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As Of Filer Filing As/For/On Docs:Pgs Issuer Agent 4/29/04 Google Inc S-1 26:701 RR Donnelley/FA
Document/Exhibit Description Pages Size
1: S-1 Registration Statement (General Form) HTML 2,827K
2: EX-2.01 Merger Agreement and Plan of Reorganization HTML 674K
3: EX-3.01 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation HTML 153K
4: EX-3.02 Bylaws of Registrant HTML 215K
5: EX-4.01 Third Amended and Restated Investor Rights HTML 155K
Agreement
6: EX-10.01 Form of Indemnification Agreement HTML 77K
7: EX-10.02 1998 Stock Plan, As Amended, and Form of Stock HTML 222K
Option Agreement
8: EX-10.03 1999 Stock Option/Stock Incentive Plan HTML 452K
9: EX-10.04 2000 Stock Plan, As Amended, and Form of Stock HTML 226K
Option Agreement
10: EX-10.05 2003 Stock Plan, As Amended, and Form of Stock HTML 218K
Option Agreement
11: EX-10.06 2003 Stock Plan (No. 2), and Form of Stock Option HTML 266K
Agreement
12: EX-10.07 2003 Stock Plan (No. 3), and Form of Stock Option HTML 277K
Agreement
13: EX-10.08 2004 Stock Plan HTML 135K
14: EX-10.09 Google Technology Sublease Agreement Dated July 9, HTML 285K
2003
15: EX-10.09.1 Amendment No. 1 to Sublease Dated November 18, HTML 51K
2003
16: EX-10.09.2 Amendment No. 2 to Sublease Dated December 17, HTML 39K
2003
17: EX-10.09.3 Landlord-Subtenant Agreement Dated July 9,2003 HTML 125K
18: EX-10.09.4 Second Amendment to Commercial Lease Dated July 9, HTML 129K
2003
19: EX-10.09.5 Amendment to Commercial Lease Dated April 19, 2001 HTML 34K
20: EX-10.09.6 Lease Between the Goldman Sachs Group HTML 602K
21: EX-10.09.7 Nondisturbance and Attornment Agreement HTML 67K
22: EX-21.01 List of Subsidiaries of Registrant HTML 28K
23: EX-23.01 Consent of Ernst & Young Llp, Independent Auditors HTML 18K
24: EX-23.02 Consent of Ernst & Young Llp, Independent Auditors HTML 16K
25: EX-99.1 Significant Subsidary Financial Statements of HTML 251K
Applied Semantics, Inc.
26: EX-99.3 Unaudited Pro Forma Combined Consolidated HTML 93K
Financial Information
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| Form S-1 |
As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2004
Registration No. 333-
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Under
The Securities Act of 1933
GOOGLE INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
| Delaware | 7375 | 77-0493581 | ||
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) |
(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |
1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
(650) 623-4000
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)
Eric Schmidt
Chief Executive Officer
Google Inc.
1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
(650) 623-4000
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)
Copies to:
| Larry W. Sonsini, Esq. David J. Segre, Esq. Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, P.C. 650 Page Mill Road Palo Alto, California 94304-1050 (650) 493-9300 |
David C. Drummond, Esq. Jeffery L. Donovan, Esq. Anna Itoi, Esq. Google Inc. 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway (650) 623-4000 |
William H. Hinman, Jr., Esq. Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP 3330 Hillview Avenue (650) 251-5000 |
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement.
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are being offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), check the following box. ¨
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨
If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434, check the following box. ¨
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
| Title of Each Class of Securities to be Registered |
Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price (1)(2) |
Amount of Registration Fee | ||||
| Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share |
$ | 2,718,281,828 | $ | 344,406.31 | ||
| (1) | Estimated solely for the purpose of computing the amount of the registration fee, in accordance with to Rule 457(o) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933. |
| (2) | Includes offering price of shares that the underwriters have the option to purchase to cover over-allotments, if any. |
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting any offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
Prospectus (Subject to Completion)
Dated April 29, 2004
Shares
Class A Common Stock
Google Inc. is offering shares of Class A common stock and the selling stockholders are offering shares of Class A common stock. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling stockholders. This is our initial public offering and no public market currently exists for our shares. We anticipate that the initial public offering price will be between $ and $ per share.
Following this offering, we will have two classes of authorized common stock, Class A common stock and Class B common stock. The rights of the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion. Each share of Class A common stock is entitled to one vote per share. Each share of Class B common stock is entitled to ten votes per share and is convertible at any time into one share of Class A common stock.
We expect to apply to list our Class A common stock on either the New York Stock Exchange or the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol “ .”
Investing in our Class A common stock involves risks. See “ Risk Factors” beginning on page 4.
Price $ A Share
| Price to Public |
Underwriting Discounts and Commissions |
Proceeds to |
Proceeds to Selling Stockholders | |||||
| Per Share |
$ | $ | $ | $ | ||||
| Total |
$ | $ | $ | $ |
Google has granted the underwriters the right to purchase up to an additional shares to cover over-allotments.
The price to the public and allocation of shares will be determined primarily by an auction process. As part of this auction process, we are attempting to assess the market demand for our Class A common stock and to set the size and price to the public of this offering to meet that demand. Buyers hoping to capture profits shortly after our Class A common stock begins trading may be disappointed. The method for submitting bids and a more detailed description of this process are included in “Auction Process” beginning on page 25.
The Securities and Exchange Commission and state securities regulators have not approved or disapproved of these securities, or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
It is expected that the shares will be delivered to purchasers on or about , 2004.
| Morgan Stanley | Credit Suisse First Boston |
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| Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |
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| F-1 |
You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information that is different from that contained in this prospectus. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, shares of our Class A common stock only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information in this prospectus is complete and accurate only as of the date of the front cover regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of shares. Except where the context requires otherwise, in this prospectus, the “Company,” “Google,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Google Inc., a Delaware corporation, and, where appropriate, its subsidiaries.
We have not undertaken any efforts to qualify this offering for offers to individual investors in any jurisdiction outside the U.S.; therefore, individual investors located outside the U.S. should not expect to be eligible to participate in this offering.
Until , 2004, 25 days after the date of this offering, all dealers that effect transactions in our shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers’ obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.
“AN OWNER’S MANUAL” FOR GOOGLE’S SHAREHOLDERS1
INTRODUCTION
Google is not a conventional company. We do not intend to become one. Throughout Google’s evolution as a privately held company, we have managed Google differently. We have also emphasized an atmosphere of creativity and challenge, which has helped us provide unbiased, accurate and free access to information for those who rely on us around the world.
Now the time has come for the company to move to public ownership. This change will bring important benefits for our employees, for our present and future shareholders, for our customers, and most of all for Google users. But the standard structure of public ownership may jeopardize the independence and focused objectivity that have been most important in Google’s past success and that we consider most fundamental for its future. Therefore, we have designed a corporate structure that will protect Google’s ability to innovate and retain its most distinctive characteristics. We are confident that, in the long run, this will bring Google and its shareholders, old and new, the greatest economic returns. We want to clearly explain our plans and the reasoning and values behind them. We are delighted you are considering an investment in Google and are reading this letter.
Sergey and I intend to write you a letter like this one every year in our annual report. We’ll take turns writing the letter so you’ll hear directly from each of us. We ask that you read this letter in conjunction with the rest of this prospectus.
SERVING END USERS
Sergey and I founded Google because we believed we could provide a great service to the world—instantly delivering relevant information on any topic. Serving our end users is at the heart of what we do and remains our number one priority.
Our goal is to develop services that improve the lives of as many people as possible—to do things that matter. We make our services as widely available as we can by supporting over 97 languages and by providing most services for free. Advertising is our principal source of revenue, and the ads we provide are relevant and useful rather than intrusive and annoying. We strive to provide users with great commercial information.
We are proud of the products we have built, and we hope that those we create in the future will have an even greater positive impact on the world.
LONG TERM FOCUS
As a private company, we have concentrated on the long term, and this has served us well. As a public company, we will do the same. In our opinion, outside pressures too often tempt companies to sacrifice long-term opportunities to meet quarterly market expectations. Sometimes this pressure has caused companies to manipulate financial results in order to “make their quarter.” In Warren Buffett’s words, “We won’t ‘smooth’ quarterly or annual results: If earnings figures are lumpy when they reach headquarters, they will be lumpy when they reach you.”
If opportunities arise that might cause us to sacrifice short term results but are in the best long term interest of our shareholders, we will take those opportunities. We will have the fortitude to do this. We would request that our shareholders take the long term view.
Many companies are under pressure to keep their earnings in line with analysts’ forecasts. Therefore, they often accept smaller, but predictable, earnings rather than larger and more unpredictable returns. Sergey and I feel this is harmful, and we intend to steer in the opposite direction.
1 Much of this was inspired by Warren Buffett’s essays in his annual reports and his “An Owner’s Manual” to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders.
i
Google has had adequate cash to fund our business and has generated additional cash through operations. This gives us the flexibility to weather costs, benefit from opportunities and optimize our long term earnings. For example, in our ads system we make many improvements that affect revenue in both directions. These are in areas like end user relevance and satisfaction, advertiser satisfaction, partner needs and targeting technology. We release improvements immediately rather than delaying them, even though delay might give “smoother” financial results. You have our commitment to execute quickly to achieve long term value rather than making the quarters more predictable.
We will make decisions on the business fundamentals, not accounting considerations, and always with the long term welfare of our company and shareholders in mind.
Although we may discuss long term trends in our business, we do not plan to give earnings guidance in the traditional sense. We are not able to predict our business within a narrow range for each quarter. We recognize that our duty is to advance our shareholders’ interests, and we believe that artificially creating short term target numbers serves our shareholders poorly. We would prefer not to be asked to make such predictions, and if asked we will respectfully decline. A management team distracted by a series of short term targets is as pointless as a dieter stepping on a scale every half hour.
RISK VS REWARD IN THE LONG RUN
Our business environment changes rapidly and needs long term investment. We will not hesitate to place major bets on promising new opportunities.
We will not shy away from high-risk, high-reward projects because of short term earnings pressure. Some of our past bets have gone extraordinarily well, and others have not. Because we recognize the pursuit of such projects as the key to our long term success, we will continue to seek them out. For example, we would fund projects that have a 10% chance of earning a billion dollars over the long term. Do not be surprised if we place smaller bets in areas that seem very speculative or even strange. As the ratio of reward to risk increases, we will accept projects further outside our normal areas, especially when the initial investment is small.
We encourage our employees, in addition to their regular projects, to spend 20% of their time working on what they think will most benefit Google. This empowers them to be more creative and innovative. Many of our significant advances have happened in this manner. For example, AdSense for content and Google News were both prototyped in “20% time.” Most risky projects fizzle, often teaching us something. Others succeed and become attractive businesses.
We may have quarter-to-quarter volatility as we realize losses on some new projects and gains on others. If we accept this, we can all maximize value in the long term. Even though we are excited about risky projects, we expect to devote the vast majority of our resources to our main businesses, especially since most people naturally gravitate toward incremental improvements.
EXECUTIVE ROLES
We run Google as a triumvirate. Sergey and I have worked closely together for the last eight years, five at Google. Eric, our CEO, joined Google three years ago. The three of us run the company collaboratively with Sergey and me as Presidents. The structure is unconventional, but we have worked successfully in this way.
To facilitate timely decisions, Eric, Sergey and I meet daily to update each other on the business and to focus our collaborative thinking on the most important and immediate issues. Decisions are often made by one of us, with the others being briefed later. This works because we have tremendous trust and respect for each other and we generally think alike. Because of our intense long term working relationship, we can often predict differences of opinion among the three of us. We know that when we disagree, the correct decision is far from obvious. For important decisions, we discuss the issue with the larger team. Eric, Sergey and I run the company without any significant internal conflict, but with healthy debate. As different topics come up, we often delegate decision-making responsibility to one of us.
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We hired Eric as a more experienced complement to Sergey and me to help us run the business. Eric was CTO of Sun Microsystems. He was also CEO of Novell and has a Ph.D. in computer science, a very unusual and important combination for Google given our scientific and technical culture. This partnership among the three of us has worked very well and we expect it to continue. The shared judgments and extra energy available from all three of us has significantly benefited Google.
Eric has the legal responsibilities of the CEO and focuses on management of our vice presidents and the sales organization. Sergey focuses on engineering and business deals. I focus on engineering and product management. All three of us devote considerable time to overall management of the company and other fluctuating needs. We are extremely fortunate to have talented management that has grown the company to where it is today—they operate the company and deserve the credit.
CORPORATE STRUCTURE
We are creating a corporate structure that is designed for stability over long time horizons. By investing in Google, you are placing an unusual long-term bet on the team, especially Sergey and me, and on our innovative approach.
We want Google to become an important and significant institution. That takes time, stability and independence. We bridge the media and technology industries, both of which have experienced considerable consolidation and attempted hostile takeovers.
In the transition to public ownership, we have set up a corporate structure that will make it harder for outside parties to take over or influence Google. This structure will also make it easier for our management team to follow the long term, innovative approach emphasized earlier. This structure, called a dual class voting structure, is described elsewhere in this prospectus.
The main effect of this structure is likely to leave our team, especially Sergey and me, with significant control over the company’s decisions and fate, as Google shares change hands. New investors will fully share in Google’s long term growth but will have less influence over its strategic decisions than they would at most public companies.
While this structure is unusual for technology companies, it is common in the media business and has had a profound importance there. The New York Times Company, the Washington Post Company and Dow Jones, the publisher of The Wall Street Journal, all have similar dual class ownership structures. Media observers frequently point out that dual class ownership has allowed these companies to concentrate on their core, long-term interest in serious news coverage, despite fluctuations in quarterly results. The Berkshire Hathaway company has applied the same structure, with similar beneficial effects. From the point of view of long-term success in advancing a company’s core values, the structure has clearly been an advantage.
Academic studies have shown that from a purely economic point of view, dual class structures have not harmed the share price of companies. The shares of each of our classes have identical economic rights and differ only as to voting rights.
Google has prospered as a private company. As a public company, we believe a dual class voting structure will enable us to retain many of the positive aspects of being private. We understand some investors do not favor dual class structures. We have considered this point of view carefully, and we have not made our decision lightly. We are convinced that everyone associated with Google—including new investors—will benefit from this structure.
