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(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Common Stock, par value $10.00
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No þ
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No þ
Indicate by check mark whether the
registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was
required to submit such files). Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,”“accelerated filer,”“smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ¨
Accelerated filer ¨
Non-accelerated filer þ
Smaller reporting company ¨
Emerging growth company ¨
If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No þ
As of March 6, 2019, 200,000 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding, all of which were owned indirectly
by Brighthouse Financial, Inc.
REDUCED DISCLOSURE FORMAT
The registrant meets the conditions set forth in General Instruction I(1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-K and is therefore filing this Form with the reduced disclosure format.
As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless otherwise mentioned or unless the context indicates otherwise, “BHNY,” the “Company,”“we,”“us” and “our” refer to Brighthouse Life Insurance Company of NY (formerly, First MetLife Investors Insurance Company, a New York domiciled life insurance company. BHNY is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brighthouse Life Insurance Company (together with its subsidiaries and affiliates, “BLIC”), which is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries and affiliates, “Brighthouse”). We use the term “BHF” to refer solely to Brighthouse Financial, Inc., and not to any
of its subsidiaries. The term “Separation” refers to the separation of MetLife, Inc.’s (together with its subsidiaries and affiliates, “MetLife”) former Brighthouse Financial segment from MetLife’s other businesses and the creation of a separate, publicly traded company, BHF, as well as the distribution on August 4, 2017 of 96,776,670 shares, or 80.8%, of the 119,773,106 shares of BHF common stock outstanding immediately prior to the distribution date by MetLife, Inc. to holders of MetLife, Inc. common stock as of the record date for the distribution. In June 2018, MetLife divested all its remaining shares of BHF common stock.
Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This
report and other oral or written statements that we make from time to time may contain information that includes or is based upon forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. We have tried, wherever possible, to identify such statements using words such as “anticipate,”“estimate,”“expect,”“project,”“may,”“will,”“could,”“intend,”“goal,”“target,”“guidance,”“forecast,”“preliminary,”“objective,”“continue,”“aim,”“plan,”“believe” and other words and terms of similar meaning, or that are tied to future periods, in connection with a discussion of future operating or financial performance. In particular, these include, without limitation, statements relating to future actions, prospective services or products,
future performance or results of current and anticipated services or products, sales efforts, expenses, the outcome of contingencies such as legal proceedings, trends in operating and financial results, as well as statements regarding the expected benefits of the Separation.
Any or all forward-looking statements may turn out to be wrong. They can be affected by inaccurate assumptions or by known or unknown risks and uncertainties. Many such factors will be important in determining the actual future results of BHNY. These statements are based on current expectations and the current economic environment and involve a number of risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. These statements are not guarantees of future performance. Actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements due to a variety of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors. Although
it is not possible to identify all of these risks and factors, they include, among others:
•
differences between actual experience and actuarial assumptions and the effectiveness of our actuarial models;
•
higher risk management costs and exposure to increased market and counterparty risk due to guarantees within certain of our products;
•
the
potential material adverse effect of changes in accounting standards, practices and/or policies applicable to us, including changes in the accounting for long-duration contracts;
•
the effect adverse capital and credit market conditions may have on our ability to meet liquidity needs and our access to capital;
•
the impact of changes in regulation and in supervisory and enforcement policies on our insurance business or other
operations;
•
the effectiveness of our risk management policies and procedures;
•
the availability of reinsurance and the ability of our counterparties to our reinsurance or indemnification arrangements to perform their obligations thereunder;
•
heightened competition, including with respect
to service, product features, scale, price, actual or perceived financial strength, claims-paying ratings, financial strength ratings, e-business capabilities and name recognition;
•
our ability to market and distribute our products through distribution channels;
any
failure of third parties to provide services we need, any failure of the practices and procedures of these third parties and any inability to obtain information or assistance we need from third parties, including MetLife;
•
whether all or any portion of the tax consequences of the Separation are not as expected, leading to material additional taxes or material adverse consequences to tax attributes that impact us;
•
the uncertainty of the outcome of any disputes with MetLife over tax-related or other matters and agreements,
including the potential of outcomes adverse to us that could cause us to owe MetLife material tax reimbursements or payments, or disagreements regarding MetLife’s or our obligations under our other agreements;
•
the impact on our business structure, profitability, cost of capital and flexibility due to restrictions we have agreed to that preserve the tax-free treatment of certain parts of the Separation;
•
the potential material negative tax impact of potential future tax legislation that could decrease the value
of our tax attributes and cause other cash expenses, such as reserves, to increase materially and make some of our products less attractive to consumers;
•
whether the Separation will qualify for non-recognition treatment for federal income tax purposes and potential indemnification to MetLife if the Separation does not so qualify;
•
the impact of the Separation on our business and profitability due to MetLife’s strong brand and reputation, the increased costs related to replacing arrangements with MetLife with those
of third parties and incremental costs as a public company;
•
whether the operational, strategic and other benefits of the Separation can be achieved, and our ability to implement our business strategy;
•
our ability to attract and retain key personnel; and
•
other factors described in
this report and from time to time in documents that we file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
For the reasons described above, we caution you against relying on any forward-looking statements, which should also be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements included and the risks, uncertainties and other factors identified elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in “Risk Factors” and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” as well as in our subsequent SEC filings. Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to
reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as otherwise may be required by law.
Note Regarding Reliance on Statements in Our Contracts
See “Exhibit Index — Note Regarding Reliance on Statements in Our Contracts” for information regarding agreements included as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
BHNY was incorporated on December 31, 1992 as a New York stock life insurance company and is licensed to do business only in the State of New York.
The Company offers a range
of individual annuities and individual life insurance products in New York. The Company is organized into two reporting segments: Annuities and Life. In addition, the Company reports certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other. See “— Segments and Corporate & Other” and Note 2 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for further information on the Company’s segments and Corporate & Other.
Other Key Information
Significant Events
On
January 12, 2016, MetLife, Inc. announced its plan to pursue the separation of a substantial portion of its former U.S. retail business. Additionally, on July 21, 2016, MetLife, Inc. announced that the separated business would be rebranded as “Brighthouse Financial.” Effective March 6, 2017, and in connection with the Separation, the Company changed its name from First MetLife Investors Insurance Company to Brighthouse Life Insurance Company of NY.
Until the completion of the Separation on August 4, 2017, BHF was a wholly-owned subsidiary of MetLife, Inc. Prior to the completion of the Separation, MetLife, Inc. undertook several actions,
including an internal reorganization involving its U.S. retail business (the “Restructuring”) to include Brighthouse Life Insurance Company, BHNY, New England Life Insurance Company (“NELICO”), Brighthouse Investment Advisers, LLC (formerly known as MetLife Advisers, LLC) and certain affiliated reinsurance companies in the separated business. In connection with the Restructuring, effective April 2017 following receipt of applicable regulatory approvals, MetLife, Inc. contributed certain affiliated reinsurance companies and BHNY to Brighthouse Life Insurance Company. The affiliated reinsurance companies were then merged into Brighthouse Reinsurance Company of Delaware (“BRCD”), a licensed reinsurance subsidiary of Brighthouse Life Insurance Company.
On July 28, 2017, MetLife, Inc. contributed Brighthouse Holdings, LLC, an intermediate holding company, to
BHF, resulting in BHNY becoming an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of BHF. On August 4, 2017, MetLife, Inc. completed the Separation through the distribution of 96,776,670 of the 119,773,106 shares of BHF’s common stock, representing 80.8% of MetLife, Inc.’s interest in Brighthouse Financial, Inc., to holders of MetLife, Inc.’s common stock.
Reinsurance Transactions
In May 2017, the Company recaptured from Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (“MLIC”) risks related to multiple life products under yearly renewable term and coinsurance agreements, previously issued by the Company. This recapture resulted in an increase in cash and cash equivalents of $25.6
million and a decrease in premiums, reinsurance and other receivables of $22.4 million. The Company recognized a gain of $2.1 million, net of income tax, as a result of reinsurance termination. Concurrent with the recapture from MLIC, the Company executed a reinsurance agreement with Brighthouse Life Insurance Company, as reinsurer to cede on a yearly renewable term basis risks related to multiple life products. The transaction resulted in an increase in premiums, reinsurance and other receivables of $24.7 million, an increase in other liabilities of $22.7 million, a decrease in premiums
of $22.7 million and a reduction in policyholder benefits and claims of $24.7 million. The Company recognized a gain of $1.3 million, net of income tax, as a result of the transaction.
Segments and Corporate & Other
The Company is organized into two segments: Annuities and Life. In addition, the Company reports certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other.
Annuities
The Annuities segment consists of a variety of variable, fixed, index-linked and income annuities designed to address contract holders’ needs for protected wealth accumulation on a tax-deferred basis, wealth transfer and income security.
Annuities are used by consumers for pre-retirement wealth accumulation and post-retirement income management. The “fixed” and “variable” classifications describe generally whether we or the contract holders bear the investment risk of the assets supporting the contract and determine the manner in which we earn profits from these products, as investment spreads
for fixed products or as asset-based fees charged to variable products. Index-linked annuities allow the contract holder to participate in returns from equity indices and, in the case of Shield Annuities (a suite of single premium deferred annuity contracts that provides for accumulation of retirement savings or other long-term investment purposes), provide a specified level of market downside protection. Income annuities provide a guaranteed monthly income for a specified period of years and/or for the life of the annuitant.
The
Life segment consists of insurance products and services, including term, universal and whole life insurance products in New York designed to address policyholders’ needs for financial security and protected wealth transfer, which may be provided on a tax-advantaged basis. In addition to contributing to our revenues and earnings, mortality protection-based products offered by our Life segment diversify the longevity and other risks in our Annuities segment.
Corporate & Other
Corporate & Other contains the excess capital not allocated to the segments and expenses associated with certain legal proceedings and income tax audit issues. Corporate & Other also includes the elimination of intersegment amounts and a portion of MetLife’s former U.S. insurance business sold direct to consumers, which is no longer being offered for new sales.
Additional
Segment Information
Revenues derived from any individual customer did not exceed 10% of premiums, universal life and investment-type product policy fees and other revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Substantially all of our premiums, universal life and investment-type product policy fees and other revenues originated in New York. Financial information, including revenues, expenses, adjusted earnings and total assets by segment, as well as premiums, universal life and investment-type product policy fees and other revenues by major product groups, is provided in Note 2 of the Notes to the Financial Statements. Adjusted earnings is a performance measure that is
not based on accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures” for a definition of such measure.
Reinsurance Activity
We enter into reinsurance agreements primarily as a purchaser of reinsurance for our various insurance products. We participate in reinsurance activities in order to limit losses, minimize exposure to significant risks and provide capacity for future growth. We enter into various agreements with reinsurers that cover individual risks, primarily on a coinsurance, yearly renewable term, or excess basis. These reinsurance agreements spread risk and minimize the effect of losses. The extent of each risk retained by
us depends on our evaluation of the specific risk, subject, in certain circumstances, to maximum retention limits based on the characteristics of coverages. We also cede first dollar mortality risk under certain contracts. In addition to reinsuring mortality risk, we reinsure other risks, as well as specific coverages. We obtain reinsurance for capital requirement purposes and also when the economic impact of the reinsurance agreement makes it appropriate to do so.
Under the terms of the reinsurance agreements, the reinsurer agrees to reimburse us for the ceded amount in the event that we pay a claim. Cessions under reinsurance agreements do not discharge our obligations as the primary insurer. In the event the reinsurers do not meet their obligations under the terms of the reinsurance agreements, reinsurance recoverable balances could
become uncollectible.
We reinsure our business through a diversified group of well-capitalized reinsurers. We analyze recent trends in arbitration and litigation outcomes in disputes, if any, with our reinsurers. We monitor ratings and evaluate the financial strength of our reinsurers by analyzing their financial statements. In addition, the reinsurance recoverable balance due from each reinsurer is evaluated as part of the overall monitoring process. Recoverability of reinsurance recoverable balances is evaluated based on these analyses. We generally secure large reinsurance recoverable balances with various forms of collateral, including secured trusts, funds withheld accounts and irrevocable letters of credit.
Annuities
For annuities, we currently reinsure to
our parent Brighthouse Life Insurance Company and formerly reinsured to MLIC, a former affiliate, 100% of certain variable annuity risks or 100% of the living and death benefit guarantees issued in connection with certain variable annuities. Under the benefit guarantee reinsurance agreements, we pay a reinsurance premium generally based on fees associated with the guarantees collected from policyholders, and receive reimbursement for benefits paid or accrued in excess of account values, subject to certain limitations. In connection with the Separation, MLIC novated and assigned its rights and obligations under its agreement with Brighthouse Life Insurance Company, effective January 1, 2017.
We also previously reinsured 90% of our fixed annuities to MLIC. We recaptured this reinsurance agreement effective November 1, 2016, in
connection with the Restructuring.
For individual life insurance products, we have historically reinsured the mortality risk on our life insurance policies primarily on an excess of retention basis or on a quota share basis. When we cede risks to a reinsurer on an excess of retention basis we retain the liability up to a contractually specified amount and the reinsurer is responsible for indemnifying us for amounts in excess of the liability we retain, subject sometimes to a cap. When we cede risks on a quota share basis we share a portion
of the risk within a contractually specified layer of reinsurance coverage. We reinsure on a facultative basis for risks with specified characteristics. On a case by case basis, we may retain up to $100,000 per life and reinsure 100% of amounts in excess of $100,000. We evaluate our reinsurance programs routinely and may increase or decrease our retention at any time.
We previously reinsured portions of certain level premium term life to a former affiliate, MetLife Reinsurance Company of Vermont. We recaptured this reinsurance agreement effective December 27, 2016, in connection with the Restructuring.
Additionally, in connection with the Restructuring, in May 2017, we recaptured all of the reinsurance covering our term life insurance previously reinsured to MLIC. Concurrent with the recapture we executed a reinsurance agreement
with Brighthouse Life Insurance Company, as reinsurer to cede on a yearly renewable term basis risks related to multiple life products. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
Catastrophe Coverage
We have exposure to catastrophes which could contribute to significant fluctuations in our results of operations. We use excess of retention and quota share reinsurance agreements to provide greater diversification of risk and minimize exposure to larger risks.
Sales Distribution
We distribute our annuity and
life insurance products in New York through a diverse network of independent distribution partners. Our partners include independent broker-dealers, general agencies and other marketing organizations. Our products are marketed to third-party distribution organizations through wholesalers of a BHNY-affiliated wholesaler broker-dealer for ultimate sale to individual and business clients of the third-party distribution organizations.
We are domiciled in New York and regulated by the New York State Department of Financial Services (the “NYDFS”). We are regulated primarily at the state level, with some products and services also subject to federal regulation. Furthermore, some of our operations, products and services are subject to the Employee
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), consumer protection laws, securities, broker-dealer and investment advisor regulations, and environmental and unclaimed property laws and regulations. See “Risk Factors — Regulatory and Legal Risks.”
Insurance Regulation
State insurance regulation generally aims at supervising and regulating insurers, with the goal of protecting policyholders and ensuring that insurance companies remain solvent. Insurance regulators have increasingly sought information about the potential impact of activities in holding company systems as a whole and have adopted laws and regulations enhancing “group-wide” supervision. See “— Holding Company Regulation” for information regarding an enterprise risk report.
We
are licensed only in New York and regulated by the NYDFS. We are licensed to issue insurance products only in New York. New York law grants the NYDFS broad administrative powers with respect to, among other things:
•
licensing companies and agents to transact business;
•
calculating the value of assets to determine compliance with statutory requirements;
•
mandating
certain insurance benefits;
•
regulating certain premium rates;
•
reviewing and approving certain policy forms and rates;
•
regulating unfair trade and claims practices, including through the imposition of restrictions on marketing and sales practices, distribution arrangements and payment
of inducements, and identifying and paying to the state benefits and other property that are not claimed by the owners;
•
regulating advertising and marketing of insurance products;
•
protecting privacy;
•
establishing statutory capital (including risk-based capital (“RBC”)) reserve
requirements and solvency standards;
•
specifying the conditions under which a ceding company can take credit for reinsurance in its statutory financial statements (i.e., reduce its reserves by the amount of reserves ceded to a reinsurer);
•
fixing maximum interest rates on insurance policy loans and minimum rates for guaranteed crediting rates on life insurance policies and annuity contracts;
•
adopting
and enforcing suitability standards with respect to the sale of annuities and other insurance products;
•
approving changes in control of New York-domiciled insurance companies;
•
restricting the payment of dividends and other transactions between affiliates; and
•
regulating the types,
amounts and valuation of investments.
We are required to file reports, generally including detailed annual financial statements, with the NYDFS, and our operations and accounts are subject to periodic examination by the NYDFS. We must also file, and obtain regulatory approval for, rules, rates and forms relating to the insurance written by us.
State and federal insurance and securities regulatory authorities and other state law enforcement agencies and attorneys general from time to time may make inquiries regarding our compliance with insurance, securities and other laws and regulations regarding the conduct of our insurance and securities businesses. We cooperate with such inquiries and take corrective action when warranted. See Note 12 of the Notes to the Financial Statements.
Holding
Company Regulation
Insurance holding company laws and regulations vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but generally require a controlled insurance company (i.e., insurers that are subsidiaries of insurance holding companies) to register with state regulatory authorities and to file with those authorities certain reports, including information concerning its capital structure, ownership, financial condition, certain intercompany transactions and general business operations. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) adopted revisions to the NAIC Insurance Holding Company System Model Act and the Insurance Holding Company System Model Regulation in December 2010 and December 2014. New York has adopted a modified version, although its supporting regulation is substantially similar to the model regulation.
The New York Insurance Law generally provides that no person, corporation or other entity may acquire control of a New York-domiciled insurance company, or a controlling interest in any parent company of any such insurance company, without the prior approval of the NYDFS. Under the laws of New York, any person acquiring, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting securities of an insurance company is presumed to have acquired “control” of the company. This statutory presumption of control may be rebutted by a showing that control does not exist in fact. The NYDFS, however, may find that “control” exists in circumstances in which a person owns or controls less than 10% of voting securities.
The laws and regulations regarding acquisition
of control transactions may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change of control involving us, including through unsolicited transactions. The insurance company laws and regulations include a requirement that the ultimate controlling person of a U.S. insurer file an annual enterprise risk report with the lead state of the insurance holding company system identifying risks likely to have a material adverse effect upon the financial condition or liquidity of the insurer or its insurance holding company system as a whole. New York has enacted this enterprise risk reporting requirement.
Effective for dividends paid during 2016 and going forward, the New York Insurance Law was amended permitting BHNY, without prior insurance regulatory clearance, to pay stockholder dividends to its parent in any calendar year based on either of two standards. Under one standard, BHNY is permitted, without
prior insurance regulatory clearance, to pay dividends out of earned surplus (defined as positive “unassigned funds (surplus)”), excluding 85% of the change in net unrealized capital gains or losses (less capital gains tax), for the immediately preceding calendar year), in an amount up to the greater of: (i) 10% of its surplus to policyholders as of the end of the immediately preceding calendar year, or (ii) its statutory net gain from operations for the immediately preceding calendar year (excluding realized capital gains), not to exceed 30% of surplus to policyholders as of the end of the immediately preceding calendar year. In addition, under this standard, BHNY may not, without prior insurance regulatory clearance, pay any dividends in any calendar year immediately following a calendar year for which its net gain from operations, excluding realized capital gains, was negative. Under the second standard, if dividends are paid out of other than earned surplus,
BHNY may, without prior insurance regulatory clearance, pay an amount up to the lesser of: (i) 10% of its surplus to policyholders as of the end of the immediately preceding calendar year, or (ii) its statutory net gain from operations for the immediately preceding calendar year (excluding realized capital gains). In addition, BHNY will be permitted to pay a dividend to its parent in excess of the amounts allowed under both standards only if it files notice of its intention to declare such a dividend and the amount thereof with the New York Superintendent of Financial Services (the “Superintendent”) and the Superintendent either approves the distribution of the dividend or does not disapprove the dividend within 30 days of its filing. Under New York Insurance Law, the Superintendent has broad discretion in determining whether the financial condition of a stock life insurance company would support the payment of such dividends to its stockholders. Dividends are
not anticipated to be paid by BHNY in 2019.
See “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities” and “Dividend Restrictions” in Note 9 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for further information.
Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act
In September 2012, the NAIC adopted the Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act (“ORSA”), which has been enacted by New York. ORSA requires that insurers maintain a risk management framework and conduct an internal own risk and solvency assessment of the insurer’s material risks in normal and stressed environments. The assessment must be documented in a confidential annual
summary report, a copy of which must be made available to regulators as required or upon request.
Federal Initiatives
Although the insurance business in the United States is primarily regulated by the states, federal initiatives often have an impact on our business in a variety of ways. From time to time, federal measures are proposed which may significantly and adversely affect the insurance business. These areas include financial services regulation, securities regulation, derivatives regulation, pension regulation, privacy, tort reform legislation and taxation. In addition, various forms of direct and indirect federal regulation of insurance have been proposed from time to time, including proposals for the establishment of an optional federal charter for insurance companies. See “Risk Factors — Regulatory
and Legal Risks — Our business is highly regulated, and changes in regulation and in supervisory and enforcement policies may materially impact our capitalization or cash flows, reduce our profitability and limit our growth.”
One such initiative is 2010’s Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank”), which effected the most far-reaching overhaul of financial regulation in the U.S. in decades. Dodd-Frank established the Federal Insurance Office (“FIO”) within the Department of the Treasury, which has the authority to participate in the negotiations of international insurance agreements with foreign regulators for the United States, as well as to collect information about the insurance industry, negotiate covered agreements with one or more foreign governments and recommend prudential standards. While the FIO does not have general supervisory or regulatory authority over the business
of insurance, it performs various functions with respect to insurance, including serving as a non-voting member of the Financial Stability Oversight Council
(“FSOC”) and making recommendations to the FSOC regarding which insurers should be subject to more stringent standards as systemically important financial institutions.
On September 22, 2017, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative entered into a bilateral covered agreement on insurance and reinsurance with the European Union (the “Covered Agreement”), which
addresses, among other things, reinsurance collateral requirements and insurance group supervision. In connection with the announcement of its signature, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative released a “Statement of the United States on the Covered Agreement with the European Union” (the “Policy Statement”). To comply with the terms of the Covered Agreement, the Policy Statement encourages each U.S. state to adopt applicable credit for reinsurance laws and regulations and to phase out the amount of collateral required for full credit for reinsurance cessions to European Union (“EU”) reinsurers. It also states that the U.S. expects that the group capital calculation under development by the NAIC will satisfy the Covered Agreement’s group capital assessment requirement. The Covered Agreement is to be fully applicable to the U.S. and the EU 60 months after signature. However, some parts of the agreement
are subject to further procedural requirements, and so full implementation of the Covered Agreement may occur, if at all, only after a significant period of time. In anticipation of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU (commonly referred to as “Brexit”), on December 18, 2018, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative entered into a substantially similar bilateral covered agreement on insurance and reinsurance with the United Kingdom and released a similar policy statement.
Guaranty Associations and Similar Arrangements
New York requires us to participate in The Life Insurance Guaranty Corporation, which is a guaranty association organized to pay certain contractual benefits owed pursuant to insurance
policies issued by impaired, insolvent or failed insurers, or those that may become impaired, insolvent or fail, for example, following the occurrence of one or more catastrophic events. This association levies assessments, up to prescribed limits, on all member insurers in the state on the basis of the proportionate share of the premiums written by member insurers in the lines of business in which the impaired, insolvent or failed insurer is engaged. New York permits member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets.
In December 2017, the NAIC approved revisions to its Life and Health Insurance Guaranty Association Model Act governing assessments for long-term care insurance. The revisions broaden the assessment base for long-term care insurance insolvencies to include both life and health insurers, provide for the inclusion of HMOs in the assessment base, and include no change to the
premium tax offset. Several states are now considering legislation to codify these changes into law, and more states are expected to consider legislation in their 2019 legislative sessions.
In the past five years, the aggregate assessments levied against us have not been material. We have established liabilities for guaranty fund assessments that we consider adequate. See “Risk Factors — Regulatory and Legal Risks — State insurance guaranty associations” and Note 12 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for additional information on the guaranty association assessments.
Insurance Regulatory Examinations and Other Activities
As part of its regulatory oversight process, the NYDFS conducts
periodic detailed examinations of our books, records, accounts, and business practices. BHNY did not receive any material adverse findings resulting from an NYDFS examination.
Regulatory authorities in a small number of states, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”) and, occasionally, the SEC, have had investigations or inquiries relating to sales and/or administration of individual life insurance policies, annuities or other products by us or our affiliates. These investigations have focused on the conduct of particular financial services representatives, the sale of unregistered or unsuitable products, the misuse of client assets, and sales and replacements of annuities and certain riders on such annuities. Over
the past several years, these and a number of investigations by other regulatory authorities were resolved for monetary payments and certain other relief, including restitution payments. We may continue to receive, and may resolve, further investigations and actions on these matters in a similar manner.
In addition, claims payment practices by insurance companies have received increased scrutiny from regulators. See Note 12 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for further information regarding unclaimed property inquiries and related litigation and sales practices claims.
Annually,
we are required to conduct an analysis of the adequacy of all statutory reserves. A qualified actuary must submit an opinion which states that the statutory reserves make adequate provision, according to accepted actuarial standards of practice, for the anticipated cash flows required by the contractual obligations and related expenses. The adequacy of the statutory reserves is considered in light of the assets held by us with respect to such reserves and related actuarial items including, but not limited to, the investment earnings on such assets, and the consideration anticipated to be received and
retained under the related policies and contracts.
We may increase reserves in order to submit an opinion without qualification. Since the inception of this requirement, we have provided the NYDFS such opinions without qualifications.
NAIC
The NAIC is an organization, whose mission is to assist state insurance regulatory authorities in serving the public interest and achieving the insurance regulatory goals of its members, the state insurance regulatory officials. Through the NAIC, state insurance regulators establish standards and best practices, conduct peer reviews, and coordinate their regulatory oversight. The NAIC provides standardized insurance industry accounting and reporting guidance through its Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual (the “Manual”), which states have largely adopted by regulation. However, statutory accounting principles
continue to be established by individual state laws, regulations and permitted practices, which may differ from the Manual. Changes to the Manual or modifications by the NYDFS may impact our statutory capital and surplus.
