annual meeting of stockholders expected to be held in the second quarter of 2008, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the close of Lionbridge’s year ended December 31, 2007.

PART IV

 

Item 15. Financial Statements, Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

 

  (a) The following documents are filed as part of this Form 10-K:

 

  (1) Financial Statements:

 

     Page
Number

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

   54

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2007 and 2006

   55

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005

   56

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005

   57

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005

   58

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

   59

 

  (2) Financial Statement Schedules:

Financial Statement Schedules have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto.

 

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  (3) Exhibits

 

Exhibit
No.

  

Exhibit

  3.1, 4.1

   Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Lionbridge (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-81233) and incorporated herein by reference).

  3.2, 4.2

   Form of Amended and Restated By-laws of Lionbridge (filed as Exhibit 3.4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-81233) and incorporated herein by reference).

  4.3

   Specimen Certificate for shares of Lionbridge’s Common Stock (filed as Exhibit 4.3 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-81233) and incorporated herein by reference).

10.1**

   1998 Stock Plan, as amended and restated (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended June 30, 2004, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.2**

   Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the 1998 Stock Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-26933) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2003, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.3**

   Lionbridge 2005 Incentive Stock Plan, as amended and restated (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on May 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.4**

   Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the Lionbridge 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on November 14, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.5**

   Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under the Lionbridge 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on November 14, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.6**

   Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Lionbridge 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on November 14, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.7**

   Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement For Officers and Employees under the Lionbridge 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on November 14, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.8**

   Lionbridge Amended and Restated Independent Directors Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on May 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.9**

   Lionbridge Deferred Compensation Plan for Independent Directors (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on May 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.10**

   Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Independent Directors (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on May 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.11**

   Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Independent Directors (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on May 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

 

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Exhibit
No.

  

Exhibit

10.12**

   Harvard Translations, Inc. 1997 Stock Option Plan (filed as Exhibit 4.4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-38996) filed on June 9, 2000, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.13**

   IC Global Services, Inc. 1998 Stock Plan (Amended and Restated April 6, 1999) (filed as Exhibit 4.5 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-38996) filed on June 9, 2000, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.14**

   International Language Engineering Corporation Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Option Plan (filed as Exhibit 4.6 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-38996) filed on June 9, 2000, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.15**

   Data Dimensions, Inc. 1997 Stock Option Plan (filed as Exhibit 4.5 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-66720) filed on August 3, 2001, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.16

   Lease dated as of October 1, 2005 between and Randal J. Stewart and Anne J. Stewart dba Palm Court Properties and VeriTest Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended September 30, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.17

   Lease dated as of July 28, 2005 between and OP&F Stevenson Corporation and Lionbridge US, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended September 30, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.18

   Lease agreement dated as of March 14, 2005 between Lionbridge Technologies Private Limited and Mr. S.K. Dharmalingam (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended March 31, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.19

   Sublease dated as of January 5, 2006 between SlaterLabs S.A. and Lionbridge España, S.L. (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended March 31, 2006 and incorporated herein by reference).

10.20

   Sublease dated as of June 30, 2006 between and 24/7Real Media Inc. and Lionbridge Global Solutions II, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended June 30, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.21

   Lease dated as of June 1, 2006 between Shanghai WASETA International Trading Co., Ltd. and Lionbridge Beijing Technologies, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended June 30, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.22

   Lease dated as of July 7, 2006 between Britphil & Co. (US) Ltd. and Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended September 30, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.23

   Lease dated as of July 10, 2006 between Abaco Urbanizacao E Empreendimentos Limitada and Lionbridge Participações, Ltda. (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended September 30, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.24

   Lease dated as of July 11, 2006, between Taifun Real sp. zo.o and Lionbridge Poland sp. zo.o. (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended September 30, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.25

   Third Amendment to Lease dated October 31, 2006, between 492 OCP LLC and Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.26 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-26933) for the year ended December 31, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

 

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Exhibit
No.

  

Exhibit

10.26

   Amendment No. 2 to Lease dated November 30, 2006, between Imation Corporation and VeriTest, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.27 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-26933) for the year ended December 31, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.27

   Lease dated December 15, 2006, Clichy Victor Hugo and Lionbridge France SAS (filed as Exhibit 10.29 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-26933) for the year ended December 31, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.28

   Lease dated as of March 14, 2007, between TCAM Core Property Fund Operating LP and Lionbridge US, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended March 31, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.29

   Lease amendment dated as of May 1, 2007, between Société Civile Immobilière Core Sophia and Lionbridge Technologies SARL (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No: 000-26933) for the quarter ended June 30, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.30

   Lease amendment dated as of June 4, 2007, between IEF Vastgoad Pluto B.V. and Lionbridge Technologies B.V. (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No: 000-26933) for the quarter ended June 30, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.31

   Lease dated as of August 8, 2007, between Beijing Oriental Plaza Co., Ltd. And Beijing Lionbridge Global Solutions Technologies, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No: 000-26933) for the quarter ended September 30, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.32*

   Agreement dated October 12, 2007, between Orrick Investments Pte Ltd. and Lionbridge Singapore Pte Ltd.

10.33**

   Form of Indemnification Agreement between Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. and its Officers and Directors (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended March 31, 2003, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.34**

   Non-competition Agreement between the Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. and Satish Maripuri dated March 1, 2004, (filed as Exhibit 10.66 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-26933) for the year ended December 31, 2004, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.35**

   Non-competition Agreement between the Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. and Henri Broekmate dated March 24, 2004, (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended March 31, 2004, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.36**

   Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Lionbridge 1998 Stock Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended September 30, 2004, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.37**

   Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Lionbridge 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended March 31, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.38**

   Employment Agreement dated as of September 19, 2006, between Rory Cowan and Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on September 20, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.39**

   Rory Cowan Performance-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on September 20, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

 

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Exhibit
No.

  

Exhibit

10.40**

   Rory Cowan Performance-Based Stock Option Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on September 20, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.41**

   Transition Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2007, between Stephen J. Lifshatz and Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on August 2, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.42**

   Employment and Business Protection Agreement, effective as of September 17, 2007, between Donald M. Muir and Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on September 11, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.43**

   Lionbridge Amended and Restated Change of Control Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on November 7, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.44**

   Form of Change of Control Agreement for Tier I Executives (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on November 7, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.45

   Credit Agreement dated as of December 21, 2006, by and among Lionbridge Technologies, Inc., VeriTest, Inc., Lionbridge US, Inc., Lionbridge Global Solutions Federal, Inc., the several banks and financial institutions named therein, and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on December 26, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.46

   Pledge Agreement dated as of December 21, 2006, by and among Lionbridge Technologies, Inc., VeriTest, Inc., Lionbridge US, Inc., Lionbridge Global Solutions Federal, Inc., the several banks and financial institutions named therein, and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on December 26, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.47

   Security Agreement dated as of December 21, 2006, by and among Lionbridge Technologies, Inc., VeriTest, Inc., Lionbridge US, Inc., Lionbridge Global Solutions Federal, Inc., the several banks and financial institutions named therein, and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on December 26, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.48

   Form of Revolving Note under the Credit Agreement dated as of December 21, 2006, (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on December 26, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.49

   Form of Swingline Note under the Credit Agreement dated as of December 21, 2006, (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on December 26, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.50

   Amendment and Joinder Agreement dated as of January 22, 2007, among Lionbridge Technologies, Inc., HSBC Bank USA, NA and the parties named therein (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on January 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.51

   Charge on Shares of Lionbridge International (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on January 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.52

   Charge on Shares of Lionbridge International Finance Limited (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on January 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

 

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Exhibit
No.

  

Exhibit

10.53

   Notes issued by Lionbridge International Finance Limited to the Lenders under the Credit Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on January 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

14*

   Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. Code of Conduct

21.1*

   Subsidiaries of Lionbridge

23.1*

   Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

31.1*

   Certification of Rory J. Cowan, the Company’s principal executive officer as required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2*

   Certification of Donald M. Muir, the Company’s principal financial officer as required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1*

   Certifications of Rory J. Cowan, the Company’s principal executive officer, and Donald M. Muir, the Company’s principal financial officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 

* Filed herewith.
** Indicates a management contract or any compensatory plan, contract or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit pursuant to Item 14(c).

 

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

Lionbridge Technologies, Inc.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a) 1 present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2007 and 2006, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2007 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

As discussed in Notes 8 and 9 to the consolidated financial statements, respectively, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for, and discloses, share-based compensation in 2006 and uncertain tax positions in 2007.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/    PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Boston, Massachusetts

March 14, 2008

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

 

     December 31,  
     2007     2006  
ASSETS     

Current assets:

    

Cash and cash equivalents

   $ 32,248     $ 27,354  

Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $689 and $728 at December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively

     83,611       72,940  

Work in process

     23,335       29,311  

Other current assets

     12,329       7,153  
                

Total current assets

     151,523       136,758  

Property and equipment, net

     13,449       13,032  

Goodwill

     131,213       131,044  

Other intangible assets, net

     28,441       36,894  

Other assets

     8,437       3,772  
                

Total assets

   $ 333,063     $ 321,500  
                
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY     

Current liabilities:

    

Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt

   $ 304     $ 355  

Accounts payable

     20,217       18,730  

Accrued compensation and benefits

     21,164       18,282  

Accrued outsourcing

     12,150       10,645  

Accrued merger and restructuring

     1,878       1,507  

Other accrued expenses

     12,250       13,462  

Income taxes payable

     3,042       4,199  

Deferred revenue

     16,014       8,583  

Other current liabilities

     44       102  
                

Total current liabilities

     87,063       75,865  
                

Long-term debt, less current portion

     71,751       77,855  

Deferred income taxes, long-term

     7,504       7,685  

Other long-term liabilities

     10,591       3,407  

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 7)

    

Stockholders’ equity:

    

Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding

     —         —    

Common stock, $0.01 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 57,592,936 and 60,089,130 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively

     576       601  

Additional paid-in capital

     253,924       257,077  

Accumulated deficit

     (112,101 )     (107,704 )

Accumulated other comprehensive income

     13,755       6,714  
                

Total stockholders’ equity

     156,154       156,688  
                

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity

   $ 333,063     $ 321,500  
                

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

 

     For the Years Ended December 31,  
     2007     2006     2005  

Revenue

   $ 451,994     $ 418,884     $ 236,262  

Operating expenses:

      

Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)

     302,059       277,814       153,929  

Sales and marketing

     32,841       30,483       20,725  

General and administrative

     87,041       74,286       46,922  

Research and development

     3,375       2,811       1,646  

Depreciation and amortization

     5,186       5,536       3,525  

Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets

     8,453       8,696       2,791  

Merger, restructuring and other charges

     4,019       4,232       5,448  
                        

Total operating expenses

     442,974       403,858       234,986  
                        

Income from operations

     9,020       15,026       1,276  

Interest expense:

      

Interest on outstanding debt

     5,403       7,712       2,556  

Accretion of discount on debt and deferred financing costs

     190       858       310  

Accelerated recognition of discount and deferred financing costs on early repayment of debt

     —         2,129       —    

Interest income

     699       427       519  

Other expense, net

     3,347       3,779       587  
                        

Income (loss) before income taxes

     779       975       (1,658 )

Provision for income taxes

     4,991       5,877       2,255  
                        

Net loss

   $ (4,212 )   $ (4,902 )   $ (3,913 )
                        

Net loss per share of common stock:

      

Basic and diluted

   $ (0.07 )   $ (0.08 )   $ (0.08 )

Weighted average number of shares outstanding:

      

Basic and diluted

     59,297       58,997       50,515  

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Amounts in thousands, except number of shares)

 

    Common Stock     Additional
Paid-in
Capital
    Accumulated
Deficit
    Deferred
Compensation
    Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income
    Total
Stockholders’
Equity
    Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 
    Shares     Par
Value
             

Balance at January1, 2005

  46,924,701     $ 470     $ 184,464     $ (98,889 )   $ (2,089 )   $ 3,510     $ 87,466    

Issuance of restricted stock

  725,236       7       4,314         (4,321 )       —      

Reversal of deferred compensation due to restricted stock forfeitures

  (110,756 )     (1 )     (770 )       672         (99 )  