To help us govern, we have recently expanded our Board of Directors to include three additional members. John Hennessy is the President of Stanford and has a Doctoral degree in computer science. Art Levinson is CEO of Genentech and has a Ph.D. in biochemistry. Paul Otellini is President and COO of Intel. We could not be more excited about the caliber and experience of these directors.
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We have a world class management team impassioned by Google’s mission and responsible for Google’s success. We believe the stability afforded by the dual-class structure will enable us to retain our unique culture and continue to attract and retain talented people who are Google’s life blood. Our colleagues will be able to trust that they themselves and their labors of hard work, love and creativity will be well cared for by a company focused on stability and the long term.
As an investor, you are placing a potentially risky long term bet on the team, especially Sergey and me. The two of us, Eric and the rest of the management team recognize that our individual and collective interests are deeply aligned with those of the new investors who choose to support Google. Sergey and I are committed to Google for the long term. The broader Google team has also demonstrated an extraordinary commitment to our long term success. With continued hard work and good fortune, this commitment will last and flourish.
When Sergey and I founded Google, we hoped, but did not expect, it would reach its current size and influence. Our intense and enduring interest was to objectively help people find information efficiently. We also believed that searching and organizing all the world’s information was an unusually important task that should be carried out by a company that is trustworthy and interested in the public good. We believe a well functioning society should have abundant, free and unbiased access to high quality information. Google therefore has a responsibility to the world. The dual-class structure helps ensure that this responsibility is met. We believe that fulfilling this responsibility will deliver increased value to our shareholders.
BECOMING A PUBLIC COMPANY
Google should go public soon.
We assumed when founding Google that if things went well, we would likely go public some day. But we were always open to staying private, and a number of developments reduced the pressure to change. We soon were generating cash, removing one important reason why many companies go public. Requirements for public companies became more significant in the wake of recent corporate scandals and the resulting passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We made business progress we were happy with. Our investors were patient and willing to stay with Google. We have been able to meet our business needs with our current level of cash.
A number of factors weighed on the other side of the debate. Our growth has reduced some of the advantages of private ownership. By law, certain private companies must report as if they were public companies. The deadline imposed by this requirement accelerated our decision. As a smaller private company, Google kept business information closely held, and we believe this helped us against competitors. But, as we grow larger, information becomes more widely known. As a public company, we will of course provide you with all information required by law, and we will also do our best to explain our actions. But we will not unnecessarily disclose all of our strengths, strategies and intentions. We have transferred significant ownership of Google to employees in return for their efforts in building the business. And, we benefited greatly by selling $26 million of stock to our early investors before we were profitable. Thus, employee and investor liquidity were significant factors.
We have demonstrated a proven business model and have designed a corporate structure that will make it easier to become a public company. A large, diverse, enthusiastic shareholder base will strengthen the company and benefit from our continued success. A larger cash balance will provide Google with flexibility and protection against adversity. All in all, going public now is the right decision.
IPO PRICING AND ALLOCATION
Informed investors willing to pay the IPO price should be able to buy as many shares as they want, within reason, in the IPO, as on the stock market.
It is important to us to have a fair process for our IPO that is inclusive of both small and large investors. It is also crucial that we achieve a good outcome for Google and its current shareholders. This has led us to pursue
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an auction-based IPO for our entire offering. Our goal is to have a share price that reflects a fair market valuation of Google and that moves rationally based on changes in our business and the stock market. (The auction process is discussed in more detail elsewhere in this prospectus.)
Many companies have suffered from unreasonable speculation, small initial share float, and boom-bust cycles that hurt them and their investors in the long run. We believe that an auction-based IPO will minimize these problems.
An auction is an unusual process for an IPO in the United States. Our experience with auction-based advertising systems has been surprisingly helpful in the auction design process for the IPO. As in the stock market, if people try to buy more stock than is available, the price will go up. And of course, the price will go down if there aren’t enough buyers. This is a simplification, but it captures the basic issues. Our goal is to have an efficient market price—a rational price set by informed buyers and sellers—for our shares at the IPO and afterward. Our goal is to achieve a relatively stable price in the days following the IPO and that buyers and sellers receive a fair price at the IPO.
We are working to create a sufficient supply of shares to meet investor demand at IPO time and after. We are encouraging current shareholders to consider selling some of their shares as part of the offering. These shares will supplement the shares the company sells to provide more supply for investors and hopefully provide a more stable fair price. Sergey and I, among others, are currently planning to sell a fraction of our shares in the IPO. The more shares current shareholders sell, the more likely it is that they believe the price is not unfairly low. The supply of shares available will likely have an effect on the clearing price of the auction. Since the number of shares being sold is likely to be larger at a high price and smaller at a lower price, investors will likely want to consider the scope of current shareholder participation in the IPO. We may communicate from time to time that we would be sellers rather than buyers.
We would like you to invest for the long term, and to do so only at or below what you determine to be a fair price. We encourage investors not to invest in Google at IPO or for some time after, if they believe the price is not sustainable over the long term.
We intend to take steps to help ensure shareholders are well informed. We encourage you to read this prospectus. We think that short term speculation without paying attention to price is likely to lose you money, especially with our auction structure.
GOOGLERS
Our employees, who have named themselves Googlers, are everything. Google is organized around the ability to attract and leverage the talent of exceptional technologists and business people. We have been lucky to recruit many creative, principled and hard working stars. We hope to recruit many more in the future. We will reward and treat them well.
We provide many unusual benefits for our employees, including meals free of charge, doctors and washing machines. We are careful to consider the long term advantages to the company of these benefits. Expect us to add benefits rather than pare them down over time. We believe it is easy to be penny wise and pound foolish with respect to benefits that can save employees considerable time and improve their health and productivity.
The significant employee ownership of Google has made us what we are today. Because of our employee talent, Google is doing exciting work in nearly every area of computer science. We are in a very competitive industry where the quality of our product is paramount. Talented people are attracted to Google because we empower them to change the world; Google has large computational resources and distribution that enables individuals to make a difference. Our main benefit is a workplace with important projects, where employees can contribute and grow. We are focused on providing an environment where talented, hard working people are rewarded for their contributions to Google and for making the world a better place.
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DON’T BE EVIL
Don’t be evil. We believe strongly that in the long term, we will be better served—as shareholders and in all other ways—by a company that does good things for the world even if we forgo some short term gains. This is an important aspect of our culture and is broadly shared within the company.
Google users trust our systems to help them with important decisions: medical, financial and many others. Our search results are the best we know how to produce. They are unbiased and objective, and we do not accept payment for them or for inclusion or more frequent updating. We also display advertising, which we work hard to make relevant, and we label it clearly. This is similar to a newspaper, where the advertisements are clear and the articles are not influenced by the advertisers’ payments. We believe it is important for everyone to have access to the best information and research, not only to the information people pay for you to see.
MAKING THE WORLD A BETTER PLACE
We aspire to make Google an institution that makes the world a better place. With our products, Google connects people and information all around the world for free. We are adding other powerful services such as Gmail that provides an efficient one gigabyte Gmail account for free. By releasing services for free, we hope to help bridge the digital divide. AdWords connects users and advertisers efficiently, helping both. AdSense helps fund a huge variety of online web sites and enables authors who could not otherwise publish. Last year we created Google Grants—a growing program in which hundreds of non-profits addressing issues, including the environment, poverty and human rights, receive free advertising. And now, we are in the process of establishing the Google Foundation. We intend to contribute significant resources to the foundation, including employee time and approximately 1% of Google’s equity and profits in some form. We hope someday this institution may eclipse Google itself in terms of overall world impact by ambitiously applying innovation and significant resources to the largest of the world’s problems.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Google is not a conventional company. Eric, Sergey and I intend to operate Google differently, applying the values it has developed as a private company to its future as a public company. Our mission and business description are available in the rest of the prospectus; we encourage you to carefully read this information. We will optimize for the long term rather than trying to produce smooth earnings for each quarter. We will support selected high-risk, high-reward projects and manage our portfolio of projects. We will run the company collaboratively with Eric, our CEO, as a team of three. We are conscious of our duty as fiduciaries for our shareholders, and we will fulfill those responsibilities. We will continue to attract creative, committed new employees, and we will welcome support from new shareholders. We will live up to our “don’t be evil” principle by keeping user trust and not accepting payment for search results. We have a dual-class structure that is biased toward stability and independence and that requires investors to bet on the team, especially Sergey and me.
In this letter we have explained our thinking on why Google is better off going public. We have talked about our IPO auction method and our desire for stability and access for all investors. We have discussed our goal to have investors who determine a rational price and invest for the long term only if they can buy at that price. Finally, we have discussed our desire to create an ideal working environment that will ultimately drive the success of Google by retaining and attracting talented Googlers.
We have tried hard to anticipate your questions. It will be difficult for us to respond to them given legal constraints during our offering process. We look forward to a long and hopefully prosperous relationship with you, our new investors. We wrote this letter to help you understand our company.
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We have a strong commitment to our users worldwide, their communities, the web sites in our network, our advertisers, our investors, and of course our employees. Sergey and I, and the team will do our best to make Google a long term success and the world a better place.
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| Larry Page |
Sergey Brin |
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This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus and does not contain all of the information you should consider in making your investment decision. You should read this summary together with the more detailed information, including our financial statements and the related notes, elsewhere in this prospectus. You should carefully consider, among other things, the matters discussed in “Risk Factors.”
Google Inc.
Google is a global technology leader focused on improving the ways people connect with information. Our innovations in web search and advertising have made our web site a top Internet destination and our brand one of the most recognized in the world. We maintain the world’s largest online index of web sites and other content, and we make this information freely available to anyone with an Internet connection. Our automated search technology helps people obtain nearly instant access to relevant information from our vast online index.
We generate revenue by delivering relevant, cost-effective online advertising. Businesses use our AdWords program to promote their products and services with targeted advertising. In addition, the thousands of third-party web sites that comprise our Google Network use our Google AdSense program to deliver relevant ads that generate revenue and enhance the user experience.
Our mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. We believe that the most effective, and ultimately the most profitable, way to accomplish our mission is to put the needs of our users first. We have found that offering a high-quality user experience leads to increased traffic and strong word-of-mouth promotion. Our dedication to putting users first is reflected in three key commitments we have made to our users:
| • | We will do our best to provide the most relevant and useful search results possible, independent of financial incentives. Our search results will be objective and we will not accept payment for inclusion or ranking in them. |
| • | We will do our best to provide the most relevant and useful advertising. Whenever someone pays for something, we will make it clear to our users. Advertisements should not be an annoying interruption. |
| • | We will never stop working to improve our user experience, our search technology and other important areas of information organization. |
We believe that our user focus is the foundation of our success to date. We also believe that this focus is critical for the creation of long-term value. We do not intend to compromise our user focus for short-term economic gain.
Corporate Information
We were incorporated in California in September 1998. In August 2003, we reincorporated in Delaware. Our principal executive offices are located at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, California 94043, and our telephone number is (650) 623-4000. We maintain a number of web sites including www.google.com. The information on our web sites is not part of this prospectus.
Google® is a registered trademark in the U.S. and several other countries. Our unregistered trademarks include: AdSense, AdWords, Blogger, Froogle, Gmail, I’m Feeling Lucky and PageRank. All other trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this prospectus are the property of their respective holders.
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| Class A common stock offered: |
||
| By Google |
Shares | |
| By the selling stockholders |
Shares | |
| Total |
Shares | |
| Class A common stock to be outstanding after this offering |
Shares | |
| Class B common stock to be outstanding after this offering |
Shares | |
| Total common stock to be outstanding after this offering |
Shares | |
| Use of proceeds |
We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for general corporate purposes, including working capital and capital expenditures. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to acquire businesses, technologies or other assets. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling stockholders. See “Use of Proceeds” for additional information. | |
| Proposed symbol |
||
The number of shares of Class A and Class B common stock that will be outstanding after this offering is based on the number of shares outstanding at March 31, 2004 and excludes:
| • | shares of Class B common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants outstanding at March 31, 2004, at a weighted average exercise price of $ per share. |
| • | shares of Class A common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding at March 31, 2004, at a weighted average exercise price of $ per share. |
| • | shares of Class B common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding at March 31, 2004, at a weighted average exercise price of $ per share. |
| • | shares of common stock available for future issuance under our stock option plans at March 31, 2004. |
Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus assumes that the underwriters do not exercise the over-allotment option to purchase additional shares of Class A common stock in this offering and that all shares of our Class A Senior common stock and preferred stock are converted into Class B common stock and all shares of our common stock are converted into Class A common stock prior to this offering.
The Auction Process
The auction process being used for our initial public offering differs from methods that have been traditionally used in most other underwritten initial public offerings in the U.S. In particular, the initial public offering price and the allocation of shares will be determined primarily by an auction conducted by our underwriters on our behalf. For more information about the auction process see “Auction Process.”