In 2015, the NAIC commissioned an initiative to identify changes to the statutory framework for variable annuities that can remove or mitigate the motivation for insurers to engage in captive reinsurance transactions. In September 2015, a third-party consultant engaged by the NAIC provided the NAIC with a preliminary report identifying motivations for using variable annuity captives. In August 2016, the third-party consultant released several sets of recommendations regarding Actuarial Guideline 43 (“AG 43”) and Life Risk Based Capital Phase II Instructions (“RBC C3 Phase II”) reserve requirements. These recommendations generally focus on (i) mitigating the asset-liability accounting mismatch
between hedge instruments and statutory instruments and statutory liabilities, (ii) removing the non-economic volatility in statutory capital charges and the resulting solvency ratios and (iii) facilitating greater harmonization across insurers and their products for greater comparability. After considering recommendations from the third-party consultant and industry, the NAIC requested the third-party consultant to undertake a study to evaluate and parameterize the recommended structural revisions further. That work occurred between February and October 2017, and in December 2017, the third-party consultant issued a report containing 28 recommended revisions to AG 43 and RBC C3 Phase II reserve requirements. Over the next few months, the NAIC held multiple public conference calls to allow state insurance regulators, industry representatives, actuaries and the third-party consultant to discuss and refine the proposed recommendations. In July 2018, the regulators on the
NAIC working group and committee overseeing the revised framework proposal reached consensus on the proposed recommendations and presented such revisions for adoption by the NAIC Executive and Plenary (the “Plenary”), a body comprised of all U.S. state insurance commissioners and the NAIC Executive Committee. On August 7, 2018 the Plenary formally approved the revised framework proposal as amended by the regulators during their discussion. Since adoption by the Plenary, other NAIC working groups and task forces have been working on drafting specific revisions to AG 43 and RBC C3 Phase II reserve requirements in order to implement the agreed-upon recommendations. The adopted framework will apply to all of our existing variable annuity business and may materially change the sensitivity of reserve and capital requirements to capital markets including interest rate, equity markets and volatility,
our estimates of which historically did not reflect the impact of variable annuity capital reform or changes in tax rates, as well as prescribed assumptions for policyholder behavior. Since the implementation details are very early in their development, it is not possible to predict what impacts this reform will have on current risk mitigation and hedging programs. See “Risk Factors — Regulatory and Legal Risks — Our business is highly regulated, and changes in regulation and in supervisory and enforcement policies may materially impact our capitalization or cash flows, reduce our profitability and limit our growth.”
In addition, following the reduction in the statutory tax rate pursuant to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”), the NAIC reviewed the methodology by which taxes are incorporated into the RBC calculation. On August
7, 2018 the NAIC Plenary adopted changes to the RBC calculation effective December 31, 2018 to reflect the lower statutory tax rate, which resulted in a reduction to our RBC ratio. As of the date of the most recent annual statutory financial statements filed with NYDFS, our total adjusted capital (“TAC”) was in excess of RBC levels required by the NYDFS.
The NAIC has adopted a new approach for the calculation of life insurance reserves, known as principle-based reserving (“PBR”). PBR became operative on January 1, 2017 in those states where it has been adopted, to be followed by a three-year phase-in period for business issued on or after this date. New York enacted legislation adopting PBR in December 2018. At the same time, the NYDFS adopted a temporary regulation to implement PBR while it develops a final
regulation. See “Risk Factors — Regulatory and Legal Risks — Our business is highly regulated, and changes in regulation and in supervisory and enforcement policies may materially impact our capitalization or cash flows, reduce our profitability and limit our growth.”
The NAIC is considering revisions to RBC factors for bonds and real estate, as well as developing RBC charges for longevity risk. We cannot predict the impact of any potential proposals that may result from these studies.
We can give no assurances that any of our expectations will be met regarding the capital and reserve impacts or compliance costs, if any, that may result from the above initiatives.
We are required to maintain our capital and surplus at or above minimum levels. Regulators have discretionary authority, in connection with the continued licensing of an insurer, to limit or prohibit the insurer’s sales to policyholders if, in their judgment, the regulators determine that such insurer has not maintained the minimum surplus or capital or that the further transaction of business will be hazardous to policyholders. We are subject to RBC requirements that were developed by the NAIC and adopted by New York. The formula takes into account the risk characteristics of the insurer and is calculated on an annual basis. The major categories of risk involved are asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate risk, market risk and business risk. The RBC framework is used as an early warning regulatory tool
to identify possible inadequately capitalized insurers for purposes of initiating regulatory action, and not as a means to rank insurers generally. The New York Insurance Law provides the NYDFS the authority to require various actions by, or take various actions against, insurers whose TAC does not meet or exceed certain RBC levels. As of the date of the most recent annual statutory financial statements filed with the NYDFS, our TAC was in excess of the required RBC levels. See “Statutory Equity and Income” in Note 9 of the Notes to the Financial Statements.
The NYDFS issues an annual “Special Considerations” circular letter (“SCL”) to New York licensed insurers requiring tests to be performed as part of insurers’ year-end asset adequacy testing. A SCL could require us, among other things, to use certain asset adequacy testing assumptions resulting in increases or releases of certain asset adequacy reserves
for a particular year, which could have a material impact on our statutory capital and surplus. There was no impact to our statutory capital and surplus resulting from SCLs for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.
Regulation of Investments
The New York Insurance Law requires diversification of investment portfolios and limits the amount of investments that we may have in certain asset categories, such as below investment grade fixed income securities, real estate equity, other equity investments, and derivatives. Failure to comply with these requirements would cause investments exceeding regulatory limitations
to be treated as non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring surplus and, in some instances, would require divestiture of such nonqualifying investments. We believe that our investments complied, in all material respects, with such requirements at December 31, 2018.
NYDFS Insurance Regulation 210
On March 19, 2018, NYDFS Insurance Regulation 210: Life Insurance and Annuity Non-Guaranteed Elements took effect. The regulation establishes standards for the determination and readjustment of non-guaranteed elements (“NGEs”) that may vary at the insurer’s discretion for life insurance policies and annuity contracts
delivered or issued in New York. In addition, the regulation establishes guidelines for related disclosure to NYDFS and policy owners prior to any adverse change in NGEs. The regulation applies to all individual life insurance policies, individual annuity contracts and certain group life insurance and group annuity certificates that contain NGEs. NGEs include premiums, expense charges, cost of insurance rates and interest credits.
Cybersecurity Regulation
On February 16, 2017, the NYDFS announced the adoption of a new cybersecurity regulation for financial services institutions, including banking and insurance entities, under its jurisdiction. The new regulation became effective on March 1, 2017
and was implemented in stages. Among other things, this new regulation requires these entities to establish and maintain a cybersecurity program designed to protect consumers’ private data. The new regulation specifically provides for: (i) implementation and maintenance of, and a governance framework for overseeing, the cybersecurity program and a cybersecurity policy based on a risk assessment conducted periodically; (ii) development of access controls and other technology standards for data protection, and the monitoring and testing of the cybersecurity program, in accordance with the entity’s risk assessment; (iii) implementation of policies and procedures designed to ensure the security of private data accessible to or held by third-party service providers; (iv) minimum standards for cyber breach responses, including an incident response plan, preservation of data to respond to such breaches, and notice to NYDFS of material events; and (v) annual certifications of
regulatory compliance to the NYDFS. In addition to New York’s cybersecurity regulation, the NAIC adopted the Insurance Data Security Model Law in October 2017. Under the model law, companies that are compliant with the NYDFS cybersecurity regulation are deemed also to be in compliance with the model law. The purpose of the model law is to establish standards for data security and for the investigation and notification of insurance commissioners of cybersecurity events involving unauthorized access to, or the misuse of, certain nonpublic information.
We
manufacture annuities for third parties to sell to tax-qualified pension plans, retirement plans and retirement accounts and individual retirement annuities (“IRAs”), as well as individual retirement annuities sold to individuals that are subject to ERISA or the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Tax Code”). Also, a portion of our in-force life insurance products and annuity products are held by tax-qualified pension and retirement plans. While we currently believe manufacturers do not have as much exposure to ERISA and the Tax Code as distributors, certain activities are subject to the restrictions imposed by ERISA and the Tax Code, including the requirement under ERISA that fiduciaries of a Plan subject to Title I of ERISA (an “ERISA Plan”) must perform their duties solely in the interests of the ERISA Plan participants and beneficiaries, and those fiduciaries may not cause a covered plan to engage in certain prohibited transactions.
The applicable provisions of ERISA and the Tax Code are subject to enforcement by the Department of Labor (“DOL”), the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (“PBGC”).
In addition, the prohibited transaction rules of ERISA and the Tax Code generally restrict the provision of investment advice to ERISA qualified plans, plan participants and IRA owners if the investment recommendation results in fees paid to an individual advisor, the firm that employs the advisor or their affiliates that vary according to the investment recommendation chosen. Similarly, without an exemption, fiduciary advisors are prohibited from receiving compensation from third parties in connection with their advice. ERISA also affects certain of our in-force insurance policies and annuity contracts, as well
as insurance policies and annuity contracts we may sell in the future.
On July 11, 2016, the DOL, the IRS and the PBGC proposed revisions to the Form 5500, the form used for ERISA annual reporting. The DOL included the proposed revisions in its Fall 2017 regulatory agenda released December 14, 2017. The revisions affect employee pension and welfare benefit plans, including our ERISA plans and require audits of information, self-directed brokerage account disclosure requirements and additional extensive disclosure. Efforts to finalize the proposed revisions have been suspended. We cannot predict the effect these proposals, if enacted, will have on our business, or what other proposals may be made, what legislation may be introduced or
enacted or the impact of any such legislation on our results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, the DOL has issued a number of regulations that increase the level of disclosure that must be provided to plan sponsors and participants. The participant disclosure regulations and the regulations which require service providers to disclose fee and other information to plan sponsors took effect in 2012.
In John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company v. Harris Trust and Savings Bank (1993), the U.S. Supreme Court held that certain assets in excess of amounts necessary to satisfy guaranteed obligations under a participating group annuity general account contract are “plan assets.” Therefore, these assets are subject to certain fiduciary obligations under ERISA, which requires
fiduciaries to perform their duties solely in the interest of ERISA plan participants and beneficiaries. On January 5, 2000, the Secretary of Labor issued final regulations indicating, in cases where an insurer has issued a policy backed by the insurer’s general account to or for an employee benefit plan, the extent to which assets of the insurer constitute plan assets for purposes of ERISA and the Tax Code. The regulations apply only with respect to a policy issued by an insurer on or before December 31, 1998 (“Transition Policy”). No person will generally be liable under ERISA or the Tax Code for conduct occurring prior to July 5, 2001, where the basis of a claim is that insurance company general account assets constitute plan assets. An insurer issuing a new policy that is backed by its general account and is
issued to or for an employee benefit plan after December 31, 1998 will generally be subject to fiduciary obligations under ERISA, unless the policy is a guaranteed benefit policy.
The regulations indicate the requirements that must be met so that assets supporting a Transition Policy will not be considered plan assets for purposes of ERISA and the Tax Code. These requirements include detailed disclosures to be made to the employee benefits plan and the requirement that the insurer must permit the policyholder to terminate the policy on 90 days’ notice and receive without penalty, at the policyholder’s option, either (i) the unallocated accumulated fund balance (which may be subject to market value adjustment), or (ii) a book value payment of such amount in annual installments with interest. We have taken and continue to take steps designed to ensure compliance with these regulations.
Standard
of Conduct Regulation
As a result of overlapping efforts by the DOL, the NAIC, individual states, and the SEC to impose fiduciary-like requirements in connection with the sale of annuities and life insurance policies, which are each discussed in more detail below, there have been a number of proposed or adopted changes to the laws and regulations that govern the conduct of our business and the firms that distribute our products. As a manufacturer of annuity and life insurance products, we do not directly distribute our products to consumers. However, regulations establishing standards of conduct regulations in connection with the distribution and sale of these products could affect our business by imposing greater compliance, oversight, disclosure and notification requirements on us. We cannot predict what other proposals may be made, what legislation or regulations may be introduced or enacted, or what impact any future legislation
or regulations may have on our business, results of operations and financial condition. See “Risk Factors — Regulatory and Legal Risks — Our business is highly regulated, and changes in regulation and in supervisory
and enforcement policies may materially impact our capitalization or cash flows, reduce our profitability and limit our growth — Standard of Conduct Regulation.”
Department of Labor Fiduciary Rule
The DOL issued
regulations on April 6, 2016 that became applicable on June 9, 2017 (the “Fiduciary Rule”) but were subsequently vacated by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals effective June 21, 2018. While the Fiduciary Rule was in effect, it substantially expanded the definition of “investment advice,” thereby broadening the circumstances under which distributors and manufacturers of insurance and annuity products could be considered fiduciaries under ERISA or the Tax Code, and subject to an impartial conduct or “best interests” standard in providing such advice. Under the rule, certain communications with plans, plan participants and IRA owners, including the marketing of products, and marketing of investment management or advisory services, were deemed fiduciary investment advice, thus causing increased exposure
to fiduciary liability if the distributor did not recommend what was in the client’s best interests. It is uncertain whether the DOL will propose new investment advice fiduciary regulations to replace the nullified Fiduciary Rule.
New York Regulation 187
The NAIC, as well as certain state regulators, are also considering implementing regulations that would apply an impartial conduct standard to recommendations made in connection with certain annuities and, in the case of New York, life insurance policies. On July 18, 2018, the NYDFS issued a final version of Regulation 187 (“Regulation 187”), which adopts a “best interest” standard for the sale of life insurance and annuity products in New York. The regulation generally requires a consumer’s best interest, and not the financial interests of a producer or insurer, to
influence a producer’s recommendation as to which life insurance or annuity product a consumer should purchase. In addition, Regulation 187 imposes a best interest standard on certain consumer in-force transactions. Regulation 187 will become effective for annuity products on August 1, 2019 and for life insurance products on February 1, 2020. We are continuing to assess the impact of the regulation on our business. The regulation, when implemented, may have adverse effects on our business and consolidated results of operations. In November 2018, the three primary agent groups in New York launched a legal challenge against the NYDFS over the adoption of Regulation 187. It is not possible to predict whether this challenge will be successful.
Proposed SEC Rules Addressing Standards of Conduct for Broker-Dealers
On
April 18, 2018, the SEC released a comprehensive set of proposed rules for broker-dealers and investment advisers that would, among other things, (i) enhance the existing standard of conduct for broker-dealers that provide securities recommendations or advice to retail investors to require them to act in the best interest of their clients and mitigate conflicts of interest; (ii) clarify the nature of the fiduciary obligations owed by registered investment advisers to their clients; (iii) impose new disclosure requirements on broker-dealers and investment advisers aimed at ensuring investors understand the nature of their relationship with their investment professionals; and (iv) restrict certain broker-dealers and their financial professionals from using the terms “adviser” or “advisor.” The proposed rules would affect the distribution and sale of our products. Although the full impact of the proposed rules
can only be measured when the implementing regulations are adopted, the intent of the provisions is to impose an enhanced standard of care on broker-dealers which is more similar to that of an investment adviser. Among other things, this would require broker-dealers to mitigate conflicts of interest arising from financial incentives in selling securities products. The SEC projects that the proposal will be finalized by September 2019.
Federal Tax Reform
On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed the Tax Act into law, resulting in sweeping changes to the Tax Code. The Tax Act reduced the corporate tax rate to 21%, limited deductibility of interest expense, increased capitalization amounts for deferred acquisition costs, eliminated the corporate alternative
minimum tax, provided for determining reserve deductions as 92.81% of statutory reserves, and reduced the dividend received deduction. Most of the changes in the Tax Act were effective as of January 1, 2018.
Our actual results may differ from our current estimate due to, among other things, further guidance that may be issued by U.S. tax authorities or regulatory bodies and/or changes in interpretations and assumptions we have preliminarily made.
Regulation of Over-the-Counter Derivatives
Dodd-Frank includes a framework of regulation of the over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives markets which requires clearing of certain types of derivatives and imposes additional costs, including new reporting and margin
requirements, and will likely impose additional regulation on us. Our costs of risk mitigation are increasing under Dodd-Frank. For example, Dodd-Frank imposes requirements for (i) the mandatory clearing of certain derivatives transactions (derivatives that must be cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties), and (ii) mandatory exchange of margin for “OTC-bilateral” transactions (OTC derivatives that are bilateral contracts between two counterparties) entered into after the applicable phase-in period. The initial
margin requirements for OTC-bilateral
transactions will be applicable to us in September 2020. The increased margin requirements, combined with increased capital charges for our counterparties and central clearinghouses with respect to non-cash collateral, will likely require increased holdings of cash and highly liquid securities with lower yields causing a reduction in income and less favorable pricing for cleared and OTC-bilateral derivatives transactions. Centralized clearing of certain derivatives exposes us to the risk of a default by a clearing member or clearinghouse with respect to our cleared derivative transactions. We use derivatives to mitigate a wide range of risks in connection with our businesses, including the impact of increased benefit exposures from certain of our annuity products that offer guaranteed benefits. We have always been subject to the risk that hedging and other management procedures might prove ineffective in reducing the risks to which insurance policies expose us or that
unanticipated policyholder behavior or mortality, combined with adverse market events, could produce economic losses beyond the scope of the risk management techniques employed. Any such losses could be increased by higher costs of entering into derivative transactions (including customized derivatives) and the reduced availability of customized derivatives that might result from the implementation of Dodd-Frank and comparable international derivatives regulations.
Dodd-Frank also mandated the SEC and the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) to study whether “stable value contracts” should be treated as swaps under the Dodd-Frank regulatory framework. Pursuant to the new definition of “swap” and related SEC and CFTC interpretive regulations, products we offer that are stable value contracts
are not currently treated as swaps. Should other products become regulated as swaps, we cannot predict how the rules would be applied to them or the effect on such products’ profitability or attractiveness to our clients.
Federal banking regulators have adopted new rules that apply to certain qualified financial contracts, including many derivatives contracts, securities lending agreements and repurchase agreements, with certain banking institutions and certain of their affiliates. These rules, which became effective on January 1, 2019, generally require the banking institutions and their applicable affiliates to include contractual provisions in their qualified financial contracts
that limit or delay certain rights of their counterparties arising in connection with the banking institution or an applicable affiliate becoming subject to a bankruptcy, insolvency, resolution or similar proceeding. To the extent that any of the derivatives, securities lending agreements or repurchase agreements that we enter into are subject to these rules, it could increase our risk or limit our recovery in the event of a default by such banking institutions or their applicable affiliates.
Securities and Investment Advisor Regulation
Some of our activities in offering and selling variable insurance products, as well as certain fixed interest rate contracts, are subject to extensive regulation under the federal securities
laws administered by the SEC and/or state securities law. We issue variable annuity contracts through separate accounts that are registered with the SEC as investment companies under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”). Each registered separate account is generally divided into sub-accounts, each of which invests in an underlying mutual fund which is itself a registered investment company under the Investment Company Act. In addition, the variable annuity contracts issued by these registered separate accounts are registered with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). We also issue index-linked contracts
with features that require them to be registered as securities under the Securities Act. In the future we may issue variable contracts through separate accounts which would be exempt from registration under the Securities Act and the Investment Company Act but may be subject to other provisions of the federal securities laws. In addition, because our variable contracts are required to be sold by broker-dealers that are FINRA members, sales of our variable contracts also are subject to the requirements of FINRA rules.
Federal, state and other securities regulatory authorities, including the SEC and FINRA, may from time to time make inquiries and conduct
examinations regarding our compliance with securities and other laws and regulations. We will cooperate with such inquiries and examinations and take corrective action when warranted. See “— Insurance Regulation — Insurance Regulatory Examinations and Other Activities.”
Federal and state securities laws and regulations are primarily intended to ensure the integrity of the financial markets, to protect investors in the securities markets, and to protect investment advisory or brokerage clients, and generally grant regulatory agencies broad rulemaking and enforcement powers, including the power to limit or restrict the conduct of business for failure to comply with such laws and regulations.
Unclaimed Property
We
are subject to the laws and regulations of New York and other jurisdictions concerning identification, reporting and escheatment of unclaimed or abandoned funds, and are subject to audit and examination for compliance with these requirements. Litigation may be brought by, or on behalf, of one or more entities, seeking to recover unclaimed or abandoned funds and interest. The claimant or claimants also may allege entitlement to other damages or penalties, including for alleged false claims.
Financial strength ratings represent
the opinion of rating agencies regarding the ability of an insurance company to pay obligations under insurance policies and contracts in accordance with their terms. The level and composition of our regulatory capital are among the many factors considered in determining our financial strength ratings. Each agency has its own capital adequacy evaluation methodology, and assessments are generally based on a combination of factors. Rating agencies may increase the frequency and scope of their credit reviews, may request additional information from the companies that they rate and may adjust upward the capital and other requirements employed in the rating agency models for maintenance of certain ratings levels. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Rating Agencies” and “Risk Factors
— Risks Related to Our Business — A downgrade or a potential downgrade in our financial strength ratings could result in a loss of business and materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.”
You should carefully consider the factors described below, in addition to the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These risk factors are important to understanding the contents of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other reports. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
The materialization of any risks and uncertainties
set forth below or identified in “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC or those that are presently unforeseen or that we currently believe to be immaterial could result in significant adverse effects on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. See “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”
Risks Related to Our Business
Differences between actual experience and actuarial assumptions and the effectiveness of our actuarial models may adversely affect our financial results, capitalization and financial condition
Our earnings significantly depend upon the extent to which our actual claims experience and benefit payments on our products are consistent
with the assumptions we use in setting prices for our products and establishing liabilities for future policy benefits and claims. Such amounts are established based on estimates by actuaries of how much we will need to pay for future benefits and claims. To the extent that actual claims and benefits experience is less favorable than the underlying assumptions we used in establishing such liabilities, we could be required to increase our liabilities. We make assumptions regarding policyholder behavior at the time of pricing and in selecting and utilizing the guaranteed options inherent within our products based in part upon expected persistency of the products, which change the probability that a policy or contract will remain in force from one period to the next. Persistency within our annuities business may be significantly affected by the value of guaranteed minimum benefits
(“GMxBs”) contained in many of our variable annuities being higher than current account values in light of poor equity market performance or extended periods of low interest rates, as well as other factors. Persistency could be adversely affected generally by developments affecting policyholder perception of us, including perceptions arising from adverse publicity. The pricing of certain of our variable annuity products that contain certain living benefit guarantees is also based on assumptions about utilization rates, or the percentage of contracts that will utilize the benefit during the contract duration, including the timing of the first lifetime income withdrawal. Results may vary based on differences between actual and expected benefit utilization. A material increase in the
valuation of the liability could result to the extent emerging and actual experience deviates from these policyholder option utilization assumptions, and in certain circumstances this deviation may impair our solvency.
We use actuarial models to assist us in establishing reserves for liabilities arising from our insurance policies and annuity contracts. We periodically review the effectiveness of these models, their underlying logic and assumptions and, from time to time, implement refinements to our models based on these reviews. We only implement refinements after rigorous testing and validation and, even after such validation and testing our models remain subject to inherent limitations. Accordingly, no assurances can be given as to whether or when we will implement refinements to our actuarial models, and, if implemented, the extent
of such refinements. Furthermore, if implemented, any such refinements could cause us to increase the reserves we hold for our insurance policy and annuity contract liabilities which would adversely affect our RBC ratio and the amount of variable annuity assets we hold in excess of our target funding levels and, in the case of any material model refinements, could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Due to the nature of the underlying risks and the uncertainty associated with the determination of liabilities for future policy benefits
and claims, we cannot determine precisely the amounts which we will ultimately pay to settle our liabilities. Such amounts may vary materially from the estimated amounts, particularly when those payments may not occur until well into the future. We evaluate our liabilities periodically based on accounting requirements, which change from time to time, the assumptions and models used to establish the liabilities, as well as our actual experience. If the liabilities originally established for future benefit payments and claims prove inadequate, we must increase them. Such increases would adversely affect our earnings and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition, including our capitalization, as well as a material adverse effect on the financial strength ratings which are necessary to support our product sales. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical
Accounting Estimates — Liability for Future Policy Benefits” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates — Derivatives.”
Guarantees within certain of our products may decrease our earnings, decrease our capitalization, increase the volatility of our results, result in higher risk management costs and expose us to increased market risk and counterparty risk
Certain of the variable annuity products we offer include guaranteed benefits, including guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDBs”), guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”) and guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMABs”). While we continue to have guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIBs”) in force with respect to which we are obligated to perform, we no longer offer GMIBs. We also
offer index-linked annuities with guarantees against a defined floor on losses. These guarantees are designed to protect contract holders against significant changes in equity markets and interest rates. Any such periods of significant and sustained negative or low separate account returns, increased equity volatility, or reduced interest rates could result in an increase in the valuation of our liabilities associated with variable annuity products. In addition, if the separate account assets consisting of fixed income securities, which support the guaranteed index-linked return feature are insufficient to reflect a period of sustained growth in the equity-index on which the product is based, we may be required to support such separate accounts with assets from our general account and increase our liabilities. An increase in these liabilities would result in a decrease in our
net income and could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, including our capitalization and our ability to receive statutory dividends from our operating insurance companies, as well as the financial strength ratings which are necessary to support our product sales.
Additionally, we make assumptions regarding policyholder behavior at the time of pricing and in selecting and utilizing the guaranteed options inherent within our products (e.g., utilization of option to annuitize within a GMIB product). An increase in the valuation of the liability could result to the extent emerging and actual experience deviates from these policyholder option utilization assumptions. On an annual basis we review key actuarial assumptions used to record our variable annuity liabilities, including those assumptions regarding policyholder behavior. Changes to assumptions based on our annual actuarial review in future years could
result in an increase in the liabilities we record for future policy benefits and claims to a level that may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition which, in certain circumstances, could impair our solvency.
While we have ceded all of the economic risk associated with our GMxBs to BLIC and MLIC, we retain exposure related to the guarantees in the event our affiliated reinsurers fail to perform.
Changes in accounting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board may adversely affect our financial statements
Our financial statements are subject to the application of GAAP, which is periodically revised by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), a recognized authoritative body. Accordingly, from time to time we are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards
or interpretations issued by the FASB. The impact of accounting pronouncements that have been issued but not yet implemented are disclosed in our reports filed with the SEC. See Note 1 of the Notes to the Financial Statements.
The FASB issued an accounting standards update (“ASU”) on August 15, 2018 that will result in significant changes to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts, including that all of our variable annuity guarantees, including the related ceded reinsurance, will be considered market risk benefits and measured at fair value, whereas today a significant amount of our variable annuity guarantees are carried as insurance. The ASU is expected to be effective as of January 1, 2021 and the
Company is in the early stages of evaluating the new guidance and is therefore currently not able to estimate the impact to its financial statements. The ASU could result in lower and more volatile results of operations.