Amortization of deferred compensation

            1,581         1,581    

Stock options exercised

  909,321       10       1,797             1,807    

Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plans

  63,483         268             268    

Issuance of common stock in connection with business combination

  9,400,000       94       56,400             56,494    

Issuance of common stock related to share offering

  1,355,000       13       7,932             7,945    

Comprehensive income:

               

Net loss

          (3,913 )         (3,913 )   $ (3,913 )

Other comprehensive loss:

               

Translation adjustment

              (1,814 )     (1,814 )     (1,814 )
                     

Comprehensive loss

                $ (5,727 )
                                                             

Balance at December 31, 2005

  59,266,985       593       254,405       (102,802 )     (4,157 )     1,696       149,735    

Reclassification to initially adopt SFAS No. 123R on January 1, 2006

        (4,157 )       4,157         —      

Issuance of restricted stock

  476,000       4       (4 )           —      

Restricted stock forfeitures to cover employee withholding taxes on vested shares

  (76,218 )       (558 )           (558 )  

Common stock issued for option exercises and employee stock purchase plans

  461,829       4       1,257             1,261    

Stock-based compensation (net of unvested restricted stock forfeitures)

  (39,466 )       6,134             6,134    

Adjustment to initially adopt SFAS No. 158

              47       47    

Comprehensive income:

               

Net loss

          (4,902 )         (4,902 )   $ (4,902 )

Other comprehensive income:

               

Translation adjustment

              4,971       4,971       4,971  
                     

Comprehensive income

                $ 69  
                                                             

Balance at December 31, 2006

  60,089,130       601       257,077       (107,704 )     —         6,714       156,688    

Issuance of restricted stock

  605,322       6       (6 )           —      

Restricted stock forfeitures to cover employee withholding taxes on vested shares

  (83,662 )     (1 )     (475 )           (476 )  

Common stock issued for option exercises

  180,490       2       357             359    

Stock-based compensation (net of unvested restricted stock forfeitures)

  (39,249 )       7,175             7,175    

Shares repurchased

  (3,159,095 )     (32 )     (10,204 )           (10,236 )  

SFAS No. 158 adjustment

              (66 )     (66 )  

FIN 48 adjustment

          (185 )         (185 )  

Comprehensive income:

               

Net loss

          (4,212 )         (4,212 )   $ (4,212 )

Other comprehensive income:

               

Unrealized loss on cash flow hedge

              (533 )     (533 )     (533 )

Translation adjustment

              7,640       7,640       7,640  
                     

Comprehensive income

                $ 2,895  
                                                             

Balance at December 31, 2007

  57,592,936     $ 576     $ 253,924     $ (112,101 )   $ —       $ 13,755     $ 156,154    
                                                       

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Amounts in thousands)

 

    For the Years Ended December 31,  
    2007     2006     2005  

Cash flows from operating activities:

     

Net loss

  $ (4,212 )   $ (4,902 )   $ (3,913 )

Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:

     

Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets

    8,453       8,696       2,791  

Stock-based compensation

    7,175       6,134       1,581  

Non-cash merger, restructuring and other charges

    768       —         35  

Accretion of discount on debt and debt financing costs

    190       858       310  

Accelerated recognition of discount and deferred financing costs on early repayment of debt

    —         2,129       —    

Depreciation and amortization

    5,186       5,536       3,525  

Provision for doubtful accounts

    55       —         563  

Loss (gain) on disposal of fixed assets

    154       (216 )     —    

Deferred income taxes

    681       (999 )     (263 )

Net realized and unrealized foreign currency gains on forward contracts

    (1,986 )     —         —    

Other

    —         33       57  

Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions:

     

Accounts receivable

    (5,825 )     (725 )     (9,276 )

Work in process

    7,500       (2,151 )     5,634  

Other current assets

    (8,469 )     1,656       (1,387 )

Other assets

    (1,299 )     (1,034 )     (609 )

Accounts payable

    1,712       4,848       3,792  

Accrued compensation and benefits

    (415 )     4,333       986  

Accrued outsourcing

    691       848       845  

Accrued merger and restructuring

    179       (1,032 )     159  

Income taxes payable

    (3,014 )     719       463  

Other accrued expenses

    6,298       (7,659 )     1,008  

Deferred revenue

    6,873       (433 )     2,525  
                       

Net cash provided by operating activities

    20,695       16,639       8,826  
                       

Cash flows from investing activities:

     

Purchases of property and equipment

    (5,217 )     (4,221 )     (3,306 )

Proceeds from sale of property and equipment

    —         593       —    

Payments for businesses acquired, net of cash acquired of $11,500 for the year ended December 31, 2005

    —         —         (121,231 )

Purchase price adjustment for businesses acquired

    —         2,499       —    

Net proceeds from forward contract hedges

    1,805       129       —    

Purchases of short-term investments

    —         —         (275,100 )

Sales of short-term investments

    —         —         279,100  
                       

Net cash used in investing activities

    (3,412 )     (1,000 )     (120,537 )
                       

Cash flows from financing activities:

     

Proceeds from issuance of short-term debt

    15,100       12,400       2,500  

Payments of short-term debt

    (15,100 )     (12,400 )     (2,500 )

Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, net of discount of $0 and $2,307 for the year ended December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively

    —         77,700       97,693  

Payments of long-term debt

    (6,113 )     (93,036 )     (7,741 )

Proceeds from issuance of common stock under option and employee stock purchase plans

    359       1,261       2,074  

Proceeds from other issuances of common stock, net of issuance costs

    —         —         7,945  

Shares repurchased

    (10,236 )     —         —    

Proceeds from issuance of capital leases

    265       —         —    

Payments of capital lease obligations

    (291 )     (59 )     (236 )
                       

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities

    (16,016 )     (14,134 )     99,735  
                       

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

    1,267       1,505       (11,976 )

Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents

    3,627       702       (1,327 )

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year

    27,354       25,147       38,450  
                       

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year

  $ 32,248     $ 27,354     $ 25,147  
                       

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

1. Basis of Presentation:

Nature of the Business

Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively, “Lionbridge” or the “Company”) provides a suite of globalization and testing services to businesses, particularly in the technology, consumer products, life sciences, publishing, financial services, manufacturing, government, automotive and retail industries. Lionbridge is a leading provider of globalization, development and testing services that enable clients to develop, release, manage and maintain their enterprise content and related technical support, training materials, and sales and marketing information. Lionbridge’s solutions includes product and content globalization; content and eLearning courseware development; interpretation services; application development and maintenance; software and hardware testing; product certification and competitive analysis. Globalization is the process of adapting content and products to meet the language and cultural requirements of users throughout the world. As part of its Global Language and Content (“GLC”) solutions, Lionbridge also develops eLearning content and technical documentation. Lionbridge GLC solutions are based on the Company’s internet-architected language technology platform and global service delivery model which make the translation process more efficient for Lionbridge clients and translators. Through its Global Development and Testing (“GDT”) solutions, Lionbridge develops, re-engineers and optimizes IT applications and performs testing to ensure the quality, interoperability, usability and performance of clients’ software, consumer technology products, web sites and content. Lionbridge’s testing services, which are offered under the VeriTest brand, also include product certification and competitive analysis. Lionbridge has deep domain experience developing, testing and maintaining applications in a cost-efficient, blended on-site and offshore model. Lionbridge has its head office in the United States, with operations in Europe, Asia, India, North America, and Latin America.

The Company anticipates that its existing capital resources, including its line of credit and cash flows from operations will be adequate to satisfy its capital requirements for at least one year from the balance sheet date. To the extent that capital resources are less than expected or operating objectives are not achieved, management is committed to pursuing alternative financing arrangements or reducing expenditures as necessary to meet the Company’s cash requirements throughout 2007. However, there is no assurance that, if required, the Company will be able to raise additional capital or reduce certain discretionary spending to provide adequate liquidity.

 

2. Significant Accounting Policies:

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of Lionbridge reflect the application of certain significant accounting policies as described below:

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Lionbridge and its wholly owned subsidiaries from the effective date of their acquisition or formation. All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Lionbridge recognizes revenue as services are performed and amounts are earned in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 101, “Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements,” as amended by SAB No. 104, “Revenue Recognition.” Lionbridge considers amounts to be earned when (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement has been obtained; (2) services are delivered; (3) the fee is fixed or determinable; and (4) collectibility is reasonably assured. Determination of criteria (3) and (4) are based on

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

management’s judgments regarding the fixed nature of the fee charged for services rendered and products delivered and the collectibility of those fees.

Lionbridge’s revenue is recorded from the provision of services to customers for GLC, GDT and Interpretation services which include content development, product and content globalization, interpretation, software and hardware testing, product certification and application development and maintenance.

Content development, software and hardware testing, interpretations and application development and maintenance projects are normally time and expense priced contracts, and revenue is recognized using a time and expense basis over the period of performance, primarily based on labor costs incurred to date.

Product and content globalization and product certification projects are fixed price contracts and revenue is recognized as services are delivered. Depending on specific contractual provisions and nature of the deliverable, revenue is recognized on (1) a proportional performance model based on level of effort, (2) as milestones are achieved or (3) when final deliverables have been met. Amounts billed in excess of revenue recognized are recorded as deferred revenue.

The delivery of Lionbridge’s GLC services involves and is dependent on the translation of content by subcontractors and in-house employees. As the time and cost to translate each word of content within a project is relatively uniform, labor input is reflective of the delivery of the contracted service and an appropriate metric for the measurement of proportional performance in delivering such services. The use of a proportional performance assessment of service delivery requires significant judgment relative to estimating total contract costs, including assumptions relative to the length of time to complete the project, the nature and complexity of the work to be performed, anticipated increases in employee wages and prices for subcontractor services, and the availability of subcontractor services. When adjustments in estimated project costs are identified, anticipated losses, if any, are recognized in the period in which they are determined.

Lionbridge’s GLC agreements with its customers may provide the customer with a fixed and limited time period following delivery during which Lionbridge will attempt to address any non-conformity to previously agreed upon objective specifications relating to the work, either in the form of a limited acceptance period or a post-delivery warranty period. Management believes recognition of revenue at the time the services are delivered is appropriate, because its obligations under such provisions are limited in time, limited in scope, and historically have not involved significant costs. In the future, if the post delivery acceptance or warranty provisions become more complex or include subjective acceptance criteria, Lionbridge may have to revise its revenue recognition policy appropriately, which could affect the timing of revenue recognition.

Lionbridge provides integrated full-service offerings throughout a client’s product and content lifecycle, including GLC and GDT services. Such multiple-element service offerings are governed by the Emerging Issues Task Force Issue 00-21, “Accounting for Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables.” For these arrangements where the GLC and GDT services have independent value to the customer, and there is evidence of fair value for each service, the combined service arrangement is bifurcated into separate units for accounting treatment. In instances where it is not possible to bifurcate a project, direct and incremental costs attributable to each component are deferred and recognized together with the service revenue upon delivery. The determination of fair value requires the use of significant judgment. Lionbridge determines the fair value of service revenues based upon its recent pricing for those services when sold separately and/or prevailing market rates for similar services.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

Revenue includes reimbursement of travel and out-of-pocket expenses with equivalent amounts of expense recorded in cost of revenue.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are included in sales and marketing expenses and are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs were approximately $1.1 million, $778,000 and $363,000 for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency for each of Lionbridge’s foreign operations is predominantly the local currency of the country in which those operations are based. Revenues and expenses of foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average rates of exchange during the year. Assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at year-end rates of exchange. The Company has reflected a resulting translation gain of $7.6 million and $5.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, and a translation loss of $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2005 in accumulated other comprehensive income, which is a component of stockholders’ equity. These unrealized gains and losses are primarily attributable to the fluctuation in value between the U.S. dollar and the Euro. For the purpose of disclosure of comprehensive income (loss), Lionbridge does not record tax provisions or benefits for the net changes in foreign currency translation adjustments, as Lionbridge intends to permanently reinvest undistributed earnings in its foreign subsidiaries.