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Summary Consolidated Financial Data
The following table summarizes financial data regarding our business and should be read together with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.
| Year Ended December 31, |
Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2003 |
2004 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except per share data) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (unaudited) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net revenues |
$ | 220 | $ | 19,108 | $ | 86,426 | $ | 347,848 | $ | 961,874 | $ | 178,894 | $ | 389,638 | ||||||||||||
| Costs and expenses: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues |
908 | 6,081 | 14,228 | 39,850 | 121,794 | 17,471 | 53,413 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development |
2,930 | 10,516 | 16,500 | 31,748 | 91,228 | 12,505 | 35,019 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing |
1,677 | 10,385 | 20,076 | 43,849 | 120,328 | 17,767 | 47,904 | |||||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative |
1,221 | 4,357 | 12,275 | 24,300 | 56,699 | 10,027 | 21,506 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation |
— | 2,506 | 12,383 | 21,635 | 229,361 | 36,418 | 76,473 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total costs and expenses |
6,736 | 33,845 | 75,462 | 161,382 | 619,410 | 94,188 | 234,315 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) from operations |
(6,516 | ) | (14,737 | ) | 10,964 | 186,466 | 342,464 | 84,706 | 155,323 | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest income (expense) and other, net |
440 | 47 | (896 | ) | (1,551 | ) | 4,190 | (47 | ) | 300 | ||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes |
(6,076 | ) | (14,690 | ) | 10,068 | 184,915 | 346,654 | 84,659 | 155,623 | |||||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes |
— | — | 3,083 | 85,259 | 241,006 | 58,859 | 91,650 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) |
$ | (6,076 | ) | $ | (14,690 | ) | $ | 6,985 | $ | 99,656 | $ | 105,648 | $ | 25,800 | $ | 63,973 | ||||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic |
$ | (0.14 | ) | $ | (0.22 | ) | $ | 0.07 | $ | 0.86 | $ | 0.77 | $ | 0.20 | $ | 0.42 | ||||||||||
| Diluted |
$ | (0.14 | ) | $ | (0.22 | ) | $ | 0.04 | $ | 0.45 | $ | 0.41 | $ | 0.10 | $ | 0.24 | ||||||||||
| Number of shares used in per share calculations: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic |
42,445 | 67,032 | 94,523 | 115,242 | 137,697 | 127,339 | 151,084 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted |
42,445 | 67,032 | 186,776 | 220,633 | 256,638 | 248,687 | 264,183 | |||||||||||||||||||
The following table presents a summary of our balance sheet data at March 31, 2004:
| • | On an actual basis. |
| • | On a pro forma as adjusted basis to give effect to the conversion of all outstanding shares of our Class A Senior common stock and preferred stock into shares of Class B common stock and all outstanding shares of our common stock into shares of Class A common stock prior to the closing of this offering and to further give effect to the sale by us of shares of our Class A common stock at an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, and the receipt of the net proceeds from this offering, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, as set forth under “Use of Proceeds” and “Cash and Capitalization.” |
| At March 31, 2004 | ||||||
| Actual |
Pro Forma as Adjusted | |||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||
| (unaudited) | ||||||
| Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: |
||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments |
$ | 454,888 | ||||
| Total assets |
1,079,454 | |||||
| Total long-term liabilities |
38,172 | |||||
| Redeemable convertible preferred stock warrant |
13,871 | |||||
| Deferred stock-based compensation |
(368,579 | ) | ||||
| Total stockholders’ equity |
727,780 | |||||
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An investment in Google involves significant risks. You should read these risk factors carefully before deciding whether to invest in our company. The following is a description of what we consider our key challenges and risks.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
We face significant competition from Microsoft and Yahoo.
We face formidable competition in every aspect of our business, and particularly from other companies that seek to connect people with information on the web and provide them with relevant advertising. Currently, we consider our primary competitors to be Microsoft and Yahoo. Microsoft has announced plans to develop a new web search technology that may make web search a more integrated part of the Windows operating system. We expect that Microsoft will increasingly use its financial and engineering resources to compete with us. Yahoo has become an increasingly significant competitor, having acquired Overture Services, which offers Internet advertising solutions that compete with our AdWords and AdSense programs, as well as the Inktomi, AltaVista and AllTheWeb search engines. Since June 2000, Yahoo has used, to varying degrees, our web search technology on its web site to provide web search services to its users. We have notified Yahoo of our election to terminate our agreement, effective July 2004. This agreement with Yahoo accounted for less than 3% of our net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2003 and less than 3% for the three months ended March 31, 2004.
Both Microsoft and Yahoo have more employees than we do (in Microsoft’s case, currently more than 20 times as many). Microsoft also has significantly more cash resources than we do. Both of these companies also have longer operating histories and more established relationships with customers. They can use their experience and resources against us in a variety of competitive ways, including by making acquisitions, investing more aggressively in research and development and competing more aggressively for advertisers and web sites. Microsoft and Yahoo also may have a greater ability to attract and retain users than we do because they operate Internet portals with a broad range of products and services. If Microsoft or Yahoo are successful in providing similar or better web search results compared to ours or leverage their platforms to make their web search services easier to access than ours, we could experience a significant decline in user traffic. Any such decline in traffic could negatively affect our net revenues.
We face competition from other Internet companies, including web search providers, Internet advertising companies and destination web sites that may also bundle their services with Internet access.
In addition to Microsoft and Yahoo, we face competition from other web search providers, including companies that are not yet known to us. We compete with Internet advertising companies, particularly in the areas of pay-for-performance and keyword-targeted Internet advertising. Also, we may compete with companies that sell products and services online because these companies, like us, are trying to attract users to their web sites to search for information about products and services.
We also compete with destination web sites that seek to increase their search-related traffic. These destination web sites may include those operated by Internet access providers, such as cable and DSL service providers. Because our users need to access our services through Internet access providers, they have direct relationships with these providers. If an access provider or a computer or computing device manufacturer offers online services that compete with ours, the user may find it more convenient to use the services of the access provider or manufacturer. In addition, the access provider or manufacturer may make it hard to access our services by not listing them in the access provider’s or manufacturer’s own menu of offerings. Also, because the access provider gathers information from the user in connection with the establishment of a billing relationship, the access provider may be more effective than we are in tailoring services and advertisements to the specific tastes of the user.
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There has been a trend toward industry consolidation among our competitors, and so smaller competitors today may become larger competitors in the future. If our competitors are more successful than we are at generating traffic, our revenues may decline.
We face competition from traditional media companies, and we may not be included in the advertising budgets of large advertisers, which could harm our operating results.
In addition to Internet companies, we face competition from companies that offer traditional media advertising opportunities. Most large advertisers have set advertising budgets, a very small portion of which is allocated to Internet advertising. We expect that large advertisers will continue to focus most of their advertising efforts on traditional media. If we fail to convince these companies to spend a portion of their advertising budgets with us, or if our existing advertisers reduce the amount they spend on our programs, our operating results would be harmed.
We expect our growth rates to decline and anticipate downward pressure on our operating margin in the future.
We expect that in the future our revenue growth rate will decline and anticipate that there will be downward pressure on our operating margin. We believe our revenue growth rate will decline as a result of anticipated changes to our advertising program revenue mix, increasing competition and the inevitable decline in growth rates as our net revenues increase to higher levels. We believe our operating margin will decline as a result of increasing competition and increased expenditures for all aspects of our business as a percentage of our net revenues, including product development and sales and marketing expenses. We also expect that our operating margin may decline as a result of increases in the proportion of our net revenues generated from our Google Network members. The margin on revenue we generate from our Google Network members is generally significantly less than the margin on revenue we generate from advertising on our web sites. Additionally, the margin we earn on revenue generated from our Google Network could decrease in the future if our Google Network members require a greater portion of the advertising fees.
Our operating results may fluctuate.
Our operating results may fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. The following factors may affect our operating results:
| • | Our ability to compete effectively. |
| • | Our ability to continue to attract users to our web sites. |
| • | The level of use of the Internet to find information. |
| • | Our ability to attract advertisers to our AdWords program. |
| • | Our ability to attract web sites to our AdSense program. |
| • | The mix in our net revenues between those generated on our web sites and those generated through our Google Network. |
| • | The amount and timing of operating costs and capital expenditures related to the maintenance and expansion of our businesses, operations and infrastructure. |
| • | Our focus on long term goals over short-term results. |
| • | The results of our investments in risky projects. |
| • | General economic conditions and those economic conditions specific to the Internet and Internet advertising. |
| • | Our ability to keep our web sites operational at a reasonable cost and without service interruptions. |
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| • | The success of our geographical and product expansion. |
| • | Our ability to attract, motivate and retain top-quality employees. |
| • | Foreign, federal, state or local government regulation that could impede our ability to post ads for various industries. |
| • | Our ability to upgrade and develop our systems, infrastructure and products. |
| • | New technologies or services that block the ads we deliver and user adoption of these technologies. |
| • | The costs and results of litigation that we face. |
| • | Our ability to protect our intellectual property rights. |
| • | Our ability to forecast revenue from agreements under which we guarantee minimum payments. |
| • | Our ability to manage click-through fraud and other activities that violate our terms of services. |
| • | Our ability to successfully integrate and manage our acquisitions. |
| • | Geopolitical events such as war, threat of war or terrorist actions. |
Because our business is changing and evolving, our historical operating results may not be useful to you in predicting our future operating results. In addition, advertising spending has historically been cyclical in nature, reflecting overall economic conditions as well as budgeting and buying patterns. For example, in 1999, advertisers spent heavily on Internet advertising. This was followed by a lengthy downturn in ad spending on the web. Also, user traffic tends to be seasonal. Our rapid growth has masked the cyclicality and seasonality of our business. As our growth slows, we expect that the cyclicality and seasonality in our business may become more pronounced and may in the future cause our operating results to fluctuate.
For these reasons, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful, and you should not rely on past results as an indication of future performance. Quarterly and annual expenses as a percentage of net revenues may be significantly different from historical or projected rates. Our operating results in future quarters may fall below expectations, which could cause our stock price to fall.
If we do not continue to innovate and provide products and services that are useful to users, we may not remain competitive, and our revenues and operating results could suffer.
Our success depends on providing products and services that people use for a high quality Internet experience. Our competitors are constantly developing innovations in web search, online advertising and providing information to people. As a result, we must continue to invest significant resources in research and development in order to enhance our web search technology and our existing products and services and introduce new high-quality products and services that people will use. If we are unable to predict user preferences or industry changes, or if we are unable to modify our products and services on a timely basis, we may lose users, advertisers and Google Network members. Our operating results would also suffer if our innovations are not responsive to the needs of our users, advertisers and Google Network members, are not appropriately timed with market opportunity or are not effectively brought to market. As search technology continues to develop, our competitors may be able to offer search results that are, or that are perceived to be, substantially similar or better than those generated by our search services. This may force us to compete on bases in addition to quality of search results and to expend significant resources in order to remain competitive.
We generate our revenue almost entirely from advertising, and the reduction in spending by or loss of advertisers could seriously harm our business.
We generated approximately 95% of our net revenues in 2003 from our advertisers. Our advertisers can generally terminate their contracts with us at any time. Advertisers will not continue to do business with us if
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their investment in advertising with us does not generate sales leads, and ultimately customers, or if we do not deliver their advertisements in an appropriate and effective manner. If we are unable to remain competitive and provide value to our advertisers, they may stop placing ads with us, which would negatively affect our net revenues and business.
We rely on our Google Network members for a significant portion of our net revenues, and otherwise benefit from our association with them, and the loss of these members could adversely affect our business.
We provide advertising, web search and other services to members of our Google Network. The net revenues generated from the fees advertisers pay us when users click on ads that we have delivered to our Google Network members’ web sites represented approximately 15% of our net revenues in 2003, and approximately 21% of our net revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2004, and we expect this percentage to increase in the future. We consider this network to be critical to the future growth of our net revenues. However, some of the participants in this network may compete with us in one or more areas. Therefore, they may decide in the future to terminate their agreements with us. If our Google Network members decide to use a competitor’s or their own web search or advertising services, our net revenues would decline.
Our agreements with a few of the largest Google Network members account for a significant portion of net revenues derived from our AdSense program. In addition, certain of our key network members operate high-profile web sites, and we derive tangible and intangible benefits from this affiliation. If one or more of these key relationships is terminated or not renewed, and is not replaced with a comparable relationship, our business would be adversely affected.
Our business and operations are experiencing rapid growth. If we fail to manage our growth, our business and operating results could be harmed.
We have experienced, and continue to experience, rapid growth in our headcount and operations, which has placed, and will continue to place, significant demands on our management, operational and financial infrastructure. If we do not effectively manage our growth, the quality of our products and services could suffer, which could negatively affect our brand and operating results. To effectively manage this growth, we will need to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls and our reporting systems and procedures. These systems enhancements and improvements will require significant capital expenditures and allocation of valuable management resources. If the improvements are not implemented successfully, our ability to manage our growth will be impaired and we may have to make significant additional expenditures to address these issues, which could harm our financial position. The required improvements include:
| • | Enhancing our information and communication systems to ensure that our offices around the world are well coordinated and that we can effectively communicate with our growing base of users, advertisers and Google Network members. |
| • | Enhancing systems of internal controls to ensure timely and accurate reporting of all of our operations. |
| • | Documenting all of our information technology systems and our business processes for our ad systems and our billing systems. |
| • | Improving our information technology infrastructure to maintain the effectiveness of our search systems. |
If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, current and potential stockholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our stock.
Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and effectively prevent fraud. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our brand and operating results could be harmed. We have in the past discovered, and may in the future discover, areas of our internal controls that need
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improvement. For example, during our 2002 audit, our external auditors brought to our attention a need to increase restrictions on employee access to our advertising system and automate more of our financial processes. The auditors identified these issues together as a “reportable condition,” which means that these were matters that in the auditors’ judgment could adversely affect our ability to record, process, summarize and report financial data consistent with the assertions of management in the financial statements. In 2003, we devoted significant resources to remediate and improve our internal controls. Although we believe that these efforts have strengthened our internal controls and addressed the concerns that gave rise to the “reportable condition” in 2002, we are continuing to work to improve our internal controls, including in the areas of access and security. We cannot be certain that these measures will ensure that we implement and maintain adequate controls over our financial processes and reporting in the future. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our stock.
We are migrating critical financial functions to a third-party provider. If this transition is not successful, our business and operations could be disrupted and our operating results would be harmed.
We are in the process of transferring to a third-party service provider our worldwide billing, collection and credit evaluation functions. The third-party provider will also track, on an automated basis, our growing number of AdSense revenue share agreements. These functions are critical to our operations and involve sensitive interactions between us and our users, advertisers and members of our Google Network. If we do not successfully implement this project, our business, reputation and operating results could be harmed. We have no experience managing and implementing this type of large-scale, cross-functional, international infrastructure project. We also may not be able to integrate our systems and processes with those of the third-party service provider on a timely basis, or at all. Even if this integration is completed on time, the provider may not perform to agreed upon service levels. Failure of the service provider to perform satisfactorily could result in customer dissatisfaction, disrupt our operations and adversely affect operating results. We will have significantly less control over the systems and processes than if we maintained and operated them ourselves, which increases our risk. If we need to find an alternative source for performing these functions, we may have to expend significant resources in doing so, and we cannot guarantee this would be accomplished in a timely manner or without significant additional disruption to our business.
Our business depends on a strong brand, and if we are not able to maintain and enhance our brand, our business and operating results would be harmed.