Elements of our business strategy may not be effective in accomplishing our objectives
Our objective is to leverage our competitive strengths to distinguish ourselves in the individual annuity and life insurance markets and, over the longer term, to generate more distributable cash from our business. We seek to achieve this by being a focused product manufacturer with an emphasis on independent distribution, while having the goal of achieving a competitive expense ratio through financial discipline. We aim to achieve our goals by focusing on target market segments, concentrating
on product manufacturing, maintaining a strong balance sheet and using the scale of our seasoned in-force business to support the effectiveness of our risk management program, and focusing on operating cost and flexibility.
There can be no assurance that our strategy will be successful as it may not adequately alleviate the risks relating to focused product offerings; volatility of, and capital requirements with respect to, variable annuities; risk of loss with respect to use of derivatives in hedging transactions; and greater dependence on a relatively small number of independent distributors to market our products and generate most of our sales. Furthermore, such distributors may be subject to differing commission structures depending on the product sold and there can be no assurance that these new commission structures will be acceptable.
See “— General Risks — Brighthouse may experience difficulty in marketing and distributing products through our distribution channels.” Brighthouse may also be unable to reduce operating costs and enhance efficiencies, at least initially, due to the increased costs as a result of the Separation, as well as the cost and duration of transitional services agreements. For these reasons, no assurances can be given that we will be able to execute our strategy or that our strategy will achieve our objectives.
A downgrade or a potential downgrade in our financial strength ratings could result in a loss of business and materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations
Financial strength ratings are published by various nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (“NRSROs”) and similar entities not formally recognized as NRSROs. They indicate
the NRSROs’ opinions regarding an insurance company’s ability to meet contract holder and policyholder obligations and are important to maintaining public confidence in our products and our competitive position. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Rating Agencies.”
Downgrades in our financial strength ratings or changes to our ratings outlooks could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations in many ways, including:
•
reducing new sales of insurance products and annuity
products;
•
adversely affecting our relationships with independent sales intermediaries;
•
increasing the number or amount of policy surrenders and withdrawals by contract holders and policyholders;
•
requiring
us to reduce prices for many of our products and services to remain competitive;
•
providing termination rights for the benefit of our derivative instrument counterparties;
•
adversely affecting our ability to obtain reinsurance at reasonable prices, if at all; and
•
subjecting us to potentially
increased regulatory scrutiny.
Downgrades in our financial strength ratings or changes to our rating outlook could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations in many ways, including limiting our access to distributors, restricting our ability to generate new sales because our products depend on strong financial strength ratings to compete effectively, limiting our access to capital markets, and potentially increasing the cost of debt, which could adversely affect our liquidity.
In view of the difficulties experienced by many financial institutions as a result of the financial crisis and ensuing global recession, including our competitors in the insurance industry, we believe it is possible that the NRSROs will continue to heighten the level of scrutiny that they apply to insurance companies, will continue to increase the
frequency and scope of their credit reviews, will continue to request additional information from the companies that they rate, and may adjust upward the capital and other requirements employed in the models for maintenance of certain ratings levels. Our ratings could be downgraded at any time and without notice by any NRSRO. Any such downgrade could result in a reduction in new sales of our insurance products, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
An inability to access credit facilities could result in a reduction in our liquidity and lead to downgrades in Brighthouse’s credit ratings and our financial strength ratings
As of December 31, 2018, Brighthouse had approximately $4.0 billion of total long-term consolidated indebtedness outstanding. On February
1, 2019, BHF entered into a new term loan agreement with respect to a new $1.0 billion five-year unsecured term loan facility, which replaced its former $600 million unsecured term loan facility, which was scheduled to expire on December 2, 2019. BHF also has a $2.0 billion five-year senior unsecured revolving credit facility that matures on December 2, 2021(the “Revolving Credit Facility”).
The right to borrow funds under the Revolving Credit Facility is subject to the fulfillment of certain conditions, including compliance with all covenants. Failure to comply with the covenants in the Revolving Credit Facility or fulfill the conditions to borrowings, or the failure of lenders to fund their lending commitments (whether due to insolvency, illiquidity or other reasons) in the amounts provided for under the terms of
the Revolving Credit Facility, would restrict the ability to access the Revolving Credit Facility when needed and, consequently, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.
Reinsurance may not be available, affordable or adequate to protect us against losses
As part of our overall risk management strategy, we may purchase reinsurance from third-party reinsurers for certain risks we underwrite. While reinsurance agreements generally bind the reinsurer for the life of the business reinsured at generally fixed pricing, market conditions beyond our control determine
the availability and cost of the reinsurance protection for new business. In certain circumstances, the price of reinsurance for business already reinsured may also increase. Also, under certain of our reinsurance arrangements, it is common for the reinsurer to have a right to increase reinsurance rates on in-force business if there is a systematic deterioration of mortality in the market as a whole. Any decrease in the amount of reinsurance will increase our risk of loss and any increase in the cost of reinsurance will, absent a decrease in the amount of reinsurance, reduce our earnings. Accordingly, we may be forced to incur additional expenses for reinsurance or may not be able to obtain sufficient reinsurance on acceptable terms, which could adversely affect our ability to write future business or result in the assumption of more risk with respect to those policies we issue. See “Business — Reinsurance Activity.”
If
the counterparties to our reinsurance or indemnification arrangements or to the derivatives we use to hedge our business risks default or fail to perform, we may be exposed to risks we had sought to mitigate, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations
We use reinsurance, indemnification and derivatives to mitigate our risks in various circumstances. In general, reinsurance, indemnification and derivatives do not relieve us of our direct liability to our policyholders, even when the reinsurer is liable to us. Accordingly, we bear credit risk with respect to our reinsurers, indemnitors, counterparties and central clearinghouses. A reinsurer’s, indemnitor’s, counterparty’s or central clearinghouse’s insolvency, inability or unwillingness to make payments under the terms of reinsurance agreements, indemnity agreements or derivatives agreements with us or inability or unwillingness
to return collateral could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. See “Business — Reinsurance Activity.”
In addition, we use derivatives to hedge various business risks. We enter into a variety of derivatives, including equity index options, interest rate and currency swaps with a number of counterparties on a bilateral basis for uncleared OTC derivatives and with clearing brokers and central clearinghouses for OTC-cleared derivatives (OTC derivatives that are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties). If our counterparties, clearing brokers or central clearinghouses fail or refuse to honor their obligations under these derivatives, our hedges of the related risk will be ineffective. Such failure could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Extreme mortality events
resulting from catastrophes may adversely impact liabilities for policyholder claims and reinsurance availability
Our life insurance operations are exposed to the risk of catastrophic mortality, such as a pandemic or other event that causes a large number of deaths. For example, significant influenza pandemics have occurred three times in the last century. The likelihood, timing, and severity of a future pandemic cannot be predicted. A significant pandemic could have a major impact on the global economy or the economies of particular countries or regions, including travel, trade, tourism, the health system, food supply, consumption, overall economic output, as well as on the financial markets. In addition, a pandemic that affected our employees or the employees of our distributors or of other companies with which we do business could disrupt our business operations. The effectiveness of external parties, including governmental
and non-governmental organizations, in combating the spread and severity of such a pandemic could have a material impact on the losses we experience. These events could cause a material adverse effect on our results of operations in any period and, depending on their severity, could also materially and adversely affect our financial condition.
Consistent with industry practice and accounting standards, we establish liabilities for claims arising from a catastrophe only after assessing the probable losses arising from the event. We cannot be certain that the liabilities we have established will be adequate to cover actual claim liabilities. A catastrophic event or multiple catastrophic events could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Conversely, improvements in medical care and other developments which positively affect life expectancy can cause our assumptions with respect to
longevity, which we use when we price our products, to become incorrect and, accordingly, can adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Factors affecting our competitiveness may adversely affect our market share and profitability
We believe competition among insurance companies is based on a number of factors, including service, product features, scale, price, actual or perceived financial strength, claims-paying ratings, financial strength ratings, e-business capabilities and name recognition. We face intense competition from a large number of other insurance companies, as well as non-insurance financial services companies, such as banks, broker-dealers and asset managers. Some of these companies offer a broader array of products, have more competitive pricing or, with respect to other insurance companies, have higher claims paying ability and financial
strength ratings. Some may also have greater financial resources with which to compete. In some circumstances, national banks that sell annuity products of life insurers may also have a pre-existing customer base for financial services products. These competitive pressures may adversely affect the persistency of our products, as well as our ability to sell our
products in the future. In addition, new and disruptive technologies may present competitive risks. If, as a result of competitive factors or otherwise, we are unable to generate a sufficient return on insurance policies and annuity products we sell in the future, we may stop selling such policies and products,
which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We have limited control over many of our costs. For example, we have limited control over the cost of Unaffiliated Third-Party Reinsurance, the cost of meeting changing regulatory requirements, and our cost to access capital or financing. There can be no assurance that we will be able to achieve or maintain a cost advantage over our competitors. If our cost structure increases and we are not able to achieve or maintain a cost advantage over our competitors, it could have a material adverse effect on our ability to execute our strategy, as well as on our results of operations and financial condition. If we hold substantially more capital than is needed to support financial strength ratings that are commensurate with our business strategy, over time, our competitive position could be adversely affected.
In
addition, since numerous aspects of our business are subject to regulation, legislative and other changes affecting the regulatory environment for our business may have, over time, the effect of supporting or burdening some aspects of the financial services industry. This can affect our competitive position within the annuities and life insurance industry, and within the broader financial services industry. See “— Regulatory and Legal Risks” and “Business — Regulation.”
The failure of third parties to provide various services, or any failure of the practices and procedures that these third parties use to provide services to us, could have a material adverse effect on our business
A key part of our operating strategy is to leverage third parties to deliver certain services important to our business. Brighthouse has arrangements with DXC
Technology Company, formerly Computer Sciences Corporation (“DXC”) for the administration of both in-force policies and new life and annuities business. Pursuant to one of these arrangements, certain in-force policies previously housed on up to 20 systems will be consolidated. At least 13 of such systems will be consolidated into one. Brighthouse intends to focus on further sourcing opportunities with third-party vendors and external investment managers, including after agreements with MetLife companies, including a transition services agreement with MetLife pursuant to which MetLife provides us with certain administrative and other services including, among others, certain finance, treasury, compliance, operations, call center and technology support services for a transitional period (the “Transition Services Agreement”), expire. See “— Risks Related to Our Separation from, and Continuing Relationship with, MetLife — Brighthouse’s contractual
arrangements with MetLife may not be adequate to meet our operational and business needs. The terms of our arrangements with MetLife may be more favorable than we would be able to obtain from an unaffiliated third party, and we may be unable to replace those services in a timely manner or on comparable terms” for information regarding the potential effect that the Separation may have on the pricing of such services. It may be difficult, disruptive and more expensive for us to replace some of our third-party vendors in a timely manner if they were unwilling or unable to provide us with these services in the future (as a result of their financial or business conditions or otherwise), and our business and operations could be materially adversely affected.
In addition, if a third-party provider fails to provide the administrative, operational, financial, actuarial or other services we require, fails
to meet contractual requirements, such as compliance with applicable laws and regulations, suffers a cyberattack or other security breach or fails to provide material information on a timely basis, our business could suffer economic and reputational harm that could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. See “— Risks Related to Our Separation from, and Continuing Relationship with, MetLife — Brighthouse’s contractual arrangements with MetLife may not be adequate to meet our operational and business needs. The terms of Brighthouse’s arrangements with MetLife may be more favorable than we would be able to obtain from an unaffiliated third party, and we may be unable to replace those services in a timely manner or on comparable terms” and “— Operational Risks — The failure in cyber- or other information security systems, as well as the occurrence of events unanticipated in Brighthouse’s, our third-party service providers’ or MetLife’s
disaster recovery systems and business continuity planning could result in a loss or disclosure of confidential information, damage to our reputation and impairment of our ability to conduct business effectively.”
Similarly, if any third-party provider, including MetLife, DXC or an external investment manager experiences any deficiency in internal controls, determines that its practices and procedures used in administering our policies require review or otherwise fails to administer our policies in accordance with appropriate standards, we could incur expenses and experience other adverse effects as a result. In these situations, we may be unable to resolve any issues on our own without assistance from the third-party provider, and we may have limited ability to influence the speed and effectiveness of that resolution. In December 2017, for example, MetLife announced that it was undertaking a review of practices and procedures
used to estimate its reserves related to certain group annuitants that have been unresponsive or missing over time. As a result of this review, MetLife identified and announced in 2018 a material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting relating to certain group annuity reserves and announced that it was recording charges to reinstate reserves previously released. As a result of that review and based on information provided by MetLife, Brighthouse identified approximately 14,000 group annuitants across Brighthouse entities who may be owed annuity payments now or in the future.
These group annuity contracts
and many of our other products are administered by MetLife under the Transition Services Agreement, and we depend on MetLife for the information and assistance in modifying administrative practices and procedures. We also depend on MetLife for information and assistance in reviewing administrative practices and procedures and reserves with respect to other products it administers for us. From time to time, MetLife has brought to our attention practices, procedures and reserves with respect to other products that require further review. While we do not believe, based on the information made available to us to date by MetLife, that any of the matters MetLife has brought to our attention will require material modifications to reserves or have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations, we are reliant upon MetLife to provide further information and assistance with respect to those products. There can also be no assurance that such matters will
not require material modifications to reserves or have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations in the future, or that MetLife will provide further information and assistance.
If material issues were to arise with respect to any of our products administered by third parties, whether involving MetLife, DXC or another third-party provider, any resulting expenses or other economic or reputational harm could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, particularly if they involved our core annuity and life insurance businesses. In addition, we could be subject to litigation or regulatory investigations and actions resulting from any such issues, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in our deferred income tax assets or liabilities, including changes in our ability
to realize our deferred income tax assets, could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition
Deferred income tax represents the tax effect of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Deferred income tax assets are assessed periodically by management to determine whether they are realizable. Factors in management’s determination include the performance of the business including the ability to generate future taxable income. If, based on available information, it is more likely than not that the deferred income tax asset will not be realized, then a valuation allowance must be established with a corresponding charge to net income. Such charges could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position. Changes in the statutory tax rate could also affect the value of our deferred income tax assets and may require a write-off of some of those assets.
See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates.”
If our business does not perform well or if actual experience versus estimates used in valuing and amortizing DAC vary significantly, we may be required to accelerate the amortization and/or impair the DAC, which could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition
We incur significant costs in connection with acquiring new and renewal insurance business. Costs that are related directly to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance business are deferred and referred to as deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”). The estimated fair value of the acquired liabilities is based on actuarially determined projections, by each block of business, of future policy and contract
charges, premiums, mortality and morbidity, separate account performance, surrenders, operating expenses, investment returns, nonperformance risk adjustment and other factors. DAC related to fixed and variable life and deferred annuity contracts is amortized in proportion to actual and expected future gross profits. The amount of future gross profit is dependent principally on investment returns in excess of the amounts credited to policyholders, mortality, morbidity, persistency, interest crediting rates, dividends paid to policyholders, expenses to administer the business, creditworthiness of reinsurance counterparties and certain economic variables, such as inflation. Of these factors, we anticipate that investment returns are most likely to impact the rate of amortization of DAC for the aforementioned contracts.
If
actual gross profits are less than originally expected, then the amortization of such costs would be accelerated in the period the actual experience is known and would result in a charge to net income. Significant or sustained equity market declines could result in an acceleration of amortization of DAC related to variable annuity and variable life contracts, resulting in a charge to net income. Such adjustments could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates — Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs and Value of Business Acquired” for a discussion of how significantly lower net investment spreads may cause us to accelerate amortization, thereby reducing net income in the affected reporting period.
Economic
Environment and Capital Markets-Related Risks
If difficult conditions in the capital markets and the U.S. economy generally persist or are perceived to persist, they may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations
Our business and results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the capital markets and the U.S. economy generally, as well as by the global economy to the extent it affects the U.S. economy. In addition, while our operations are entirely in the U.S., we have foreign investments in our general and separate accounts and, accordingly, conditions in the global capital markets can affect the value of our general account and separate account assets, as well as our financial results. Stressed conditions, volatility and disruptions in financial asset classes or various capital markets can have an adverse effect on us, both because we have
a large investment portfolio and our benefit and claim liabilities are sensitive to changing market factors. In addition,
perceived difficult conditions in the capital markets may discourage individuals from making investment decisions and purchasing our products. Market factors include interest rates, credit spreads, equity and commodity prices, derivative prices and availability, real estate markets, foreign exchange rates and the volatility and the returns of capital markets. Our business operations and results may also be affected by the level of economic activity, such as the level of employment, business investment and spending, consumer spending and savings;
monetary and fiscal policies and their resulting impact on economic activity and conditions like inflation and credit formation. Accordingly, both market and economic factors may affect our business results by adversely affecting our business volumes, profitability, cash flow, capitalization and overall financial condition. Disruptions in one market or asset class can also spread to other markets or asset classes. Upheavals and stagnation in the financial markets can also affect our financial condition (including our liquidity and capital levels) as a result of the impact of such events on our assets and liabilities.
At times throughout the past several years, volatile conditions have characterized financial markets. Significant market volatility in reaction to geopolitical risks, changing monetary policy and uncertain fiscal policy may exacerbate some of the risks we face. The Federal Reserve began to reduce the size of its
balance sheet and may continue to raise interest rates as it unwinds the monetary accommodation put in place after the global financial crisis in 2008 to 2009. The European Central Bank began to reduce monetary accommodation in the latter half of 2018, while other major central banks continue to pursue accommodative, unconventional monetary policies. Uncertainties associated with the United Kingdom’s potential withdrawal from the EU, coupled with concerns around U.S./China trade relations have also contributed to market volatility globally. If this U.S./China trade conflict remains unresolved, the U.S. and China may impose tariffs on imports from each other, with a resultant increase in costs and uncertainty that may affect corporate profits and economic activity. Increased market volatility may affect the performance of the various asset classes in which we invest, as well as separate account values.
To the extent these
uncertain financial market conditions persist, our revenues, reserves and net investment income, as well as the demand for certain of our products, are likely to come under pressure. Similarly, sustained periods of low interest rates and risk asset returns could reduce income from our investment portfolio, increase our liabilities for claims and future benefits, and increase the cost of risk transfer measures such as hedging, causing our profit margins to erode as a result of reduced income from our investment portfolio and increase in insurance liabilities. Extreme declines in equity markets could cause us to incur significant capital and/or operating losses due to, among other reasons, the impact on us of guarantees related to our annuity products, including increases in liabilities, increased capital requirements, and/or collateral requirements associated with our risk transfer arrangements. Even in the absence of a financial market downturn, sustained periods of
low market returns, and/or low level of U.S. interest rates and/or heightened market volatility may increase the cost of our insurance liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our statutory capital and earnings, as well as impair our financial strength ratings.
Variable annuity products issued through separate accounts are a significant portion of our in-force business. The account values of these products decrease as a result of declining equity markets. Lower interest rates may result in lower returns in the future due to lower returns on our investments. Decreases in account values reduce certain fees generated by these products, cause the amortization of DAC to accelerate, could increase the level of insurance liabilities we must carry to support such products issued with any associated guarantees and could require us to provide additional funding to our affiliated reinsurer. Even absent declining equity
and bond markets, periods of sustained stagnation in these markets, which are characterized by multiple years of low annualized total returns impacting the growth in separate accounts and/or low level of U.S. interest rates, may materially increase our liabilities for claims and future benefits due to inherent market return guarantees in these liabilities. We ceded all of the risks associated with these guarantees to BLIC and MLIC. However, because the accounting for the ceded reinsurance is different from the accounting for the directly written guarantees, there can be a net impact to our financial statements even though all of the economic risks have been ceded. In an economic downturn characterized by higher unemployment, lower family income, lower corporate earnings, lower business investment and lower consumer spending, the demand for our annuity and insurance products could be adversely affected as customers are unwilling or unable to purchase our products. In
addition, we may experience an elevated incidence of claims, adverse utilization of benefits relative to our best estimate expectations and lapses or surrenders of policies. Furthermore, our policyholders may choose to defer paying insurance premiums or stop paying insurance premiums altogether. Such adverse changes in the economy could negatively affect our earnings and capitalization and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Difficult conditions in the U.S. capital markets and the economy generally may also continue to raise the possibility of legislative, judicial, regulatory and other governmental actions. We cannot predict what regulatory proposals may be made or what legislation may be introduced or enacted, or what impact any such legislation may have on our business, results of operations and financial condition. See “— Regulatory and Legal Risks — Our business is highly
regulated, and changes in regulation and in supervisory and enforcement policies may materially impact our capitalization or cash flows, reduce our profitability and limit our growth” and “— Risks Related to Our Business — Factors affecting our competitiveness may adversely affect our market share and profitability.”
Adverse capital and credit market conditions may significantly affect our ability to meet liquidity needs and our access to capital
The capital and credit markets may be subject to periods of extreme volatility. Disruptions in capital markets could adversely affect our liquidity and credit capacity
or limit our access to capital which may in the future be needed to operate our business and meet policyholder obligations.
We need liquidity to pay our operating expenses and replace certain maturing liabilities. Without sufficient liquidity, we could be forced to curtail our operations and limit the investments necessary to grow our business.
Our principal sources of liquidity are insurance premiums and fees paid in connection with annuity products, and cash flow from our investment portfolio to the extent consisting of cash and readily marketable securities.
In the event capital market or other conditions have an adverse impact on our capital and liquidity, or our stress-testing indicates that such conditions could have such an impact beyond expectations and our current resources do not satisfy our needs or regulatory requirements,
we may have to seek additional financing to enhance our capital and liquidity position. The availability of additional financing will depend on a variety of factors such as the then current market conditions, regulatory capital requirements, availability of credit to us and the financial services industry generally, our financial strength ratings and credit capacity, and the perception of our customers and lenders regarding our long- or short-term financial prospects if we incur large operating or investment losses or if the level of our business activity decreases due to a market downturn. Similarly, our access to funds may be impaired if regulatory authorities or rating agencies take negative actions against us. Our internal sources of liquidity may prove to be insufficient and, in such case, we may not be able to successfully obtain additional financing on favorable terms, or at all.
In addition, our liquidity requirements
may change if, among other things, we are required to return significant amounts of cash collateral on short notice under collateral requirements. See “— Investments-Related Risks — Should the need arise, we may have difficulty selling certain holdings in our investment portfolio in a timely manner and realizing full value given that not all assets are liquid,”“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements — Collateral for Derivatives” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
Such conditions may limit our ability to replace, in a timely manner, maturing liabilities, satisfy regulatory capital requirements, and access the capital necessary to grow our business. See “— Regulatory and Legal Risks — Our business is highly regulated, and changes in
regulation and in supervisory and enforcement policies may materially impact our capitalization or cash flows, reduce our profitability and limit our growth.” As a result, we may be forced to bear an unattractive cost of capital, which could decrease our profitability and significantly reduce our financial flexibility. Our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and statutory capital position could be materially adversely affected by disruptions in the financial markets.
We are exposed to significant financial and capital markets risks which may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and may cause our net investment income and net income to vary from period to period
We are exposed to significant financial risks both in the U.S. and global capital and credit markets, including changes and volatility in interest rates, credit
spreads, equity prices, real estate, foreign currency, commodity prices, performance of the obligors included in our investment portfolio (including governments), derivatives (including performance of our derivatives counterparties) and other factors outside our control. We may be exposed to substantial risk of loss due to market downturn or market volatility.
Interest rate risk
Some of our current or anticipated future products, principally traditional life, universal life and fixed annuities, expose us to the risk that changes in interest rates will reduce our investment margin or “net investment spread,” or the difference between the amounts that we are required to pay under the contracts in our general account and the rate of return we earn on general account investments intended
to support the obligations under such contracts. Our net investment spread is a key component of our net income.
We are affected by the monetary policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve Board”) and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (collectively, with the Federal Reserve Board, the “Federal Reserve”) and other major central banks, as such policies may adversely impact the level of interest rates and, as discussed below, the income we earn on our investments or the level of product sales.
In a low interest rate environment, we may be forced to reinvest proceeds from investments that have matured or have been prepaid or sold at lower yields, which will reduce our net investment spread. Moreover, borrowers may prepay or redeem the fixed
income securities, commercial and agricultural mortgage loans in our investment portfolio with greater frequency in order to borrow at lower market rates, thereby exacerbating this risk. Although reducing interest crediting rates can help offset decreases in net investment spreads on some products, our ability to reduce these rates is limited to the portion of our
in-force product portfolio that has adjustable interest crediting rates and could be limited by the actions of our competitors or contractually guaranteed minimum rates and may not match the timing or magnitude of changes in asset yields. As a result, our net investment spread would decrease or potentially
become negative, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates — Liability for Future Policy Benefits.”
Our estimation of future net investment spreads is an important component in the amortization of DAC. Significantly lower than anticipated net investment spreads can reduce our net income and may cause us to accelerate amortization, which would result in a reduction of net income in the affected reporting period and potentially negatively affect our credit instrument covenants or the rating agencies’ assessment of our financial condition.
During periods of declining interest rates, our return on investments that do not support particular policy obligations may decrease. During periods of
sustained lower interest rates, our reserves for policy liabilities may not be sufficient to meet future policy obligations and may need to be strengthened. Accordingly, declining and sustained lower interest rates may materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition and significantly reduce our profitability.
Increases in interest rates could also negatively affect our profitability. In periods of rapidly increasing interest rates, we may not be able to replace, in a timely manner, the investments in our general account with higher yielding investments needed to fund the higher crediting rates necessary to keep interest rate sensitive products competitive. Therefore, we may have to accept a lower credit spread and lower profitability or face a decline in sales and greater loss of existing contracts and
related assets. In addition, policy loans, surrenders and withdrawals may increase as policyholders seek investments with higher perceived returns as interest rates rise. This process may result in cash outflows requiring that we sell investments at a time when the prices of those investments are adversely affected by the increase in interest rates, which may result in realized investment losses. Unanticipated withdrawals, terminations and substantial policy amendments may cause us to accelerate the amortization of DAC; such events may reduce our net income and potentially negatively affect our credit instrument covenants and the rating agencies’ assessments of our financial condition. An increase in interest rates could also have a material adverse effect on the value of our investments, for example, by decreasing the estimated fair values of the fixed income securities and mortgage loans that comprise a significant portion of our investment portfolio. Finally, an increase
in interest rates could result in decreased fee revenue associated with a decline in the value of variable annuity account balances invested in fixed income funds.