Realized and unrealized foreign currency transaction gains or losses, arising from exchange rate fluctuations on balances denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies, are included in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations and resulted in losses of $3.8 million, $3.0 million and $660,000 for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

Financial Instruments

Lionbridge enters into foreign currency forward contracts with commercial banks to hedge exposure to foreign currency assets and liabilities recorded on its balance sheet and amortizing interest swaps to manage interest rate risk. Changes in the fair value of forward contracts are recorded in the Company’s earnings. The Company had forward contracts outstanding in the notional amount of $54.4 million at December 31, 2007. The $20.0 million notional interest rate swap effectively converted that portion of the Company’s total floating rate credit facility to fixed rate debt. The interest rate swap is designated as a cash flow hedge under SFAS No. 133 and changes in the fair value are recorded to other comprehensive income. Lionbridge does not hold or issue financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include all highly liquid investments with a maturity of ninety days or less at the time of purchase. Cash equivalents consist primarily of time deposits and are stated at cost plus accrued interest.

Work in Process

Work in process represents the value of work performed but not yet billed. Work in process is calculated on a project-by-project basis using a percentage-of-completion method based on total anticipated project costs

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

(primarily labor costs) and is stated at cost plus estimated profit, but not in excess of net realizable value. Billing of amounts in work in process occurs according to customer-agreed payment schedules or upon completion of specified project milestones. All of Lionbridge’s projects in work in process are expected to be billed and collected within one year.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment is stated at cost and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method, based upon the following asset lives:

 

Computer software and equipment

   1 to 5 years

Land, building and building improvements

   5 to 40 years

Furniture and office equipment

   3 to 10 years

Leasehold improvements

   Shorter of lease term or useful life of asset

Upon retirement or other disposition, the cost and related accumulated depreciation of the assets are removed from the accounts and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in the determination of net income or loss. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Lionbridge assesses the impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Such events or conditions could include an economic downturn in the industries to which Lionbridge provides services; increased competition; an increase in operating or other costs; additional volatility in international currencies; the pace of technological improvements; or other information regarding Lionbridge’s market value, such as a reduction in stock price. When Lionbridge determines that the carrying value of intangibles or goodwill may not be recoverable based upon one or more of these indicators of impairment, the Company initially assesses any impairment using fair value measurements based on projected discounted cash flow valuation models. In addition, in accordance with SFAS No. 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets”, goodwill is reviewed for impairment on an annual basis. At December 31, 2007 and 2006, the Company performed its annual test of goodwill to determine if an impairment existed. This test determined that each reporting unit’s fair value exceeded the carrying value of the net assets of each respective reporting unit, using projected discounted cash flow modeling. As a result, no impairment was required in either year. Estimating future cash flows requires management to make projections that can differ materially from actual results.

The Company evaluates whether there has been an impairment in the carrying value of its other intangible assets in accordance with SFAS No. 144, “Accounting for Impairment of Long-Lived Assets,” if circumstances indicate that a possible impairment may exist. An impairment in the carrying value of an asset is assessed when the undiscounted expected future operating cash flows derived from the asset are less than its carrying value. If it is determined that the asset is impaired then it is written down to its estimated fair value. Factors that could lead to an impairment of acquired customer relationships (recorded with the BGS acquisition) include a worsening in customer attrition rates compared to historical attrition rates, or lower than initially anticipated cash flows associated with customer relationships.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

Other intangible assets arose from the acquisition of BGS in September 2005 and consist of the following, which have been or are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives, except for the BGS customer relationships, of which a portion is being amortized using an economic consumption method:

 

     Estimated
Useful

Life

BGS:

  

Customer relationships

   3 to 12 years

Customer contracts

   3 to 5 years

Internally developed software

   1 to 4 years

Income Taxes

Current income taxes are recorded based on statutory obligations for the current operating period for the various countries in which the Company has operations.

Deferred income taxes are generally recognized for the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities (temporary differences) multiplied by the enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

On January 1, 2007, Lionbridge adopted FIN 48. FIN 48 prescribes a recognition threshold that a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements and provides guidance on de-recognition, measurement, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition issues. At the adoption date the Company had gross unrecognized tax affected benefits of approximately $1.5 million, exclusive of certain pre-acquisition indemnification items. As a result of adopting FIN 48, the Company recognized a charge of approximately $185,000 to the January 1, 2007 retained earnings balance for accrued taxes, interest and penalties related to the unrecognized tax benefits, which if incurred, would be recognized as a component of income tax expense.

Net Loss per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. For purposes of calculating diluted earnings per share, the denominator includes both the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding and the number of dilutive common stock equivalents such as stock options, unvested restricted stock and warrants, as determined using the treasury stock method.

Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation

Effective January 1, 2006, the Company adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123 (revised 2004), “Share-Based Payment” (“SFAS 123R”), utilizing the modified prospective method whereby prior periods were not restated for comparability. SFAS 123R requires recognition of stock-based compensation expense in the statement of operations over the vesting period based on the fair value of the award at the grant date. Previously, the Company used the intrinsic value method under Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, “Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees” (“APB 25”), as amended by related interpretations of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

The Company has stock-based employee compensation plans which are described more fully in Note 8 to these consolidated financial statements.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, actuarial valuations and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Estimates are used when accounting for the collectibility of receivables, calculating revenue using a percentage-of-completion method, and valuing intangible assets, deferred tax assets and net assets of businesses acquired. Some of these estimates can be subjective and complex and, consequently, actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. While for any given estimate or assumption made by the Company’s management there may be other estimates or assumptions that are reasonable, the Company believes that, given the current facts and circumstances, it is unlikely that applying any such other reasonable estimate or assumption would materially impact the financial statements.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Total comprehensive income (loss) consists of net loss, unrealized losses on a cash flow hedge and the net change in foreign currency translation adjustment.

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Customers

Financial instruments which potentially subject Lionbridge to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with several investment grade financial institutions. Investments consist of time deposits with maturities less than 30 days. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade accounts receivable are limited due to the dispersion of customers across different industries and geographic regions. Microsoft accounted for approximately 22% and 18% of consolidated accounts receivable at December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively. No other client individually accounted for more than 10% of consolidated accounts receivable at December 31, 2007 or 2006. Lionbridge generally does not require collateral or other security against trade receivable balances; however, it maintains reserves for potential credit losses and such losses have historically been within management’s expectations.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Financial instruments are carried in the consolidated financial statements at amounts that approximate fair values at December 31, 2007 and 2006. Fair values are based on market prices and assumptions concerning the amount and timing of estimated future cash flows and assumed discount rates, reflecting varying degrees of perceived risk. The Company recognizes all derivative financial instruments in our consolidated financial statements at fair value in accordance with SFAS No. 133. The Company records changes in the fair value of derivative instruments in earnings unless deferred hedge accounting criteria is met. For derivative instruments designated as fair value hedges, the Company records the changes in fair value of both the derivative instrument and the hedged item in earnings except for derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges for which the company records the effective portions of changes in fair value in other comprehensive income.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In September 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (“SFAS No. 157”). SFAS No. 157 establishes a framework for measuring fair value and requires expanded disclosures regarding fair value measurements. This accounting standard is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. However, in January 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position FAS 157-b, “Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157” (“FSP FAS 157-b”). This FSP permits entities to elect to defer the effective date of SFAS No. 157 for all non-financial liabilities, except those that are recognized or disclosed as fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. The Company has elected to defer the adoption of SFAS No. 157 for those assets and liabilities included in FSP FAS 157-b. The adoption of SFAS No. 157 will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, including an amendment of FASB Statements No. 115” (“SFAS No. 159”). SFAS No. 159 permits entities to choose, upon recognition or at specified other election dates, to measure eligible financial assets and liabilities at fair value (the “fair value option”). This election is made on an instrument-by-instrument basis and unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option has been elected must be reported in earnings for each subsequent reporting period. This accounting standard is effective for the Company’s 2008 fiscal year. The Company does not expect the effect of adopting SFAS No. 159 to be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position, annual results of operations or cash flows.

In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS 141R, “Business Combinations” (“SFAS No. 141R”), which is effective for the Company in fiscal year 2009. SFAS 141R retains the fundamental requirements in SFAS No. 141, “Business Combinations” (“SFAS No. 141”) which requires that the acquisition method of accounting (formerly known as the purchase method) is used for all business combinations and changes the accounting treatment for certain acquisition related costs, restructuring activities, and acquired contingencies, among other changes. SFAS No. 141R retains the guidance in SFAS No. 141 for identifying and recognizing intangible assets separately from goodwill. This standard is required to be adopted for acquisitions consummated after December 31, 2008, with certain provisions applied to earlier acquisitions in periods after that date. The Company continues to evaluate the impact of SFAS No. 141R, and expects that its adoption will reduce the Company’s operating earnings due to required recognition of acquisition and restructuring costs through operating earnings. The magnitude of this impact will be dependent on the number, size, and nature of acquisitions in periods subsequent to adoption.

In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160, “Non-controlling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements, an Amendment of ARB No. 51” (“SFAS 160”), which amends the accounting for and disclosure of the non-controlling interest in a subsidiary and for the deconsolidation of a subsidiary. This Statement clarifies the definition and classification of a non-controlling interest, revises the presentation of non-controlling interests in the consolidated income statement, establishes a single method of accounting for changes in a parent’s ownership interest in a subsidiary that does not result in deconsolidation, and requires that a parent recognize a gain or loss in net earnings (loss) when a subsidiary is deconsolidated. This Statement also requires expanded disclosures in the consolidated financial statements that clearly identify and distinguish between the interests of the parent’s owners and the interests of the non-controlling owners of a subsidiary. SFAS No. 160 will be effective for the Company beginning in fiscal 2009. The Company does not expect the adoption of SFAS No. 160 to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, annual results of operations or cash flows.

 

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3.    Property and Equipment:

Property and equipment consisted of the following at December 31:

 

     2007     2006  

Computer software and equipment

   $ 26,179,000     $ 24,602,000  

Land, buildings and building improvements

     4,232,000       4,155,000  

Furniture and office equipment

     5,249,000       4,740,000  

Leasehold improvements

     6,202,000       5,774,000  
                
     41,862,000       39,271,000  

Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization

     (28,413,000 )     (26,239,000 )
                
   $ 13,449,000     $ 13,032,000  
                

Depreciation and amortization expense was $5.2 million, $5.5 million and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

 

4.    Business Acquisitions:

Lionbridge has grown its business since inception through a combination of acquisitions and organic growth. Such acquisitions through December 31, 2007 have resulted in the cumulative recognition of approximately $204.3 million of goodwill and other intangible assets on its balance sheet. Other acquired intangible assets are amortized over periods ranging from one to twelve years.

Significant acquisitions in the three year period ended December 31, 2007 were as follows:

Bowne Global Solutions

On September 1, 2005, Lionbridge completed the acquisition of Bowne Global Solutions (“BGS”) pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of June 27, 2005. After the acquisition, BGS became a wholly owned subsidiary of Lionbridge. At the closing, each share of common stock of BGS was automatically converted into the right to receive a portion of the acquisition consideration. To fund a portion of the purchase price for its acquisition of BGS, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (“Credit Agreement”) dated as of September 1, 2005, together with certain of its U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries, the several banks and financial institutions as may become parties to the Credit Agreement (“Lenders”) and Wachovia Bank, National Association, as administrative agent for the Lenders. The Credit Agreement was replaced in December 2006 with a Credit Agreement dated as of December 21, 2006, by and among the Company, certain of its U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries, the several banks and financial institutions named therein, and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, which provided for a five-year revolving line of credit of up to $100.0 million.

The BGS acquisition was accounted for using the purchase method of accounting. The total purchase price was $188.4 million, consisting of a cash payment of $128.5 million made at the closing, 9.4 million shares of Lionbridge’s common stock with a fair market value of $56.5 million, and an additional $3.4 million of direct acquisition costs. The market price used to value the Lionbridge shares issued as partial consideration for BGS was $6.01, which represents the 5 day average closing price of the stock during the period beginning two days before and ending two days after June 28, 2005 the first trading day of the Company’s common stock following announcement of the acquisition on June 27, 2005. Lionbridge borrowed $2.5 million under the revolving credit facility component of the Credit Agreement and $97.7 million (net of $2.3 million of debt financing fees) under the term facility component of the Credit Agreement, which amounts were used to pay a portion of the cash consideration at the closing.