We believe that the brand identity that we have developed has significantly contributed to the success of our business. We also believe that maintaining and enhancing the “Google” brand is critical to expanding our base of users, advertisers and Google Network members. Maintaining and enhancing our brand may require us to make substantial investments and these investments may not be successful. If we fail to promote and maintain the “Google” brand, or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business, operating results and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected. We anticipate that, as our market becomes increasingly competitive, maintaining and enhancing our brand may become increasingly difficult and expensive. Maintaining and enhancing our brand will depend largely on our ability to be a technology leader and to continue to provide high quality products and services, which we may not do successfully. To date, we have engaged in relatively little direct brand promotion activities. This enhances the risk that we may not successfully implement brand enhancement efforts in the future.
People have in the past expressed, and may in the future express, objections to aspects of our products. For example, people have raised privacy concerns relating to the ability of our recently announced Gmail email service to match relevant ads to the content of email messages. Some people have also reacted negatively to the fact that our search technology can be used to help people find hateful or derogatory information on the web. Aspects of our future products may raise similar public concerns. Publicity regarding such concerns could harm
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our brand. In addition, members of the Google Network and other third parties may take actions that could impair the value of our brand. We are aware that third parties, from time to time, use “Google” and similar variations in their domain names without our approval, and our brand may be harmed if users and advertisers associate these domains with us.
Proprietary document formats may limit the effectiveness of our search technology by excluding the content of documents in such formats.
An increasing amount of information on the Internet is provided in proprietary document formats such as Microsoft Word. The providers of the software application used to create these documents could engineer the document format to prevent or interfere with our ability to access the document contents with our search technology. This would mean that the document contents would not be included in our search results even if the contents were directly relevant to a search. These types of activities could assist our competitors or diminish the value of our search results. The software providers may also seek to require us to pay them royalties in exchange for giving us the ability to search documents in their format. If the software provider also competes with us in the search business, they may give their search technology a preferential ability to search documents in their proprietary format. Any of these results could harm our brand and our operating results.
New technologies could block our ads, which would harm our business.
Technologies may be developed that can block the display of our ads. Most of our net revenues are derived from fees paid to us by advertisers in connection with the display of ads on web pages. As a result, ad-blocking technology could, in the future, adversely affect our operating results.
Our corporate culture has contributed to our success, and if we cannot maintain this culture as we grow, our business may be harmed.
We believe that a critical contributor to our success has been our corporate culture, which we believe fosters innovation, creativity and teamwork. As our organization grows, and we are required to implement more complex organizational management structures, we may find it increasingly difficult to maintain the beneficial aspects of our corporate culture. This could negatively impact our future success. In addition, this offering may create disparities in wealth among Google employees, which may adversely impact relations among employees and our corporate culture in general.
Our intellectual property rights are valuable, and any inability to protect them could reduce the value of our products, services and brand.
Our patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights and all of our other intellectual property rights are important assets for us. There are events that are outside of our control that pose a threat to our intellectual property rights. For example, effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every country in which our products and services are distributed or made available through the Internet. Also, the efforts we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may not be sufficient or effective. Any significant impairment of our intellectual property rights could harm our business or our ability to compete. Also, protecting our intellectual property rights is costly and time consuming. Any increase in the unauthorized use of our intellectual property could make it more expensive to do business and harm our operating results.
We seek to obtain patent protection for our innovations. It is possible, however, that some of these innovations may not be protectable. In addition, given the costs of obtaining patent protection, we may choose not to protect certain innovations that later turn out to be important. Furthermore, there is always the possibility, despite our efforts, that the scope of the protection gained will be insufficient or that an issued patent may be deemed invalid or unenforceable.
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We also face risks associated with our trademarks. For example, there is a risk that the word “Google” could become so commonly used that it becomes synonymous with the word “search.” If this happens, we could lose protection for this trademark, which could result in other people using the word “Google” to refer to their own products, thus diminishing our brand.
We also seek to maintain certain intellectual property as trade secrets. The secrecy could be compromised by third parties, or intentionally or accidentally by our employees, which would cause us to lose the competitive advantage resulting from these trade secrets.
We are, and may in the future be, subject to intellectual property rights claims, which are costly to defend, could require us to pay damages and could limit our ability to use certain technologies in the future.
Companies in the Internet, technology and media industries own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets and frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. As we face increasing competition, the possibility of intellectual property rights claims against us grows. Our technologies may not be able to withstand any third-party claims or rights against their use. Any intellectual property claims, with or without merit, could be time-consuming, expensive to litigate or settle and could divert management resources and attention. In addition, many of our agreements with members of our Google Network require us to indemnify these members for third-party intellectual property infringement claims, which would increase our costs as a result of defending such claims and may require that we pay damages if there were an adverse ruling in any such claims. An adverse determination also could prevent us from offering our products and services to others and may require that we procure substitute products or services for these members.
With respect to any intellectual property rights claim, we may have to pay damages or stop using technology found to be in violation of a third party’s rights. We may have to seek a license for the technology, which may not be available on reasonable terms and may significantly increase our operating expenses. The technology also may not be available for license to us at all. As a result, we may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense. If we cannot license or develop technology for the infringing aspects of our business, we may be forced to limit our product and service offerings and may be unable to compete effectively. Any of these results could harm our brand and operating results.
From time to time, we receive notice letters from patent holders alleging that certain of our products and services infringe their patent rights. Some of these have resulted in litigation against us. For example, Overture Services (now owned by Yahoo) has sued us, claiming that the Google AdWords program infringes certain claims of an Overture Services patent. It also claims that the patent relates to Overture Services’ own bid-for-ad placement business model and its pay-for-performance technologies. We are currently litigating this case. If Overture Services wins, it may significantly limit our ability to use the AdWords program, and we also may be required to pay damages.
Companies have also filed trademark infringement and related claims against us over the display of ads in response to user queries that include trademark terms. The outcomes of these lawsuits have differed from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. A court in France has held us liable for allowing advertisers to select certain trademarked terms as keywords. We have appealed this decision. We were also sued in Germany on a similar matter where a court held that we are not liable for the actions of our advertisers prior to notification of trademark rights. We are litigating similar issues in other cases in the U.S., France and Germany.
In order to provide users with more useful ads, we have recently revised our trademark policy in the U.S. and Canada. Under our new policy, we no longer disable ads due to selection by our advertisers of trademarks as keyword triggers for the ads. As a result of this change in policy, we may be subject to more trademark infringement lawsuits. Defending these lawsuits could take time and resources. Adverse results in these lawsuits may result in, or even compel, a change in this practice which could result in a loss of revenue for us, which could harm our business.
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We have also been notified by third parties that they believe one of our products or services violates their copyrights. Generally speaking, any time that we have a product or service that links to or hosts material in which others allege to own copyrights, we face the risk of being sued for copyright infringement or related claims. Because these products and services comprise the majority of our products and services, the risk of potential harm from such lawsuits is substantial.
Expansion into international markets is important to our long-term success, and our inexperience in the operation of our business outside the U.S. increases the risk that our international expansion efforts will not be successful.
We opened our first office outside the U.S. in 2001 and have only limited experience with operations outside the U.S. Expansion into international markets requires management attention and resources. In addition, we face the following additional risks associated with our expansion outside the U.S.:
| • | Challenges caused by distance, language and cultural differences. |
| • | Longer payment cycles in some countries. |
| • | Credit risk and higher levels of payment fraud. |
| • | Legal and regulatory restrictions. |
| • | Currency exchange rate fluctuations. |
| • | Foreign exchange controls that might prevent us from repatriating cash earned in countries outside the U.S. |
| • | Political and economic instability and export restrictions. |
| • | Potentially adverse tax consequences. |
| • | Higher costs associated with doing business internationally. |
These risks could harm our international expansion efforts, which would in turn harm our business and operating results.
We compete internationally with local information providers and with U.S. competitors who are currently more successful than we are in various markets.
We face different market characteristics and competition outside the U.S. In certain markets, other web search, advertising services and Internet companies have greater brand recognition, more users and more search traffic than we have. Even in countries where we have a significant user following, we may not be as successful in generating advertising revenue due to slower market development, our inability to provide attractive local advertising services or other factors. In order to compete, we need to improve our brand recognition and our selling efforts internationally and build stronger relationships with advertisers. We also need to better understand our international users and their preferences. If we fail to do so, our global expansion efforts may be more costly and less profitable than we expect.
Our business may be adversely affected by malicious third-party applications that interfere with the Google experience.
Our business may be adversely affected by malicious applications that make changes to our users’ computers and interfere with the Google experience. These applications have in the past attempted, and may in the future attempt, to change our users’ Internet experience, including hijacking queries to Google.com, altering or replacing Google search results, or otherwise interfering with our ability to connect with our users. The interference often occurs without disclosure to or consent from users, resulting in a negative experience that users may associate with Google. These applications may be difficult or impossible to uninstall or disable, may
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reinstall themselves and may circumvent other applications’ efforts to block or remove them. The ability to reach users and provide them with a superior experience is critical to our success. If our efforts to combat these malicious applications are unsuccessful, our reputation may be harmed, and our communications with certain users could be impaired. This could result in a decline in user traffic and associated ad revenues, which would damage our business.
If we fail to detect click-through fraud, we could lose the confidence of our advertisers, thereby causing our business to suffer.
We are exposed to the risk of fraudulent clicks on our ads. We have regularly paid refunds related to fraudulent clicks and expect to do so in the future. If we are unable to stop this fraudulent activity, these refunds may increase. If we find new evidence of past fraudulent clicks we may have to issue refunds retroactively of amounts previously paid to our Google Network members. This would negatively affect our profitability, and these types of fraudulent activities could hurt our brand. If fraudulent clicks are not detected, the affected advertisers may experience a reduced return on their investment in our advertising programs because the fraudulent clicks will not lead to potential revenue for the advertisers. This could lead the advertisers to become dissatisfied with our advertising programs, which could lead to loss of advertisers and revenue.
We are susceptible to index spammers who could harm the integrity of our web search results.
There is an ongoing and increasing effort by “index spammers” to develop ways to manipulate our web search results. For example, because our web search technology ranks a web page’s relevance based in part on the importance of the web sites that link to it, people have attempted to link a group of web sites together to manipulate web search results. We take this problem very seriously because providing relevant information to users is critical to our success. If our efforts to combat these and other types of index spamming are unsuccessful, our reputation for delivering relevant information could be diminished. This could result in a decline in user traffic, which would damage our business.
Our ability to offer our products and services may be affected by a variety of U.S. and foreign laws.
The laws relating to the liability of providers of online services for activities of their users are currently unsettled both within the U.S. and abroad. Claims have been threatened and filed under both U.S. and foreign law for defamation, libel, invasion of privacy and other data protection claims, tort, unlawful activity, copyright or trademark infringement, or other theories based on the nature and content of the materials searched and the ads posted or the content generated by our users. From time to time we have received notices from individuals who do not want their names or web sites to appear in our web search results when certain keywords are searched. It is also possible that we could be held liable for misinformation provided over the web when that information appears in our web search results. If one of these complaints results in liability to us, it could be potentially costly, encourage similar lawsuits, distract management and harm our reputation and possibly our business. In addition, increased attention focused on these issues and legislative proposals could harm our reputation or otherwise affect the growth of our business.
The application to us of existing laws regulating or requiring licenses for certain businesses of our advertisers, including, for example, distribution of pharmaceuticals, adult content, financial services, alcohol or firearms, can be unclear. Existing or new legislation could expose us to substantial liability, restrict our ability to deliver services to our users, limit our ability to grow and cause us to incur significant expenses in order to comply with such laws and regulations.
Several other federal laws could have an impact on our business. Compliance with these laws and regulations is complex and may impose significant additional costs on us. For example, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act has provisions that limit, but do not eliminate, our liability for listing or linking to third-party web sites that include materials that infringe copyrights or other rights, so long as we comply with the statutory
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requirements of this act. The Children’s Online Protection Act and the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act restrict the distribution of materials considered harmful to children and impose additional restrictions on the ability of online services to collect information from minors. In addition, the Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act of 1998 requires online service providers to report evidence of violations of federal child pornography laws under certain circumstances. Any failure on our part to comply with these regulations may subject us to additional liabilities.
We also face risks associated with international data protection. The interpretation and application of data protection laws in Europe and elsewhere are still uncertain and in flux. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data practices. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, this could result in an order requiring that we change our data practices, which in turn could have a material effect on our business.
If we were to lose the services of Eric, Larry, Sergey or our senior management team, we may not be able to execute our business strategy.
Our future success depends in a large part upon the continued service of key members of our senior management team. In particular, our CEO Eric Schmidt and our founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin are critical to the overall management of Google as well as the development of our technology, our culture and our strategic direction. All of our executive officers and key employees are at-will employees, and we do not maintain any key-person life insurance policies. The loss of any of our management or key personnel could seriously harm our business.
The initial option grants to many of our senior management and key employees are fully vested. Therefore, these employees may not have sufficient financial incentive to stay with us.
Many of our senior management personnel and other key employees have become, or will soon become, substantially vested in their initial stock option grants. While we often grant additional stock options to management personnel and other key employees after their hire dates to provide additional incentives to remain employed by us, their initial grants are usually much larger than follow-on grants. Employees may be more likely to leave us after their initial option grant fully vests, especially if the shares underlying the options have significantly appreciated in value relative to the option exercise price. We have not given any additional grants to Eric, Larry or Sergey. Larry and Sergey are fully vested, and only a small portion of Eric’s stock is subject to future vesting.
If we are unable to retain or motivate key personnel or hire qualified personnel, we may not be able to grow effectively.
Our performance is largely dependent on the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization. Competition in our industry for qualified employees is intense, and we are aware that certain of our competitors have directly targeted our employees. Our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to attract new employees and to retain and motivate our existing employees.
We have in the past maintained a rigorous, highly selective and time-consuming hiring process. We believe that our approach to hiring has significantly contributed to our success to date. As we grow, our hiring process may prevent us from hiring the personnel we need in a timely manner. In addition, as we become a more mature company, we may find our recruiting efforts more challenging. The incentives to attract, retain and motivate employees provided by our option grants or by future arrangements, such as through cash bonuses, may not be as effective as in the past. If we do not succeed in attracting excellent personnel or retaining or motivating existing personnel, we may be unable to grow effectively.