We manage interest rate risk as part of our asset and liability management strategies, which include (i) maintaining an investment portfolio with diversified maturities that has a weighted average duration that is approximately equal to the duration of our estimated liability cash flow profile, and (ii) a hedging program. For certain of our liability portfolios, it is not possible to invest assets to the full liability duration, thereby creating some asset/liability mismatch. Where a liability cash flow may exceed the maturity of available assets, as is the case with certain retirement products, we may support such liabilities with derivatives or other mismatch mitigation strategies. Although we take measures to manage the economic risks of investing in a changing
interest rate environment, we may not be able to mitigate the interest rate or other mismatch risk of our fixed income investments relative to our interest rate sensitive liabilities. The level of interest rates also affects our liabilities for benefits under our annuity contracts. As interest rates decline we may need to increase our reserves for future benefits under our annuity contracts, which would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. See “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Market Risk - Fair Value Exposures — Interest Rates.”
Our exposure to credit spreads primarily relates to market price volatility and investment risk associated with the fluctuation in credit spreads. Widening
credit spreads may cause unrealized losses in our investment portfolio and increase losses associated with credit-based derivatives. Increases in credit spreads of issuers due to credit deterioration may result in higher level of impairments. Tightening credit spreads may reduce our investment incomes and cause an increase in the reported value of certain liabilities that are valued using a discount rate that reflects our own credit spread. An increase in credit spreads relative to U.S. Treasury benchmarks can also adversely affect the cost of our borrowing if we need to access credit markets.
Changes to LIBOR
There is currently uncertainty regarding the continued use and reliability of the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), and any financial instruments or agreements currently using LIBOR as a benchmark interest rate may be adversely affected. As a result of concerns
about the accuracy of the calculation of LIBOR, actions by regulators, law enforcement agencies or the ICE Benchmark Administration, the current administrator of LIBOR may result in changes to the manner in which LIBOR is determined. Additionally, on July 27, 2017, the UK Financial Conduct Authority announced that it will no longer persuade or compel banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR rates after 2021, which is expected to result in these widely used reference rates no longer being available. The Federal Reserve began publishing a secured overnight funding rate (“SOFR”), which is intended to replace U.S. dollar LIBOR. Plans for alternative reference rates for other currencies have also been announced. At this time, it is not possible to predict how such changes or other reforms may adversely affect the trading market for LIBOR-based securities and derivatives, including those held in our investment
portfolio. Such changes
or reforms may result in a sudden or prolonged increase or decrease in reported LIBOR, which could have an adverse impact on the market for LIBOR-based securities and the value of our investment portfolio.
Equity risk
Our primary exposure to equity relates to the potential for lower earnings associated with certain of our businesses where fee income is earned based upon the estimated market value of the separate account assets and other assets related to our variable annuity business. Because fees generated by such products are primarily related to
the value of the separate account assets and other assets under management, a decline in the equity markets could reduce our revenues as a result of the reduction in the value of the investment assets supporting those products and services. In particular, the variable annuity business is highly sensitive to equity markets, and a sustained weakness or stagnation in the equity markets could decrease revenues and earnings with respect to those products. Furthermore, certain of our variable annuity products offer guaranteed benefits which increase our potential guaranteed benefit exposure should equity markets decline or stagnate. We cede the exposure associated with these guaranteed benefits to BLIC and MLIC.
Real estate risk
A portion of our investment portfolio consists of mortgage loans on commercial and agricultural real estate. Our exposure to this risk stems from various factors,
including the supply and demand of leasable commercial space, creditworthiness of tenants and partners, capital markets volatility, interest rate fluctuations, agricultural prices and farm incomes. Although we manage credit risk and market valuation risk for our commercial and agricultural real estate assets through geographic, property type and product type diversification, and asset allocation, general economic conditions in the commercial and agricultural real estate sectors will continue to influence the performance of these investments. These factors, which are beyond our control, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity or cash flows.
Obligor-related risk
Fixed income securities and mortgage loans represent a significant portion of our investment portfolio. We are subject to the risk that the issuers, or guarantors,
of the fixed income securities and mortgage loans in our investment portfolio may default on principal and interest payments they owe us. We are also subject to the risk that the underlying collateral within asset-backed securities (“ABS”), including mortgage-backed securities, may default on principal and interest payments causing an adverse change in cash flows. The occurrence of a major economic downturn, acts of corporate malfeasance, widening mortgage or credit spreads, or other events that adversely affect the issuers, guarantors or underlying collateral of these securities and mortgage loans could cause the estimated fair value of our portfolio of fixed income securities and mortgage loans and our earnings to decline and the default rate of the fixed income securities and mortgage loans in our investment portfolio to increase.
Derivatives risk
We use the payments we
receive from the counterparties of the derivative instruments we have entered into to hedge changes in the fair value of our assets and liabilities and current or future changes in cash flows. We enter into a variety of derivative instruments to mitigate various business risks, including options, futures, forwards, and interest rate and credit default swaps with a number of counterparties. Amounts that we expect to collect under current and future derivatives are subject to counterparty credit risk. We remain liable for the obligations under the products that we sold even if our derivatives counterparties do not pay us under the derivatives we have entered into to mitigate or hedge such obligations. Our derivatives counterparties’ defaults could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Substantially all of our derivatives (whether entered into bilaterally with specific counterparties or cleared through a clearinghouse) require
us to pledge and/or receive collateral or make payments related to any decline in the net estimated fair value of such derivatives. In addition, ratings downgrades or financial difficulties of derivative counterparties may require us to utilize additional capital with respect to the affected businesses. Furthermore, the valuation of our derivatives could change based on changes to our valuation methodology or the discovery of errors.
Federal banking regulators adopted rules that apply to certain qualified financial contracts, including many derivatives contracts, securities lending agreements and repurchase agreements, with certain banking institutions and certain of their affiliates. These rules, which became applicable on January
1, 2019, generally require the banking institutions and their applicable affiliates to include contractual provisions in their qualified financial contracts that limit or delay certain rights of the counterparties to such banking institutions and applicable affiliates, including counterparties’ default rights (such as the right to terminate the contracts or foreclose on collateral) and restrictions on assignments and transfers of credit enhancements (such as guarantees) arising in connection with the banking institution or an applicable affiliate becoming subject to a bankruptcy, insolvency, resolution or similar proceeding. To the extent that any of the derivatives, securities lending agreements or repurchase agreements that we enter into are subject to these rules, it could increase
our risk or limit our recovery in the event of a default by such banking institutions or their applicable affiliates.
Economic or counterparty risks and other factors described above, and significant volatility in the markets, individually or collectively, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity or cash flows through realized investment losses, derivative losses, change in insurance liabilities, impairments, increased valuation allowances, increases in reserves for future policyholder benefits, reduced net investment income and changes in unrealized gain
or loss positions.
Market price volatility can also make it difficult to value certain assets in our investment portfolio if trading in such assets becomes less frequent, for example, as was the case during the 2008 financial crisis. In such case, valuations may include assumptions or estimates that may have significant period-to-period changes, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition and may require additional reserves. Significant volatility in the markets could cause changes in the credit spreads and defaults and a lack of pricing transparency which, individually or collectively, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.
Investments-Related Risks
Should
the need arise, we may have difficulty selling certain holdings in our investment portfolio in a timely manner and realizing full value given that not all assets are liquid
There may be a limited market for certain investments we hold in our investment portfolio, making them relatively illiquid. These include privately-placed fixed maturity securities, derivative instruments such as options and mortgage loans. In the past, even some of our very high-quality investments experienced reduced liquidity during periods of market volatility or disruption. If we were forced to sell certain of our investments during periods of market volatility or disruption, market prices may be lower than our carrying value in such investments. This could result in realized losses which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition, as well as our financial
ratios, which could affect compliance with Brighthouse’s credit instruments and our rating agency capital adequacy measures.
If we need significant amounts of cash on short notice and we are forced to sell securities, we may have difficulty selling such collateral that is invested in securities in a timely manner, be forced to sell securities in a volatile or illiquid market for less than we otherwise would have been able to realize under normal market conditions, or both. In the event of a forced sale, accounting guidance requires the recognition of a loss for securities in an unrealized loss position and may require the impairment of other securities based on our ability to hold those securities, which would negatively impact our financial condition, as well as our financial ratios, which could affect compliance with our credit instruments and rating agency capital adequacy measures. In addition, under stressful capital
market and economic conditions, liquidity broadly deteriorates, which may further restrict our ability to sell securities.
Our requirements to pledge collateral or make payments related to declines in estimated fair value of derivatives transactions or specified assets in connection with OTC-cleared and OTC-bilateral transactions may adversely affect our liquidity, expose us to central clearinghouse and counterparty credit risk, and increase our costs of hedging
Many of our derivatives transactions require us to pledge collateral related to any decline in the net estimated fair value of such derivatives transactions executed through a specific broker at a clearinghouse or entered into with a specific counterparty on a bilateral basis. The amount of collateral we may be required to pledge and the payments we may be required to make under our derivatives transactions may increase
under certain circumstances as a result of the requirement to pledge initial margin for OTC bilateral transactions entered into after the phase-in period, which we expect to be applicable to us in September 2020 as a result of the adoption by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Reserve Board, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Farm Credit Administration and Federal Housing Finance Agency and the CFTC of final margin requirements for non-centrally cleared derivatives. See “Business — Regulation — Regulation of Over-the-Counter Derivatives.”
Gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities and defaults, downgrades or other events may result in future impairments to the carrying value of such securities, resulting in a reduction in our net income
Fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities are reported
at their estimated fair value. Unrealized gains or losses on AFS securities are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) and are, therefore, excluded from net income. In recent periods, as a result of low interest rates, the unrealized gains on our fixed maturity securities have exceeded the unrealized losses. However, if interest rates rise, our unrealized gains would decrease, and our unrealized losses would increase, perhaps substantially. The accumulated change in estimated fair value of these AFS securities is recognized in net income when the gain or loss is realized upon the sale of the security or in the event that the decline in estimated fair value is determined to be other-than-temporary and impairment charges to earnings are taken.
The occurrence of a major economic downturn, acts of corporate malfeasance, widening credit risk spreads, or other events that adversely affect
the issuers or guarantors of securities or the underlying collateral of residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) and ABS (collectively, “Structured Securities”) could cause the
estimated fair value of our fixed maturity securities portfolio and corresponding earnings to decline and cause the default rate of the fixed maturity securities in our investment portfolio to increase. A ratings downgrade affecting issuers or guarantors of particular securities, or similar trends that could worsen the credit quality of issuers, such as the corporate issuers of securities in our investment portfolio,
could also have a similar effect. With economic uncertainty, credit quality of issuers or guarantors could be adversely affected. Similarly, a ratings downgrade affecting a security we hold could indicate the credit quality of that security has deteriorated and could increase the capital we must hold to support that security to maintain our RBC levels. Levels of write-downs or impairments are impacted by intent to sell, or our assessment of the likelihood that we will be required to sell, fixed maturity securities, which have declined in value. Realized losses or impairments on these securities may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition in, or at the end of, any quarterly or annual period.
Our valuation of securities and investments and the determination of the amount of allowances and impairments taken on our investments are subjective and, if changed, could materially adversely
affect our results of operations or financial condition
Fixed maturity securities, as well as short-term investments that are reported at estimated fair value, represent the majority of our total cash and investments. We define fair value generally as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability. Considerable judgment is often required in interpreting market data to develop estimates of fair value, and the use of different assumptions or valuation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts. During periods of market disruption, including periods of significantly rising or high interest rates, rapidly widening credit spreads or illiquidity, it may be difficult to value certain of our securities if trading becomes less frequent and/or market data becomes less observable. In addition, in times of financial market disruption, certain asset classes that were
in active markets with significant observable data may become illiquid. In those cases, the valuation process includes inputs that are less observable and require more subjectivity and management judgment. Valuations may result in estimated fair values which vary significantly from the amount at which the investments may ultimately be sold. Further, rapidly changing and unprecedented credit and equity market conditions could materially impact the valuation of securities as reported within our financial statements and the period-to-period changes in estimated fair value could vary significantly. Decreases in the estimated fair value of securities we hold may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates — Estimated Fair Value of Investments.”
The determination of the amount
of allowances and impairments varies by investment type and is based upon our periodic evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. We reflect any changes in allowances and impairments in earnings as such evaluations are revised. However, historical trends may not be indicative of future impairments or allowances. In addition, any such future impairments or allowances could have a materially adverse effect on our earnings and financial position. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates — Investment Impairments.”
Defaults on our mortgage loans and volatility in performance may adversely affect our profitability
Our mortgage loans
face default risk and are principally collateralized by commercial and agricultural properties. We establish valuation allowances for estimated impairments, which are based on loan risk characteristics, historical default rates and loss severities, real estate market fundamentals and outlooks, as well as other relevant factors. In addition, substantially all of our commercial and agricultural mortgage loans held-for-investment have balloon payment maturities. An increase in the default rate of our mortgage loan investments or fluctuations in their performance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Further, any geographic or property type concentration of our mortgage loans may have adverse effects on our investment portfolio and consequently on our results of operations or financial condition. Events or developments that have a negative effect on any particular geographic
region or sector may have a greater adverse effect on our investment portfolio to the extent that the portfolio is concentrated. Moreover, our ability to sell assets may be limited if other market participants are seeking to sell fungible or similar assets at the same time. In addition, scrutiny of the residential mortgage industry continues and there may be legislative proposals that would allow or require modifications to the terms of mortgage loans could be enacted. We cannot predict whether any such proposals will be adopted, or what impact, if any, such proposals or, if enacted, such laws, could have on our business or investments.
The defaults or deteriorating credit of other financial institutions could adversely affect us
We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry,
including brokers and dealers, central clearinghouses, commercial banks, investment banks, and other financial institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of the default of our counterparty. In addition, with respect to secured transactions, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the loan or derivative exposure due to us. We also have exposure to these financial institutions in the form of unsecured debt instruments and derivatives. Further, potential action by governments and regulatory bodies in response to the financial crisis affecting the global banking system and financial
markets,
such as investment, nationalization, conservatorship, receivership and other intervention, whether under existing legal authority or any new authority that may be created, or lack of action by governments and central banks, as well as deterioration in the banks’ credit standing, could negatively impact these instruments, securities, transactions and investments or limit our ability to trade with them. Any such losses or impairments to the carrying value of these investments or other changes may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
We may be exposed to financial and operational integration risks while we transition to a multiple manager investment platform, and following such transition, we will continue to be subject to the risks related to using external investment managers
A subsidiary of Brighthouse entered into a new investment management
agreement (the “Investment Management Agreement”) with MetLife Investment Advisors, LLC (“MLIA”) as part of Brighthouse’s strategy to begin transitioning to a multiple manager platform. The Investment Management Agreement replaces several investment management agreements Brighthouse and its subsidiaries, including Brighthouse Life Insurance Company had previously entered into with MLIA in connection with the Separation. As part of the termination of the prior investment management agreements, Brighthouse brought derivatives trading, which had previously been managed by MLIA, in-house. As Brighthouse transitions to a multiple manager platform and partially terminate the investment management services with MLIA under the Investment Management Agreement, such services are expected to be replaced by similar services provided by a select group of experienced external
asset management firms. During the transition to a multiple manager platform and to insource derivatives trading, Brighthouse will be subject to financial and operational risks related to switching service providers, including, but not limited to, a disruption in services and difficulties in integration. Following the transition of services, Brighthouse’s Investment Department will monitor external investment managers in accordance with detailed investment guidelines, but Brighthouse will continue to be subject to the risks of relying on third party investment managers, which are described elsewhere in these Risk Factors.
The continued threat of terrorism, ongoing military actions, as well as other catastrophic events may adversely affect the value of our investment portfolio and the level of claim losses we incur
The continued threat of terrorism, both within the United States
and abroad, ongoing military and other actions and heightened security measures in response to these types of threats, as well as other natural or man-made catastrophic events may cause significant volatility in global financial markets and result in loss of life, property damage, additional disruptions to commerce and reduced economic activity. The value of assets in our investment portfolio may be adversely affected by declines in the credit and equity markets and reduced economic activity caused by the continued threat of catastrophic events. Companies in which we maintain investments may suffer losses as a result of financial, commercial or economic disruptions and such disruptions might affect the ability of those companies to pay interest or principal on their securities or mortgage loans. Catastrophic events could also disrupt our operations centers in the U.S. and result in higher than anticipated claims under our insurance policies. See “Management’s Discussion
and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Policyholder Liabilities.”
Regulatory and Legal Risks
Our business is highly regulated, and changes in regulation and in supervisory and enforcement policies may materially impact our capitalization or cash flows, reduce our profitability and limit our growth
We are subject to a wide variety of insurance and other laws and regulations. We are domiciled in New York and regulated by the NYDFS. See “Business — Regulation” as supplemented by discussions of regulatory developments in our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Regulatory Developments.”
NAIC
The
NAIC is an organization whose mission is to assist state insurance regulatory authorities in serving the public interest and achieving the insurance regulatory goals of its members, the state insurance regulatory officials. State insurance regulators may act independently or adopt regulations proposed by the NAIC. State insurance regulators and the NAIC regularly re-examine existing laws and regulations applicable to insurance companies and their products. Some NAIC pronouncements take effect automatically in the various states, particularly with respect to accounting issues. Statutes, regulations and interpretations may be applied with retroactive impact, particularly in areas such as accounting and reserve requirements. Changes in existing laws and regulations, or in interpretations thereof, can sometimes lead to additional expense for the insurer and, thus, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
From
time to time, regulators raise issues during examinations or audits of us that could, if determined adversely, have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, the interpretations of regulations by regulators may change and statutes may be enacted with retroactive impact, particularly in areas such as accounting or statutory reserve requirements. Compliance with applicable laws and regulations is time consuming and personnel-intensive, and changes in these laws and regulations may materially increase our direct and indirect compliance and other expenses of doing business, thus having a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
In
2018, the NAIC adopted a new framework that will apply to all of our existing variable annuity business and may materially change the sensitivity of reserve and capital requirements to capital markets including interest rate, equity markets and volatility, our estimates of which historically did not reflect the impact of variable annuity capital reform or changes in the statutory tax rate, as well as prescribed assumptions for policyholder behavior. See “Business - Regulation - Insurance Regulation - NAIC.” Since the implementation details are very early in their development, it is not possible to predict what impacts this reform will have on current risk mitigation and hedging programs. See “— Our business is highly regulated, and changes in regulation and in supervisory and enforcement policies may materially impact our capitalization or cash flows, reduce our profitability and limit our growth.”
In addition,
following the reduction in the statutory tax rate pursuant to the Tax Act, the NAIC reviewed the methodology by which taxes are incorporated into the RBC calculation. On August 7, 2018 the NAIC Plenary adopted changes to the RBC calculation effective December 31, 2018 to reflect the lower statutory tax rate, which resulted in a reduction to our RBC ratio. See “— A decrease in our RBC ratio (as a result of a reduction in statutory surplus and/or increase in RBC requirements) could result in increased scrutiny by insurance regulators and rating agencies and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.”
The NAIC has adopted a new approach for the calculation of life insurance reserves, known as PBR. PBR became operative on January 1, 2017
in those states where it has been adopted, to be followed by a three-year phase-in period for business issued on or after this date. In New York where we are domiciled, New York enacted legislation adopting PBR in December 2018, and, at the same time, the NYDFS adopted a temporary regulation to implement PBR while it develops a final regulation. We cannot predict how PBR will impact our reserves or compliance costs, if any. See “Business — Regulation — Insurance Regulation — NAIC.”
The NAIC is considering revisions to RBC factors for bonds and real estate, as well as developing RBC charges for longevity risk. We cannot predict the impact of any potential proposals that may result from these studies.
We can give no assurances that any of our expectations will be met regarding the capital and reserve impacts or compliance costs, if any, that may result from the above initiatives.
State
insurance guaranty associations
New York requires domestic life insurers to participate in a guaranty association. Guaranty associations are organized to pay contractual benefits owed pursuant to insurance policies issued by impaired, insolvent or failed insurers, or those that may become impaired, insolvent or fail, for example, following the occurrence of one or more catastrophic events. These associations levy assessments, up to prescribed limits, on all member insurers on the basis of the proportionate share of the premiums written by member insurers in the lines of business in which the impaired, insolvent or failed insurer is engaged. New York permits member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets. See “Business — Regulation — Insurance Regulation — Guaranty Associations and Similar Arrangements.”
It is possible that additional
insurance company insolvencies or failures could render the state’s guaranty funds from assessments previously levied against us inadequate and we may be called upon to contribute additional amounts, which may have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations in a particular period. We have established liabilities for guaranty fund assessments that we consider adequate, but additional liabilities may be necessary. See “Business — Regulation — Insurance Regulation — Guaranty Associations and Similar Arrangements.”
Federal - Insurance regulation
Currently, the federal government does not directly regulate the business of insurance. However, Dodd-Frank established the FIO within the Department of the Treasury, which has the authority to, among other things, collect information about the insurance industry, negotiate covered agreements with one or more
foreign governments and recommend prudential standards. On December 12, 2013, the FIO issued a report, mandated by Dodd-Frank, which, among other things, urged the states to modernize and promote greater uniformity in insurance regulation. The report raised the possibility of a greater role for the federal government if states do not achieve greater uniformity in their laws and regulations.
Federal legislation and administrative policies can significantly and adversely affect insurance companies, including policies regarding financial services regulation, securities regulation, derivatives regulation, pension regulation, privacy, tort reform legislation and taxation. In addition, various forms of direct and indirect federal regulation of insurance have been proposed from time to time, including proposals for the establishment of an optional federal charter for insurance companies.
Department
of Labor and ERISA considerations
We manufacture annuities for third parties to sell to tax-qualified pension plans, retirement plans and IRAs, as well as individual retirement annuities sold to individuals that are subject to ERISA or the Tax Code. Also, a portion of our in-force life insurance products and annuity products are held by tax-qualified pension and retirement plans. While we currently believe manufacturers do not have as much exposure to ERISA and the Tax Code as distributors, certain activities are subject to the
restrictions imposed by ERISA and the Tax Code, including the requirement under ERISA that
fiduciaries must perform their duties solely in the interests of the ERISA Plan participants and beneficiaries, and those fiduciaries may not cause a covered plan to engage in certain prohibited transactions. The applicable provisions of ERISA and the Tax Code are subject to enforcement by the DOL, the IRS and the PBGC.
In addition, the prohibited transaction rules of ERISA and the Tax Code generally restrict the provision of investment advice to ERISA qualified plans, plan participants and IRA owners if the investment recommendation results in fees paid to an individual advisor, the firm that employs the advisor or their affiliates that vary according to the investment recommendation chosen. Similarly, without an exemption, fiduciary advisors are prohibited from receiving compensation from third parties in connection with their advice. ERISA also affects certain of our in-force insurance policies and annuity contracts,
as well as insurance policies and annuity contracts we may sell in the future.
Standard of Conduct Regulation
As a result of overlapping efforts by the DOL, the NAIC, individual states, and the SEC to impose fiduciary-like requirements in connection with the sale of annuities and life insurance policies, there have been a number of proposed or adopted changes to the laws and regulations that govern the conduct of our business and the firms that distribute our products. As a manufacturer of annuity and life insurance products, we do not directly distribute our products to consumers. However, regulations establishing a standard of conduct in connection with the distribution and sale of these products could affect our business by imposing greater compliance, oversight, disclosure and notification
requirements on us. Moreover, regulations such as Regulation 187 will increase our obligations to supervise the sales of certain products by our third-party distributors to ensure such products are being sold in compliance with the applicable standard of conduct. Many of these efforts are still in the proposal stage, and their future impact on the way we conduct our business and the products we sell is unclear.
We cannot predict what other proposals may be made, what legislation or regulations may be introduced or enacted, or what impact any future legislation or regulations may have on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, regulatory uncertainty could create confusion among our distribution partners and customers, which could negatively impact product sales. See “Business — Regulation — Standard of Conduct Regulation” for a more detailed discussion of particular regulatory efforts
by various regulators.
A decrease in our RBC ratio (as a result of a reduction in statutory surplus and/or increase in RBC requirements) could result in increased scrutiny by insurance regulators and rating agencies and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition
The NAIC has established model regulations that provide minimum capitalization requirements based on RBC formulas for insurance companies. The RBC formula for life insurance companies establishes capital requirements relating to asset, insurance, interest rate, market and business risks, including equity, interest rate and expense recovery risks associated with variable annuities that contain certain guaranteed minimum death and living benefits. We are subject to RBC requirements and other minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements imposed under the New York Insurance Law.
See “Business — Regulation — Insurance Regulation — Surplus and Capital; Risk-Based Capital.”
In any particular year, statutory surplus amounts and RBC ratios may increase or decrease depending on a variety of factors, including the amount of statutory income or losses generated by us (which itself is sensitive to equity market and credit market conditions), the amount of additional capital we must hold to support business growth, changes in equity market levels, the value and credit ratings of certain fixed-income securities in our investment portfolio, the value of certain derivative instruments that do not receive hedge accounting and changes in interest rates, as well as changes to the RBC formulas and the interpretation of the NAIC’s instructions with respect to RBC calculation methodologies. Our financial strength ratings are significantly influenced by statutory surplus amounts and RBC ratios. In addition, rating
agencies may implement changes to their own internal models, which differ from the RBC capital model, that have the effect of increasing or decreasing the amount of statutory capital we should hold relative to the rating agencies’ expectations. Under stressed or stagnant capital market conditions and with the aging of existing insurance liabilities, without offsets from new business, the amount of additional statutory reserves that we are required to hold may materially increase. This increase in reserves would decrease the statutory surplus available for use in calculating our RBC ratios. To the extent that our RBC ratio is deemed to be insufficient, we may seek to take actions either to increase our capitalization or to reduce the capitalization requirements. If we were unable to accomplish such actions, the rating agencies may view this as a reason for a ratings downgrade.
The failure to meet our RBC requirements or minimum
capital and surplus requirements could subject us to further examination or corrective action imposed by the NYDFS, including limitations on our ability to write additional business, supervision by regulators or seizure or liquidation. Any corrective action imposed could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. A decline in RBC ratios, whether or not it results in a failure to meet applicable RBC requirements, could result in a loss of customers or new business, and could be a factor in causing ratings agencies to downgrade our financial strength ratings, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We
are subject to federal and state securities laws and regulations and rules of self-regulatory organizations which, among other things, require that we distribute certain of our products through a registered broker-dealer; failure to comply with these laws or changes to these laws may have a material adverse effect on our operations and our profitability
Federal and state securities laws and regulations apply to insurance products that are also “securities,” including variable annuity contracts and variable life insurance policies, to the separate accounts that issue them, and to certain fixed interest rate or index-linked contracts (“registered fixed annuity contracts”).