 

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Additionally, in connection with the acquisition of BGS, Lionbridge recorded $48.3 million of amortizable intangible assets, including customer contracts, technology and customer relationships. The estimated useful life of acquired customer contracts ranges from 3.3 to 5.3 years and is being amortized on a straight-line basis. The estimated useful life of acquired technology ranges from 1 to 4 years and is being amortized on a straight-line basis. The estimated useful life of acquired customer relationships is 12 years and is being amortized using the economic consumption method to reflect diminishing cash flows from these relationships in the future. In determining the fair value of the acquired customer relationships, Lionbridge used a discounted cash flow model based upon the estimated future income streams associated with the customer relationships considering their estimated remaining period of benefit. As part of this model, Lionbridge relied on historical attrition rates combined with a premium factor related to the inherent risk of attrition in the newly acquired BGS customer base.

The final allocation of the purchase price, including direct acquisition costs, was based on the fair values of the assets and liabilities assumed as of December 31, 2005, as follows:

 

Current assets

   $ 78,541,000  

Property and equipment

     11,494,000  

Other assets

     1,815,000  

Acquired customer relationships

     32,000,000  

Acquired customer contracts

     14,000,000  

Acquired technology

     2,317,000  
        

Total assets

     140,167,000  

Accrued restructuring, current

     (3,691,000 )

Other current liabilities

     (33,805,000 )

Accrued restructuring, long term

     (721,000 )

Deferred tax liabilities, long term

     (7,734,000 )

Other non-current liabilities

     (1,894,000 )
        

Total liabilities

     (47,845,000 )
        

Net assets

     92,322,000  

Goodwill

     96,066,000  
        

Total purchase price

   $ 188,388,000  
        

At December 31, 2005, the Company reported goodwill of $96.1 million resulting from the purchase price allocation. The goodwill of $96.1 million resulting from the purchase price allocation reflects the value of the underlying enterprise, as well as the anticipated value of synergies that Lionbridge expects to realize as the business is integrated into existing Lionbridge operations. The total $96.1 million of goodwill has been assigned to the Company’s GLC segment. Goodwill allocated to domestic operations is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

During 2006, the Company adjusted certain estimates recorded as part of the fair value purchase accounting. The acquired incentive compensation liability was reduced by $521,000 and deferred tax assets were reduced by $247,000. In addition, the Company received a $2.5 million purchase price reimbursement from Bowne for pre-acquisition tax liabilities and recorded a $164,000 tax receivable for recovery of pre-acquisition value added taxes. These purchase accounting adjustments resulted in a net decrease in goodwill of $3.0 million during 2006. Additionally, the Company continued to exit certain activities of BGS as a part of the merger plan, resulting in restructuring and other charges of $2.7 million for severance and $256,000 for vacated facilities costs.

 

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During 2007, the Company adjusted certain estimates recorded as part of the fair value purchase accounting. The acquired disability benefit obligation was reduced by $169,000 resulting in an increase to goodwill.

In connection with the acquisition of BGS, Bowne agreed to indemnify the Company for any tax liabilities accruing on or prior to the acquisition date of September 1, 2005. Accordingly, the Company has not recorded any net amounts as pre-acquisition tax contingencies in connection with the BGS acquisition.

 

5.    Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets:

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill on a total consolidated basis and by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006 consisted of the following:

 

     2007
     GLC    GDT    Total

Balance, beginning of the year

   $ 123,219,000    $ 7,825,000    $ 131,044,000

Goodwill adjustment, net

     169,000      —        169,000
                    

Balance, end of the year

   $ 123,388,000    $ 7,825,000    $ 131,213,000
                    
     2006
     GLC    GDT    Total

Balance, beginning of the year

   $ 123,157,000    $ 7,825,000    $ 130,982,000

Goodwill acquired

     62,000      —        62,000
                    

Balance, end of the year

   $ 123,219,000    $ 7,825,000    $ 131,044,000
                    

Included in “Other intangible assets, net” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet are other intangible assets that are subject to amortization. The following table summarizes other intangible assets as of December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively:

 

     2007    2006
     Gross
Carrying
Value
   Accumulated
Amortization
   Balance    Gross
Carrying
Value
   Accumulated
Amortization
   Balance

BGS acquired customer relationships

   $ 32,000,000    $ 11,071,000    $ 20,929,000    $ 32,000,000    $ 6,255,000    $ 25,745,000

BGS acquired customer contracts

     14,000,000      6,912,000      7,088,000      14,000,000      3,950,000      10,050,000

BGS acquired technology

     2,317,000      1,893,000      424,000      2,317,000      1,218,000      1,099,000
                                         
   $ 48,317,000    $ 19,876,000    $ 28,441,000    $ 48,317,000    $ 11,423,000    $ 36,894,000
                                         

Estimated annual amortization expense related to these intangible assets is as follows:

 

Year ending December 31,

    

2008

   $ 8,441,000

2009

     5,520,000

2010

     4,893,000

2011

     2,332,000

2012

     1,921,000

Thereafter

     5,334,000
      
   $ 28,441,000
      

 

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6.    Debt:

On December 21, 2006, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement together with VeriTest, Inc. (“VeriTest”), Lionbridge US, Inc. (“Lionbridge US”), Lionbridge Global Solutions Federal, Inc. (“Federal”) and Lionbridge Global Solutions II, Inc. (“LGS II”) (VeriTest, Lionbridge US, Federal and LGS II, are collectively the “US Guarantors”), the several banks and financial institutions as may become parties to the Credit Agreement (collectively, the “Lenders”) and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as administrative agent for the Lenders (“HSBC”). The Credit Agreement replaced the Company’s Term Loan B and Revolving Credit Facility with Wachovia Bank, National Association that had been in place since September 1, 2005. An incremental $2.1 million of interest expense was recognized as accelerated deferred financing costs in December 2006 upon early repayment of this debt. The Credit Agreement provides for a five-year $100.0 million revolving credit facility. At December 31, 2007, $71.7 million was outstanding with an interest rate of 6.3%.

 

7.    Commitments and Contingencies:

Operating Lease Commitments

The Company leases certain equipment and office space under noncancelable agreements which expire at various dates through 2026. Future minimum lease payments under noncancelable operating leases (excluding recognition of sublease income) at December 31, 2007 were as follows:

 

Year ending December 31,

    

2008

   $ 13,395,000

2009

     9,052,000

2010

     7,000,000

2011

     5,035,000

2012

     3,867,000

Thereafter

     22,553,000
      
   $ 60,902,000
      

Lionbridge recorded total rental expense of $15.6 million, $13.5 million and $7.7 million in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

Guarantor Arrangements

When as part of an acquisition the Company acquires all of the stock or all of the assets and liabilities of a company, the Company assumes the liability for certain events or occurrences that took place prior to the date of acquisition. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make for such obligations is undeterminable at this time. In September 2005, the Company acquired all of the stock of Bowne Global Solutions. Since those dates, the Company has not received any claims for events that occurred prior to such acquisition. The Company believes that there are no such liabilities outside the ordinary course of business related to the acquisition of BGS. Accordingly, the Company has no liabilities recorded for these guarantees as of December 31, 2007. Moreover, pursuant to the terms of the acquisition agreement with BGS, BGS is obligated to indemnify the Company for tax liabilities incurred prior to the September 1, 2005 acquisition date. This indemnification obligation continues in perpetuity with respect to tax liabilities arising prior to the acquisition date.

Under the terms of the Company’s existing Credit Agreement dated as of December 21, 2006, with HSBC Bank USA, National Association and the other banks and financial institutions named therein, the Company has

 

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guaranteed the obligations of certain of its subsidiaries that are borrowers under the terms of the Credit Agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make for such obligations is equal to the maximum amount of borrowings under the Credit Agreement at such time.

Lionbridge enters into services agreements in the ordinary course of business with its customers. Most of these agreements require us to indemnify the customers against third party claims alleging that deliverables provided by Lionbridge infringe on a patent, copyright or other proprietary rights. Certain of these agreements require Lionbridge to indemnify the customers against certain claims relating to property damage, personal injury or the acts or omissions of Lionbridge, its employees, agents or representatives.

From time to time, Lionbridge may guarantee the performance by its subsidiaries of contractual obligations to customers under the terms of services agreements entered into with customers in the ordinary course of business.

Based upon Lionbridge’s historical experience, contractual limitations of liability applicable to such indemnities, and information known as of December 31, 2007, the Company believes its liability on the above guarantees and indemnities at December 31, 2007 is immaterial.

Contingencies

On or about July 24, 2001, a purported securities class action lawsuit captioned “Samet v. Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. et al.” (01-CV-6770) was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (the “Court”) against the Company, certain of its officers and directors, and certain underwriters involved in the Company’s initial public offering. The complaint in this action asserted, among other things, that omissions regarding the underwriters’ alleged conduct in allocating shares in Lionbridge’s initial public offering to the underwriters’ customers. In March 2002, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York entered an order dismissing without prejudice the claims against Lionbridge and its officers and directors (the case remained pending against the underwriter defendants).

On April 19, 2002, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint naming as defendants not only the underwriter defendants but also Lionbridge and certain of its officers and directors. The amended complaint asserts claims under both the registration and antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws relating to, among other allegations, the underwriters’ alleged conduct in allocating shares in the Company’s initial public offering and the disclosures contained in the Company’s registration statement. On July 15, 2002, the Company, together with the other issuers named as defendants in these coordinated proceedings, filed a collective motion to dismiss the complaint on various legal grounds common to all or most of the issuer defendants. In October 2002, the claims against officers and directors were dismissed without prejudice. In February 2003, the Court issued its ruling on the motion to dismiss, ruling that the claims under the antifraud provisions of the securities laws could proceed against the Company and a majority of the other issuer defendants.

In June 2003, Lionbridge elected to participate in a proposed settlement agreement with the plaintiffs in this litigation. If the proposed settlement had been approved by the Court, it would have resulted in the dismissal, with prejudice, of all claims in the litigation against Lionbridge and against any other of the issuer defendants who elected to participate in the proposed settlement, together with the current or former officers and directors of participating issuers who were named as individual defendants. This proposed settlement was conditioned on, among other things, a ruling by the District Court that the claims against Lionbridge and against the other issuers who had agreed to the settlement would be certified for class action treatment for purposes of the proposed settlement, such that all investors included in the proposed classes in these cases would be bound by the terms of the settlement unless an investor opted to be excluded from the settlement.

 

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On December 5, 2006, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit issued a decision in In re Initial Public Offering Securities Litigation that six purported class action lawsuits containing allegations substantially similar to those asserted against the Company may not be certified as class actions due, in part, to the Appeals Court’s determination that individual issues of reliance and knowledge would predominate over issues common to the proposed classes. On January 8, 2007, the plaintiffs filed a petition seeking rehearing en banc of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision. On April 6, 2007 the Court of Appeals denied the plaintiffs’ petition for rehearing of the Court’s December 5, 2006 ruling but noted that the plaintiffs remained free to ask the District Court to certify classes different from the ones originally proposed which might meet the standards for class certification that the Court of Appeals articulated in its December 5, 2006 decision. The Plaintiffs have since moved for certification of different classes in the District Court.

In light of the Court of Appeals’ December 5, 2006 decision regarding certification of the plaintiffs’ claims, the District Court entered an order on June 25, 2007 terminating the proposed settlement between the plaintiffs and the issuers, including Lionbridge. Because any possible future settlement with the plaintiffs, if such a settlement were ever to be agreed to, would involve the certification of a class action for settlement purposes, the impact of the Court of Appeals’ class certification-related rulings on the possible future settlement of the claims against Lionbridge cannot now be predicted.