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Our CEO and our two founders run the business and affairs of the company collectively, which may harm their ability to manage effectively.
Eric, our CEO, and Larry and Sergey, our founders and presidents, currently provide leadership to the company as a team. Our bylaws provide that our CEO and our presidents will together have general supervision, direction and control of the company, subject to the control of our board of directors. As a result, Eric, Larry and Sergey tend to operate the company collectively and to consult extensively with each other before significant decisions are made. This may slow the decision-making process, and a disagreement among these individuals could prevent key strategic decisions from being made in a timely manner. In the event our CEO and our two founders are unable to continue to work well together in providing cohesive leadership, our business could be harmed.
We have a short operating history and a relatively new business model in an emerging and rapidly evolving market. This makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and may increase the risk of your investment.
We first derived revenue from our online search business in 1999 and from our advertising services in 2000, and we have only a short operating history with our cost-per-click advertising model, which we launched in 2002. As a result, we have very little operating history for you to evaluate in assessing our future prospects. Also, we derive nearly all of our net revenues from online advertising, which is an immature industry that has undergone rapid and dramatic changes in its short history. You must consider our business and prospects in light of the risks and difficulties we will encounter as an early-stage company in a new and rapidly evolving market. We may not be able to successfully address these risks and difficulties, which could materially harm our business and operating results.
We may have difficulty scaling and adapting our existing architecture to accommodate increased traffic and technology advances or changing business requirements.
To be successful, our network infrastructure has to perform well and be reliable. The greater the user traffic and the greater the complexity of our products and services, the more computing power we will need. In 2004, we expect to spend substantial amounts to purchase or lease data centers and equipment and to upgrade our technology and network infrastructure to handle increased traffic on our web sites and to roll out new products and services. This expansion is going to be expensive and complex and could result in inefficiencies or operational failures. The costs associated with these adjustments to our architecture could harm our operating results. Cost increases, loss of traffic or failure to accommodate new technologies or changing business requirements could harm our operating results and financial condition.
Problems with bandwidth providers, data centers or other third parties could harm us.
We rely on third-party vendors, including data center and bandwidth providers. Any disruption in the network access or co-location services provided by these third-party providers or any failure of these third-party providers to handle current or higher volumes of use could significantly harm our business. Any financial or other difficulties our providers face may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which we cannot predict. We exercise little control over these third party vendors, which increases our vulnerability to problems with the services they provide. We license technology and related databases from third parties to facilitate aspects of our data center and connectivity operations including, among others, Internet traffic management services. We have experienced and expect to continue to experience interruptions and delays in service and availability for such elements. Any errors, failures, interruptions or delays experienced in connection with these third-party technologies and information services could negatively impact our relationship with users and adversely affect our brand and our business and could expose us to liabilities to third parties.
Our systems are also heavily reliant on the availability of electricity, which also comes from third-party providers. If we were to experience a major power outage, we would have to rely on back-up generators. These
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back-up generators may not operate properly through a major power outage and their fuel supply could also be inadequate during a major power outage. This could result in a disruption of our business.
System failures could harm our business.
Our systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, terrorist attacks, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, computer denial of service attacks or other attempts to harm our system, and similar events. Some of our data centers are located in areas with a high risk of major earthquakes. Our data centers are also subject to break-ins, sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism, and to potential disruptions if the operators of these facilities have financial difficulties. Some of our systems are not fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. The occurrence of a natural disaster, a decision to close a facility we are using without adequate notice for financial reasons or other unanticipated problems at our data centers could result in lengthy interruptions in our service. Any damage to or failure of our systems could result in interruptions in our service. Interruptions in our service could reduce our revenues and profits, and our brand could be damaged if people believe our system is unreliable.
We have experienced system failures in the past and may in the future. For example, in November 2003 we failed to provide web search results for approximately 20% of our traffic for a period of about 30 minutes. Any unscheduled interruption in our service puts a burden on our entire organization and would result in an immediate loss of revenue. If we experience frequent or persistent system failures on our web sites, our reputation and brand could be permanently harmed. The steps we have taken to increase the reliability and redundancy of our systems are expensive, reduce our operating margin and may not be successful in reducing the frequency or duration of unscheduled downtime.
More individuals are using non-PC devices to access the Internet, and versions of our web search technology developed for these devices may not be widely adopted by users of these devices.
The number of people who access the Internet through devices other than personal computers, including mobile telephones, hand-held calendaring and email assistants, and television set-top devices, has increased dramatically in the past few years. The lower resolution, functionality and memory associated with alternative devices make the use of our products and services through such devices difficult. If we are unable to attract and retain a substantial number of alternative device users to our web search services or if we are slow to develop products and technologies that are more compatible with non-PC communications devices, we will fail to capture a significant share of an increasingly important portion of the market for online services.
If we account for employee stock options using the fair value method, it could significantly reduce our net income.
There has been ongoing public debate whether stock options granted to employees should be treated as a compensation expense and, if so, how to properly value such charges. On March 31, 2004, the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) issued an Exposure Draft, Share-Based Payment: an amendment of FASB statements No. 123 and 95, which would require a company to recognize, as an expense, the fair value of stock options and other stock-based compensation to employees beginning in 2005 and subsequent reporting periods. If we elect or are required to record an expense for our stock-based compensation plans using the fair value method as described in the Exposure Draft, we could have significant and ongoing accounting charges. See Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this prospectus for a more detailed presentation of accounting for stock-based compensation plans.
We have recognized cost of revenue, and may continue to recognize cost of revenue, in connection with minimum fee guarantee commitments with our Google Network members.
We have entered into, and may continue to enter into, minimum fee guarantee agreements with a small number of Google Network members. In these agreements, we promise to make minimum payments to the
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Google Networks member for a pre-negotiated period of time, typically from three months to a year or more. If the fees we earn under an agreement are less than the fees we are obligated to pay to a Google Network member, we recognize cost of revenue to the extent of the difference. It is difficult to forecast with certainty the fees that we will earn under our agreements, and sometimes the fees we earn fall short of the minimum guarantee payment amounts. In each period to date, the aggregate fees we have earned under these agreements have exceeded the aggregate amounts we have been obligated to pay to the Google Network members. However, individual agreements have resulted in our recognition of cost of revenues as a result of our minimum fee guarantees. In 2003, we recognized an aggregate of approximately $22.5 million in cost of revenue related to those agreements. In the three-month period ending March 31, 2004, we recognized an aggregate of approximately $9.0 million in cost of revenue related to those agreements. At December 31, 2003, our aggregate outstanding minimum guarantee commitments totaled approximately $527.4 million. At March 31, 2004 our aggregate outstanding minimum guarantee commitments totaled approximately $544.8 million. These commitments expire between 2004 and 2007. We may recognize cost of revenues in the future in connection with these agreements, which could adversely affect our profitability.
We face risks associated with currency exchange rates fluctuations.
As we expand our international operations, more of our customers may pay us in foreign currencies. Conducting business in currencies other than U.S. dollars subjects us to fluctuations in currency exchange rates that could have a negative impact on our reported operating results. Hedging strategies we may implement to mitigate this risk may not eliminate our exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations. Additionally, hedging programs expose us to risks that could adversely affect our operating results, including the following:
| • | We have limited experience in implementing or operating hedging programs. Hedging programs are inherently risky and we could lose money as a result of poor trades. |
| • | We may be unable to hedge currency risk for some transactions because of a high level of uncertainty or the inability to reasonably estimate our foreign exchange exposures. |
| • | We may be unable to acquire foreign exchange hedging instruments in some of the geographic areas where we do business, or, where these derivatives are available, we may not be able to acquire enough of them to fully offset our exposure. |
It has been and may continue to be expensive to obtain and maintain insurance.
We contract for insurance to cover potential risks and liabilities. In the current environment, insurance companies are increasingly specific about what they will and will not insure. It is possible that we may not be able to get enough insurance to meet our needs, may have to pay very high prices for the coverage we do get or may not be able to acquire any insurance for certain types of business risk. This could leave us exposed to potential claims. If we were found liable for a significant claim in the future, our operating results could be negatively impacted.
Acquisitions could result in operating difficulties, dilution and other harmful consequences.
We do not have a great deal of experience acquiring companies and the companies we have acquired have been small. We have evaluated, and expect to continue to evaluate, a wide array of potential strategic transactions. From time to time, we may engage in discussions regarding potential acquisitions. Any of these transactions could be material to our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the process of integrating an acquired company, business or technology may create unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures and is risky. The areas where we may face risks include:
| • | The need to implement or remediate controls, procedures and policies appropriate for a larger public company at companies that prior to the acquisition lacked these controls, procedures and policies. |
| • | Diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to acquisition integration challenges. |
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| • | Cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into our organization. |
| • | Retaining employees from the businesses we acquire. |
| • | The need to integrate each company’s accounting, management information, human resource and other administrative systems to permit effective management. |
Foreign acquisitions involve unique risks in addition to those mentioned above, including those related to integration of operations across different cultures and languages, currency risks and the particular economic, political and regulatory risks associated with specific countries. Also, the anticipated benefit of many of our acquisitions may not materialize. Future acquisitions or dispositions could result in potentially dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or amortization expenses, or write-offs of goodwill, any of which could harm our financial condition. Future acquisitions may require us to obtain additional equity or debt financing, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all.
We occasionally become subject to commercial disputes that could harm our business.
From time to time we are engaged in disputes regarding our commercial transactions. These disputes could result in monetary damages or other remedies that could adversely impact our financial position or operations. Even if we prevail in these disputes, they may distract our management from operating our business.
We have to keep up with rapid technological change to remain competitive.
Our future success will depend on our ability to adapt to rapidly changing technologies, to adapt our services to evolving industry standards and to improve the performance and reliability of our services. Our failure to adapt to such changes would harm our business. New technologies and advertising media could adversely affect us. In addition, the widespread adoption of new Internet, networking or telecommunications technologies or other technological changes could require substantial expenditures to modify or adapt our services or infrastructure.
Our business depends on the growth and maintenance of the Internet infrastructure.
Our success will depend on the continued growth and maintenance of the Internet infrastructure. This includes maintenance of a reliable network backbone with the necessary speed, data capacity and security for providing reliable Internet services. Internet infrastructure may be unable to support the demands placed on it if the number of Internet users continues to increase, or if existing or future Internet users access the Internet more often or increase their bandwidth requirements. In addition, viruses, worms and similar programs may harm the performance of the Internet. The Internet has experienced a variety of outages and other delays as a result of damage to portions of its infrastructure, and it could face outages and delays in the future. These outages and delays could reduce the level of Internet usage as well as our ability to provide our solutions.
Shares issued, and option grants made, under our stock plans exceeded limitations in the federal and state securities laws.
Shares issued and options granted under our 1998 Stock Plan and our 2003 Stock Plan were not exempt from registration or qualification under federal and state securities laws and we did not obtain the required registrations or qualifications. Shares issued and options granted under our 2003 Stock Plan (No. 2) and our 2003 Stock Plan (No. 3) were not exempt from registration or qualification under federal securities laws and we did not obtain the required registrations or qualifications. As a result, we intend to make a rescission offer to the holders of these shares and options beginning approximately 30 days after the effective date of this registration statement. If this rescission is accepted, we could be required to make aggregate payments to the holders of these shares and options of up to $34 million plus statutory interest. Federal securities laws do not expressly provide
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that a rescission offer will terminate a purchaser’s right to rescind a sale of stock that was not registered as required. If any or all of the offerees reject the rescission offer, we may continue to be liable under federal and state securities laws for up to an aggregate amount of approximately $34 million plus statutory interest. See “Rescission Offer.”
Risks Related to the Auction Process for Our Offering
Our stock price could decline rapidly and significantly.
Our initial public offering price will be determined primarily by an auction process conducted on our behalf by our underwriters. We believe this auction process will provide information with respect to the market demand for our Class A common stock at the time of our initial public offering. However, we understand that this information may have no relation to market demand for our Class A common stock once trading begins. We intend to use the auction clearing price as the principal factor to determine the initial public offering price and therefore to set an initial public offering price that is near or equal to the clearing price. If we satisfy the demand for our shares at or near the clearing price for the auction, market demand for our shares when trading begins in the public market may be significantly limited compared to demand experienced in an initial public offering priced in a more traditional manner. This or other factors could cause the price of our shares to decline following our initial public offering.
The auction process for our public offering may result in a phenomenon known as the “winner’s curse,” and, as a result, investors may experience significant losses.
The auction process for our initial public offering may result in a phenomenon known as the “winner’s curse.” At the conclusion of the auction, bidders that receive allocations of shares in this offering (successful bidders) may infer that there is little incremental demand for our shares above or equal to the initial public offering price. As a result, successful bidders may conclude that they paid too much for our shares and could seek to immediately sell their shares to limit their losses should our stock price decline. In this situation, other investors that did not submit successful bids may wait for this selling to be completed, resulting in reduced demand for our Class A common stock in the public market and a significant decline in our stock price. Therefore, we caution investors that submitting successful bids and receiving allocations may be followed by a significant decline in the value of their investment in our Class A common stock shortly after our offering.
To the extent our auction process results in a lower level of participation by professional long-term investors and a higher level of participation by retail investors than is normal for initial public offerings, our stock price may decrease from the initial public offering price and be more volatile.
Successful bidders hoping to capture profits shortly after our Class A common stock begins trading may be disappointed.
As part of our auction process, we are attempting to assess the market demand for our Class A common stock and to set the size of the offering and the initial public offering price to meet that demand. During the bidding process, we and our managing underwriters will monitor the master order book to evaluate the demand that exists for our initial public offering. Based on this information, we and our managing underwriters may revise the price range for our initial public offering as described on the cover of this prospectus. In addition, we and the selling stockholders may decide to change the number of shares of Class A common stock offered through this prospectus. It is very likely that the number of shares offered by the selling stockholders will increase if the price range increases. In an auction process, this could result in a lower clearing price and increase the likelihood your bid may be successful if you do not reduce your bid price. This may also result in downward pressure on the offering price and the trading price of our stock in the public market once trading begins. Therefore, buyers hoping to capture profits shortly after our Class A common stock begins trading may be disappointed.
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Successful bidders may receive the full number of shares subject to their bids.