Such laws and regulations require these products to be distributed through a broker-dealer that is registered with the SEC and certain state securities regulators and is also a member of FINRA. Accordingly, by offering and selling variable annuity contracts and registered fixed annuity contracts, we are subject to, and bear the costs of compliance with, extensive regulation under federal and state securities laws, as well as FINRA rules. Due to the increased operating and compliance costs, the profitability of issuing these products is uncertain.
We utilize Brighthouse Securities, LLC (“Brighthouse Securities”), a subsidiary Brighthouse acquired from MetLife in the Separation, to distribute our variable and registered fixed products. Brighthouse
Securities is a FINRA member and a broker-dealer registered with the SEC and applicable state regulators.
Federal and state securities laws and regulations are primarily intended to protect investors in the securities markets, protect investment advisory and brokerage clients, and ensure the integrity of the financial markets. These laws and regulations generally grant regulatory and self-regulatory agencies broad rulemaking and enforcement powers impacting new and existing products. These powers include the power to adopt new rules to regulate the issuance, sale and distribution of our products and powers to limit or restrict the conduct of business for failure to comply with securities laws and regulations. See “Business — Regulation — Securities and Investment Advisor Regulation.”
The global financial crisis of 2008 led to significant changes in economic and financial
markets that have, in turn, led to a dynamic competitive landscape for variable and registered fixed annuity contract issuers. Our ability to react to rapidly changing market and economic conditions will depend on the continued efficacy of provisions we have incorporated into our product design allowing frequent and contemporaneous revisions of key pricing elements and our ability to work collaboratively with federal securities regulators. Changes in regulatory approval processes, rules and other dynamics in the regulatory process could adversely impact our ability to react to such changing conditions.
Changes in tax laws or interpretations of such laws could reduce our earnings and materially impact our operations by increasing our corporate taxes and making some of our products less attractive to consumers
Changes
in tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our profitability and financial condition and could result in our incurring materially higher statutory taxes. Higher tax rates may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Conversely, if tax rates decline it could adversely affect the desirability of our products.
On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed the Tax Act into law, resulting in sweeping changes to the Tax Code. The Tax Act reduced the corporate tax rate to 21%, limited deductibility of interest expense, increased capitalization amounts for deferred acquisition costs, eliminated the corporate alternative minimum tax, provided for determining reserve deductions as 92.81% of statutory reserves, and reduced the dividend received deduction. Most of the changes in the Tax Act were effective as of January
1, 2018.
Our actual results may differ from our current estimate due to, among other things, further guidance that may be issued by U.S. tax authorities or regulatory bodies and/or changes in interpretations and assumptions we have preliminarily made.
Litigation and regulatory investigations are increasingly common in our businesses and may result in significant financial losses and/or harm to our reputation
We face a significant risk of litigation actions and regulatory investigations in the ordinary course of operating our businesses, including the risk of class action lawsuits. Our pending legal actions and regulatory investigations include proceedings specific to us, as well as other proceedings that raise issues that are generally applicable to business practices in the industries in which we operate. In addition, the Master
Separation Agreement that sets forth our agreements with MetLife relating to the ownership of certain assets and the allocation of certain liabilities in connection with the Separation (the “Master Separation Agreement”) allocated responsibility among MetLife and Brighthouse with respect to certain claims (including litigation or regulatory actions or investigations where Brighthouse is not a party). As a result, we may face indemnification obligations with respect to such claims.
In connection with our insurance operations, plaintiffs’ lawyers may bring or are bringing class actions and individual suits alleging, among other things, issues relating to sales or underwriting practices, claims payments and procedures, product design, disclosure, administration, investments, denial or delay of benefits and breaches of fiduciary or other duties to customers. Plaintiffs in class action and other lawsuits against us may seek
very large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive and treble damages. Due to the vagaries of litigation, the outcome of a litigation matter and the amount or range of potential loss at particular points in time may be difficult to ascertain. Uncertainties can include how fact finders will evaluate documentary
evidence and the credibility and effectiveness of witness testimony, and how trial and appellate courts will apply the law in the context of the pleadings or evidence presented, whether by motion practice, at trial or on appeal. Disposition valuations are also subject to the uncertainty of how opposing parties and their counsel will themselves
view the relevant evidence and applicable law. Material pending litigation and regulatory matters affecting us and risks to our business presented by these proceedings, if any, are discussed in Note 12 of the Notes to the Financial Statements.
A substantial legal liability or a significant federal, state or other regulatory action against us, as well as regulatory inquiries or investigations, could harm our reputation, result in material fines or penalties, result in significant legal costs and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if we ultimately prevail in the litigation, regulatory action or investigation, our ability to attract new customers, retain our current customers and recruit and retain employees could be materially and adversely impacted. Regulatory inquiries and litigation may also cause volatility
in the price of BHF stock and stocks of companies in our industry.
Current claims, litigation, unasserted claims probable of assertion, investigations and other proceedings against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. It is also possible that related or unrelated claims, litigation, unasserted claims probable of assertion, investigations and proceedings may be commenced in the future, and we could become subject to further investigations and have lawsuits filed or enforcement actions initiated against us. Increased regulatory scrutiny and any resulting investigations or proceedings in any of the jurisdictions where we operate could result in new legal actions and precedents or changes in laws, rules or regulations that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Operational
Risks
Gaps in our risk management policies and procedures may leave us exposed to unidentified or unanticipated risk, which could negatively affect our business
We have developed risk management policies and procedures to reflect the ongoing review of our risks and expect to continue to do so in the future. Nonetheless, our policies and procedures may not be fully effective, leaving us exposed to unidentified or unanticipated risks. In addition, we rely on third-party providers to administer and service many of our products, and our risk management policies and procedures may not enable us to identify and assess every risk with respect to those products, especially to the extent we rely on those providers for detailed information regarding the holders of our products and other relevant information.
Many of our methods for managing risk
and exposures are based on the use of observed historical market behavior to model or project potential future exposure. Models used by our business are based on assumptions and projections which may be inaccurate. Business decisions based on incorrect or misused model output and reports could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. Model risk may be the result of a model being misspecified for its intended purpose, being misused or producing incorrect or inappropriate results. Models used by our business may not operate properly and could contain errors related to model inputs, data, assumptions, calculations, or output which could give rise to adjustments to models that may adversely impact our results of operations. As a result, these methods may not fully predict future exposures, which can be significantly greater than our historical measures indicate.
Other risk management methods depend upon the
evaluation of information regarding markets, clients, catastrophe occurrence or other matters that are publicly available or otherwise accessible to us. This information may not always be accurate, complete, up-to-date or properly evaluated. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we can effectively review and monitor all risks or that all of our employees will follow our risk management policies and procedures, nor can there be any assurance that our risk management policies and procedures, or the risk management policies and procedures of third parties that administer or service our products, will enable us to accurately identify all risks and limit our exposures based on our assessments. In addition, we may have to implement more extensive and perhaps different risk management policies and procedures under pending regulations.
The failure in cyber- or other information security systems, as well as the occurrence of
events unanticipated in Brighthouse’s, our third-party service providers’ or MetLife’s disaster recovery systems and business continuity planning could result in a loss or disclosure of confidential information, damage to our reputation and impairment of our ability to conduct business effectively
Our business is highly dependent upon the effective operation of computer systems. For some of these systems, we rely on third-parties, including our outside vendors and distributors and, for the duration of the Transition Services Agreement and other agreements with MetLife companies. We rely on these systems throughout our business for a variety of functions, including processing new business, claims, and post-issue transactions, providing information to customers and distributors, performing actuarial analyses, managing our investments and maintaining financial records. Such computer systems have been,
and will likely continue to be, subject to a variety of forms of cyberattacks with the objective of gaining unauthorized access to Brighthouse systems and data or disrupting Brighthouse operations. These include, but are not limited to, phishing attacks, account takeover
attempts, malware, ransomware, denial of service attacks, and other computer-related penetrations. Administrative and technical controls and other preventive actions taken to reduce the risk of cyber-incidents and protect our information technology may be insufficient to prevent physical and electronic break-ins, cyberattacks or other security breaches to such computer systems. In some cases,
such physical and electronic break-ins, cyberattacks or other security breaches may not be immediately detected. This may impede or interrupt our business operations and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A disaster such as a natural catastrophe, epidemic, industrial accident, blackout, computer virus, terrorist attack, cyberattack or war, unanticipated problems with our or our vendors’ disaster recovery systems or, for the duration of the Transition Services Agreement and other agreements with MetLife companies, MetLife’s disaster recovery systems, could have a material adverse impact on our ability to conduct business and on our results of operations and financial position, particularly if those problems affect our computer-based data processing, transmission, storage and retrieval systems and destroy valuable data. In addition, in the event that a significant number of our
or MetLife’s managers were unavailable following a disaster, our ability to effectively conduct business could be severely compromised. These interruptions also may interfere with our suppliers’ ability to provide goods and services and our employees’ ability to perform their job responsibilities.
A failure of our or relevant third-party computer systems could cause significant interruptions in our operations, result in a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data, harm our reputation, subject us to regulatory sanctions and legal claims, lead to a loss of customers and revenues and otherwise adversely affect our business and financial results. While we maintain cyber liability insurance that provides both third-party liability and first-party liability coverages, this insurance may not be sufficient to protect us against all losses. There can be no assurance that our information security
policies and systems in place can prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of confidential information, including nonpublic personal information. In addition, the availability and cost of insurance for operational and other risks relating to our business and systems may change and any such change may affect our results of operations. See also “— General Risks — Any failure to protect the confidentiality of client and employee information could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”
Brighthouse’s associates and those of our third-party service providers may take excessive risks which could negatively affect our financial condition and business
As an insurance enterprise, we are in the business of accepting certain risks. The associates who conduct our business include executive officers
and other members of management, sales intermediaries, investment professionals, product managers, and other associates, as well as associates of our third-party service providers, and certain associates of MetLife who provide services to Brighthouse in connection with the Transition Services Agreement, the Investment Management Agreement, or other agreements, including agreements to provide certain third-party administration services. Each of these associates makes decisions and choices that may expose us to risk. These include decisions such as setting underwriting guidelines and standards, product design and pricing, determining what assets to purchase for investment and when to sell them, which business opportunities to pursue, and other decisions. Associates may take excessive risks regardless of the structure of our compensation programs and practices. Similarly, our controls and procedures designed to monitor associates’ business decisions and prevent them from
taking excessive risks, and to prevent employee misconduct, may not be effective. If our associates and those of our third-party service providers take excessive risks, the impact of those risks could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and business operations.
General Risks
Brighthouse may experience difficulty in marketing and distributing products through our distribution channels
We distribute our products exclusively through a variety of third-party distribution channels. Our agreements with the third-party distributors may be terminated by either party with or without cause. We may periodically renegotiate the terms of these agreements, and there can be no assurance that such terms will remain acceptable to us
or such third parties. If we are unable to maintain our relationships our sales of individual insurance, annuities and investment products could decline, and our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Our distributors may elect to suspend, alter, reduce or terminate their distribution relationships with us for various reasons, including changes in our distribution strategy, adverse developments in our business, adverse rating agency actions, or concerns about market-related risks. We are also at risk that key distribution partners may merge, consolidate, change their business models in ways that affect how our products are sold, or terminate their distribution contracts with us, or that new distribution channels could emerge and adversely impact the effectiveness of our distribution efforts. See “— Risks Related to Our Business
— Elements of our business strategy may not be effective in accomplishing our objectives.” Also, if we are unsuccessful in attracting and retaining key internal associates who conduct our business, including wholesalers and financial advisors, our sales could decline.
The Separation prompted some third parties to re-price, modify or terminate their distribution or vendor relationships with us. An interruption or significant change in certain key relationships could materially affect our ability to market our products and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we rely on a core number of our distributors
to produce the majority of our sales. If any one such distributor were to terminate its relationship with us or reduce the amount of sales which it produces for us our results of operations could be adversely affected. An increase in bank and broker-dealer consolidation activity could increase competition for access to distributors, result in greater distribution expenses and impair our ability to market products through these channels. Consolidation of distributors and/or other industry changes may also increase the likelihood that distributors will try to renegotiate the terms of any existing selling agreements to terms less favorable to us.
Because our products are distributed through unaffiliated firms, we may not be able to monitor or control the manner of their distribution despite our training and compliance programs. If our products are distributed by such firms in an inappropriate manner, or to customers for whom
they are unsuitable, we may suffer reputational and other harm to our business.
In addition, our distributors may also sell our competitors’ products. If our competitors offer products that are more attractive than ours or pay higher commission rates to the sales representatives than we do, these representatives may concentrate their efforts in selling our competitors’ products instead of ours.
Brighthouse may be unable to attract and retain key personnel to support our business
Our success depends, in large part, on Brighthouse’s ability to attract and retain key personnel. Brighthouse competes with other financial services companies for personnel primarily on the basis of compensation, support services and financial position. Intense competition exists for key personnel with demonstrated ability, and Brighthouse may be unable to hire
or retain such personnel. The loss of services of one or more of Brighthouse’s key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business due to loss of their skills, knowledge of our business, their years of industry experience and the potential difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel. Brighthouse may not be able to attract and retain qualified personnel to fill open positions or replace or succeed members of its senior management team or other key personnel.
Any failure to protect the confidentiality of client and employee information could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations
Pursuant to federal and state laws, various government agencies have established rules protecting the privacy and security of personal information. In addition,
most states have enacted laws, which vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, to safeguard the privacy and security of personal information. Many of the associates who conduct our business have access to, and routinely process, personal information through a variety of media, including information technology systems. We rely on various internal processes and controls to protect the confidentiality of personal information that is accessible to us, or in our possession or the possession of our associates. It is possible that an associate could, intentionally or unintentionally, disclose or misappropriate confidential personal information. Our data has been the subject of cyberattacks and could be subject to additional attacks. If we or any of our third-party service providers fail to maintain adequate internal controls or if our associates fail to comply with our policies and procedures, misappropriation or intentional or unintentional inappropriate disclosure
or misuse of client information could occur. Such internal control inadequacies or non-compliance could materially damage our reputation or lead to civil or criminal penalties, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, we analyze customer data to better manage our business. There has been increased scrutiny and proposed additional regulation, including from state regulators, regarding the use of customer data. We may analyze customer data or input such data into third-party analytics. Any inquiry in connection with our analytics business practices, as well as any misuse or alleged misuse of those analytics insights, could cause reputational harm or result in regulatory enforcement actions or litigation, and any related limitations imposed on us could have a material impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
See “Operational Risks — The failure in cyber- or other information security systems, as well as the occurrence of events unanticipated in Brighthouse’s, our third-party service providers’ or MetLife’s disaster recovery systems and business continuity planning could result in a loss or disclosure of confidential information, damage to our reputation and impairment of our ability to conduct business effectively.”
Brighthouse may not be able to protect our intellectual property and may be subject to infringement claims
We rely on a combination of contractual rights with third parties and copyright, trademark, patent
and trade secret laws to establish and protect our intellectual property. Third parties may infringe or misappropriate our intellectual property. We may have to litigate to enforce and protect our copyrights, trademarks, patents, trade secrets and know-how or to determine their scope, validity or enforceability. This would represent a diversion of resources that may be significant, and our efforts may not prove successful. The inability to secure or protect our intellectual property assets could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business and our ability to compete with other insurance companies and financial institutions. See “— Risks Related to Our Separation from, and Continuing Relationship with, MetLife — The Separation could adversely affect our business and profitability due to MetLife’s strong brand and reputation.”
In addition, we may be subject to claims by third parties for (i)
patent, trademark or copyright infringement, (ii) breach of patent, trademark or copyright license usage rights, or (iii) misappropriation of trade secrets. Any such claims or resulting litigation could result in significant expense and liability for damages or lead to changes in business operations. If we were found to have infringed or misappropriated a third-party patent or other intellectual property right, we could in some circumstances be enjoined from providing certain products or services to our customers or from utilizing and benefiting from certain patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets or licenses or could be required to make changes in business operations. Alternatively, we could be required to enter into costly licensing arrangements with third parties or implement a costly alternative. Any of these scenarios could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Risks
Related to Our Separation from, and Continuing Relationship with, MetLife
If the Separation were to fail to qualify for non-recognition treatment for federal income tax purposes, then we could be subject to significant tax liabilities
The Separation was conditioned on the continued validity as of the Separation date of the private letter ruling that MetLife has received from the IRS regarding certain significant issues under the Tax Code, and the receipt and continued validity as of the Separation date of an opinion from MetLife’s tax advisor that the Separation qualifies for non-recognition of gain or loss to MetLife and MetLife’s shareholders pursuant to Sections 355 and 361 of the Tax Code, except to the extent of cash received in lieu of fractional shares, each subject to the accuracy of and compliance with certain representations, assumptions and covenants therein.
Notwithstanding
the receipt of the private letter ruling and the tax opinion, the IRS could determine that the Separation should be treated as a taxable transaction if it determines that any of the representations, assumptions or covenants on which the private letter ruling is based are untrue or have been violated. Furthermore, as part of the IRS’s policy, the IRS did not determine whether the Separation satisfies certain conditions that are necessary to qualify for non-recognition treatment. Rather, the private letter ruling is based on representations by MetLife and Brighthouse that these conditions have been satisfied.
The tax opinion is not binding on the IRS or the courts, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contrary position. In addition, the tax advisor relied on certain representations and covenants that have been delivered by MetLife and Brighthouse.
If
the IRS ultimately determines that the Separation is taxable, we could incur significant federal income tax liabilities, and Brighthouse could have an indemnification obligation to MetLife. For a more detailed discussion, see “— Potential indemnification obligations if the Separation does not qualify for non-recognition treatment or if certain other steps that are part of the Separation do not qualify for their intended tax treatment could materially adversely affect our financial condition.”
Potential indemnification obligations if the Separation does not qualify for non-recognition treatment or if certain other steps that are part of the Separation do not qualify for their intended tax treatment could materially adversely affect our financial condition
Generally, taxes resulting from the failure of the Separation to qualify for non-recognition treatment for federal income
tax purposes would be imposed on MetLife or MetLife’s shareholders and, under the tax separation agreement that we entered into with MetLife (the “Tax Separation Agreement”), MetLife is generally obligated to indemnify Brighthouse against such taxes if the failure to qualify for tax-free treatment results from any action or inaction that is within MetLife’s control or if the failure results from any direct or indirect transfer of MetLife’s stock. MetLife may have an adverse interpretation of or object to its indemnification obligations to Brighthouse under the Tax Separation Agreement, and there can be no assurance that MetLife will be able to satisfy its indemnification obligation to Brighthouse or that such indemnification will be sufficient to us in the event of a dispute or nonperformance by MetLife. The failure of MetLife to fully indemnify Brighthouse could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
In
addition, MetLife will generally bear tax-related losses due to the failure of certain steps that were part of the Separation to qualify for their intended tax treatment. However, the IRS could seek to hold Brighthouse responsible for such liabilities, and under the Tax Separation Agreement, Brighthouse could be required, under certain circumstances, to indemnify MetLife and its
affiliates against certain tax-related liabilities caused by those failures, to the extent those liabilities result from an action Brighthouse or its affiliates, including us, take or from any breach of Brighthouse’s or its affiliates’, including us, representations, covenants or obligations
under the Tax Separation Agreement. Events triggering an indemnification obligation under the Tax Separation Agreement include ceasing to actively conduct Brighthouse’s business and events occurring after the Separation that cause MetLife to recognize a gain under Section 355(e) of the Tax Code. If the Separation does not qualify for non-recognition treatment or if certain other steps that are part of the Separation do not qualify for their intended tax treatment, we could be required to pay material additional taxes or an indemnification obligation to MetLife, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition.
We could be required to pay material additional taxes or suffer other material adverse tax consequences if the tax consequences of the Separation to us are not as expected
The Separation is expected to have certain federal income tax consequences to MetLife
and to Brighthouse, including us, as set forth in a private letter ruling issued by the IRS to MetLife and opinions provided by MetLife’s tax advisors. These opinions are not binding on the IRS or the courts, and the tax opinions and the private letter ruling do not address all of the tax consequences of the Separation to Brighthouse, including us. The Separation is a complex transaction subject to numerous tax rules, including rules that could require us to reduce our tax attributes (such as the basis in our assets) in certain circumstances, and the application of these various rules to the Separation is not entirely clear. The ultimate tax consequences to us of the Separation may not be finally determined for many years and may differ from the tax consequences that we and MetLife currently expect and intend to report. As a result, we could be required to pay material additional taxes and to materially reduce the tax assets (or materially increase the tax liabilities)
on our consolidated balance sheet. These changes could impact our available capital, ratings or cost of capital. There can be no assurance that the Tax Separation Agreement will protect Brighthouse, including us, from any such consequences, or that any issue that may arise will be subject to indemnification by MetLife under the Tax Separation Agreement. As a result, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Disputes or disagreements with MetLife may affect our financial statements and business operations, and Brighthouse’s contractual remedies may not be sufficient
In connection with the Separation, Brighthouse entered into certain agreements that provide a framework for the ongoing relationship with MetLife, including the Transition Services Agreement, the Tax Separation Agreement and a tax receivables agreement that provides
MetLife with the right to receive future payments from us as partial consideration for its contribution of assets to us (the “Tax Receivables Agreement”). Brighthouse’s agreements with MetLife may not reflect terms that would have resulted from negotiation between unaffiliated parties. Such provisions may include, among other things, indemnification rights and obligations, the allocation of tax liabilities, and other payment obligations between Brighthouse, including us, and MetLife. Disagreements regarding the obligations of MetLife or Brighthouse, including us, under these agreements or any renegotiation of their terms could create disputes that may be resolved in a manner unfavorable to us. In addition, there can be no assurance that any remedies available under these agreements will be sufficient to Brighthouse, including us, in the event of a dispute or nonperformance by MetLife or that any such remedies will be sufficiently broad to cover any issues that
arise under Brighthouse’s arrangements with MetLife. The failure of MetLife to perform its obligations under these agreements (or claims by MetLife that Brighthouse has failed to perform its obligations under the agreements) may have a material adverse effect on our financial statements and could consume substantial resources and attention thus creating a material adverse impact on our business performance.
Brighthouse is required to pay MetLife for certain tax benefits, which amounts are expected to be material
In partial consideration for the assets contributed by MetLife to Brighthouse, Brighthouse has entered into a Tax Receivables Agreement with MetLife that provided for the payment by Brighthouse to MetLife of 86% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in federal income tax that Brighthouse and its subsidiaries,
including us, actually realize as a result of the utilization of Brighthouse’s and its subsidiaries’, including our, net operating losses, capital losses, tax basis and amortization or depreciation deductions in respect of certain tax benefits Brighthouse, including us, may realize as a result of certain transactions involved in the Separation, together with interest accrued from the date the applicable tax return is due (without extension) until the date the applicable payment is due.
Estimating the amount of payments that may be made under the Tax Receivables Agreement is by its nature imprecise, insofar as the calculation of amounts payable depends on a variety of factors. The actual amount and utilization of net operating losses, tax basis and other tax attributes, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the Tax Receivables
Agreement, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the amount, character and timing of Brighthouse’s and its subsidiaries’, including our, taxable income in the future. The Base Case Scenario has not assumed any benefit from the deferred taxes that are subject to the Tax Receivables Agreement.
If Brighthouse breaches any of its material obligations under the Tax Receivables Agreement or undergoes a change of control as defined in the Tax Receivables Agreement, the Tax Receivables Agreement will terminate and Brighthouse will be required to make a lump sum payment equal to the present value of expected future payments under the Tax Receivables
Agreement, which payment would be based on certain assumptions, including those relating to Brighthouse’s and its subsidiaries’, including our, future taxable income. Additionally, if Brighthouse or a direct or indirect subsidiary, including us, transfers any asset to a corporation with which Brighthouse does not file a consolidated tax return, Brighthouse will be treated as having sold that asset for its fair market value in a taxable transaction for purposes of determining the cash savings in income tax under the Tax Receivables Agreement. If Brighthouse sells or otherwise disposes of any of its subsidiaries, including us, in a transaction that is not a change of control, Brighthouse will be required to
make a payment equal to the present value of future payments under the Tax Receivables Agreement attributable to the tax benefits of such subsidiary that is sold or disposed of, applying the assumptions described above. Any such payment resulting from a breach of material obligations, change of control, asset transfer or subsidiary disposition could be substantial and could exceed our actual cash tax savings.
The Separation could adversely affect our business and profitability due to MetLife’s strong brand and reputation
Prior to the Separation, as a wholly-owned subsidiary of MetLife, we marketed our products and services using the “MetLife” brand name and logo. We have also benefited from certain trademarks licensed to us by MetLife in connection with the Separation. We believe the association with MetLife helped drive awareness of our brand among our customers, distributors,
third party service providers and other persons due to MetLife’s globally recognized brand, reputation and services, as well as its strong capital base and financial strength.
In connection with the Separation, Brighthouse entered into an intellectual property license agreement with MetLife, pursuant to which Brighthouse and MetLife granted each other a non-exclusive, royalty-free, paid-up license for the United States to certain intellectual property rights each party owns (the “Intellectual Property License Agreement”). Under the Master Separation Agreement and the Intellectual Property License Agreement, we had a license to use certain trademarks and the “MetLife” name in certain limited circumstances, which expired in early 2019. While we have undertaken operational and legal steps to develop the “Brighthouse Financial” brand, the fact that we are no longer able to use the “MetLife” name could
adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers, which could result in reduced sales of our products.
Our affiliate has established a portfolio of trademarks in the United States that we consider important in the marketing of our products and services, including a trademark for Brighthouse’s name, “Brighthouse Financial,” and Brighthouse’s logo design. Brighthouse has also filed other trademark applications in the United States, including for product names and potential taglines. However, the registration of some of these trademarks is not complete and they may not all ultimately become registered. Our use of the Brighthouse Financial name for the Company or for our existing or any new products in the United States has been challenged by third parties, and our affiliates were involved in legal proceedings to protect or
defend their or our rights with respect to the Brighthouse Financial name and trademarks. Although the parties to these proceedings have resolved this matter and dismissed the action, it is possible that other challenges to our trademarks could arise in the future.
As a result of the Separation, some of our existing policyholders, contract owners and other customers have chosen, and some may, in the future, choose to stop doing business with us, which could increase the rate of surrenders and withdrawals in our policies and contracts. In addition, other potential policyholders and contract owners may decide not to purchase our products because we are no
longer a part of MetLife.