On October 1, 2007, the plaintiffs submitted their briefing in support of their motions to certify different classes in the six focus cases. The issuer defendants and the underwriter defendants filed separate oppositions to those motions on December 21, 2007. The motions to certify classes in the six focus cases are not yet fully briefed and remain pending. In addition, on August 14, 2007, the plaintiffs filed amended complaints in the six focus cases. On November 13, 2007, the issuer defendants moved to dismiss the claims against them in the amended complaints in the six focus cases. The underwriter defendants have also moved to dismiss the claims against them in the amended complaints in the six focus cases. Those motions to dismiss are fully briefed and remain pending.

With the termination of the proposed settlement, we intend to continue to defend the litigation vigorously. The litigation process is inherently uncertain and unpredictable, however, and there can be no guarantee as to the ultimate outcome of this pending lawsuit. The Company believes that the underwriters may have an obligation to indemnify Lionbridge for the legal fees and other costs of defending this suit. While Lionbridge cannot guarantee the outcome of these proceedings, the Company believes that the final result of this lawsuit will have no material effect on its consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

 

8.    Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-Based Compensation:

Offerings of Common Stock

In December 2005, Lionbridge issued 1,355,000 shares of its common stock at $6.25 per share in a public offering for total consideration of $7.9 million, net of underwriting costs and other expenses. These shares were sold in connection with the underwriter’s exercise of its over-allotment option in such offering.

Stock Repurchase

In September 2007, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a $12.0 million stock repurchase program and as of December 31, 2007, the Company had acquired 3.2 million shares of its common stock for $10.2 million. These stock purchases were at a volume weighted average price of $3.21 per share.

 

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Adoption of SFAS 123R, Share-Based Payment

The Company has stock-based compensation plans for salaried employees and non-employee members of the Board of Directors. The plans provide for discretionary grants of stock options, restricted stock and stock units, and other stock-based awards. The plans are administered by the Nominating and Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, which consists of non-employee directors.

Effective January 1, 2006, the Company adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123 (revised 2004), “Share-Based Payment” (“SFAS 123R”), utilizing the modified prospective method whereby prior periods were not restated for comparability. SFAS 123R requires recognition of stock-based compensation expense in the statement of operations over the vesting period based on the fair value of the award at the grant date. Previously, the Company used the intrinsic value method under Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, “Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees” (“APB 25”), as amended by related interpretations of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

Under APB 25, no compensation cost was recognized for stock options if the quoted market price of the stock at the grant date was equal to the amount per share the employee had to pay to acquire the stock after fulfilling the vesting period. SFAS 123R supersedes APB 25 as well as Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 123 “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation” (“SFAS 123”), which permitted pro forma footnote disclosures to report the difference between the fair value method and the intrinsic value method.

Impact of Adoption of SFAS 123R

The Company recognized expense for restricted stock grants under the previous guidance, thus the impact from adopting SFAS 123R pertains to its requirement to expense the value of stock option and market-based awards. For the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, the Company expensed $4.0 million and $3.5 million for stock options and market-based awards classified in the statement of operations line items as follows:

 

     For the Year
Ended December 31,
     2007    2006

Cost of revenue

   $ 97,000    $ 110,000

Sales and marketing

     705,000      727,000

General and administrative

     3,150,000      2,632,000

Research and development

     37,000      45,000

The impact of recording stock-based compensation related to stock options was a reduction in basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2006 of $0.06. The adoption of SFAS 123R had no impact on cash flows from operating or financing activities.

Stock Option Plans

In November 2005, the stockholders of Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. approved the Lionbridge 2005 Incentive Plan (the “2005 Plan”), which had been previously adopted by the Lionbridge Board of Directors on October 7, 2005, for officers, employees, non-employee directors and other key persons of Lionbridge and its subsidiaries. The maximum number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2005 Plan is 4,000,000 shares. At December 31, 2007, there were 429,000 options available for future grant under the 2005 Plan. Options to purchase common stock are granted at the discretion of the Board of Directors and the Nominating and Compensation Committee. Generally, stock options vest over a four-year period: 25% of the

 

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option shares vest one year from the date of grant and the remaining option shares vest at the rate of 12.5% each six month period thereafter. Stock options generally expire five years from the date of grant under the 2005 Plan. Under the terms of the 2005 Plan, the exercise price of incentive and non-qualified stock option grants must not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. Options are amortized using a straight line basis over the option vesting period.

Lionbridge’s 1998 Stock Option Plan (the “Plan”) provides for the issuance of incentive and nonqualified stock options. The maximum number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the Plan is 11,722,032 shares. At December 31, 2007 there were 1,243,790 options available for future grant under the Plan. Options to purchase common stock are granted at the discretion of the Board of Directors and the Nominating and Compensation Committee. Generally, stock options vest over a four-year period: 25% of the option shares vest one year from the date of grant and the remaining option shares vest at the rate of 12.5% each six month period thereafter. Stock options generally expire ten years (five years in certain cases) from the date of grant under the Plan. Under the terms of the Plan, the exercise price of incentive stock options granted must not be less than 100% (110% in certain cases) of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant, as determined by the Board of Directors. The exercise price of nonqualified stock options may be less than the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant, as determined by the Board of Directors, but in no case may the exercise price be less than the statutory minimum, the par value per share of Lionbridge’s common stock.

Harvard Translations and INT’L.com, both acquired in May 2000, also maintained stock option plans which were assumed by Lionbridge and provided for grants of options to officers, consultants and employees that expire ten years (five years in certain cases) from date of grant. The stock option grants generally vest over four to five years except for certain options that have acceleration clauses effective upon certain circumstances including a change of ownership or control. Upon the mergers of Harvard Translations and INT’L.com into Lionbridge, Lionbridge assumed options for the purchase of 742,584 shares of Lionbridge common stock. No further options will be granted under these plans.

Data Dimensions, acquired in June 2001, maintained stock option plans, which provided for grants to employees and directors that generally expire five years from the date of grant. The stock options generally vest over four years. Upon the acquisition of Data Dimensions, Lionbridge assumed options for the purchase of 408,911 shares of Lionbridge common stock. No further options will be granted under these plans.

Stock Option Activity

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2007:

 

     Number of
Options
    Weighted Avg.
Exercise
Price
   Weighted Avg.
Remaining
Contractual
Life (years)
   Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
(in thousands)

Outstanding as of December 31, 2006

   5,617,266     $ 5.79      

Granted

   1,251,000     $ 5.23      

Exercised

   (180,490 )   $ 1.99       $ 658

Canceled (forfeited and expired)

   (456,962 )   $ 6.30      
              

Outstanding as of December 31, 2007

   6,230,814     $ 5.75    4.6    $ 2,410

Exercisable as of December 31, 2007

   3,834,321     $ 5.57    4.6    $ 2,407

 

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The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value, based on the Company’s common stock closing price of $3.55 as of December 31, 2007, which would have been received by the option holders had all in-the-money option holders exercised their options as of that date. The total number of in-the-money options outstanding as of December 31, 2007 was 1,652,309. The total number of in-the-money options exercisable as of December 31, 2007 was 1,643,809.

The weighted average grant date fair value of options, as determined under SFAS 123R and SFAS 123, granted during the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 was $3.82, $2.85 and $3.71 per share respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 was approximately $658,000, $2.1 million and $4.2 million, respectively. The total cash received from employees as a result of employee stock option exercises during the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 was approximately $359,000, $1.3 million and $2.1 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2007, future compensation cost related to non-vested stock options, less estimated forfeitures, is approximately $5.1 million and will be recognized over an estimated weighted average period of approximately 1.3 years. The total fair value of shares vested during the year ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005 was $7.2 million, $7.2 million and $7.4 million, respectively.

The Company settles employee stock option exercises with newly issued shares of common stock.

Lionbridge currently expects to amortize the following amounts of stock-based compensation related to stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2007 in the years ending:

 

Year ending December 31,

    

2008

   $ 2,585,000

2009

     1,590,000

2010

     751,000

2011

     160,000
      
   $ 5,086,000
      

The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2007:

 

     Options Outstanding    Options Exercisable

Range of

Exercise Prices

  

Number

Outstanding

  

Weighted-

Average

Remaining

Contractual

Life

  

Weighted-

Average

Exercise

Price

  

Number

Exercisable

  

Weighted-

Average

Exercise

Price

$ 0.15-1.31    32,449    2.5 years    $ 1.05    32,449    $ 1.05
  1.32-2.03    1,037,439    4.0 years      1.62    1,037,439      1.62
  2.04-3.19    580,921    3.4 years      2.98    573,921      2.98
  3.20-5.20    687,676    5.2 years      4.56    115,799      4.67
  5.21-8.25    2,832,480    4.6 years      6.65    1,038,665      6.89
  8.26-11.38    1,035,519    5.6 years      9.63    1,011,718      9.65
  11.39-18.66    23,839    2.1 years      17.91    23,839      17.91
  18.67-173.57    491    0.2 years      81.50    491      81.50
                              
$   0.15-$173.57    6,230,814    4.6 years    $ 5.75    3,834,321    $ 5.57
                              

 

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

Valuation Assumptions for Stock Options

For the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, 1,251,000, 1,337,500 and 959,000 stock options were granted, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2005, 8,206 and 63,483 shares were purchased under the employee stock purchase plan, respectively. The fair value of each option (excluding market-based awards discussed below) was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

 

     For the Year Ended December 31,  
     2007     2006     2005  

Risk-free interest rate

   3.53 to 4.73 %   4.36 to 5.02 %   3.41 to 4.42 %

Expected volatility

   51.4 to 62.1 %   49.7 to 50.8 %   84.0 %

Expected life (years)

   3.8 to 4.1     3.3 to 3.6     4.0  

Dividend yield

   0 %   0 %   0 %

The expected life represents the weighted average period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding giving consideration to vesting schedules and the Company’s historical exercise patterns. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected life of the option. In accordance with the Securities and Exchange Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) 107, the Company estimated the expected volatility of its stock options, taking into account a combination of both historical and implied volatility. The expected volatility was determined by averaging the historical volatilities of its common stock since August 2003, the date of the Company’s follow-on offering, which resulted in a material change to the Company’s shareholder base as well as a change in behavior of the Company’s stock in the marketplace with Lionbridge’s implied volatility rate, based on the volatility of Lionbridge’s traded options with terms exceeding six months.

On September 19, 2006, Lionbridge issued 300,000 stock option grants with a fair market value of $849,000 to its Chief Executive Officer. These stock option awards are subject to the following market-based vesting criteria: 33% of the market-based award vests on the date that the Company’s average closing stock price in a consecutive thirty calendar day period is greater than or equal to $10.00; an additional 33% of the market-based award vests on the date that the Company’s average closing stock price in a consecutive thirty calendar day period is greater than or equal to $13.50; and the remaining 34% of the market-based award vests on the date the Company’s average closing stock price in a consecutive thirty calendar day period is greater than or equal to $17.00. The Company uses the lattice model to value market condition awards. As noted above, the Company estimated the expected volatility of its stock options, taking into account a combination of both historical and implied volatility. The expected volatility rates with respect to these market-based stock option awards were determined to be 46.2%, 47.5% and 52.0%, respectively, for each of the three derived service periods.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

Fair Value Disclosures—Prior to SFAS 123R Adoption

The following table provides supplemental information for the year ended December 31, 2005 as if stock-based compensation expense had been computed under SFAS 123:

 

     2005  

Net income (loss), as reported

   $ (3,913,000 )

Add: Stock-based employee compensation expense included in reported net income (loss), net of related tax effects

     1,581,000  

Deduct: Stock-based employee compensation expense determined under fair value based methods for all awards, net of related tax effects

     (4,816,000 )
        

Pro forma net income (loss)

   $ (7,148,000 )
        

Net income (loss) per share:

  

Basic, as reported

   $ (0.08 )

Basic, pro forma

   $ (0.14 )

Net income (loss) per share:

  

Diluted, as reported

   $ (0.08 )

Diluted, pro forma

   $ (0.14 )

Restricted Stock Awards

Lionbridge issued 716,100 and 432,500 shares of restricted common stock and restricted stock units with a fair market value of $3.7 million and $3.0 million in 2007 and 2006, respectively. Restrictions on disposition lapse over four years from the date of grant on each anniversary date.