We and our underwriters have the ability to set a final initial public offering price that is below the auction clearing price. If we do this, the number of shares represented by successful bids is likely to exceed the number of shares offered by this prospectus. In this situation, we plan to use one of two methods to allocate our shares—pro rata allocation or maximum share allocation. With either method, our objective is to set an initial public offering price where successful bidders receive at least 80% of the shares that they bid for in the auction. Therefore, we caution investors against submitting a bid that does not accurately represent the number of shares of our Class A common stock that investors are willing and prepared to purchase.
Submitting a bid does not guarantee an allocation.
Our underwriters may require that bidders confirm their bids before the auction for our initial public offering closes. We and our underwriters may close the auction to bidding in as little as two hours after the notice of effectiveness of our registration statement has been provided to bidders. If a bidder is requested to confirm a bid and fails to do so before the auction is closed, that bid will be rejected and will not receive an allocation of shares even if the bid is at or above the initial public offering price.
The systems and procedures used to implement our auction and the results of our auction could harm our business and our brand.
Only a small number of initial public offerings have been accomplished using auction processes in the U.S. and other countries, and we expect our auction structure to face scalability and operational challenges. Our underwriters’ systems that manage the auction process could fail to operate as anticipated. This could require us to delay our initial public offering, potentially even after our underwriters have started taking bids, and harm our brand. Our underwriters must modify their internal systems and procedures to accommodate our auction process. This could increase the risk that our underwriters’ systems or procedures fail to operate as anticipated.
Many of our users may submit bids in our auction with the hope of becoming stockholders. If these users either do not receive share allocations in our offering or if our share price immediately declines after the offering, our brand could be tarnished and users and investors could become frustrated with us, potentially decreasing their use of our products and services. If this occurs, our business could suffer.
Risks Related to Our Offering
Our stock price may be volatile, and you may not be able to resell shares of our Class A common stock at or above the price you paid.
Prior to this offering, our common stock has not been traded in a public market. We cannot predict the extent to which a trading market will develop or how liquid that market might become. The initial public offering price may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the trading market. The trading price of our Class A common stock following this offering is therefore likely to be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in price in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include:
| • | Quarterly variations in our results of operations or those of our competitors. |
| • | Announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, new products, significant contracts, commercial relationships or capital commitments. |
| • | Disruption to our operations or those of our Google Network members or our data centers. |
| • | The emergence of new sales channels in which we are unable to compete effectively. |
| • | Our ability to develop and market new and enhanced products on a timely basis. |
| • | Commencement of, or our involvement in, litigation. |
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| • | Any major change in our board or management. |
| • | Changes in governmental regulations or in the status of our regulatory approvals. |
| • | Changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts. |
| • | General economic conditions and slow or negative growth of related markets. |
In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for technology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Such fluctuations may be even more pronounced in the trading market shortly following this offering. These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our Class A common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.
We may apply the proceeds of this offering to uses that do not improve our operating results or increase the value of your investment.
We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for general corporate purposes, including working capital and capital expenditures. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to acquire or invest in companies and technologies that we believe will complement our business. However, we do not have more specific plans for the net proceeds from this offering and will have broad discretion in how we use the net proceeds of this offering. These proceeds could be applied in ways that do not improve our operating results or increase the value of your investment.
Purchasers in this offering will experience immediate and substantial dilution in the book value of their investment.
The initial public offering price of our Class A common stock is substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of our Class A common stock immediately after this offering. Therefore, if you purchase our Class A common stock in this offering, you will incur an immediate dilution of $ in net tangible book value per share from the price you paid, based on the initial offering price of $ per share. The exercise of outstanding options and warrants will result in further dilution. For a further description of the dilution that you will experience immediately after this offering, please see “Dilution.”
We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future.
We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company.
As a public company, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We will incur costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. We also anticipate that we will incur costs associated with recently adopted corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as new rules implemented by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the NYSE and Nasdaq. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. We also expect these new rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are
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currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these new rules, and we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.
The concentration of our capital stock ownership with our founders, executive officers, employees, and our directors and their affiliates will limit your ability to influence corporate matters.
After our offering, our Class B common stock will have ten votes per share and our Class A common stock, which is the stock we are selling in this offering, will have one vote per share. We anticipate that our founders, executive officers, directors (and their affiliates) and employees will together own approximately % of our Class B common stock, representing approximately % of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. In particular, following this offering, our two founders and our CEO, Larry, Sergey and Eric, will control approximately % of our outstanding Class B common stock, representing approximately % of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. Larry, Sergey and Eric will therefore have significant influence over management and affairs and over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or its assets, for the foreseeable future. In addition, because of this dual class structure, our founders, directors, executives and employees will continue to be able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval even if they come to own less than 50% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and, as a result, we may take actions that our stockholders do not view as beneficial. As a result, the market price of our Class A common stock could be adversely affected.
Provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could discourage a takeover that stockholders may consider favorable.
Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as amended and restated upon the closing of this offering, may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. These provisions include the following:
| • | Our certificate of incorporation provides for a dual class common stock structure. As a result of this structure our founders, executives and employees will have significant influence over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or its assets. This concentrated control could discourage others from initiating any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transaction that other stockholders may view as beneficial. |
| • | Our board of directors has the right to elect directors to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors. |
| • | Our stockholders may not act by written consent. As a result, a holder, or holders, controlling a majority of our capital stock would not be able to take certain actions without holding a stockholders’ meeting. |
| • | Our certificate of incorporation prohibits cumulative voting in the election of directors. This limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates. |
| • | Stockholders must provide advance notice to nominate individuals for election to the board of directors or to propose matters that can be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting. These provisions may discourage or deter a potential acquiror from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquiror’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company. |
| • | Our board of directors may issue, without stockholder approval, shares of undesignated preferred stock. The ability to authorize undesignated preferred stock makes it possible for our board of directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to acquire us. |
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As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to certain Delaware anti-takeover provisions. Under Delaware law, a corporation may not engage in a business combination with any holder of 15% or more of its capital stock unless the holder has held the stock for three years or, among other things, the board of directors has approved the transaction. Our board of directors could rely on Delaware law to prevent or delay an acquisition of us. For a description of our capital stock, see “Description of Capital Stock.”
Future sales of shares by could cause our stock price to decline.
We cannot predict the effect, if any, that market sales of shares or the availability of shares for sale will have on the market price prevailing from time to time. Sales of our Class A common stock in the public market after the restrictions described in this prospectus lapse, or the perception that those sales may occur, could cause the trading price of our stock to decrease or to be lower than it might be in the absence of those sales or perceptions. Based on shares outstanding as of 2004, upon completion of this offering, we will have outstanding shares of common stock, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option. Of these shares, only the shares of Class A common stock sold in this offering will be freely tradable, without restriction, in the public market. We may, in our sole discretion, permit our officers, directors, employees and current stockholders who are subject to contractual lock-up agreements with us to sell shares prior to the expiration of their lock-up agreements.
After the selling restriction agreements pertaining to this offering expire, additional shares will be eligible for sale in the public market as follows:
| Days After the Date of this Prospectus |
Number of Shares Eligible for Sale in U.S. Public Market/ Percent of Outstanding Common Stock |
Comment | ||
| At days after the date of this prospectus and various times thereafter |
||||
| At days after the date of this prospectus and various times thereafter |
||||
| At days after the date of this prospectus and various times thereafter |
||||
| At days after the date of this prospectus and various dates thereafter |
||||
of these shares are held by directors, executive officers and other affiliates and will be subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 under the Securities Act and various vesting agreements. In addition, the shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants and the shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options and reserved for future issuance under our stock plans will become eligible for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting agreements, the selling restriction agreements and Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. If these additional shares are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline.
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In addition, we have agreed with our underwriters not to sell any shares of our common stock for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus. However, this agreement is subject to a number of exceptions, including an exception that allows us to issue an unlimited number of shares in connection with mergers and acquisition transactions, joint ventures or other strategic transactions. Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated and Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, on behalf of the underwriters, may release us from this lock-up arrangement without notice at any time. After the expiration of the 180-day period, there is no contractual restriction on our ability to issue additional shares. Any sales of common stock by us, or the perception that such sales could occur, could cause our stock price to decline.
23
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus includes forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this prospectus, including statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short term and long term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. In addition, a number of our “objectives,” “intentions,” “expectations” or “goals” described in “Auction Process” for qualification of bidders, the bidding process, the auction closing process, the pricing process and the allocation process are also forward-looking statements. These statements are based on current expectations or objectives of the auction process being used for our initial public offering that are inherently uncertain. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in “Risk Factors.”
In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this prospectus may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.
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The auction process being used for our initial public offering differs from methods that have been traditionally used in most other underwritten initial public offerings in the United States. In particular, the initial public offering price and the allocation of shares will be determined primarily by an auction conducted by our underwriters on our behalf. We plan to conduct this auction in five stages—Qualification; Bidding; Auction Closing; Pricing; and Allocation. Please see the risks related to the auction process for our offering beginning on page 18.
The Qualification Process
Our objective is to conduct an auction in which you submit informed, rather than speculative, bids. Before you can submit a bid, you will be required to qualify by obtaining a unique bidder ID and by meeting an underwriter’s account eligibility and suitability requirements. Your unique bidder ID will be issued electronically only after you have accessed an electronic form of this prospectus, including the transcript of the presentation by our management team that will be contained in this prospectus, and only after you have provided identification information. You should:
| • | Read the prospectus, including all the risk factors described in our prospectus. |
| • | Understand the risk factors describing the risks that are inherent in the auction process for our initial public offering, and, in particular, the possibility that our stock price may decline significantly below the initial public offering price. |
| • | Understand that we may increase the size of our offering in response to investor demand. |
| • | Understand that our current stockholders, including our founders and members of our management team, are selling, not buying, shares of Class A common stock as part of our initial public offering. |
| • | Understand that we and our underwriters will reject bids that we believe are speculative or manipulative, and that if you submit a speculative or manipulative bid, you will not receive an allocation of stock in our initial public offering. |
| • | Understand that of our existing shares will be available for sale to the public beginning days after our initial public offering. |
When the preliminary prospectus becomes available, you will be able to obtain a unique bidder ID from a web site. You will not be able to obtain a unique bidder ID after our underwriters begin taking bids in the auction for our initial public offering.
We seek to enable all interested investors to have the opportunity to qualify to bid and, following qualification, place bids in the auction for our initial public offering. To help meet this objective, we expect to use an underwriter group that serves all segments of the investing public.
We caution you that our Class A common stock may not be a suitable investment for you even if you obtain a unique bidder ID. Even if you receive a unique bidder ID, you may not receive an allocation of shares in our offering.
We have not undertaken any efforts to qualify this offering for offers to individual investors in any jurisdiction outside the U.S. Therefore, individual investors located outside the U.S. should not expect to be eligible to participate in this offering.
The Bidding Process
Approximately days after the date on the cover of this prospectus, all investors that have qualified to bid may submit bids indicating their interest in our offering through one of our underwriters. In connection with submitting a bid, you must provide the following information:
| • | The number of shares you are interested in purchasing. |
25
| • | The price per share you are willing to pay. |
| • | Additional information to enable the underwriter to identify you, confirm your eligibility and suitability for participating in our initial public offering, and, if you submit a successful bid, consummate a sale of shares to you. |
Bids may be within, above or below the estimated price range for our initial public offering on the cover of this prospectus. You may submit more than one bid. The minimum size of any bid is shares.
To submit a bid, you should contact one of the following underwriters:
| Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated | ||
| Credit Suisse First Boston LLC |
Many of these underwriters have the ability to receive bids from their customers over the Internet, and all can receive bids from their customers by telephone or facsimile. To participate in the auction for our initial public offering, our underwriters will require that you agree to accept electronic delivery of this prospectus, any amended prospectus and the final prospectus. If you do not consent to electronic delivery, or subsequently revoke that consent, you will not be able to submit a bid or participate in our offering.
If you are interested in submitting a bid but do not currently have a brokerage account with any of the underwriters named above, you may contact one of these underwriters to inquire about opening an account and submitting a bid. You should be aware that, due to each underwriter’s requirements for new customer accounts, you may not be able to open an account with a particular underwriter. Even if you are a customer of one of our underwriters, and even if you have received a unique bidder ID, you may not be permitted to submit a bid due to legal requirements.
26
Our underwriters will collect all bids, including the identity of the bidders, in a master order book that is also open to us. Our master order book will not be available for viewing by bidders.
We caution you against submitting speculative bids in the hope of receiving an allocation of our shares. You should consider all the information in this prospectus in determining whether to submit a bid, the number of shares you seek to purchase and the price per share you are willing to pay. Our underwriters, in consultation with us, will have the ability to reject speculative bids and bids that have the potential to manipulate or disrupt the bidding process. Speculative bids include bids that are substantially in excess of the high end of the price range printed on the cover of this prospectus. Manipulative bids include inappropriately large bids, or a series of bids that we and our underwriters consider disruptive to the auction process.
The shares offered by this prospectus may not be sold, nor may offers to buy be accepted, prior to the time that the registration statement filed with the SEC becomes effective. A bid received by any underwriter involves no obligation or commitment of any kind by the bidder prior to the closing of the auction and the acceptance of the bid by our underwriters and us. Therefore, you will always be able to withdraw your bid at any time before the closing of the auction and the acceptance of your bid.
As part of this auction process, we are attempting to assess the market demand for our Class A common stock and to set the size of the offering and the initial public offering price to meet that demand. Buyers hoping to capture profits shortly after our Class A common stock begins trading may be disappointed. During the bidding process, we and our underwriters will monitor the master order book to evaluate the demand that exists for our initial public offering. Based on this information and other factors, we and our underwriters may revise the public offering price range for our initial public offering as described on the cover of this prospectus. In addition, we and the selling stockholders may decide to change the number of shares of Class A common stock offered through this prospectus. It is very likely that the number of shares offered by the selling stockholders will increase if the price range increases. In an auction process, this could result in downward pressure on the price. You should be aware that we have the ability to make multiple such revisions up until closing of the auction and pricing of the offering.
The Auction Closing Process
Before we and our underwriters close the auction to bidding, we expect to ask the SEC to declare our registration statement effective. You will have the ability to modify or withdraw any bid until the auction is closed and successful bids are accepted. If you are requested to confirm your bid and fail to do so before the auction is closed to bidding, your bid will be rejected.