Brighthouse’s contractual arrangements with MetLife may not be adequate to meet our operational and business needs. The terms of Brighthouse’s arrangements with MetLife may be more favorable than we would be able to obtain from an unaffiliated third party, and we may be unable to replace those services in a timely manner or on comparable terms
Brighthouse has contractual arrangements, such as the Transition Services Agreement, the Investment Management Agreement and the Intellectual Property License Agreement that require MetLife affiliates to provide certain services to us, including certain IT services pursuant to software license agreements that MetLife affiliates have with certain third-party software vendors, and investment management and investment management services with respect to Brighthouse’s general account portfolio and certain separate account
assets of its insurance subsidiaries, as well as assets of BHF and its non-insurance subsidiaries. There can be no assurance that the services provided by the MetLife affiliates will be sufficient to meet our operational and business needs, that the MetLife affiliates will continue to be able to perform such functions in a manner satisfactory to us, that MetLife’s practices and procedures will continue to enable it to adequately administer the policies it handles, that we will receive sufficient information from MetLife with respect to the policies it administers for us or that any remedies available under these arrangements will be sufficient to us in the event of a dispute or nonperformance. See “— Risks Related to Our Business — The failure of third parties to provide various services,
or any failure of the practices and procedures that these third parties use to provide services to us, could have a material adverse effect on our business.”
As agreements between Brighthouse and MetLife affiliates continue to expire, be terminated, or be replaced by other third parties to provide services, there can be no assurance that these services will be sustained at the same levels as they were when we were receiving such services from MetLife or that Brighthouse will be able to obtain the same benefits from another provider or our indemnity rights from such third parties will not be limited. Brighthouse or we may not be able to replace services and arrangements in a timely manner or on terms and conditions, including cost, as favorable as those Brighthouse or we have previously received from MetLife. Certain agreements with the MetLife affiliates were entered into in the context of intercompany
relationships that arose from enterprise-wide agreements with vendors, and we may have to pay higher prices for similar services from MetLife or unaffiliated third parties in the future.
There are incremental costs as a subsidiary of a separate, public company
As a result of the Separation, Brighthouse needed to replicate or replace certain functions, systems and infrastructure to which we do not have the same access. Brighthouse has also begun to make infrastructure investments in order to operate without the same access to MetLife’s existing operational and administrative infrastructure. These initiatives involve substantial costs, the hiring and integration of a large number of new employees, and integration of the new and expanded operations and infrastructure with our existing operations and infrastructure
and, in some cases, the operations and infrastructure of our vendors and other third parties. They also require significant time and attention from our senior management and others throughout Brighthouse, in addition to their day-to-day responsibilities running the business. There can be no assurance that Brighthouse will be able to establish and expand the operations and infrastructure to the extent required, in the time, or at the costs anticipated, and without disrupting our ongoing business operations in a material way, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Our business benefited from MetLife’s purchasing power when procuring goods and services. As a stand-alone company, Brighthouse may be unable to obtain such goods and services at comparable prices or on terms as favorable as those obtained prior to the Separation, which could decrease our overall profitability.
See “— Brighthouse’s contractual arrangements with MetLife may not be adequate to meet our operational and business needs. The terms of Brighthouse’s arrangements with MetLife may be more favorable than we would be able to obtain from an unaffiliated third party, and we may be unable to replace those services in a timely manner or on comparable terms.”
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
Our principal executive office is currently located in New York, New York, and is utilized by both of our segments and Corporate & Other. This location is leased by Brighthouse Services, LLC (“Brighthouse Services”), an
affiliate, from a third party. The term of that lease expires in October 2027. In connection with the Separation, BHNY entered into a service agreement with Brighthouse Services under which Brighthouse Services provides the aforementioned principal executive office to support the activities of BHNY.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
See Note 12 of the Notes to the Financial Statements.
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
No established public trading market exists for BHNY’s common equity; all of BHNY’s common stock is held by Brighthouse Life Insurance Company.
During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, BHNY paid no cash dividends. The maximum amount of dividends which BHNY may pay in 2019, without prior regulatory approval, is
$27.7 million. See Note 9 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for a discussion of restrictions on BHNY’s ability to pay dividends.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data
Omitted pursuant to General Instruction I(2)(a) of Form 10-K.
For purposes of this discussion, “BHNY,” the “Company,”“we,”“our” and “us” refer to Brighthouse Life Insurance Company of NY (formerly, First MetLife Investors Insurance Company), a New York domiciled life insurance company. BHNY is an indirect wholly-owned
subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries and affiliates, “Brighthouse”). Management’s narrative analysis of the results of operations is presented pursuant to General Instruction I(2)(a) of Form 10-K. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,”“Risk Factors,”“Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and the Company’s financial statements included elsewhere herein.
The term “Separation” refers to the separation of MetLife, Inc.’s (together with its subsidiaries
and affiliates, “MetLife”) former Brighthouse Financial segment from MetLife’s other businesses and the creation of a separate, publicly traded company, Brighthouse Financial, Inc. (we use the term “BHF” to refer solely to Brighthouse Financial, Inc., and not to any of its subsidiaries), as well as the distribution on August 4, 2017 of 96,776,670, or 80.8%, of the 119,773,106 shares of BHF common stock outstanding immediately prior to the distribution date by MetLife, Inc. to holders of MetLife, Inc. common stock as of the record date for the distribution. The term “MetLife Divestiture” refers to the disposition by MetLife, Inc. on June 14, 2018 of all its remaining shares of BHF common stock. Effective with the MetLife Divestiture, MetLife, Inc. and its subsidiaries
and affiliates are no longer considered related parties to BHF and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
The following discussion may contain forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those factors discussed below and elsewhere in this report, particularly in “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors.”
Overview
We offer a range of individual annuities and individual life insurance products in New York. For
operating purposes, we have established two reporting segments: Annuities and Life. In addition, the Company reports certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other. See Note 2 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for further information on the Company’s segments and Corporate & Other.
Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to adopt accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported on the Financial Statements.
The
most critical estimates include those used in determining:
(i)
liabilities for future policy benefits;
(ii)
accounting for reinsurance;
(iii)
capitalization and amortization of DAC and the amortization of value of business acquired (“VOBA”);
(iv)
estimated
fair values of investments in the absence of quoted market values;
(v)
investment impairments;
(vi)
estimated fair values of freestanding derivatives and the recognition and estimated fair value of embedded derivatives requiring bifurcation;
(vii)
measurement of income taxes and the valuation
of deferred tax assets; and
(viii)
liabilities for litigation and regulatory matters.
In applying our accounting policies, we make subjective and complex judgments that frequently require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to our business and operations. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
The above critical accounting estimates are described below and in Note 1 of the Notes to the Financial Statements.
Future policy benefits for traditional long-duration insurance contracts (term, whole-life insurance and income annuities) are payable over an extended period of time and the related liabilities are equal to the present value of future expected benefits to be paid, reduced by the present value of future expected net premiums. Assumptions used to measure the liability are based on the Company’s experience and include a margin for adverse deviation. The principal assumptions used in the establishment of liabilities for future policy benefits are mortality, morbidity, benefit utilization and withdrawals, policy lapse, retirement, disability
incidence, disability terminations, investment returns, inflation, expenses and other contingent events as appropriate to the respective product type. These assumptions, intended to estimate the experience for the period the policy benefits are payable, are established at the time the policy is issued and are not updated unless a premium deficiency exists. Utilizing these assumptions, liabilities are established for each line of business. If experience is less favorable than assumed and a premium deficiency exists, DAC may be reduced, and/or additional insurance liabilities established, resulting in a reduction in earnings.
Future policy benefit liabilities for GMDBs and certain GMIBs relating to variable annuity contracts are based on estimates of the expected value of benefits in excess of the projected account balance, recognizing
the excess ratably over the accumulation period based on total expected assessments. Liabilities for universal and variable life insurance secondary guarantees are determined by estimating the expected value of death benefits payable when the account balance is projected to be zero using a range of scenarios and recognizing those benefits ratably over the contract period based on total expected assessments. The Company also maintains a profit followed by losses reserve on universal life insurance with secondary guarantees. The assumptions of investment performance and volatility for variable products are consistent with historical experience of the underlying separate account funds.
We regularly review our assumptions supporting our estimates of
actuarial liabilities for future policy benefits. For universal life and annuity product guarantees, assumptions are updated periodically, whereas for traditional long-duration insurance contracts, assumptions are established at inception and not updated unless a premium deficiency exists. We also review our liability projections to determine if profits are projected in earlier years followed by losses projected in later years, which could require us to establish an additional liability. We aggregate insurance contracts by product and segment in assessing whether a premium deficiency or profits followed by losses exists. Differences between actual experience and the assumptions used in pricing our policies and guarantees, as well as adjustments to the related liabilities, result in changes
to earnings.
See Note 1 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for additional information on our accounting policy relating to variable annuity guarantees and liability for future policy benefits.
Reinsurance
Accounting for reinsurance requires extensive use of assumptions and estimates, particularly related to the future performance of the underlying business and the potential impact of counterparty credit risk with respect to reinsurance receivables. We periodically review actual and anticipated experience compared to the aforementioned assumptions used to establish assets and liabilities relating to ceded and assumed reinsurance and evaluate the financial strength of counterparties to our reinsurance agreements
using criteria similar to those evaluated in our security impairment process. See “— Investment Impairments.”
Additionally, for each of our reinsurance agreements, we determine whether the agreement provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk, in accordance with applicable accounting standards. We review all contractual features, including those that may limit the amount of insurance risk to which the reinsurer is subject or features that delay the timely reimbursement of claims. We evaluate present values of projected future cash flows on blocks of policies subject to new reinsurance agreements in light of all such contractual features to determine whether our reinsurance counterparties are exposed to a reasonable possibility of significant loss. Such analysis involves management estimates as to the cash flow projections, as well as management judgment as to what constitutes a reasonable
possibility of significant loss. If we determine that a reinsurance agreement does not expose the reinsurer to a reasonable possibility of a significant loss from insurance risk, we record the agreement using the deposit method of accounting.
See Note 1 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for additional information on our accounting policy relating to reinsurance and Note 5 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for additional information on our reinsurance programs.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs and Value of Business Acquired
We incur significant costs in connection with acquiring new and renewal insurance business. Costs that relate directly to the successful acquisition or renewal of insurance contracts are deferred as DAC. VOBA represents the excess of book value over the estimated fair value of acquired insurance, annuity and investment-type contracts in force at the acquisition date. The recovery of both DAC and VOBA is dependent upon the future profitability of the related business.
DAC and VOBA related to deferred annuities, universal and variable life insurance contracts
are amortized based on expected future gross profits. DAC and VOBA balances and amortization for variable contracts can be significantly impacted by changes in expected future gross profits related to projected separate account rates of return. Our practice of determining changes in projected separate account returns assumes that long-term appreciation in equity markets is not changed by short-term market fluctuations but is only changed when sustained interim deviations are expected. We monitor these events and only change the assumption when our long-term expectation changes. The effect of an increase (decrease) by 100 basis points in the assumed future rate of return is reasonably likely to result in a decrease (increase) in the DAC and VOBA amortization with an offset to our unearned revenue liability which nets to approximately $16 million. We use a mean reversion approach
to separate account returns where the mean reversion period is five years with a long-term separate account return after the five-year reversion period is over. The current long-term rate of return assumption for variable annuity and variable universal life insurance contracts is in the 6-7% range.
We also generally review other long-term assumptions underlying the projections of expected future gross profits on an annual basis. These assumptions primarily relate to general account investment returns, interest crediting rates, mortality, in-force or persistency, benefit elections and withdrawals, and expenses to administer business. Assumptions used in the calculation of expected future gross profits which have significantly changed are updated annually. If the update of assumptions causes expected future gross profits to increase,
DAC and VOBA amortization will generally decrease, resulting in a current period increase to earnings. The opposite result occurs when the assumption update causes expected future gross profits to decrease.
Our DAC balances are also impacted by replacing expected future gross profits with actual gross profits in each reporting period, including changes in annuity embedded derivatives and the related nonperformance risk. When the change in expected future gross profits principally relates to the difference between actual and estimates in the current period, an increase in profits will generally result in an increase in amortization and a decrease in profits will generally result in a decrease in amortization.
See Note 1 and Note 4 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for additional
information relating to DAC and VOBA accounting policy and amortization.
Estimated Fair Value of Investments
In determining the estimated fair value of our investments, fair values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical investments in active markets that are readily and regularly obtainable. When such quoted prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted prices in markets that are not active, quoted prices for similar but not identical investments, or other observable inputs. If these inputs are not available, or observable inputs are not determinable, unobservable inputs and/or adjustments to observable inputs requiring management judgment are used to determine the estimated fair value of investments.
The methodologies, assumptions and
inputs utilized are described in Note 8 of the Notes to the Financial Statements.
Financial markets are susceptible to severe events evidenced by rapid depreciation in asset values accompanied by a reduction in asset liquidity. Our ability to sell investments, or the price ultimately realized for investments, depends upon the demand and liquidity in the market and increases the use of judgment in determining the estimated fair value of certain investments.
Investment Impairments
One of the significant estimates related to AFS securities is our impairment evaluation. The assessment of whether an other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) occurred is based on our case-by-case evaluation of the underlying reasons
for the decline in estimated fair value on a security-by-security basis. Our review of each fixed maturity security for OTTI includes an analysis of gross unrealized losses by three categories of severity and/or age of gross unrealized loss. An extended and severe unrealized loss position may not have any impact on the ability of the issuer to service all scheduled interest and principal payments. Accordingly, such an unrealized loss position may not impact our evaluation of recoverability of all contractual cash flows or the ability to recover an amount at least equal to its amortized cost based on the present value of the expected future cash flows to be collected.
Additionally, we consider a wide range of factors about the security issuer and use our best judgment in evaluating the cause of the decline in the estimated fair value of the security and in assessing the prospects for near-term recovery. Inherent in our evaluation
of the security are assumptions and estimates about the operations of the issuer and its future earnings potential. Factors we consider in the OTTI evaluation process are described in Note 6 of the Notes to the Financial Statements.
The determination of the amount of allowances and impairments on the remaining invested asset classes is highly subjective and is based upon our periodic evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available.
See
Notes 1 and 6 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for additional information relating to our determination of the amount of allowances and impairments.
Derivatives
We use freestanding derivative instruments to hedge various capital market risks in our products, including: (i) crediting rates associated with index-linked annuities which are reported as embedded derivatives; (ii) current or future changes in the fair value of our assets and liabilities; and (iii) current or future changes in cash flows. All derivatives, whether freestanding or embedded, are required to be carried on the balance sheet at fair value with changes reflected in either net income (loss) or in OCI, depending on the type of hedge. Below
is a summary of critical accounting estimates by type of derivative.
Freestanding Derivatives
The determination of the estimated fair value of freestanding derivatives, when quoted market values are not available, is based on market standard valuation methodologies and inputs that management believes are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such instruments. Derivative valuations can be affected by changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, financial indices, credit spreads, default risk, nonperformance risk, volatility, liquidity and changes in estimates and assumptions used in the pricing models. See Note 7 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for additional information on significant inputs into the OTC derivative pricing models and credit risk adjustment.
Embedded
Derivatives in Variable Annuity Guarantees
We issue variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits, some of which are embedded derivatives measured at estimated fair value separately from the host variable annuity product, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net derivative gains (losses). The estimated fair values of these embedded derivatives are determined based on the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected future fees attributable to the guarantee. The projections of future benefits and future fees require capital markets and actuarial assumptions, including expectations concerning policyholder behavior. A risk neutral valuation methodology is used under which the cash flows from the guarantees are projected under multiple capital market scenarios using observable risk-free rates and implied equity volatilities.
We
cede the risk associated with the variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefits described in the preceding paragraphs to our parent, Brighthouse Life Insurance Company. Certain features of the ceded guarantees are accounted for as an embedded derivative with the value determined using a methodology consistent with that described previously for the guarantees directly written by us. However, because certain directly written GMIB riders are accounted for as insurance liabilities rather than fair value, significant fluctuations in net income may occur when the change in the fair value of the reinsurance recoverable is recorded in net income without a corresponding and offsetting change in fair value of the directly written guaranteed liability.
Market conditions, including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates, equity indices, market volatility and variations in actuarial assumptions, including policyholder behavior,
mortality and risk margins related to non-capital market inputs, as well as changes in our nonperformance risk may result in significant fluctuations in the estimated fair value of the guarantees that could have a material impact on net income. Changes to actuarial assumptions, principally related to contract holder behavior such as annuitization utilization and withdrawals associated with GMIB riders, can result in a change of expected future cash outflows of a guarantee between the accrual-based model for insurance liabilities and the fair-value based model for embedded derivatives. See Note 1 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for additional information relating to the determination of the accounting model. Risk margins are established to capture the non-capital market risks of the instrument which represent the additional
compensation a market participant would require to assume the risks related to the uncertainties in certain actuarial assumptions. The establishment of risk margins requires the use of significant management judgment, including assumptions of the amount and cost of capital needed to cover the guarantees.
Assumptions for embedded derivatives are reviewed at least annually, and if they change significantly, the estimated fair value is adjusted by a cumulative charge or credit to net income.
See Note 7 and Note 8 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for additional information on our embedded derivatives and the determination of their fair values.
The Company issues index-linked annuities that contain equity crediting rates accounted for as an embedded derivative. The crediting rates are measured at estimated fair value which is determined using a combination of an option pricing methodology and an option-budget approach. The estimated fair value includes capital market and actuarial policyholder behavior and biometric assumptions, including expectations for renewals at the end of the term period. Market conditions, including interest rates and implied volatilities, and variations in actuarial assumptions and risk margins, as well as changes in our nonperformance risk adjustment may result in significant fluctuations in the estimated fair value that could
have a material impact on net income.
Nonperformance Risk Adjustment
The valuation of our embedded derivatives includes an adjustment for the risk that we fail to satisfy our obligations, which we refer to as our nonperformance risk. The nonperformance risk adjustment, which is captured as a spread over the risk-free rate in determining the discount rate to discount the cash flows of the liability, was previously determined by taking into consideration publicly available information relating to spreads in the secondary market for MetLife, Inc.’s debt, including related credit default swaps.
In the third quarter of 2017, in connection with the Separation, we updated our assumptions for determining the credit spread underlying the nonperformance risk adjustment to be based on BHF’s creditworthiness instead of that of MetLife, Inc. Our
credit spread is determined by taking into consideration publicly available information relating to spreads in the secondary market for BHF’s debt. These observable spreads are then adjusted, as necessary, to reflect the financial strength ratings of the issuing insurance subsidiaries as compared to the credit rating of BHF.
Income Taxes
We provide for federal and state income taxes currently payable, as well as those deferred due to temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Our accounting for income taxes represents our best estimate of various events and transactions. Tax laws are often complex and may be subject to differing interpretations by the taxpayer and
the relevant governmental taxing authorities. In establishing a provision for income tax expense, we must make judgments and interpretations about the application of tax laws. We must also make estimates about when in the future certain items will affect taxable income in the various taxing jurisdictions.
In establishing a liability for unrecognized tax benefits, assumptions may be made in determining whether, and to what extent, a tax position may be sustained. Once established, unrecognized tax benefits are adjusted when there is more information available or when events occur requiring a change.
Valuation allowances are established against deferred tax assets, particularly those arising from carryforwards, when management determines, based on available information, that it is more likely than not that deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The realization of deferred
tax assets related to carryforwards depends upon the existence of sufficient taxable income within the carryforward periods under the tax law in the applicable tax jurisdiction. Significant judgment is required in projecting future taxable income to determine whether valuation allowances should be established, as well as the amount of such allowances. See Note 1 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for additional information relating to our determination of such valuation allowances.
We may be required to change our provision for income taxes when estimates used in determining valuation allowances on deferred tax assets significantly change, or when new information indicates the need for adjustment in valuation allowances. Additionally, future events, such as changes in tax laws, tax regulations, or interpretations of such laws or regulations, could have an impact on the
provision for income tax and the effective tax rate. Any such changes could significantly affect the amounts reported in the financial statements in the year these changes occur.
See Notes 1 and 11 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for additional information on our income taxes.
Litigation Contingencies
We are a party to a number of legal actions and may be involved in a number of regulatory investigations. Given the inherent unpredictability of these matters, it is difficult to estimate the impact on our financial position. Liabilities are established when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. On
a quarterly and annual basis, we review relevant information with respect to liabilities for litigation, regulatory investigations and litigation-related contingencies to be reflected in our results of operations and financial condition.
See Note 12 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for additional information regarding our assessment of litigation contingencies.
Our definitions of the non-GAAP and other
financial measures may differ from those used by other companies.
Non-GAAP Financial Disclosures
Adjusted Earnings
In this report, we present adjusted earnings as a measure of our performance that is not calculated in accordance with GAAP. We believe that this non-GAAP financial measure highlights our results of operations and the underlying profitability drivers of our business, as well as enhances the understanding of our performance by the investor community. However, adjusted earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for net income (loss), which is the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. See “— Results of Operations” for a reconciliation of adjusted earnings to net income (loss).
Adjusted earnings, which may be positive or negative,
is used by management to evaluate performance, allocate resources and facilitate comparisons to industry results. This financial measure focuses on our primary businesses principally by excluding (i) the impact of market volatility, which could distort trends and (ii) businesses that have been or will be sold or exited by us, referred to as divested businesses.
The following are significant items excluded from total revenues, net of income tax, in calculating adjusted earnings:
•
Net investment gains (losses);
•
Net
derivative gains (losses) except earned income on derivatives and amortization of premium on derivatives that are hedges of investments or that are used to replicate certain investments, but do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment (“Investment Hedge Adjustments”); and
•
Amortization of unearned revenue related to net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses) and certain variable annuity GMIB fees (“GMIB Fees”).
The following are significant items excluded from total expenses, net of income tax, in calculating adjusted earnings:
•
Amounts
associated with benefits and hedging costs related to GMIBs (“GMIB Costs”);
•
Amounts associated with periodic crediting rate adjustments based on the total return of a contractually referenced pool of assets and market value adjustments associated with surrenders or terminations of contracts (“Market Value Adjustments”); and
•
Amortization of DAC and VOBA related to (i) net investment gains (losses), (ii) net
derivative gains (losses), (iii) GMIB Fees and GMIB Costs and (iv) Market Value Adjustments.
The tax impact of the adjustments mentioned is calculated net of the statutory tax rate, which could differ from our effective tax rate.
We present adjusted earnings in a manner consistent with management’s view of the primary business activities that drive the profitability of our core businesses. The following table illustrates how each component of adjusted earnings is calculated from the GAAP statement of operations line items:
Component
of Adjusted Earnings
How Derived from GAAP (1)
(i)
Fee income
(i)
Universal life and investment-type policy fees (excluding (a) unearned revenue adjustments related to net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses) and (b) GMIB Fees) plus Other revenues (excluding other revenues associated with related party reinsurance) and amortization of deferred gain on reinsurance.
(ii)
Net investment spread
(ii)
Net
investment income plus Investment Hedge Adjustments and interest received on ceded fixed annuity reinsurance deposit funds reduced by Interest credited to policyholder account balances and interest on future policy benefits.
(iii)
Insurance-related activities
(iii)
Premiums less Policyholder benefits and claims (excluding (a) GMIB Costs, (b) Market Value Adjustments, (c) interest on future policy benefits and (d) amortization of deferred gain on reinsurance plus the pass through of performance of ceded separate account assets.
(iv)
Amortization
of DAC and VOBA
(iv)
Amortization of DAC and VOBA (excluding amounts related to (a) net investment gains (losses), (b) net derivative gains (losses), (c) GMIB Fees and GMIB Costs and (d) Market Value Adjustments).
(v)
Other expenses, net of DAC capitalization
(v)
Other expenses reduced by capitalization of DAC
(vi)
Provision for income tax expense
(benefit)
(vi)
Tax impact of the above items.
______________
(1)
Italicized items indicate GAAP statement of operations line items.
Consistent with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, adjusted earnings is also our GAAP measure of segment performance. Accordingly, we report adjusted earnings by segment in Note 2 of the Notes to the Financial Statements.
Other Financial Disclosures
The
following additional information is relevant to an understanding of our performance results:
•
We sometimes refer to sales activity for various products. Statistical sales information for life sales are calculated using the LIMRA (Life Insurance Marketing and Research Association) definition of sales for core direct sales, excluding company sponsored internal exchanges, corporate-owned life insurance, bank-owned life insurance, and private placement variable universal life insurance. Annuity sales consist of 10% of direct statutory premiums, excluding company sponsored internal exchanges. These sales statistics do not correspond to revenues under GAAP but are used as relevant measures of business activity.
•
Allocated
equity is the portion of common stockholder’s equity that management allocated to each of its segments prior to 2018. See “— Segment Capital” and Note 2 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for further information.
Segment Capital
Beginning in the first quarter of 2018, we changed the methodology for how capital is allocated to segments and, in some cases, products. Segment investment and capitalization targets are now based on statutory oriented risk principles and metrics. Segment invested assets backing liabilities are based on net statutory liabilities plus excess capital. For our variable annuity business, the excess capital held is based on the target statutory total asset requirement consistent with our variable annuity risk
management strategy. For insurance businesses other than variable annuities, excess capital held is based on a percentage of required statutory RBC. Assets in excess of those allocated to the segments, if any, are held in Corporate & Other. Segment net investment income reflects the performance of each segment’s respective invested assets.
We refer to this change in methodology as the “Portfolio Realignment.” While this change had no effect on our net income (loss) or adjusted earnings, it did, and we expect will continue to, impact segment results. Prior period segment results were not recast for this change in methodology as the inventory of assets has changed over time. Therefore, it is not reasonably possible to replicate the asset transfers as of prior periods and estimating such would not provide a meaningful comparison. In the future,
management will evaluate, on a periodic basis, the excess capital held by each segment and may rebalance or move capital between segments based on market changes or changes in our statutory metrics.
Previously, invested assets held in the segments were based on net GAAP liabilities. Excess capital was retained in Corporate & Other and allocated to segments based on an internally developed statistics-based capital model intended to capture the material risks to which we were exposed (referred to as “allocated equity”). Surplus assets in excess of the combined allocations to the segments were held in Corporate & Other with net investment income being credited back to the segments at a predetermined rate. Any excess or shortfall in net investment income from surplus assets was recognized in Corporate & Other.
Management
is responsible for the periodic review and enhancement of the capital allocation model to ensure it remains consistent with the Company’s overall objectives and emerging industry practices.
Business Overview. Annuity sales increased 82% for the year ended December 31,
2018, compared to 2017 resulting primarily from sales of our Shield Annuities which we began selling in the first quarter of 2017. In our life business, with the exception of in-force term renewal premiums, premium for new sales of term, whole life and universal life products was relatively limited.