On September 19, 2006, Lionbridge issued 200,000 shares of restricted common stock with a fair market value of $1.2 million to its Chief Executive Officer. This restricted stock award is subject to the following market-based vesting criteria: 33% of the market-based award vests on the date that the Company’s average closing stock price in a consecutive thirty calendar day period is greater than or equal to $10.00; an additional 33% of the market-based award vests on the date that the Company’s average closing stock price in a consecutive thirty calendar day period is greater than or equal to $13.50; and the remaining 34% of the market-based award vests on the date the Company’s average closing stock price in a consecutive thirty calendar day period is greater than or equal to $17.00. The Company uses the lattice model to value market condition awards. For awards with market conditions with a cliff vesting feature, as described above, the Company recognizes stock based compensation on a straight line basis over the requisite service period.

Total compensation expense related to all restricted stock awards was $3.2 million and $2.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value of restricted stock awards granted during the year ended December 31, 2007 was $5.20.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

The following table summarizes non-vested restricted stock awards activity for the year ended December 31, 2007:

 

     Non-vested
Number of
Restricted Share
Awards
 

Non-vested balance at December 31, 2006

   1,218,184  

Granted at fair market value

   716,100  

Vested

   (416,388 )

Forfeited

   (64,749 )
      

Non-vested balance at December 31, 2007

   1,453,147  
      

Lionbridge currently expects to amortize $5,423,000 of unamortized compensation in connection with restricted stock awards outstanding as of December 31, 2007 over an estimated weighted average period of approximately 1.3 years.

Warrants

In connection with prior financing activities, the Company has 113,218 warrants outstanding for common stock with an exercise price of $1.69. All warrants are exercisable.

 

9. Income Taxes:

The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows for the years ended December 31:

 

     2007    2006     2005  

Current:

       

Federal

   $ 67,000    $ 722,000     $ —    

State

     113,000      131,000       144,000  

Foreign

     4,130,000      6,022,000       2,373,000  
                       

Total current provision

   $ 4,310,000    $ 6,875,000     $ 2,517,000  

Deferred:

       

Foreign

   $ 205,000    $ (1,525,000 )   $ (355,000 )

Domestic

     476,000      527,000       93,000  
                       

Total deferred benefit

   $ 681,000    $ (998,000 )   $ (262,000 )
                       

Total provision for income taxes

   $ 4,991,000    $ 5,877,000     $ 2,255,000  
                       

The components of the income (loss) before income taxes were as follows for the years ended December 31:

 

     2007     2006     2005  

United States

   $ (9,723,000 )   $ (28,083,000 )   $ (5,125,000 )

Foreign

     10,502,000       29,058,000       3,467,000  
                        

Income (loss) before income taxes

   $ 779,000     $ 975,000     $ (1,658,000 )
                        

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

The provision for income taxes was at rates different from the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate for the following reasons:

 

     2007     2006     2005  

Statutory tax rate

   34.0 %   34.0 %   34.0 %

State income taxes

   (333.0 )%   (99.2 )%   (1.7 )%

Foreign sourced income

   —       188.9 %   (97.7 )%

Foreign rate differential

   (4.2 )%   (303.0 )%   120.0 %

Foreign taxes

   10.7 %   22.5 %   36.6 %

Valuation allowance

   45.1 %   605.9 %   (105.1 )%

Unrealized foreign exchange gains

   8.6 %   (128.1 )%   (96.2 )%

Stock-based compensation

   60.5 %   55.3 %   —    

Permanent differences

   671.3 %   84.4 %   3.6 %

Goodwill

   61.1 %   54.0 %   (5.6 )%

Tax revenue and other

   86.6 %   88.1 %   (23.9 )%
                  

Effective tax rate

   640.7 %   602.8 %   (136.0 )%
                  

The consolidated deferred tax assets (liabilities) of the Company were as follows at December 31:

 

     2007     2006  

U.S. net operating loss carryforwards

   $ 44,804,000     $ 42,162,000  

Foreign net operating loss carryforwards

     27,817,000       24,043,000  

Difference in accounting for amortization and depreciation

     (3,001,000 )     (6,082,000 )

Goodwill amortization

     (1,110,000 )     (619,000 )

Reserves and accruals

     1,450,000       1,564,000  

Tax credits carryforwards

     1,554,000       1,139,000  

Stock-based compensation

     4,253,000       1,826,000  

Deferred revenue

     2,757,000       1,309,000  

Other

     361,000       139,000  

Valuation allowance

     (86,389,000 )     (73,166,000 )
                

Net deferred tax liability

   $ (7,504,000 )   $ (7,685,000 )
                

A deferred tax liability has been recorded as of December 31, 2007 and 2006 of $1.1 million and $619,000 respectively, which relates to tax deductible goodwill from the BGS acquisition. Goodwill is an indefinite-lived asset that will not reverse until some indefinite future period when either the asset is sold or becomes impaired for financial reporting purposes.

The balance of the deferred tax liability at December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2006 relates to the differences between the assigned values and tax bases of acquired intangibles, excluding goodwill, from the BGS acquisition.

The benefit from the utilization of certain net operating loss carryforwards in Europe during the year ended December 31, 2007 was recorded as a reduction of goodwill of $878,000, rather than a tax benefit, since the deferred tax assets associated with these carryforwards had not been recognized at the time of the acquisition of BGS on September 1, 2005.

Management of Lionbridge has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon the realizability of its deferred tax assets. Under the applicable accounting standards, Management has considered Lionbridge’s

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

history of losses and concluded that it is more-likely-than-not that Lionbridge will not generate sufficient future taxable income to benefit from the tax assets prior to their expiration. Accordingly, full valuation allowances have been established against those tax assets resulting in an increase to the valuation allowance of $13.2 million in 2007. Management reevaluates the positive and negative evidence periodically.

At December 31, 2007, Lionbridge had net operating loss carryforwards for U.S. federal income tax purposes of $109.7 million that may be used to offset future taxable income, which begin to expire in 2017. Of this amount, $11.2 million relates to deductions from the exercise of stock options of which approximately $3.7 million is tracked separately and not included in the Company’s deferred tax asset (in accordance with SFAS No. 123R). The future benefit from these deductions will be recorded as a credit to additional paid-in capital when realized. The Company has federal research and development tax credits which may be used to offset future income tax of $148,000, which begin to expire in 2019. The Company has federal foreign tax credits which may be used to offset future income tax of $875,000, which begin to expire in 2010. Additionally, Lionbridge has non-U.S. net operating loss carryforwards of $95.9 million which begin to expire in 2008. Of that amount, $58.0 million relates to net operating losses related to the BGS acquisition for which a full valuation allowance has been recorded. The future benefit from these net operating losses will be allocated to reduce goodwill.

At December 31, 2007, unrepatriated earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries totaled $48.8 million. No provision for U.S. income and foreign withholding taxes has been made for unrepatriated foreign earnings because it is expected that such earnings will be reinvested indefinitely or the distribution of any remaining amount would be principally offset by foreign tax credits.

Under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, certain substantial changes in Lionbridge’s ownership may limit in the future the amount of net operating loss carryforwards that could be used annually to offset future taxable income and income tax liability.

On January 1, 2007, Lionbridge adopted FIN 48. FIN 48 prescribes a recognition threshold that a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements and provides guidance on de-recognition, measurement, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition issues. At the adoption date the Company had gross unrecognized tax affected benefits of approximately $1.5 million, exclusive of certain pre-acquisition indemnification items. As a result of adopting FIN 48, the Company recognized a charge of approximately $185,000 to the January 1, 2007 retained earnings balance for accrued taxes, interest and penalties related to the unrecognized tax benefits, which if incurred, would be recognized as a component of income tax expense.

In connection with the acquisition of BGS, Bowne agreed to indemnify the Company for any tax liabilities accruing on or prior to the acquisition date of September 1, 2005. The Company determined that its gross unrecognized tax affected benefits related to the acquisition of BGS and subject to indemnification were approximately $4.0 million. Accordingly, the Company adjusted its balance sheet by recording a long-term Indemnification Receivable and related FIN 48 liability as of January 1, 2007 for this amount. A change in interest rate and penalties assumptions in 2007 resulted in a net reduction to the FIN 48 liability and Indemnification Receivable of $428,000 to $3.5 million.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

 

     Total     Lionbridge     Indemnification  

Balance at January 1, 2007

   $ 5,516,000     $ 1,539,000     $ 3,977,000  

Additions based on tax positions related to the current year

     1,348,000       1,348,000       —    

Additions for tax positions of prior years

     —         —         —    

Reductions for tax positions of prior years

     (603,000 )     (175,000 )     (428,000 )

Settlements

     —         —         —    

Reductions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations

     (214,000 )     (214,000 )     —    
                        

Balance at December 31, 2007

   $ 6,047,000     $ 2,498,000     $ 3,549,000  
                        

As of December 31, 2007, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $6.0 million. Of this total, $2.5 million represents the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective income tax rate in future periods. Lionbridge accrues interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of its provision for income taxes. The total amount of accrued interest and penalties included in the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits of $2.5 million is $430,000. The Company does not reasonably estimate that its unrecognized tax benefit will change significantly within the next twelve months. The Company or one of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U.S. and various states and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for years after 1996. The tax years which remain subject to examination by major foreign tax jurisdictions including the UK, Sweden, Ireland, Norway, Finland, India, China, Spain, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands and France as of December 31, 2007 include years 1998 through 2007.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

10. Merger, Restructuring and Other Charges:

In 2007, Lionbridge recorded $4.0 million of restructuring and other charges. The $4.0 million included $2.1 million for workforce reductions in Europe, Asia, South America and the U.S. consisting of forty-six technical and twenty administrative staff, $639,000 recorded for vacated facilities and $164,000 of additional costs recorded for a previously vacated facility in order to reflect a new sublease arrangement, all recorded pursuant to the guidance in FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 146, “Accounting for Costs associated with Exit or Disposal Activities” (“SFAS No. 146”), and related literature, $768,000 for the impairment of long-lived assets in connection with vacated facilities and $328,000 of other charges, principally expenses related to integrating financial systems used by the acquired Bowne Global Solutions (“BGS”) sites to a common general ledger financial system. Of these charges, $3.6 million related to the Company’s Global Language and Content (“GLC”) segment, $92,000 related to the Global Development and Testing (“GDT”) segment and $328,000 related to Corporate and Other. Of the $2.9 million of cash payments in 2007, $2.5 million and $402,000 related to the GLC and GDT segments, respectively.

Lionbridge recorded $4.2 million of restructuring and other charges in the year ended December 31, 2006. The $4.2 million included $2.0 million for workforce reductions in the Europe and the U.S. consisting of forty-five technical, four sales and two administrative staff and $421,000 for anticipated losses on vacated facilities, net of sub-lease income, both recorded pursuant to the guidance in SFAS No. 146 and $1.8 million of other charges, principally professional services fees, related to the integration of BGS. Of these charges, $1.6 million related to the Company’s GLC segment, $1.2 million related to the GDT segment and $1.4 million related to Corporate and Other. Of the $7.4 million of cash payments in 2006, $6.1 million and $1.3 million related to the GLC and GDT segments, respectively, and $30,000 related to Corporate and Other.