Before the registration statement is declared effective, we expect that our underwriters will give bidders an electronic notice indicating the proposed effective date. When the registration statement is declared effective, our underwriters will then provide bidders with an electronic notice of effectiveness. We and our underwriters may close the auction to bidding in as little as two hours after the notice of effectiveness has been given. If you do not withdraw your bid once notice of effectiveness has been given, our underwriters can accept your bid at any time following the closing of our auction. Once the auction has closed and the underwriters have accepted your bid, you will not be able to withdraw it. If your bid is accepted, our underwriters will provide you electronic notice of their acceptance of your bid. If the price for our shares set in the auction is at or below the price you bid and your bid is accepted, you will be obligated to purchase the shares allocated to you in the auction process, up to the total number of shares represented by your successful bid.
If the auction is not closed within 15 business days after the effective date of the registration statement, we will need to file an amended registration statement with the SEC. If this occurs, our underwriters will require all bidders to reconfirm their bids.
27
The Pricing Process
We expect that the bidding process will reveal a clearing price for the shares of Class A common stock offered in our auction. The clearing price is the highest price at which all of the shares offered (including shares subject to the underwriters’ over-allotment option) may be sold to potential investors, based on bids in the master order book that have not been withdrawn or rejected at the time we and our underwriters close the bidding for our auction.
The initial public offering price will be determined by the underwriters and us after the auction closes. We intend to use the auction clearing price as the principal factor to determine the initial public offering price and, therefore, to set an initial public offering price that is near or equal to the clearing price. However, we and our underwriters have the ability to set an initial public offering price that is below the clearing price. The other factors we may consider in determining our initial public offering price include:
| • | Our goal of setting an initial public offering price that results in the trading price for our Class A common stock not moving significantly up or down relative to the market in the days following our offering. |
| • | The prices bid by professional investors. |
| • | Our assets, current or expected financial performance or book value. |
| • | Other established criteria of value. |
Our initial public offering price may not necessarily bear a direct relationship to any one of these factors.
You should understand that the trading price of our Class A common stock could vary significantly from the initial public offering price. Therefore, we encourage you to submit a bid in the auction process for our offering only if you are interested in investing for the long term and are willing to take the risk that our stock price could decline significantly.
The pricing of our initial public offering will occur shortly after we and our underwriters have closed the auction to new or revised bids. We will issue a press release to announce the initial public offering price. This information will also be included in the final prospectus that is delivered to the purchasers of Class A common stock in our offering.
The Allocation Process
Once we and our underwriters have determined the initial public offering price, our underwriters will begin the allocation process. All investors who have submitted and not withdrawn bids with a price per share that is equal to or greater than the initial public offering price will be eligible to receive an allocation of shares and a confirmation of their purchase in our offering. All shares will be sold at the initial public offering price. Bids with a price per share below the initial offering price will not be eligible to receive an allocation of shares. The allocation process will not give any preference to successful bids based on the extent to which the bid price per share exceeds the initial public offering price. Investors that do not submit bids in the auction will not be eligible for an allocation of shares in our offering.
One of our objectives is to establish an initial public offering price that is equal or nearly equal to the auction clearing price. If this occurs, all successful bidders will be offered share allocations that are equal or nearly equal to the number of shares represented by their successful bids. Therefore, we caution you against submitting a bid that does not accurately represent the number of shares of our Class A common stock that you are willing and prepared to purchase. We and our underwriters may determine that bids falling into this category are manipulative and may therefore reject these bids entirely.
In the event that the number of shares represented by successful bids exceeds the number of shares we and the selling stockholders are offering, our underwriters will need to allocate the offered shares across the
28
successful bidder group. Our underwriters, in consultation with us, expect to use one of two methods to do so—pro rata allocation or maximum share allocation. With either method, our objective is to set an initial public offering price where successful bidders receive at least 80% of the shares that they bid for in the auction. We may increase the size of our offering or take other actions designed to accomplish this objective.
Pro Rata Allocation. With pro rata allocation, successful bidders will receive share allocations on a pro rata basis based on the following rules:
| • | The pro rata allocation percentage will be determined by dividing the number of shares we and the selling stockholders are offering (including shares subject to the underwriters’ over-allotment option) by the number of shares represented by valid successful bids. |
| • | Each bidder who has a successful bid will be allocated a number of shares equal to the pro rata allocation percentage multiplied by the number of shares represented by the successful bid, rounded to the nearest whole number of shares. |
The following simplified, hypothetical example illustrates how pro rata allocation might work in practice:
| Assumptions |
|||
| Shares Offered |
20,000 | ||
| Total Shares Subject to Successful Bids |
21,200 | ||
| Pro Rata Allocation Percentage |
94.34 | % |
| Successful Bidder |
Shares Represented by Successful Bid |
Pro Rata Allocation | ||
| A |
100 | 94 | ||
| B |
2,100 | 1,981 | ||
| C |
4,000 | 3,774 | ||
| D |
4,500 | 4,245 | ||
| E |
5,000 | 4,717 | ||
| F |
5,500 | 5,189 | ||
| Totals |
21,200 | 20,000 | ||
Maximum Share Allocation. With maximum share allocation, successful bidders will receive share allocations based on an algorithm. Under this method, successful bidders with smaller bid sizes would receive share allocations for their entire bid amounts, while successful bidders with larger bid sizes would receive no more than a maximum share allocation to be determined using the following algorithm:
| • | The total of all share allocations must equal the total number of shares we and the selling stockholders are offering (including any shares subject to the over-allotment option). |
| • | Each successful bidder will receive a share allocation equal to the lesser of the number of shares represented by their successful bid and the maximum share allocation. |
| • | The maximum share allocation would be a number of shares that results in the full allocation of shares being offered. |
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The following simplified, hypothetical example illustrates how maximum share allocation might work in practice:
| Assumptions |
||
| Shares Offered |
20,000 | |
| Total Shares Subject to Successful Bids |
21,200 | |
| Maximum Share Allocation |
4,650 |
| Successful Bidder |
Shares Represented by Successful Bid |
Share Allocation | ||
| A |
100 | 100 | ||
| B |
2,100 | 2,100 | ||
| C |
4,000 | 4,000 | ||
| D |
4,500 | 4,500 | ||
| E |
5,000 | 4,650 | ||
| F |
5,500 | 4,650 | ||
| Totals |
21,200 | 20,000 | ||
We and our underwriters may implement the maximum share allocation method on a tiered basis taking into account factors such as the size of the bid.
Following the allocation process, our underwriters will provide successful bidders with a final prospectus and confirmations that detail their purchases of shares of our Class A common stock and the purchase price. These confirmations and the final prospectus will be delivered electronically.
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We estimate that we will receive net proceeds of $ from our sale of the shares of Class A common stock offered by us in this offering, based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. If the underwriters’ over-allotment option is exercised in full, we estimate that our net proceeds will be approximately $ . We will not receive any of the net proceeds from the sale of the shares by the selling stockholders.
We expect to use the net proceeds received by us from this offering for general corporate purposes, including:
| • | Sales and marketing expenses, research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses. |
| • | Capital expenditures. |
| • | Possible acquisitions of businesses, technologies or other assets. |
Although we may use a portion of the net proceeds to acquire businesses, technologies or other assets, we have no current agreements or commitments with respect to any material acquisitions.
Pending such uses, we plan to invest the net proceeds in short-term, investment grade securities.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future.
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The following table sets forth our cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and capitalization at March 31, 2004, as follows:
| • | On an actual basis. |
| • | On a pro forma basis to reflect the conversion of all of our Class A Senior common stock and preferred stock into an aggregate of 234,228,179 shares of Class B common stock and all of our common stock into an aggregate of 11,920,766 shares of Class A common stock, which will occur prior to the completion of the offering. |
| • | On a pro forma as adjusted basis to give effect to receipt of the net proceeds from the sale by us in this offering of shares of Class A common stock at an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses. |
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You should read this table in conjunction with “Selected Consolidated Financial Data,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.
| At March 31, 2004 | |||||||||||
| Actual |
Pro Forma |
Pro Forma As Adjusted | |||||||||
| (in thousands, except par value) | |||||||||||
| (unaudited) | |||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments |
$ | 454,888 | $ | 454,888 | $ | ||||||
| Long-term liabilities |
38,172 | 38,172 | |||||||||
| Redeemable convertible preferred stock warrant |
13,871 | 13,871 | |||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity: |
|||||||||||
| Convertible preferred stock, $0.001 par value, issuable in series: 164,782 shares authorized, 71,662 shares issued and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted |
44,346 | — | |||||||||
| Class A Senior common stock, $0.001 par value, ten votes per share: 300,000 shares authorized, 162,566 issued and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted |
163 | — | |||||||||
| Common stock, $0.001 par value, one vote per share: 400,000 shares authorized, 11,921 issued and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted |
12 | — | |||||||||
| Class B common stock, $0.001 par value, ten votes per share: no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, actual; shares authorized, 234,228 shares issued and outstanding, pro forma and pro forma as adjusted |
— | 234 | |||||||||
| Class A common stock, $0.001 par value, one vote per share: no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, actual; shares authorized, 11,921 shares issued and outstanding, pro forma; shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding, pro forma as adjusted |
— | 12 | |||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital |
801,701 | 845,976 | |||||||||
| Note receivable from officer/stockholder |
(4,300 | ) | (4,300 | ) | |||||||
| Deferred stock-based compensation |
(368,579 | ) | (368,579 | ) | |||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income |
(888 | ) | (888 | ) | |||||||
| Retained earnings |
255,325 | 255,325 | |||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity |
727,780 | 727,780 | |||||||||
| Total capitalization |
$ | 779,823 | $ | 779,823 | $ | ||||||
The table above excludes the following shares:
| • | shares of Class B common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants outstanding at March 31, 2004, with a weighted average exercise price of $ per share. |
| • | shares of Class A common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding at March 31, 2004, at a weighted average exercise price of $ per share. |
| • | shares of Class B common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding at March 31, 2004, at a weighted average exercise price of $ per share. |
| • | shares of common stock available for future issuance under our stock option plans at March 31, 2004. |
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If you invest in our Class A common stock, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share of our Class A common stock and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our Class A and Class B common stock immediately after this offering. Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets less total liabilities, divided by the number of shares of Class A and Class B common stock outstanding at March 31, 2004 after giving effect to the conversion of all of our Class A Senior common stock and preferred stock into Class B common stock and the conversion of all of our common stock into Class A common stock, which will occur immediately prior to the completion of the offering.
Investors participating in this offering will incur immediate, substantial dilution. Our pro forma net tangible book value was $727.8 million, or $2.96 per share of Class A and Class B common stock at March 31, 2004. Assuming the sale by us of shares of Class A common stock offered in this offering at an initial public offering price of $ per share, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value at March 31, 2004, would have been $ million, or $ per share of common stock. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma net tangible book value of $ per share of common stock to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of $ per share to the new investors purchasing shares in this offering. The following table illustrates this per share dilution:
| Assumed initial public offering price per share of Class A common stock |
$ | ||
| Pro forma net tangible book value per share at March 31, 2004 |
$ | 2.96 | |
| Increase in pro forma net tangible book value per share attributable to this offering |
|||
| Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after the offering |
|||
| Dilution per share to new investors |
$ | ||
The following table sets forth on a pro forma as adjusted basis, at March 31, 2004, the number of shares of Class A common stock purchased or to be purchased from us, the total consideration paid or to be paid and the average price per share paid or to be paid by existing holders of common stock, by holders of options and warrants outstanding at March 31, 2004, and by the new investors, before deducting estimated underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
| Shares Purchased |
Total Consideration |
Average Price Per Share | ||||||||||||
| Number |
Percent |
Amount |
Percent |
|||||||||||
| Existing stockholders |
% | $ | % | $ | ||||||||||
| New investors |
% | % | $ | |||||||||||
| Total |
100.0 | % | $ | 100.0 | % | |||||||||
The discussion and tables above are based on the number of shares of common stock and preferred stock outstanding at March 31, 2004.
The discussion and tables above (except for the last table above) exclude the following shares:
| • | shares of Class B common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants outstanding, at March 31, 2004, at a weighted average exercise price of $ per share. |
| • | shares of Class A common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding at March 31, 2004, at a weighted average exercise price of $ per share. |
| • | shares of Class B common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding at March 31, 2004, at a weighted average exercise price of $ per share. |
| • | shares of common stock available for future issuance under our stock option plans at March 31, 2004. |
To the extent outstanding options and warrants are exercised, new investors will experience further dilution.
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SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
You should read the following selected consolidated financial data in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.
The consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2001, 2002 and 2003, and the consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2002 and 2003, are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. The consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 1999 and December 31, 2000, and the consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 1999, 2000 and 2001, are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this prospectus. The consolidated statements of operations data for the three months ended March 31, 2003 and 2004 and the consolidated balance sheet data at March 31, 2004 are derived from our unaudited consolidated financial statements included in this prospectus. The unaudited consolidated financial statements include, in the opinion of management, all adjustments that management considers necessary for the fair presentation of the financial information set forth in those statements. The historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in any future period.
| Year Ended December 31, |
Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2003 |
2004 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except per share data) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (unaudited) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net revenues |
$ | 220 | $ | 19,108 | $ | 86,426 | $ | 347,848 | $ | 961,874 | $ | 178,894 | $ | 389,638 | ||||||||||||
| Costs and expenses: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues |
908 | 6,081 | 14,228 | 39,850 | 121,794 | 17,471 | 53,413 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development |
2,930 | 10,516 | 16,500 | 31,748 | 91,228 | 12,505 | 35,019 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing |
1,677 | 10,385 | 20,076 | 43,849 | 120,328 | 17,767 | 47,904 | |||||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative |
1,221 | 4,357 | 12,275 | 24,300 | 56,699 | 10,027 | 21,506 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation(1) |
— | 2,506 | 12,383 | 21,635 | 229,361 | 36,418 | 76,473 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total costs and expenses |
6,736 | 33,845 | 75,462 | 161,382 | 619,410 | 94,188 | 234,315 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) from operations |
(6,516 | ) | (14,737 | ) | 10,964 | 186,466 | 342,464 | 84,706 | 155,323 | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest income (expense) and other, net |
440 | 47 | (896 | ) | (1,551 | ) | 4,190 | (47 | ) | 300 | ||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes |
(6,076 | ) | (14,690 | ) | 10,068 | 184,915 | 346,654 | 84,659 | 155,623 | |||||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes |
— | — | 3,083 | 85,259 | 241,006 | 58,859 | 91,650 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) |
$ | (6,076 | ) | $ | (14,690 | ) | $ | 6,985 | $ | 99,656 | $ | 105,648 | $ | 25,800 | $ | 63,973 | ||||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share(2): |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic |
$ | (0.14 | ) | $ | (0.22 | ) | $ | 0.07 | $ | 0.86 | $ | 0.77 | $ | 0.20 | $ | 0.42 | ||||||||||
| Diluted |
$ | (0.14 | ) | $ | (0.22 | ) | $ | 0.04 | $ | 0.45 | $ | 0.41 | $ | 0.10 | $ | 0.24 | ||||||||||
| Number of shares used in per share calculations(2): |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic |
42,445 | 67,032 | 94,523 | 115,242 | 137,697 | 127,339 | 151,084 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted |
42,445 | 67,032 | 186,776 | 220,633 | 256,638 | 248,687 | 264,183 | |||||||||||||||||||
(1) Stock-based compensation, consisting of amortization of deferred stock-based compensation and the value of options issued to non-employees for services rendered, is allocated as follows: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, |
Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2003 |
2004 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (unaudited) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues |
$ | — | $ | 167 | $ | 876 | $ | 1,065 | $ | 8,557 | $ | 1,452 | $ | 5,076 | ||||||||||||
| Research and development |
— | 1,573 | 4,440 | 8,746 | 138,377 | 19,423 | 46,265 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing |
— | 514 | 1,667 | 4,934 | 44,607 | 7,618 | 14,146 | |||||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative |
— | 252 | 5,400 | 6,890 | 37,820 | 7,925 | 10,986 | |||||||||||||||||||
| $ | — | $ | 2,506 | $ | 12,383 | $ | 21,635 | $ | 229,361 | $ | 36,418 | $ | 76,473 | |||||||||||||
| (2) | See Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this prospectus for information regarding the computation of per share amounts. |
35
| At December 31, |
At March 31, 2004 |
||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
|||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: | (unaudited) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments |
$ | 20,038 | $ | 19,101 | $ | 33,589 | $ | 146,331 | $ | 334,718 | $ | 454,888 | |||||||||||
| Total assets |
25,808 | 46,872 | 84,457 | 286,892 | 871,458 | 1,079,454 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total long-term liabilities |
3,096 | 7,397 | 8,044 | 9,560 | 33,365 | 38,172 | |||||||||||||||||
| Redeemable convertible preferred stock warrant |
— | — | — | 13,871 | 13,871 | 13,871 | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred stock-based compensation |
— | (8,457 | ) | (15,833 | ) | (35,401 | ) | (369,668 | ) | (368,579 | ) | ||||||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity |
20,009 | 27,234 | 50,152 | 173,953 | 588,770 | 727,780 | |||||||||||||||||
36
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of our operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes to those statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of events may differ materially from those contained in these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus.
Overview
Google is a global technology leader focused on improving the ways people connect with information. Our innovations in web search and advertising have made our web site a top Internet destination and our brand one of the most recognized in the world. Our mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. We serve three primary constituencies:
| • | Users. We provide users with products and services that enable people to more quickly and easily find, create and organize information that is useful to them. |
| • | Advertisers. We provide advertisers our Google AdWords program, an auction-based advertising program that enables them to deliver relevant ads targeted to search results or web content. Our AdWords program provides advertisers with a cost-effective way to deliver ads to customers across Google sites and through the Google Network. |
| • | Web sites. We provide members of our Google Network our Google AdSense program, which allows these members to deliver AdWords ads that are relevant to the search results or content on their web sites. We share most of the fees these ads generate with our Google Network members—creating an important revenue stream for them. |
We were incorporated in California in September 1998 and reincorporated in Delaware in August 2003. We began licensing our WebSearch product in the first quarter of 1999. We became profitable in 2001 following the launch of our Google AdWords program.
How We Generate Revenue
We derive most of our net revenues from fees we receive from our advertisers.
Our original business model consisted of licensing our search engine services to other web sites. In the first quarter of 2000, we introduced our first advertising program. Through our direct sales force we offered advertisers the ability to place text-based ads on our web sites targeted to our users’ search queries under a program called Premium Sponsorships. Advertisers paid us based on the number of times their ads were displayed on users’ search results pages, and we recognized revenue at the time these ads appeared. In the fourth quarter of 2000, we launched Google AdWords, an online self-service program that enables advertisers to place targeted text-based ads on our web sites. AdWords customers originally paid us based on the number of times their ads appeared on users’ search results pages. In the first quarter of 2002, we began offering AdWords exclusively on a cost-per-click basis, so that an advertiser pays us only when a user clicks on one of its ads. AdWords is also available through our direct sales force. Our AdWords agreements are generally terminable at any time by our advertisers. We recognize as revenue the fees charged advertisers each time a user clicks on one of the text-based ads that appear next to the search results on our web sites.
Effective January 1, 2004, we terminated the Premium Sponsorships program and now offer a single pricing structure to all of our advertisers based on the AdWords cost-per-click model. We do not expect that this change to one pricing structure will have a negative effect on our revenues because most of our advertisers switched to the AdWords cost-per-click model.
37
Google AdSense is the program through which we distribute our advertisers’ text-based ads for display on the web sites of our Google Network members. Our AdSense program includes AdSense for search and AdSense for content. AdSense for search, launched in the first quarter of 2002, is our service for distributing relevant ads from our advertisers for display with search results on our Google Network members’ sites. AdSense for content, launched in the first quarter of 2003, is our service for distributing ads from our advertisers that are relevant to content on our Google Network members’ sites. Our advertisers pay us a fee each time a user clicks on one of our advertisers’ ads displayed on Google Network members’ web sites. In the past, we have paid most of these advertiser fees to the members of the Google Network, and we expect to continue doing so for the foreseeable future. We recognize these fees, net of the portion we pay our Google Network members, as revenue. In some cases, we guarantee our Google Network members minimum revenue share payments. Members of the Google Network do not pay any fees associated with the use of our AdSense program on their web sites. Some of our Google Network members separately license our web search technology and pay related licensing fees to us.
We believe the factors that influence the success of our advertising programs include the following:
| • | The relevance, objectivity and quality of our search results. |
| • | The number of searches initiated at our web sites or our Google Network members’ web sites. |
| • | The relevance and quality of advertisements displayed with search results on our web sites and of Google Network members’ web sites, or with the content on our Google Network members’ web sites. |
| • | The total number of advertisements displayed on our web sites and on web sites of Google Network members. |
| • | The rate at which people click on advertisements. |
| • | The number of advertisers. |
| • | The total and per click advertising spending budgets of an advertiser. |
| • | Our minimum fee per click, which is currently $0.05. |
| • | The advertisers’ return on investment from advertising campaigns on our web sites or on the web sites of our Google Network members compared to other forms of advertising. |
Advertising revenues made up 77%, 92%, 95% and 96% of our net revenues in 2001, 2002, 2003 and in the three months ended March 31, 2004. We derive the balance of our net revenues from the license of our web search technology, the license of our search solutions to enterprises and the sale and license of other products and services.
Trends in Our Business
Our business has grown rapidly since inception, and we anticipate that our business will continue to grow. This growth has been characterized by substantially increased net revenues. However, our net revenue growth rate has declined, and we expect that it will continue to decline as a result of anticipated changes to our advertising program revenue mix, increasing competition and the inevitable decline in growth rates as our net revenues increase to higher levels. In addition, steps we take to improve the relevance of the ads displayed, such as removing ads that generate low click-through rates, could negatively affect our near-term advertising revenues.
Although our operating margin was greater in the three months ended March 31, 2004 compared to the year ended December 31, 2003, we believe that our operating margin will decline in 2004 compared to 2003. We believe the decrease in operating margin will result from an increased portion of our net revenues being generated through our AdSense program, and from an anticipated increase in costs and expenses, other than stock-based compensation, as a percentage of net revenues in 2004 compared to 2003. The operating margin we
38
realize on revenues generated from the web sites of our Google Network members through our AdSense program is significantly lower than that generated from paid clicks on our web sites. This lower operating margin arises because most of the advertiser fees from our AdSense agreements are shared with our Google Network members, leaving only a portion of these fees for us. The lower operating margin also results from the higher costs attributable to the additional sales and information systems infrastructure required to secure and manage our Google Network. We expect a greater percentage of our revenues in 2004 to come from our AdSense program. This anticipated decline to our operating margin is expected to be partially offset by a decrease in stock-based compensation as a percentage of net revenues in 2004 compared to 2003.
We have a large and diverse base of advertisers and Google Network members. No advertiser generated more than 3% of our net revenues in either 2001, 2002, 2003 or in the three months ended March 31, 2004. In addition, no Google Network member accounted for more than 5% of our net revenues in 2002, 2003 or in the three months ended March 31, 2004. We expect our base of advertisers and Google Network members to remain large and diverse for the foreseeable future.
We have experienced and expect to continue to experience substantial growth in our operations as we seek to expand our user, advertiser and Google Network members bases and continue to expand our presence in international markets. This growth has required the continued expansion of our human resources and substantial investments in property and equipment. Our full-time employee headcount has grown from 284 at December 31, 2001, to 682 at December 31, 2002, to 1,628 at December 31, 2003 and to 1,907 at March 31, 2004. In addition, we have employed a significant number of temporary employees in the past and expect to continue to do so in the foreseeable future. Our capital expenditures have grown from $13.1 million in 2001, to $37.2 million in 2002, to $176.8 million in 2003 and to $86.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2004. We currently expect to spend at least $250 million on capital equipment, including information technology infrastructure, to manage our operations during 2004. In addition, we anticipate that the growth rate of our costs and expenses, other than stock-based compensation, may exceed the growth rate of our net revenues during 2004. Management of this growth will continue to require the devotion of significant employee and other resources. We may not be able to manage this growth effectively.
In early 2003, we decided to invest significant resources to begin the process of comprehensively documenting and analyzing our system of internal controls. We have identified areas of our internal controls requiring improvement, and we are in the process of designing enhanced processes and controls to address any issues identified through this review. Areas for improvement include streamlining our domestic and international billing processes, further limiting internal access to certain data systems and continuing to improve coordination across business functions. During our 2002 audit, our external auditors brought to our attention a need to increase restrictions on employee access to our advertising system and automate more of our financial processes. The auditors identified these issues together as a “reportable condition,” which means that these were matters that in the auditors’ judgment could adversely affect our ability to record, process, summarize and report financial data consistent with the assertions of management in our financial statements. In 2003, we devoted significant resources to remediate and improve our internal controls. Although we believe that these efforts have strengthened our internal controls and addressed the concerns that gave rise to the “reportable condition” in 2002, we are continuing to work to improve our internal controls, including in the areas of access and security. We plan to continue to invest the resources necessary to ensure the effectiveness of our internal controls and procedures, including in the areas of access and security.
39
Results of Operations
The following is a more detailed discussion of our financial condition and results of operations for the periods presented.
The following table presents our historical operating results as a percentage of net revenues for the periods indicated:
| Three Months Ended |
||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, |
December 31, | March 31, |
||||||||||||||||
| 2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2003 |
2003 |
2004 |
|||||||||||||
| Consolidated Statements of Income Data: |
||||||||||||||||||
| Net revenues |
100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | ||||||
| Costs and expenses: |
||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues |
16.5 | 11.5 | 12.7 | 15.1 | 9.8 | 13.7 | ||||||||||||
| Research and development |
19.1 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 7.0 | 9.0 | ||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing |
23.2 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 13.4 | 9.9 | 12.3 | ||||||||||||
| General and administrative |
14.2 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 5.5 | ||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation |
14.3 | 6.2 | 23.8 | 27.6 | 20.4 | 19.6 | ||||||||||||
| Total costs and expenses |
87.3 | 46.4 | 64.4 | 71.9 | 52.7 | 60.1 | ||||||||||||
| Income from operations |
12.7 | 53.6 | 35.6 | 28.1 | 47.3 | 39.9 | ||||||||||||
| Interest income (expense) and other, net |
(1.0 | ) | (0.5 | ) | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||||||||
| Income before income taxes |
11.7 | 53.1 | 36.0 | 29.1 | 47.3 | 39.9 | ||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes |
3.6 | 24.5 | 25.1 | 20.2 | 32.9 | 23.5 | ||||||||||||
| Net income |
8.1 | % | 28.6 | % | 10.9 | % | 8.9 | % | 14.4 | % | 16.4 | % | ||||||
Net Revenues
The following table presents our net revenues, by revenue source, and the period over period percentage change, for the periods presented:
| Year Ended December 31, |
Three Months Ended |
|||||||||||||||||||||
| 2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
March 31, 2003 |
December 31, 2003 |
March 31, 2004 |
|||||||||||||||||
| (unaudited) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Advertising revenues: |
||||||||||||||||||||||
| Google web sites |
$ | 66,932 | $ | 306,977 | $ | 772,192 | $ | 154,108 | $ | 233,970 | $ | 293,053 | ||||||||||
| Google Network web sites |
— | 12,278 | 144,411 | 15,287 | 61,031 | 82,246 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total advertising revenues |
66,932 | 319,255 | 916,603 | 169,395 | 295,001 | 375,299 | ||||||||||||||||
| Licensing and other revenues |
19,494 | 28,593 | 45,271 | 9,499 | 12,996 | 14,339 | ||||||||||||||||
| Net revenues |
$ | 86,426 | $ | 347,848 | $ | 961,874 | $ | 178,894 | $ | 307,997 | $ | 389,638 | ||||||||||
| Percentage/change compared to prior year period: |
2001-2002 |
2002-2003 |
December 2003- |
March 2003- March 2004 |
||||||||||||||||||
| Advertising revenues: |
||||||||||||||||||||||
| Google web sites |
359 | % | 152 | % | 25 | % | 90 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Google Network web sites |
||||||||||||||||||||||