A significant portion of our net income is driven by separate account balances, particularly in our variable annuity business. Most directly, these balances determine asset-based fee income, but also impact DAC amortization and asset-based commissions. Separate account balances are driven by sales, movements in the market, surrenders, withdrawals, benefit payments, transfers and policy charges. Average separate account balances decreased in the current period, compared to the prior period, due to less favorable equity market performance.
Unless
otherwise noted, all amounts in the following discussions of our results of operations are stated before income tax except for adjusted earnings, which are presented net of income tax.
GMLB Riders. We directly issue variable annuity products with guarantee riders (“GMLB Riders”) under which we have the obligation to protect policyholders against the possibility that a downturn in the markets will reduce the specified benefits. Any periods of significant and/or sustained downturns in equity markets, increased equity volatility, or reduced interest
rates could result in an increase in the valuation of these liabilities. An increase in these liabilities would result in a decrease to our net income (loss) available to shareholders, which could be significant. To mitigate this exposure, all of the economic risk associated with the GMLB Riders is currently ceded under reinsurance agreements with BLIC. Certain features of the ceded GMLBs are accounted for as embedded derivatives, even when those same features are not accounted for as embedded derivatives on the directly written GMLBs. This difference in accounting may result in significant fluctuations in net income (loss) when a change in the fair value of the reinsurance receivable is recorded in net income (loss) with only a partial corresponding offset in the value of the directly written GMLBs. See “— Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates — Derivatives.”
Shield Annuities currently offered
provide the ability for the contract holder to participate in the appreciation of certain financial markets up to a stated level, while offering protection from a portion of declines in the applicable indices or benchmark. We believe that Shield Annuities may provide us with risk offset to the direct liabilities related to the GMLB’s and therefore include them with the GMLB Riders. We use derivative instruments, primarily equity options, to hedge against our exposure to changes in fair value of the Shield Annuities.
Other Derivative Instruments. In addition to derivatives included in GMLB Riders, we enter into other freestanding derivative instruments primarily to hedge foreign currency risks when we have foreign denominated fixed maturity securities backing our U.S dollar denominated
liabilities. The changes in fair value of the hedges are accounted for in net income (loss), through net derivative gains (losses), while the offsetting economic impact on the items they are hedging are either not recognized or recognized in equity through other comprehensive income.
Pre-tax Adjusted Earnings. As more fully described in “— Non-GAAP and Other Financial Disclosures,” we use adjusted earnings, which does not equate to net income (loss) available to shareholders, as determined in accordance with GAAP. We believe that the presentation of adjusted earnings, as we measure it for management purposes, enhances the understanding of our performance by highlighting the results of operations and the underlying profitability drivers of the business. Adjusted earnings and other financial measures based on adjusted earnings
allow analysis of our performance relative to our business plan and facilitate comparisons to industry results. Adjusted earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for net income (loss).
Net income before provision for income tax was $42.9 million ($37.9 million net of income tax), an increase of $91.9 million (decrease of $13.9 million net of income tax) from a loss before provision for income tax of $48.9 million (net income of $51.8 million, net of income tax) in the prior period.
The improvement
in income before provision for income tax was driven by the following key favorable items:
•
a charge recognized in the prior period from the recapture of ceded reinsurance agreements covering certain risks of our variable annuity business;
•
a net favorable change to our variable annuity embedded derivatives, as the favorable impacts to the ceded reinsurance driven by lower equity markets, was only partially offset by unfavorable changes on the directly written; and
a favorable change in the fair value of the Shield Annuities embedded derivatives, which was partially offset by the unfavorable change in the equity options hedging against this change in fair value.
The increase in income before provision for income tax was partially offset by the following key unfavorable items:
•
lower adjusted earnings discussed in detail below; and
•
higher
current period net losses on the sale of fixed maturity securities compared to the prior period.
The provision for income tax in the current period led to an effective tax rate of 12%. Our effective tax rate primarily differs from the statutory tax rate due to the impacts of the dividends received deductions and tax credits. In the prior period, we also recognized a tax benefit of $77.3 million due to the enactment of the Tax Act. This adjustment resulted in an effective tax rate percentage that is not meaningful for comparison purposes and accordingly has not been presented.
Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to Adjusted Earnings
lower
retained fees related to the recapture and novation of ceded reinsurance agreements covering certain variable annuity contracts in the prior period; and
◦
the unfavorable impact from a benefit recognized in the prior period from the recapture of yearly renewable term reinsurance in our life business;
•
higher costs from insurance-related activities due to:
◦
unfavorable change
in the fair value of the underlying ceded separate account assets under a related party reinsurance agreement for certain variable annuity contracts; and
◦
a benefit recognized in the prior period from a change in the amortization period for deferred sales inducements in connection with the annual actuarial review; partially offset by
◦
lower net costs of reinsurance in our life business from the recapture of reinsurance
agreements in the prior period.
The decrease in adjusted earnings was partially offset by higher net investment spread reflecting a higher net invested asset base due to the Portfolio Realignment.
The provision for income tax in the current period led to an effective tax rate of 14%. Our effective tax rate primarily differs from the statutory tax rate due to the impacts of the dividends received deductions and tax credits. In the prior period, we also recognized a tax benefit of $77.3 million due to the enactment of the Tax Act. This adjustment resulted in an effective tax rate percentage that is not meaningful for comparison purposes and accordingly has not been presented.
Effects of Inflation
Management
believes that inflation has not had a material effect on the Company’s results of operations, except insofar as inflation may affect interest rates.
An increase in inflation could affect our business in several ways. During inflationary periods, the value of fixed income investments falls which could increase realized and unrealized losses. Inflation also increases expenses for labor and other materials, potentially putting pressure on profitability if such costs cannot be passed through in our product prices. Prolonged and elevated inflation could adversely affect the financial markets and the economy generally and dispelling it may require governments to pursue a restrictive fiscal and monetary policy, which could constrain overall economic activity, inhibit revenue growth and reduce the number of attractive investment opportunities.
Off-Balance
Sheet Arrangements
Collateral for Derivatives
We enter into derivatives to manage various risks relating to our ongoing business operations. We had no non-cash collateral derivatives at both December 31, 2018 and 2017. See Note 7 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for information regarding the earned income on and the gross notional amount, estimated fair value of assets and liabilities and primary underlying risk exposure of our derivatives.
Guarantees
See
“Guarantees” in Note 12 of the Notes to the Financial Statements.
Other
Additionally, we enter into mortgage loan commitments for the purpose of enhancing the total return on our investment portfolio. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for information on the investment income, investment expense, gains and losses from such investments, as well as for information on our investments in mortgage loans.
Other than the commitments disclosed in Note 12 of the Notes to the Financial Statements, there are no other material obligations or liabilities arising from the commitments to fund mortgage loans.
Policyholder
Liabilities
We establish, and carry as liabilities, actuarially determined amounts that are calculated to meet policy obligations or to provide for future annuity payments. Amounts for actuarial liabilities are computed and reported in the financial statements in conformity with GAAP. For more details on policyholder liabilities, see “— Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates.”
Due to the nature of the underlying risks and the uncertainty associated with the determination of actuarial liabilities, we cannot precisely determine the amounts that will ultimately be paid with respect to these actuarial liabilities, and the ultimate amounts may vary from the estimated amounts, particularly when payments may not occur until well into the future.
We periodically review the assumptions supporting our estimates of actuarial liabilities for future policy benefits. We revise estimates, to the extent permitted or required under GAAP, if we determine that future expected experience differs from assumptions used in the development of actuarial liabilities. We charge or credit changes in our liabilities to expenses in the period the liabilities are established or re-estimated. If the liabilities originally established for future benefit payments prove inadequate, we must increase them. Such an increase could adversely affect our earnings and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We have experienced, and will likely in the future experience, catastrophe losses and possibly acts of terrorism, as well as turbulent financial markets that may
have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Due to their nature, we cannot predict the incidence, timing, severity or amount of losses from catastrophes and acts of terrorism, but we make broad use of catastrophic and non-catastrophic reinsurance to manage risk from these perils.
Pursuant to applicable insurance laws and regulations, the Company establishes statutory reserves, reported as liabilities, to meet its obligations on its policies. These statutory reserves are established in amounts sufficient to meet policy and contract obligations, when taken together with expected future premiums and interest at assumed rates. Statutory reserves and actuarial liabilities for future policy benefits generally
differ based on accounting guidance.
New York Insurance Law and regulations require us to submit to the NYDFS, with each annual report, an opinion and memorandum of a “qualified actuary” that the statutory reserves and related actuarial amounts recorded in support of specified policies and contracts, and the assets supporting such statutory reserves and related actuarial amounts, make adequate provision for our statutory liabilities with respect to these obligations. See “— Regulation — Insurance Regulation — Policy and Contract Reserve Adequacy Analysis.”
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
Our
business and results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the global capital markets and the economy generally. Stressed conditions, volatility or disruptions in global capital markets, particular markets or financial asset classes can impact us adversely, in part because we have a large investment portfolio and our insurance liabilities and derivatives are sensitive to changing market factors.
Liquidity and Capital Management
Based upon our capitalization, expectations regarding maintaining our ratings, business mix and funding sources available to us, we believe we have sufficient liquidity to meet business requirements under current market conditions and certain stress scenarios. We continuously monitor and adjust our liquidity and capital plans in light of market conditions, as well
as changing needs and opportunities.
We maintain a substantial short-term liquidity position, which was $96.5 million and $80.8 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Short-term liquidity is comprised of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, excluding assets that are pledged or otherwise committed. Assets pledged or otherwise committed include amounts received in connection with derivatives and assets held on deposit or in trust.
An integral part of our liquidity management includes managing our level of liquid assets, which was $2.0 billion
and $1.9 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017. Liquid assets are comprised of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and publicly-traded securities, excluding assets that are pledged or otherwise committed. Assets pledged or otherwise committed include amounts received in connection with derivatives and assets held on deposit or in trust.
Rating Agencies
The following financial strength ratings represent each rating agency’s current opinion of our ability to pay obligations under insurance policies and contracts
in accordance with their terms and are not evaluations directed toward the protection of investors in our securities. Financial strength ratings are not statements of fact nor are they recommendations to purchase, hold or sell any security, contract or policy. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating.
Our financial strength ratings as of the date of this filing are indicated in the following table. All financial strength ratings have a stable outlook unless otherwise indicated.
“AAA
(extremely strong)” to “SD (Selective Default)” or “D (Default)”
Brighthouse Life Insurance Company of NY
A
NR
NR
A+ (1)
3rd of 16
5th
of 22
______________
NR = Not rated
(1) Negative outlook.
Additional information about financial strength ratings can be found on the respective websites of the rating agencies.
Rating agencies may continue to review and adjust our ratings. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business — A downgrade or a potential downgrade in our financial strength ratings could result in a loss of business and materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations” for an in-depth description of the impact of a ratings downgrade.
Sources
and Uses of Liquidity and Capital
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
The principal cash inflows from our insurance activities come from insurance premiums, annuity considerations and net investment income. The principal cash outflows are the result of various annuity and life insurance products, operating expenses and income tax, as well as interest expense when applicable. The primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of early contract holder and policyholder withdrawal.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
The principal cash inflows from our investment activities come from repayments of principal, proceeds from maturities and sales of investments, as well as settlements
of freestanding derivatives. The principal cash outflows relate to purchases of investments and settlements of freestanding derivatives. We typically can have a net cash outflow from investing activities because cash inflows from insurance operations are reinvested in accordance with our Asset Liability Management (“ALM”) discipline to fund insurance liabilities. We closely monitor and manage these risks through our comprehensive investment risk management process. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are the risk of default by debtors and market disruption.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
The principal cash flows from our financing activities come from deposits and withdrawal of funds associated with policyholder account balances and changes in collateral related to derivative activities, as well as occasional capital contributions from our
parent, Brighthouse Life Insurance Company. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are market disruption and the risk of early policyholder withdrawal.
Primary Uses of Liquidity and Capital
In addition to the summarized description of liquidity and capital uses discussed in “— Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital,” the following additional information is provided regarding our primary uses of liquidity and capital:
Insurance Liabilities
Liabilities arising from our insurance activities primarily relate to benefit payments under various annuity and life insurance products, as well as payments for policy surrenders, withdrawals and loans. Surrender or lapse behavior differs somewhat by product, but tends to occur in the ordinary course of business. During
the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, general account surrenders and withdrawals from our annuity products totaled $102.9 million and $68.3 million.
Pledged Collateral
We pledge collateral to, and have collateral pledged to us by, counterparties in connection with our derivatives. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had pledged no cash collateral. At December 31,
2018 and 2017, we were obligated to return cash collateral pledged to us by counterparties of $23.6 million and $5.4 million, respectively. See Note 7 of the Notes to the Financial Statements for additional information about pledged collateral.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About
Market Risk
Risk Management
We have an integrated process for managing risk exposures, which is coordinated among our Risk Management, Treasury, Actuarial and Investment Departments. The process is designed to assess and manage exposures on a company-wide basis. BHF has established a Balance Sheet Committee (“BSC”). The BSC is responsible for periodically reviewing all material financial risks to us and, in the event risks exceed desired tolerances, informs the Finance and Risk Committee of the Brighthouse Financial Inc. Board of Directors, considers possible courses of action and determines how best to resolve or mitigate such risks. In taking such actions, the BSC considers industry best practices and the current economic environment. The BSC also reviews and approves target investment portfolios
in order to align them with our liability profile and establishes guidelines and limits for various risk-taking departments, such as the Investment Department. Our Treasury Department is responsible for coordinating our ALM strategies throughout the enterprise. The membership of the BSC is comprised of the following members of Brighthouse’s senior management: Chief Executive Officer, Chief Risk Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Investment Officer.
Our significant market risk management practices include, but are not limited to the following:
Managing Interest Rate Risk
To manage interest rate risk, we employ product design, pricing and ALM strategies to mitigate the potential effects of interest rate movements. Product design and pricing strategies include the use of surrender charges or restrictions
on withdrawals in some products and the ability to reset crediting rates for certain products. Our ALM strategies include the use of derivatives and duration mismatch limits.
We analyze interest rate risk using various models, including multi-scenario cash flow projection models that forecast cash flows of the liabilities and their supporting investments, including derivatives. These projections involve evaluating the potential gain or loss on most of our in-force business under various increasing and decreasing interest rate environments. State insurance department regulations require that we perform some of these analyses annually as part of our review of the sufficiency of our regulatory reserves. We measure relative sensitivities of the value of our assets and liabilities to changes in key assumptions using internal models. These models reflect specific product characteristics and include assumptions based on current
and anticipated experience regarding lapse, mortality and interest crediting rates. In addition, these models include asset cash flow projections reflecting interest payments, sinking fund payments, principal payments, bond calls, prepayments and defaults.
We also use common industry metrics, such as duration and convexity, to measure the relative sensitivity of asset and liability values to changes in interest rates. In computing the duration of liabilities, we consider all policyholder guarantees and how indeterminate policy elements such as interest credits or dividends are set. Each asset portfolio has a duration target based on the liability duration and the investment objectives of that portfolio.
Managing Equity Market and Foreign Currency Risks
We manage equity market risk in a coordinated process across our Investment and Treasury
Departments primarily by holding sufficient capital to permit us to absorb modest losses, which may be temporary, from changes in equity markets and interest rates without adversely affecting our financial strength ratings and through the use of derivatives such as equity options. We may also employ reinsurance strategies to manage these exposures. Key management objectives include limiting losses, minimizing exposures to significant risks and providing additional capital capacity for future growth. The Investment and Treasury Departments are also responsible for managing the exposure to foreign currency denominated investments. We use foreign currency swaps and forwards to mitigate the exposure, risk of loss and financial statement volatility associated with foreign currency denominated fixed income investments.
Market Risk - Fair Value Exposures
We
regularly analyze our market risk exposure to interest rate, equity market price, credit spreads and foreign currency exchange rate risks. As a result of that analysis, we have determined that the estimated fair values of certain assets and liabilities are significantly exposed to changes in interest rates, and to a lesser extent, to changes in equity market prices and foreign currency exchange rates. We have exposure to market risk through our insurance and annuity operations and general account investment activities. For purposes of this discussion, “market risk” is defined as changes in fair value resulting from changes in interest rates, equity market prices, credit spreads and foreign currency exchange rates. We may have additional financial impacts, other than changes in fair value, which are beyond the scope of this discussion. See “Risk Factors” for additional disclosure regarding our market risk and related sensitivities.
Our fair value exposure to changes in interest rates arises most significantly from our interest rate sensitive liabilities and our holdings of fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans and derivatives that are used to support our policyholder liabilities. Our interest rate sensitive liabilities include policyholder account balances related to certain investment type contracts, and embedded derivatives in variable annuity contracts with guaranteed minimum benefits. Our fixed maturity securities including U.S. and foreign government bonds, securities issued by government agencies, corporate bonds, mortgage-backed and other ABS, and our commercial,
agricultural and residential mortgage loans, are exposed to changes in interest rates. We also use derivatives including swaps, caps, floors and options to mitigate the exposure related to interest rate risks from our product liabilities.
Equity Market
We have fair value exposure to equity market risk through certain liabilities that involve long-term guarantees on equity performance such as embedded derivatives in variable annuity contracts with guaranteed minimum benefits.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rates
Our fair value exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. dollar results from our holdings in non-U.S. dollar denominated fixed maturity securities and mortgage loans.
The principal currencies that create foreign currency exchange rate risk in our investment portfolios and liabilities are the Euro and the British pound. We economically hedge substantially all of our foreign currency exposure.
Risk Measurement: Sensitivity Analysis
In the following discussion and analysis, we measure market risk related to our market sensitive assets and liabilities based on changes in interest rates, equity market prices and foreign currency exchange rates using a sensitivity analysis. This analysis estimates the potential changes in estimated fair value based on a hypothetical 100 basis point change (increase or decrease) in interest rates, or a 10% change in equity market prices or foreign currency exchange rates. We believe that these changes in market rates and prices are reasonably
possible in the near term. In performing the analysis summarized below, we used market rates as of December 31, 2018. We modeled the impact of changes in market rates and prices on the estimated fair values of our market sensitive assets and liabilities as follows:
•
the estimated fair value of our interest rate sensitive exposures resulting from a 100 basis point change (increase or decrease) in interest rates;
•
the estimated fair value of our equity positions due to a 10% change
(increase or decrease) in equity market prices; and
•
the U.S. dollar equivalent of estimated fair values of our foreign currency exposures due to a 10% change (increase in the value of the U.S. dollar compared to the foreign currencies or decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar compared to the foreign currencies) in foreign currency exchange rates.
The sensitivity analysis is an estimate and should not be viewed as predictive of our future financial performance. Our actual losses in any particular period may vary from the amounts indicated in the table below. Limitations related to this sensitivity analysis include:
•
interest
sensitive liabilities do not include $728 million of insurance contracts, which are accounted for on a book value basis. Management believes that the changes in the economic value of those contracts under changing interest rates would offset a significant portion of the fair value changes of interest sensitive assets;
•
the market risk information is limited by the assumptions and parameters established in creating the related sensitivity analysis, including the impact of prepayment rates on mortgage loans;
•
foreign
currency exchange rate risk is not isolated for certain embedded derivatives within host asset and liability contracts, as the risk on these instruments is reflected as equity;
•
for derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting, the impact on reported earnings may be materially different from the change in market values; and
•
the model assumes that the composition of assets and liabilities remains unchanged throughout the
period.
Accordingly, we use such models as tools and not as substitutes for the experience and judgment of our management.
The table below illustrates the potential loss in estimated fair value of our interest sensitive financial instruments due to a 100 basis point increase in the yield curve by type of asset and liability as of:
Increase
(decrease) in fair value of derivative instruments
18,829
Net change
$
(224,488
)
______________
(1)
Separate
account assets and liabilities, which are interest rate sensitive, are not included herein as any interest rate risk is borne by the contract holder.
(2)
Embedded derivatives are recognized in the balance sheet in the same caption as the host contract.
(3)
Excludes $728 million of liabilities,
at carrying value, pursuant to insurance contracts reported within future policy benefits and other policy-related balances. Management believes that the changes in the economic value of those contracts under changing interest rates would offset a significant portion of the fair value changes of interest sensitive assets.
Sensitivity Summary
In the following paragraph, to conform with the same sensitivities applied as of December 31, 2018, the sensitivities to changes in interest rates presented as of December 31, 2017 have been recast to reflect the impact of a 100 basis point change
in interest rates.
Sensitivity to rising interest rates decreased by $15 million, or 6%, to $224 million at December 31, 2018 from $239 million at December 31, 2017.
Sensitivity to a 10% rise in equity prices decreased by $13 million, or 43%, to $17 million as of December 31, 2018 from $30 million at December 31, 2017.
As previously mentioned, we economically hedge substantially all of our foreign currency exposure such that the Company’s sensitivity to changes in foreign currencies is minimal.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT
REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the stockholder and the Board of Directors of Brighthouse Life Insurance Company of NY
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Brighthouse Life Insurance Company of NY (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholder’s equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and the schedules listed in the Index to Financial
Statements, Notes and Schedules (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the
Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error
or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures
in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Business
“BHNY”
and the “Company” refer to Brighthouse Life Insurance Company of NY, a New York domiciled life insurance company. Brighthouse Life Insurance Company of NY is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Brighthouse Life Insurance Company, which is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc. (“BHF,” together with its subsidiaries and affiliates, “Brighthouse Financial”). The Company markets and/or administers traditional life, universal life, variable annuity and fixed annuity products to individuals. The Company is licensed to transact business in the state of New York.
The
Company offers a range of individual annuities and individual life insurance products. The Company is organized into two segments: Annuities and Life. In addition, the Company reports certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other.
In 2016, MetLife announced its plan to pursue the separation of a substantial portion of its former U.S. retail business (the “Separation”.) Until the completion of the Separation on August 4, 2017, BHF was a wholly-owned subsidiary of MetLife, Inc. MetLife, Inc. undertook several actions, including an internal reorganization involving its U.S. retail business (the “Restructuring”) to include the
Company and certain affiliates in the separated business. In connection with the Restructuring, effective April 2017, following receipt of applicable regulatory approvals, MetLife, Inc. contributed certain affiliated reinsurance companies and the Company to Brighthouse Life Insurance. On July 28, 2017, MetLife, Inc. contributed Brighthouse Holdings, LLC, an intermediate holding company, to BHF, resulting in the Company becoming an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of BHF. On August 4, 2017, MetLife, Inc. completed the Separation through a distribution of
80.8% of MetLife, Inc.’s interest in BHF, to holders of MetLife, Inc. common stock.
On June 14, 2018, MetLife, Inc. divested its remaining shares of BHF common stock (the “MetLife Divestiture”). As a result, MetLife, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates are no longer considered related parties subsequent to the MetLife Divestiture.
Basis of Presentation
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to adopt accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported on the financial statements.
In applying these policies and estimates, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to the Company’s business and operations. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
Reclassifications
Certain amounts in the prior years’ financial statements and related footnotes thereto have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation as discussed throughout the Notes to the Financial Statements.
Since the Company is a member of
a controlled group of affiliated companies, its results may not be indicative of those of a stand-alone entity.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Insurance
Future Policy Benefit Liabilities and Policyholder Account Balances
The Company establishes liabilities for future amounts payable under insurance policies. Insurance liabilities are generally equal to the present value of future expected benefits to be paid, reduced by the present value of future expected net premiums. Assumptions used to measure the liability are based on the Company’s experience, and include a margin for adverse deviation. The principal assumptions
used in the establishment of liabilities for future policy benefits are mortality, policy lapse, policy renewal, investment returns, inflation, expenses and other contingent events as appropriate to the respective product type.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
For traditional
long duration insurance contracts (term, whole-life insurance and income annuities), assumptions are determined at issuance of the policy and are not updated unless a premium deficiency exists. A premium deficiency exists when the liability for future policy benefits plus the present value of expected future gross premiums are less than expected future benefits and expenses (based on current assumptions). When a premium deficiency exists, the Company will reduce any deferred acquisition costs and may also establish an additional liability to eliminate the deficiency. To assess whether a premium deficiency exists, the Company groups insurance contracts
based on the manner acquired, serviced and the measurement of profitability. In applying the profitability criteria, groupings are limited by segment.
In certain cases, the liability for an insurance product may be sufficient in the aggregate, but the pattern of future earnings may result in profits followed by losses. In these situations, the Company may establish an additional liability to offset the losses that are expected to be recognized in later years.
Policyholder account balances relate to customer deposits on universal life insurance and deferred annuity contracts and are equal to the sum of deposits, plus interest credited, less charges and withdrawals.
The
Company issues directly, certain variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits that provide the policyholder a minimum return based on their initial deposit (i.e., the benefit base) less withdrawals. These guarantees are accounted for as insurance liabilities or as embedded derivatives depending on how and when the benefit is paid. Specifically, a guarantee is accounted for as an embedded derivative if a guarantee is paid without requiring (i) the occurrence of specific insurable event, or (ii) the policyholder to annuitize. Alternatively, a guarantee is accounted for as an insurance liability if the guarantee is paid only upon either (i) the occurrence of a specific insurable event, or (ii) annuitization. In certain cases, a guarantee may have elements of both an insurance liability and an embedded derivative and in such cases the guarantee is split and accounted for under both models.
Guarantees accounted
for as insurance liabilities in future policy benefits include guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDBs”), the portion of guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIBs”) that require annuitization, and the life-contingent portion of guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWBs”).
Guarantees accounted for as embedded derivatives in policyholder account balances include the non life-contingent portion of GMWBs, guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMABs”) and the portion of GMIBs that do not require annuitization. At inception, the Company attributes to the embedded derivative a portion of the projected future guarantee fees to be collected from the policyholder equal to the present value of projected future guaranteed benefits. Any additional fees represent “excess” fees and are reported in universal
life and investment-type product policy fees.
Recognition of Insurance Revenues and Deposits
Premiums related to traditional life insurance and annuity contracts with life contingencies are recognized as revenues when due from policyholders. Policyholder benefits and expenses are provided to recognize profits over the estimated lives of the insurance policies. When premiums are due over a significantly shorter period than the period over which policyholder benefits are incurred, any excess profit is deferred and recognized into earnings in proportion to insurance in-force or, for annuities, the amount of expected future policy benefit payments.
Deposits related to universal life insurance and investment-type products are credited to policyholder
account balances. Revenues from such contracts consist of asset-based investment management fees, mortality charges, risk charges, policy administration fees, and surrender charges. These fees are recognized when assessed to the contract holder and are included in universal life and investment-type product policy fees on the statements of operations.
Premiums, policy fees, policyholder benefits and expenses are presented net of reinsurance.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs, Value of Business Acquired and Other Intangibles
The Company incurs significant costs in connection with acquiring new and renewal insurance business. Costs that are related directly to the successful acquisition or renewal of insurance contracts are capitalized as DAC.