Lionbridge recorded $5.4 million of restructuring and other charges in the year ended December 31, 2005. Of this amount, $5.0 million was primarily related to the acquisition of BGS and was recorded in the six month period ended December 31, 2005 and $449,000 was recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2005. The $5.4 million recorded in the year ended December 31, 2005 included $1.2 million for anticipated losses on vacated facilities, $1.3 million for workforce reductions in Europe and the U.S., consisting of fifty technical, thirteen administrative and three sales staff and $35,000 for the impairment of long-lived assets recorded pursuant to the guidance in SFAS No. 146 and $2.8 million of other charges, principally professional services fees, related to the integration of BGS recorded pursuant to the guidance in Emerging Issues Task Force Abstract 95-3, “Recognition of Liabilities in Connection With a Purchase Business Combination” (“EITF 95-3”), and related literature. Of these charges, $2.5 million related to the Company’s GLC segment, $72,000 to the GDT segment and $2.8 million related to Corporate and Other. Of the $3.6 million of cash payments in 2005, $3.2 million and $277,000 related to the GLC and GDT segments, respectively, and $83,000 related to Corporate and Other.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

The following table summarizes the merger and restructuring reserve activity (excluding the $768,000 long-lived asset impairments in 2007 and the $328,000, $1.8 million and $2.8 million of other charges related to the integration of BGS recorded in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively) for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively:

 

     2007     2006     2005  

Balance, beginning of the year

   $ 2,388,000     $ 4,210,000     $ 784,000  

Employee severance:

      

Merger and restructuring charges recorded (1)

     2,120,000       2,011,000       1,329,000  

Liabilities assumed and recorded on business combinations (2)

     —         2,716,000       1,864,000  

Cash payments related to liabilities assumed and recorded on business combinations

     (3,000 )     (3,407,000 )     (1,306,000 )

Cash payments related to liabilities recorded on exit or disposal activities

     (1,382,000 )     (2,014,000 )     (1,430,000 )
                        
     735,000       (694,000 )     457,000  
                        

Vacated facility/lease termination:

      

Merger and restructuring charges recorded (1)

     639,000       421,000       1,246,000  

Liabilities assumed and recorded on business combinations (2)

     —         256,000       2,548,000  

Revisions of estimated liabilities

     164,000       —         —    

Cash payments related to liabilities assumed and recorded on business combinations

     (571,000 )     (1,222,000 )     (290,000 )

Cash payments related to liabilities recorded on exit or disposal activities

     (990,000 )     (583,000 )     (535,000 )
                        
     (758,000 )     (1,128,000 )     2,969,000  
                        

Balance, end of the year

   $ 2,365,000     $ 2,388,000     $ 4,210,000  
                        

 

(1) Charges recorded pursuant to the guidance in SFAS No. 146, and related literature
(2) Liabilities assumed and recorded pursuant to the guidance in EITF 95-3, and related literature

At December 31, 2007, the consolidated balance sheet includes accruals totaling $2.4 million primarily related to employee terminations costs and vacated facilities. Lionbridge currently anticipates that $1.9 million of this will be fully utilized in 2008. The remaining $488,000 relates to lease obligations on unused facilities expiring through 2010 and is included in long-term liabilities.

 

11. Employee Benefit Plans:

Lionbridge maintains an employee benefit plan qualified under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. All U.S. employees may participate in the 401(k) plan subject to certain eligibility requirements. Under the 401(k) plan, a participant may contribute a maximum of 50% of his or her pre-tax salary, commissions and bonuses through payroll deductions (up to the statutorily prescribed annual limit, or $15,500 in 2007) to the 401(k) plan. The percentage elected by more highly compensated participants may be required to be lower. In addition, at the discretion of the Board of Directors, Lionbridge may make discretionary profit-sharing contributions into the 401(k) plan for all eligible employees. For the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, discretionary contributions totaled $743,000, $668,000, and $356,000, respectively. In addition, as of December 31, 2007, the Company maintained defined benefit pension plans for employees in The Netherlands,

 

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China and Norway, a defined contribution plan for employees in France, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Canada, Slovakia, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Sweden and India, and benefit retirement plans in Japan and Korea resulting in contributions charged to operations of $5.4 million, $5.5 million and $2.6 million in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively. In total, Lionbridge’s consolidated results of operations include employee benefit contribution charges of $6.2 million, $6.2 million and $3.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005.

The Company has not provided the disclosures required under SFAS No. 87, “Employers’ Accounting for Pensions”, for the defined benefit pension plans as the amounts involved are immaterial to the years presented.

 

12. Operating Segments and Geographical Information:

Lionbridge has determined that its operating segments are those that are based on its method of internal reporting, which separately presents its business based on the service performed by individual geographical location. Lionbridge has combined those operating segments, which meet the aggregation criteria of SFAS No. 131 in determining its reportable segments. Following the Company’s acquisition of the BGS business in September 2005 and related changes to the Company’s overall business structure, the Company is reporting its results among the following three business segments:

Global Language and Content (“GLC”)—This segment includes Lionbridge’s globalization, translation and localization services, as well as eLearning content development and technical documentation. The GLC segment includes product and content globalization services. Globalization is the process of adapting content and products to meet the language and cultural requirements of users throughout the world. Lionbridge GLC solutions enable the translation, adaptation and worldwide multilingual release of clients’ products, content and related technical support, training materials, and sales and marketing information. Lionbridge GLC solutions also include the development of eLearning content and technical documentation.

Global Development and Testing (“GDT”)—This segment includes Lionbridge’s development, engineering and testing services for software, hardware, websites and content. Specifically, GDT includes the development and maintenance of applications as well as testing to ensure the quality, interoperability, usability and performance of clients’ software, hardware, consumer technology products, web sites and content. Lionbridge’s testing services also include product certification and competitive analysis. Lionbridge offers its testing services under the VeriTest brand.

Interpretation—This segment includes interpretation services provided by Lionbridge to government organizations and businesses that require human interpreters.

The acquired BGS localization business is primarily reflected in Lionbridge’s GLC segment with the BGS language interpretation business (“Interpretation”) included separately. All other unallocated enterprise costs are in the “Corporate and Other” category.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

The table below presents information about the reported net income (loss) of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005. The Company has reclassified prior year data due to the changes made in its reportable segments. Asset information, other than goodwill, by reportable segment is not reported, since the Company does not produce such information internally.

 

    GLC   GDT   Interpretation   Corporate and
Other
    Total  

2007

         

External revenue

  $ 354,073,000   $ 73,839,000   $ 24,082,000   $ —       $ 451,994,000  

Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)

    236,671,000     46,840,000     18,548,000     —         302,059,000  

Depreciation and amortization

    3,462,000     744,000     264,000     9,169,000       13,639,000  

Other operating expenses

    72,678,000     13,598,000     2,219,000     —         88,495,000  
                                 

Segment contribution

    41,262,000     12,657,000     3,051,000     (9,169,000 )     47,801,000  

Interest expense, income tax expense and other unallocated items

    —       —       —       (52,013,000 )     (52,013,000 )
                                 

Net income (loss)

    41,262,000     12,657,000     3,051,000     (61,182,000 )     (4,212,000 )
                                 

2006

         

External revenue

  $ 335,205,000   $ 60,697,000   $ 22,982,000   $ —       $ 418,884,000  

Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)

    221,467,000     38,212,000     18,135,000     —         277,814,000  

Depreciation and amortization

    3,927,000     815,000     307,000     9,183,000       14,232,000  

Other operating expenses

    67,952,000     11,420,000     2,027,000     —         81,399,000  
                                 

Segment contribution

    41,859,000     10,250,000     2,513,000     (9,183,000 )     45,439,000  

Interest expense, income tax expense and other unallocated items

    —       —       —       (50,341,000 )     (50,341,000 )
                                 

Net income (loss)

    41,859,000     10,250,000     2,513,000     (59,524,000 )     (4,902,000 )
                                 

2005

         

External revenue

  $ 172,550,000   $ 56,624,000   $ 7,088,000   $ —       $ 236,262,000  

Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)

    113,701,000     34,727,000     5,501,000     —         153,929,000  

Depreciation and amortization

    2,177,000     1,073,000     67,000     2,999,000       6,316,000  

Other operating expenses

    35,199,000     12,752,000     1,174,000     —         49,125,000  
                                 

Segment contribution

    21,473,000     8,072,000     346,000     (2,999,000 )     26,892,000  

Interest expense, income tax expense and other unallocated items

    —       —       —       (30,805,000 )     (30,805,000 )
                                 

Net income (loss)

    21,473,000     8,072,000     346,000     (33,804,000 )     (3,913,000 )
                                 

In 2007, 2006 and 2005, Microsoft accounted for 21%, 22% and 20% of total revenue, respectively. No other client individually accounted for more than 10% of revenue in 2007, 2006 or 2005. Revenue from Microsoft is included in the revenue of both the GLC and GDT segments.

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

A summary of Lionbridge’s revenue and long-lived assets by geographical region is as follows:

 

     Year Ended December 31,  
     2007     2006     2005  

Revenue:

      

United States

   $ 127,511,000     $ 119,612,000     $ 86,808,000  

Ireland

     102,189,000       102,602,000       56,345,000  

India

     49,973,000       34,019,000       23,712,000  

Spain

     31,284,000       31,476,000       7,580,000  

Finland

     27,604,000       25,191,000       8,241,000  

Germany

     26,495,000       25,540,000       10,178,000  

Japan

     24,134,000       24,088,000       14,477,000  

France

     21,637,000       30,675,000       19,904,000  

United Kingdom

     19,532,000       16,756,000       6,460,000  

China

     13,154,000       12,885,000       8,595,000  

Norway

     11,867,000       11,342,000       2,931,000  

Poland

     11,775,000       6,549,000       1,951,000  

The Netherlands

     10,788,000       7,973,000       9,789,000  

Sweden

     10,476,000       10,080,000       2,512,000  

Canada

     10,362,000       9,788,000       2,524,000  

Belgium

     8,104,000       6,706,000       1,686,000  

Denmark

     7,387,000       7,959,000       2,080,000  

Korea

     6,690,000       9,098,000       5,888,000  

Italy

     5,997,000       5,026,000       1,912,000  

Slovakia

     5,913,000       6,013,000       1,571,000  

Other

     14,207,000       16,174,000       4,559,000  

Eliminations

     (95,085,000 )     (100,668,000 )     (43,441,000 )
                        
   $ 451,994,000     $ 418,884,000     $ 236,262,000  
                        

Foreign revenue is presented based on the country in which projects are managed.

 

     December 31,
     2007    2006    2005

Long-lived assets:

        

United States

   $ 5,775,000    $ 3,740,000    $ 5,177,000

Ireland

     3,437,000      2,577,000      1,934,000

Belgium

     2,589,000      2,445,000      2,230,000

India

     2,041,000      1,210,000      1,327,000

Germany

     1,380,000      1,244,000      1,248,000

Poland

     1,052,000      503,000      480,000

China

     885,000      608,000      640,000

Japan

     757,000      894,000      1,119,000

United Kingdom

     601,000      606,000      310,000

France

     582,000      265,000      370,000

Finland

     548,000      330,000      425,000

Spain

     537,000      592,000      400,000

Singapore

     299,000      111,000      77,000

Denmark

     202,000      225,000      216,000

Other

     1,381,000      1,454,000      1,083,000
                    
   $ 22,066,000    $ 16,804,000    $ 17,036,000
                    

 

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LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

 

13. Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information:

 

     Year Ended December 31,  
     2007    2006    2005  

Interest paid

   $ 5,400,000    $ 8,290,000    $ 1,992,000  
                      

Income taxes paid, net

   $ 7,342,000    $ 5,573,000    $ 2,303,000  
                      

Lionbridge acquired BGS in 2005. In conjunction with the purchase, liabilities were assumed as follows:

        

Fair value of assets acquired and goodwill

         $ 236,233,000  

Cash paid for assets acquired

           (131,894,000 )

Fair value of common stock issued

           (56,494,000 )
              

Liabilities assumed

         $ 47,845,000  
              

 

14. Valuation and Qualifying Accounts:

The following table sets forth activity in Lionbridge’s accounts receivable reserve:

 

Year Ended:

   Balance at
Beginning of
Year
   Charges to
Operations
   (Deductions)/
Recoveries
    Balance at
End of Year

December 31, 2005

   $ 364,000    $ 563,000    $ (201,000 )   $ 726,000

December 31, 2006

     726,000      —        2,000       728,000

December 31, 2007

     728,000      54,000      (93,000 )     689,000

The following table sets forth activity in Lionbridge’s deferred tax asset valuation allowance:

 

Year Ended:

   Balance at
Beginning of
Year
   Additions    (Deductions)     Balance at
End of Year

December 31, 2005

   $ 37,191,000    $ 33,698,000    $ (5,172,000 )   $ 65,717,000

December 31, 2006

     65,717,000      11,819,000      (3,736,000 )     73,800,000

December 31, 2007

     73,800,000      13,333,000      (744,000 )     86,389,000

 

15. Net Income (Loss) per Share:

Options, unvested restricted stock and warrants outstanding to purchase 7,257,000, 6,952,000 and 6,219,000 shares of common stock for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively, were not included in the calculations of diluted net income (loss) per share, as their effect would be anti-dilutive.

 

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SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date: March 14, 2008

 

LIONBRIDGE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

(Registrant)

By:   /s/    DONALD M. MUIR        
 

Donald M. Muir

Chief Financial Officer

(Duly Authorized Officer and

Principal Financial Officer)

POWER OF ATTORNEY AND SIGNATURES

We, the undersigned officers and directors of Lionbridge Technologies, Inc., hereby severally constitute and appoint Donald M. Muir, our true and lawful attorney, with full power to him singly, to sign for us and in our names in the capacities indicated below, any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and generally to do all things in our names and on our behalf in such capacities to enable Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. to comply with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and all the requirements of the Securities Exchange Commission.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 

Name

  

Title

 

Date

/s/    RORY J. COWAN        

Rory J. Cowan

  

President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board (Principal Executive Officer)

  March 14, 2008

/s/    DONALD M. MUIR        

Donald M. Muir

  

Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

  March 14, 2008

/s/    GUY L. DE CHAZAL        

Guy L. de Chazal

   Director   March 14, 2008

/s/    CLAUDE P. SHEER        

Claude P. Sheer

   Director   March 14, 2008

/s/    PAUL KAVANAGH        

Paul Kavanagh

   Director   March 14, 2008

/S/    EDWARD A. BLECHSCHMIDT        

Edward A. Blechschmidt

   Director   March 14, 2008

/S/    JEFFREY H. GOODMAN        

Jeffrey H. Goodman

   Director   March 14, 2008

 

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Table of Contents

EXHIBIT INDEX TO ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2007

 

Exhibit
No.

  

Exhibit

  3.1, 4.1

   Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Lionbridge (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-81233) and incorporated herein by reference).

  3.2, 4.2

   Form of Amended and Restated By-laws of Lionbridge (filed as Exhibit 3.4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-81233) and incorporated herein by reference).

  4.3

   Specimen Certificate for shares of Lionbridge’s Common Stock (filed as Exhibit 4.3 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-81233) and incorporated herein by reference).

10.1**

   1998 Stock Plan, as amended and restated (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended June 30, 2004, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.2**

   Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the 1998 Stock Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-26933) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2003, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.3**

   Lionbridge 2005 Incentive Stock Plan, as amended and restated (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on May 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.4**

   Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the Lionbridge 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on November 14, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.5**

   Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under the Lionbridge 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on November 14, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.6**

   Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Lionbridge 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on November 14, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.7**

   Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement For Officers and Employees under the Lionbridge 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on November 14, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.8**

   Lionbridge Amended and Restated Independent Directors Compensation Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on May 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.9**

   Lionbridge Deferred Compensation Plan for Independent Directors (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on May 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.10**

   Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Independent Directors (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on May 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.11**

   Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Independent Directors (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on May 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

 

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Table of Contents

Exhibit
No.

  

Exhibit

10.12**

   Harvard Translations, Inc. 1997 Stock Option Plan (filed as Exhibit 4.4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-38996) filed on June 9, 2000, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.13**

   IC Global Services, Inc. 1998 Stock Plan (Amended and Restated April 6, 1999) (filed as Exhibit 4.5 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-38996) filed on June 9, 2000, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.14**

   International Language Engineering Corporation Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Option Plan (filed as Exhibit 4.6 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-38996) filed on June 9, 2000, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.15**

   Data Dimensions, Inc. 1997 Stock Option Plan (filed as Exhibit 4.5 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-66720) filed on August 3, 2001, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.16

   Lease dated as of October 1, 2005 between and Randal J. Stewart and Anne J. Stewart dba Palm Court Properties and VeriTest Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended September 30, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.17

   Lease dated as of July 28, 2005 between and OP&F Stevenson Corporation and Lionbridge US, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended September 30, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.18

   Lease agreement dated as of March 14, 2005 between Lionbridge Technologies Private Limited and Mr. S.K. Dharmalingam (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended March 31, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.19

   Sublease dated as of January 5, 2006 between SlaterLabs S.A. and Lionbridge España, S.L. (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended March 31, 2006 and incorporated herein by reference).

10.20

   Sublease dated as of June 30, 2006 between and 24/7Real Media Inc. and Lionbridge Global Solutions II, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended June 30, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.21

   Lease dated as of June 1, 2006 between Shanghai WASETA International Trading Co., Ltd. and Lionbridge Beijing Technologies, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended June 30, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.22

   Lease dated as of July 7, 2006 between Britphil & Co. (US) Ltd. and Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended September 30, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.23

   Lease dated as of July 10, 2006 between Abaco Urbanizacao E Empreendimentos Limitada and Lionbridge Participações, Ltda. (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended September 30, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.24

   Lease dated as of July 11, 2006, between Taifun Real sp. zo.o and Lionbridge Poland sp. zo.o. (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended September 30, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.25

   Third Amendment to Lease dated October 31, 2006, between 492 OCP LLC and Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.26 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-26933) for the year ended December 31, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

 

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Table of Contents

Exhibit
No.

  

Exhibit

10.26

   Amendment No. 2 to Lease dated November 30, 2006, between Imation Corporation and VeriTest, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.27 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-26933) for the year ended December 31, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.27

   Lease dated December 15, 2006, Clichy Victor Hugo and Lionbridge France SAS (filed as Exhibit 10.29 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-26933) for the year ended December 31, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.28

   Lease dated as of March 14, 2007, between TCAM Core Property Fund Operating LP and Lionbridge US, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended March 31, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.29

   Lease amendment dated as of May 1, 2007, between Société Civile Immobilière Core Sophia and Lionbridge Technologies SARL (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No: 000-26933) for the quarter ended June 30, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.30

   Lease amendment dated as of June 4, 2007, between IEF Vastgoad Pluto B.V. and Lionbridge Technologies B.V. (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No: 000-26933) for the quarter ended June 30, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.31

   Lease dated as of August 8, 2007, between Beijing Oriental Plaza Co., Ltd. And Beijing Lionbridge Global Solutions Technologies, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No: 000-26933) for the quarter ended September 30, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.32*

   Agreement dated October 12, 2007, between Orrick Investments Pte Ltd. and Lionbridge Singapore Pte Ltd.

10.33**

   Form of Indemnification Agreement between Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. and its Officers and Directors (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended March 31, 2003, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.34**

   Non-competition Agreement between the Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. and Satish Maripuri dated March 1, 2004, (filed as Exhibit 10.66 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-26933) for the year ended December 31, 2004, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.35**

   Non-competition Agreement between the Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. and Henri Broekmate dated March 24, 2004, (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended March 31, 2004, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.36**

   Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Lionbridge 1998 Stock Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended September 30, 2004, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.37**

   Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the Lionbridge 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-26933) for the quarter ended March 31, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.38**

   Employment Agreement dated as of September 19, 2006, between Rory Cowan and Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on September 20, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.39**

   Rory Cowan Performance-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on September 20, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

 

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Table of Contents

Exhibit
No.

  

Exhibit

10.40**

   Rory Cowan Performance-Based Stock Option Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on September 20, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.41**

   Transition Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2007, between Stephen J. Lifshatz and Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on August 2, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.42**

   Employment and Business Protection Agreement, effective as of September 17, 2007, between Donald M. Muir and Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on September 11, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.43**

   Lionbridge Amended and Restated Change of Control Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on November 7, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.44**

   Form of Change of Control Agreement for Tier I Executives (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on November 7, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.45

   Credit Agreement dated as of December 21, 2006, by and among Lionbridge Technologies, Inc., VeriTest, Inc., Lionbridge US, Inc., Lionbridge Global Solutions Federal, Inc., the several banks and financial institutions named therein, and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on December 26, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.46

   Pledge Agreement dated as of December 21, 2006, by and among Lionbridge Technologies, Inc., VeriTest, Inc., Lionbridge US, Inc., Lionbridge Global Solutions Federal, Inc., the several banks and financial institutions named therein, and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on December 26, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.47

   Security Agreement dated as of December 21, 2006, by and among Lionbridge Technologies, Inc., VeriTest, Inc., Lionbridge US, Inc., Lionbridge Global Solutions Federal, Inc., the several banks and financial institutions named therein, and HSBC Bank USA, National Association, as administrative agent (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on December 26, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.48

   Form of Revolving Note under the Credit Agreement dated as of December 21, 2006, (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on December 26, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.49

   Form of Swingline Note under the Credit Agreement dated as of December 21, 2006, (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on December 26, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.50

   Amendment and Joinder Agreement dated as of January 22, 2007, among Lionbridge Technologies, Inc., HSBC Bank USA, NA and the parties named therein (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on January 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.51

   Charge on Shares of Lionbridge International (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on January 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.52

   Charge on Shares of Lionbridge International Finance Limited (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on January 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

 

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Table of Contents

Exhibit
No.

  

Exhibit

10.53

   Notes issued by Lionbridge International Finance Limited to the Lenders under the Credit Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-26933) filed on January 25, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference).

14*

   Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. Code of Conduct

21.1*

   Subsidiaries of Lionbridge

23.1*

   Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

31.1*

   Certification of Rory J. Cowan, the Company’s principal executive officer as required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2*

   Certification of Donald M. Muir, the Company’s principal financial officer as required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1*

   Certifications of Rory J. Cowan, the Company’s principal executive officer, and Donald M. Muir, the Company’s principal financial officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 

* Filed herewith.
** Indicates a management contract or any compensatory plan, contract or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit pursuant to Item 14(c).

 

92


Dates Referenced Herein   and   Documents Incorporated by Reference

This ‘10-K’ Filing    Date    Other Filings
12/31/0810-K
Filed on:3/14/08
2/29/08SC 13G
1/24/08
For Period End:12/31/0710-K/A
12/21/07
12/1/07
11/30/07
11/15/074
11/13/07
11/1/07
10/31/07
10/12/07
10/1/07
9/30/0710-Q
9/17/073,  4
9/11/078-K
9/1/07
8/31/07
8/14/07
8/8/07
8/2/078-K
8/1/078-K
7/31/07
7/20/07
7/1/07
6/30/0710-Q
6/29/074
6/25/07
6/4/074
6/1/07
5/31/07
5/25/074,  8-K
5/1/07
4/30/07
4/6/07
4/1/07
3/31/0710-Q
3/14/07
2/28/07
2/1/07
1/31/07
1/25/078-K
1/22/078-K
1/8/07
1/1/07
12/31/0610-K
12/26/068-K
12/21/068-K
12/15/06
12/5/06
11/30/06
11/7/064,  8-K
10/31/06
9/30/0610-Q
9/20/064,  8-K
9/19/064,  8-K
7/11/06
7/10/06
7/7/06
6/30/0610-Q
6/1/06
3/31/0610-Q
1/5/06
1/1/06
12/31/0510-K
11/14/054,  4/A,  8-K
10/7/05
10/1/05
9/30/0510-Q
9/1/053,  8-K,  8-K/A
7/28/05
6/30/0510-Q
6/28/058-K
6/27/058-K
3/31/0510-Q
3/14/05
2/23/05
2/10/058-K,  S-3
12/31/0410-K,  5
9/30/0410-Q
6/30/0410-Q
3/31/0410-Q
3/24/04
3/1/04
12/31/0310-K,  5,  5/A
3/31/0310-K,  10-Q
12/31/0210-K
7/15/02
4/19/02
8/3/01S-8
7/24/01
6/9/00S-8
4/6/99
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Filing Submission 0001193125-08-057610   –   Alternative Formats (Word / Rich Text, HTML, Plain Text, et al.)

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