These costs mainly consist of commissions, and include the portion of employees’ compensation and benefits related to time spent selling, underwriting or processing the issuance of new insurance contracts. All other acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.
Value of business acquired (“VOBA”) is an intangible asset resulting from a business combination that represents the excess of book value over the estimated fair value of acquired insurance, annuity, and investment-type contracts in-force as of the acquisition date. The estimated fair value of the acquired contracts is based on projections, by each block of business,
of future policy and contract charges, premiums, mortality and morbidity, separate account performance, surrenders, operating expenses, investment returns, nonperformance risk adjustment and other factors.
The Company amortizes DAC and VOBA related to term life insurance, non-participating whole-life and immediate annuities over the appropriate premium paying period in proportion to the actual and expected future gross premiums that were set at contract issue. The expected premiums are based upon the premium requirement of each policy and assumptions for mortality, persistency and investment returns at policy issuance, or policy acquisition (as it relates
to VOBA), include provisions for adverse deviation, and are consistent with the assumptions used to calculate future policy benefit liabilities. These assumptions are not revised after policy issuance or acquisition unless the DAC or VOBA balance is deemed to be unrecoverable from future expected profits.
The Company amortizes DAC and VOBA on deferred annuities, universal life and variable life insurance contracts over the estimated lives of the contracts in proportion to actual and expected future gross profits. The amortization includes interest based on rates in effect at inception or acquisition of the contracts.
The amount of future gross profits is dependent principally upon investment returns in excess of the amounts credited to policyholders, mortality, persistency, benefit elections and withdrawals, interest crediting rates, and expenses to administer the business. When significant negative gross profits are expected in future periods, the Company substitutes the amount of insurance in-force for expected future gross profits as the amortization basis for DAC.
Assumptions for DAC and VOBA are reviewed at least annually, and if they change significantly, the cumulative DAC and VOBA amortization is re-estimated and adjusted by a cumulative charge or credit to net income. When expected future gross profits are below those previously estimated, the DAC and VOBA amortization will increase, resulting in a current period charge to net income. The opposite
result occurs when the expected future gross profits are above the previously estimated expected future gross profits.
The Company updates expected future gross profits to reflect the actual gross profits for each period, including changes to its nonperformance risk related to embedded derivatives and the actual amount of business remaining in-force. When actual gross profits exceed those previously estimated, the DAC and VOBA amortization will increase, resulting in a current period charge to net income. The opposite result occurs when the actual gross profits are below the previously expected future gross profits.
DAC and VOBA balances on deferred annuities, universal and variable life insurance contracts
are also adjusted to reflect the effect of investment gains and losses and certain embedded derivatives (including changes in nonperformance risk). These adjustments can create fluctuations in net income from period to period. Changes in DAC and VOBA balances related to unrealized gains and losses are recorded to other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”).
DAC and VOBA balances and amortization for variable contracts can be significantly impacted by changes in expected future gross profits related to projected separate account rates of return. The Company’s practice of determining changes in separate account returns assumes that long-term appreciation in equity markets is only changed when sustained interim deviations are expected. The
Company monitors these events and only changes the assumption when its long-term expectation changes.
Periodically, the Company modifies product benefits, features, rights or coverages that occur by the exchange of an existing contract for a new contract, or by amendment, endorsement, or rider to a contract, or by election or coverage within a contract. If a modification is considered to have substantially changed the contract,
the associated DAC or VOBA is written off immediately as net income and any new acquisition costs associated with the replacement contract are deferred. If the modification does not substantially change the contract, the DAC or VOBA amortization on the original contract will continue and any acquisition costs associated with the related modification are expensed.
(An
Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
See Note 4 for additional information on DAC and VOBA.
The Company also has deferred sales inducements (“DSI”) and value of distribution agreements (“VODA”) which are included in other assets. The Company defers sales inducements and amortizes them over the life of the policy using the same methodology and assumptions used to amortize DAC.
The amortization of DSI is included in policyholder benefits and claims. VODA represents the present value of expected future profits associated with the expected future business derived from the distribution agreements acquired as part of a business combination. The VODA associated with past business combinations is amortized over useful lives ranging from 10 to 40 years and such amortization is included in other expenses. Each year, or more frequently if circumstances indicate a possible impairment exists, the Company reviews DSI and VODA to determine whether the assets are impaired.
Reinsurance
The Company enters
into reinsurance arrangements pursuant to which it cedes certain insurance risks to unaffiliated and related-party reinsurers. Cessions under reinsurance agreements do not discharge the Company’s obligations as the primary insurer. The accounting for reinsurance arrangements depends on whether the arrangement provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk in accordance with GAAP.
For ceded reinsurance of existing in-force blocks of insurance contracts that transfer significant insurance risk, the difference, if any, between the amounts paid, and the liabilities ceded related to the underlying contracts is considered the net cost
of reinsurance at the inception of the reinsurance agreement. The net cost of reinsurance is recorded as an adjustment to DAC when there is a gain at inception on the ceding entity and to other liabilities when there is a loss at inception. The net cost of reinsurance is recognized as a component of other expenses when there is a gain at inception and as policyholder benefits and claims when there is a loss and is subsequently amortized on a basis consistent with the methodology used for amortizing DAC related to the underlying reinsured contracts.
If the Company determines that a reinsurance agreement does not expose the reinsurer to a reasonable possibility of a significant loss from insurance risk, the
Company records the agreement using the deposit method of accounting. Deposits received are included in other liabilities and deposits made are included within premiums, reinsurance and other receivables. As amounts are paid or received, consistent with the underlying contracts, the deposit assets or liabilities are adjusted. Interest on such deposits is recorded as other revenues or other expenses, as appropriate. Periodically, the Company evaluates the adequacy of the expected payments or recoveries and adjusts the deposit asset or liability through other revenues or other expenses, as appropriate.
The funds withheld liability represents amounts withheld by the
Company in accordance with the terms of the reinsurance agreements. Under certain reinsurance agreements, the Company withholds the funds rather than transferring the underlying investments and, as a result, records a funds withheld liability within other liabilities. The Company recognizes interest on funds withheld, included in other expenses, at rates defined by the terms of the agreement which may be contractually specified or directly related to the investment portfolio. Certain funds withheld arrangements may also contain embedded derivatives measured at fair value that are related to the investment return on the assets withheld.
The Company cedes the risk
associated with the variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefits to Brighthouse Life Insurance Company. Certain features of the ceded guarantees are accounted for as an embedded derivative and measured at fair value.
Index-linked annuities
The Company issues index-linked annuities. The crediting rate associated with index-linked annuities is accounted for at fair value as an embedded derivative. The estimated fair value is determined using a combination of an option pricing model and an option-budget approach. Under this approach, the company estimates the cost of funding the crediting rate using option pricing and establishes that cost on the balance sheet as a reduction to the initial deposit amount.
In subsequent periods, the embedded derivative is remeasured at fair value while the account value is accreted up to the initial deposit over the estimated life of the contract.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(continued)
Investments
Net Investment Income and Net Investment Gains (Losses)
Income from investments is reported within net investment income, unless otherwise stated herein. Gains and losses on sales of investments, impairment losses and changes in valuation allowances are reported within net investment gains (losses), unless otherwise stated herein.
Fixed Maturity Securities Available-For-Sale
The Company’s fixed maturity securities are classified as available-for-sale (“AFS”) and are reported at their estimated fair value. Unrealized investment gains and losses on these securities are recorded as a separate component of OCI, net
of policy-related amounts and deferred income taxes. All security transactions are recorded on a trade date basis. Investment gains and losses on sales are determined on a specific identification basis.
Interest income and prepayment fees are recognized when earned. Interest income is recognized using an effective yield method giving effect to amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts and is based on the estimated economic life of the securities, which for residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) and asset-backed securities (“ABS”) (collectively, “Structured Securities”) considers the estimated timing and amount of prepayments of the underlying loans. The amortization of premium and accretion of discount of fixed maturity securities also takes into consideration call and maturity dates.
Amortization
of premium and accretion of discount on Structured Securities considers the estimated timing and amount of prepayments of the underlying loans. Actual prepayment experience is periodically reviewed, and effective yields are recalculated when differences arise between the originally anticipated and the actual prepayments received and currently anticipated. Prepayment assumptions for Structured Securities are estimated using inputs obtained from third-party specialists and based on management’s knowledge of the current market. For credit-sensitive Structured Securities and certain prepayment-sensitive securities, the effective yield is recalculated on a prospective basis. For all other Structured Securities, the effective yield is recalculated on a retrospective basis
The Company periodically evaluates fixed maturity securities for impairment.
The assessment of whether impairments have occurred is based on management’s case-by-case evaluation of the underlying reasons for the decline in estimated fair value, as well as an analysis of the gross unrealized losses by severity and/or age. See Note 6 “— Evaluation of AFS Securities for OTTI and Evaluating Temporarily Impaired AFS Securities.”
For fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position, an other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) is recognized in earnings when it is anticipated that the amortized cost will not be recovered. When either: (i) the Company has the intent to sell the security; or (ii) it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the
security before recovery, the OTTI recognized in earnings is the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost and estimated fair value. If neither of these conditions exists, the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the present value of projected future cash flows expected to be collected is recognized as an OTTI in earnings (“credit loss”). If the estimated fair value is less than the present value of projected future cash flows expected to be collected, this portion of OTTI related to other-than-credit factors (“noncredit loss”) is recorded in OCI.
Mortgage Loans
Mortgage loans are stated at unpaid principal balance, adjusted for any unamortized premium or discount and any deferred fees or expenses, and are net of valuation allowances. Interest income and prepayment fees are recognized when earned. Interest income is recognized using
an effective yield method giving effect to amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts.
Other Invested Assets
Other invested assets consist principally of freestanding derivatives with positive estimated fair values which are described in “— Derivatives” below.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation
and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Derivatives
Freestanding Derivatives
Freestanding derivatives are carried on the Company’s balance sheet either as assets within other invested assets or as liabilities within other liabilities at estimated fair value. The Company does not offset the estimated fair value amounts recognized for derivatives executed with the same counterparty under the same master netting agreement.
If a derivative is not designated as an accounting hedge or its use in managing risk does not qualify for hedge accounting, changes in the estimated fair value of
the derivative are reported in net derivative gains (losses).
Hedge Accounting
The Company primarily designates derivatives as a hedge of a forecasted transaction or a variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (“cash flow hedge”). When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge and is determined to be highly effective, changes in fair value are recorded in OCI and subsequently reclassified into the statement of operations when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item.
To qualify for hedge accounting, at the inception of the hedging relationship, the
Company formally documents its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedging transaction, as well as its designation of the hedge. In its hedge documentation, the Company sets forth how the hedging instrument is expected to hedge the designated risks related to the hedged item and sets forth the method that will be used to retrospectively and prospectively assess the hedging instrument’s effectiveness and the method that will be used to measure ineffectiveness. A derivative designated as a hedging instrument must be assessed as being highly effective in offsetting the designated risk of the hedged item. Hedge effectiveness is formally assessed at inception and at least quarterly throughout the life of the designated hedging relationship
The
Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when: (i) it is determined that the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of a hedged item; (ii) the derivative expires, is sold, terminated, or exercised; (iii) it is no longer probable that the hedged forecasted transaction will occur; or (iv) the derivative is de-designated as a hedging instrument.
When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is determined that the derivative is not highly effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of a hedged item, the derivative continues to be carried on the balance sheet at its estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value recognized in net derivative gains (losses). Provided the hedged forecasted transaction is still probable of occurrence, the changes in estimated fair value of derivatives recorded in OCI related to discontinued cash flow hedges are released into
the statement of operations when the Company’s earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item.
In all other situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued, the derivative is carried at its estimated fair value on the balance sheet, with changes in its estimated fair value recognized in the current period as net derivative gains (losses).
Embedded Derivatives
The Company sells variable and indexed-linked annuities and is a party to certain reinsurance agreements that have embedded derivatives. The Company assesses each identified embedded derivative
to determine whether it is required to be bifurcated and measured at fair value, separately from the host contract. The Company bifurcates embedded derivatives when a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative would qualify as a derivative instrument, the terms of the embedded derivative are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract and the underlying contract is not already measured at estimated fair value with changes recorded in earnings.
See “— Variable Annuity Guarantees”, “Index-Linked
Annuities” and “— Reinsurance” for additional information on the accounting policies for embedded derivatives bifurcated from variable annuity and reinsurance host contracts.
Fair Value
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. In most cases, the exit price and the transaction (or entry) price will be the same at initial recognition.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
In determining the estimated fair value of the Company’s investments, fair values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical investments in active markets that are readily and regularly obtainable. When such quoted prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted prices in markets that are not active, quoted prices for similar but not identical investments, or other
observable inputs. If these inputs are not available, or observable inputs are not determinable, unobservable inputs and/or adjustments to observable inputs requiring management judgment are used to determine the estimated fair value of investments.
Separate Accounts
Separate accounts underlying the Company’s variable life and annuity contracts are reported at fair value. Assets in separate accounts supporting the contract liabilities are legally insulated from the Company’s general account liabilities. Investments in these separate
accounts are directed by the contract holder and all investment performance, net of contract fees and assessments, is passed through to the contract holder. Investment performance and the corresponding amounts credited to contract holders of such separate accounts are offset within the same line on the statements of operations.
Separate accounts that do not pass all investment performance to the contract holder, including those underlying certain index-linked annuities, are
combined on a line-by-line basis with the Company’s general account assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. The accounting for investments in these separate accounts is consistent with the methodologies described herein for similar financial instruments held within the general account.
The Company receives asset-based distribution and service fees from mutual funds available to the variable life and annuity contract holders as investment options in its separate accounts. These fees are recognized in the period in which the related services are performed and are included in other revenues in the statement of operations.
Income
Tax
Income taxes as presented herein attribute current and deferred income taxes of MetLife, Inc., for periods up until the Separation, to Brighthouse Financial in a manner that is systematic, rational and consistent with the asset and liability method prescribed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) guidance Accounting Standards Codification 740 - Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). The Company’s income tax provision was prepared following the modified separate return method. The modified separate return method applies ASC 740 to the stand-alone financial statements of each member of the consolidated group as if the group member were a separate taxpayer and a stand-alone enterprise, after providing benefits for losses. The Company’s
accounting for income taxes represents management’s best estimate of various events and transactions.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities resulting from temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities are measured at the balance sheet date using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years the temporary differences are expected to reverse.
The realization of deferred tax assets depends upon the existence of sufficient taxable income within the carryback or carryforward periods under the tax law in the applicable tax jurisdiction. Valuation allowances are established when management determines, based on available information, that it is more likely than not that deferred income tax assets will not be realized. Significant judgment is required in determining whether valuation allowances should be established, as
well as the amount of such allowances. When making such determination, the Company considers many factors, including the jurisdiction in which the deferred tax asset was generated, the length of time that carryforward can be utilized in the various taxing jurisdictions, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, taxable income in prior carryback years, tax planning strategies and the nature, frequency, and amount of cumulative financial reporting income and losses in recent years.
The Company may be required to change its provision for income taxes when estimates used in determining valuation allowances on deferred tax assets significantly change or when
receipt of new information indicates the need for adjustment in valuation allowances. Additionally, the effect of changes in tax laws, tax regulations, or interpretations of such laws or regulations, is recognized in net income tax expense (benefit) in the period of change.
The Company determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination by the appropriate taxing authorities before any part of the benefit can be recorded on the financial statements. A tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. Unrecognized tax benefits due to tax uncertainties that do not meet the threshold are included within other liabilities and are charged to earnings in the period that such determination is made.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
The Company classifies interest recognized as interest expense and penalties recognized as a component of income tax expense.
On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“the Tax Act”) into law. The Tax Act reduced the corporate tax rate to 21%, limited deductibility
of interest expense, increased capitalization amounts for deferred acquisition costs, eliminated the corporate alternative minimum tax, provided for determining reserve deductions as 92.81% of statutory reserves, and reduced the dividend received deduction. Most of the changes in the Tax Act were effective as of January 1, 2018.
In December 2017, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission issued Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) 118, addressing the application of GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have necessary information available to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act. SAB 118 provides guidance for registrants under three scenarios: (1) the measurement of certain income tax effects is complete, (2) the measurement of certain income tax effects can be reasonably estimated, and (3) the measurement of certain income tax
effects cannot be reasonably estimated. SAB 118 provides that the measurement period is complete when a company’s accounting is complete. The measurement period cannot extend beyond one year from the enactment date. The Company completed its accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act as of December 31, 2018.
The corporate rate reduction also left certain tax effects, which were originally recorded using the previous corporate rate, stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). The Company adopted new accounting guidance as of December 31, 2017 that allowed the
Company to reclassify the stranded tax effects from AOCI into retained earnings. The Company elected to reclassify amounts based on the difference between the previously enacted statutory tax rate and the newly enacted rate as applied on an aggregate basis. See Note 11 for more information.
Litigation Contingencies
The Company is a party to a number of legal actions and may be involved in a number of regulatory investigations. Given the inherent unpredictability of these matters, it is difficult to estimate the impact, on the Company’s financial position. Liabilities are
established when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs are recognized as incurred. On a quarterly and annual basis, the Company reviews relevant information with respect to liabilities for litigation, regulatory investigations and litigation-related contingencies to be reflected on the Company’s financial statements.
Other Accounting Policies
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid securities and other investments purchased with an original or remaining maturity of three months or
less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are stated at amortized cost, which approximates estimated fair value.
Employee Benefit Plans
Through December 31, 2016, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (“MLIC”), a former affiliate, provided and the Company contributed to defined benefit pension and postemployment plans for its employees and retirees. MLIC also provides and the Company contributes to a postretirement medical and life insurance benefit plan for certain retired employees. Within its statement of operations, the Company has included
expense associated with its participants in these plans.
Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
Changes to GAAP are established by the FASB in the form of accounting standards updates (“ASU”) to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs. ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. The following table provides a description of new ASUs issued by the FASB and the expected impact of the adoption on the Company’s financial statements.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Except as noted below, the ASUs adopted by the Company during 2018 did not have a material impact on its financial statements. ASUs adopted as of December 31, 2018 are summarized in the table below.
Standard
Description
Effective
Date
Impact on Financial Statements
ASU 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)
For those contracts that are impacted, the guidance will require an entity to recognize revenue upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled, in exchange for those goods or services.
The
adoption did not have an impact on the Company’s financial statements other than expanded disclosures in Note 10.
ASUs issued but not yet adopted as of December 31, 2018 are summarized in the table below.
Standard
Description
Effective Date
Impact on Financial Statements
ASU
2018-15, Intangibles- Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350- 40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract
The amendments to Topic 350 require the capitalization of certain implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. The requirements align with the existing requirements to capitalize implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software.
January 1, 2020 using the prospective method or retrospective method (with early adoption permitted)
The
Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its financial statements.
ASU 2018-12, Financial Services -Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts
The amendments to Topic 944 will result in significant changes to the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts. These changes (1) require all guarantees that qualify as market risk benefits to be measured at fair value, (2) require more frequent updating of assumptions and modify existing discount rate requirements for certain insurance
liabilities, (3) modify the methods of amortization for deferred acquisition costs, and (4) require new qualitative and quantitative disclosures around insurance contract asset and liability balances and the judgments, assumptions and methods used to measure those balances.
January 1, 2021 using a modified retrospective method for the new market risk benefit guidance and prospective methods for the increased frequency of updating assumptions, the new discount rate requirements and DAC amortization changes. Early adoption is permitted
The Company is in the early stages of evaluating the new guidance and therefore is
unable to estimate the impact to its financial statements.
ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities
The amendments to Topic 815 (i) refine and expand the criteria for achieving hedge accounting on certain hedging strategies, (ii) require the earnings effect of the hedging instrument be presented in the same line item in which the earnings effect of the hedged item is reported, and (iii) eliminate the requirement to separately measure and report hedge ineffectiveness.
January 1, 2019 using modified retrospective method (with early adoption permitted)
The
Company does not expect a material impact on its financial statements from adoption of the new guidance.
ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
The amendments to Topic 326 replace the incurred loss impairment methodology for certain financial instruments with one that reflects expected credit losses based on historical loss information, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The new guidance also requires that an OTTI on a debt security will be recognized as an allowance going forward, such that improvements in expected future cash flows after an impairment will no longer be reflected as a prospective yield adjustment through net investment income, but rather a reversal of the previous impairment and recognized through realized
investment gains and losses.
The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its financial statements. The Company expects the most significant impacts to be earlier recognition of impairments on mortgage loan investments.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
2. Segment Information
The Company is organized into two segments: Annuities and Life. In addition, the Company reports certain of its results of operations in Corporate & Other.
Annuities
The
Annuities segment consists of a variety of variable, fixed, index-linked and income annuities designed to address contract holders’ needs for protected wealth accumulation on a tax-deferred basis, wealth transfer and income security.
Life
The Life segment consists of insurance products and services, including term, whole and universal life products designed to address policyholders’ needs for financial security and protected wealth transfer, which may be provided on a tax-advantaged basis.
Corporate & Other
Corporate & Other contains the excess capital not allocated to the segments and expenses associated with certain legal proceedings and income tax audit issues. Corporate & Other also includes
the elimination of intersegment amounts and a portion of MetLife’s former U.S. insurance business sold direct to consumers, which is no longer being offered for new sales.
Financial Measures and Segment Accounting Policies
Adjusted earnings is a financial measure used by management to evaluate performance, allocate resources and facilitate comparisons to industry results. Consistent with GAAP guidance for segment reporting, adjusted earnings is also used to measure segment performance. The Company believes the presentation of adjusted earnings, as the Company measures it for management purposes, enhances the understanding of its performance by highlighting the results of operations and the underlying profitability
drivers of the business. Adjusted earnings should not be viewed as a substitute for net income (loss).
Adjusted earnings, which may be positive or negative, focuses on the Company’s primary businesses principally by excluding (i) the impact of market volatility, which could distort trends, and (ii) businesses that have been or will be sold or exited by the Company, referred to as divested businesses.
The following are significant items excluded from total revenues, net of income tax, in calculating adjusted earnings:
•
Net
investment gains (losses);
•
Net derivative gains (losses) except earned income on derivatives and amortization of premium on derivatives that are hedges of investments or that are used to replicate certain investments, but do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment; and
•
Amortization of unearned revenue related to net investment gains (losses) and net derivative gains (losses) and certain variable annuity GMIB fees (“GMIB Fees”).
The
following are significant items excluded from total expenses, net of income tax, in calculating adjusted earnings:
•
Amounts associated with benefits and hedging costs related to GMIBs (“GMIB Costs”);
•
Amounts associated with periodic crediting rate adjustments based on the total return of a contractually referenced pool of assets and market value adjustments associated with surrenders or terminations of contracts
(“Market Value Adjustments”); and
•
Amortization of DAC and VOBA related to: (i) net investment gains (losses), (ii) net derivative gains (losses), (iii) GMIB Fees and GMIB Costs and (iv) Market Value Adjustments.
The tax impact of the adjustments mentioned above is calculated net of the statutory tax rate, which could differ from the Company’s effective tax rate.
Set forth in the tables below is certain financial information with respect to the
Company’s segments, as well as Corporate & Other, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and at December 31, 2018 and 2017. The segment accounting policies are the same as those used to prepare the Company’s financial statements, except for the adjustments to calculate adjusted earnings described above. In addition, segment accounting policies include the methods of capital allocation described below.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
2. Segment Information (continued)
Beginning in the first quarter of 2018, the Company changed the methodology for how capital is allocated to segments and, in some cases, products (the “Portfolio Realignment”). Segment investment and capitalization targets are now based on statutory oriented risk principles and metrics. Segment invested assets backing liabilities are based on net statutory liabilities plus excess capital.
For the variable annuity business, the excess capital held is based on the target statutory total asset requirement consistent with the Company’s variable annuity risk management strategy. For insurance businesses other than variable annuities, excess capital held is based on a percentage of required statutory risk-based capital (“RBC”). Assets in excess of those allocated to the segments, if any, are held in Corporate & Other. Segment net investment income reflects the performance of each segment’s respective invested assets.
Previously, invested assets held in the segments were based on net GAAP liabilities. Excess capital was retained in Corporate & Other and allocated to segments based on an internally developed statistics based capital model intended to capture the material risks to which the
Company was exposed (referred to as “allocated equity”). Surplus assets in excess of the combined allocations to the segments were held in Corporate & Other with net investment income being credited back to the segments at a predetermined rate. Any excess or shortfall in net investment income from surplus assets was recognized in Corporate & Other.
The Portfolio Realignment had no effect on the Company’s net income (loss) or adjusted earnings, but it did impact segment results for the year ended December 31, 2018. It was not practicable to determine the impact of the Portfolio Realignment to adjusted earnings in prior periods; however, the Company estimates that pre-tax adjusted earnings
in the Life segment for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased between $8 million and $20 million as a result of the change. Impacts to the Annuities segment and Corporate & Other would not have been significantly different under the previous allocation method.
In addition, the total assets recognized in the segments changed as a result of the Portfolio Realignment. Total assets (on a book value basis) in the Annuities and Life segments increased approximately $640 million and approximately $875 million, respectively, under the new allocation method. Corporate & Other experienced decreases in total assets of approximately $1.5 billion
as a result of the Portfolio Realignment.
The
following table presents total premiums, universal life and investment-type product policy fees and other revenues by major product groups of the Company’s segments, as well as Corporate & Other:
All
of the Company’s premiums, universal life and investment-type product policy fees and other revenues originated in the U.S.
Revenues derived from any individual customer did not exceed 10% of premiums, universal life and investment-type product policy fees and other revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
3. Insurance
Insurance Liabilities
Insurance
liabilities, including affiliated insurance liabilities on reinsurance ceded, are comprised of future policy benefits, policyholder account balances and other policy-related balances. Information regarding insurance liabilities by segment, as well as Corporate & Other, was as follows at:
See
Note 5 for discussion of affiliated reinsurance liabilities included in the table above.
Assumptions for Future Policyholder Benefits and Policyholder Account Balances
For non-participating term and whole-life insurance, assumptions for mortality and persistency are based upon the Company’s experience. Interest rate assumptions for the aggregate future policy benefit liabilities range from 3% to 5%. The liability for single premium immediate annuities is based on the present value of expected future payments using the
Company’s experience for mortality assumptions, with interest rate assumptions used in establishing such liabilities ranging from 3% to 6%.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
3. Insurance (continued)
Policyholder account balances liabilities for deferred annuities and
universal life insurance have interest credited rates ranging from 1% to 7%.
Guarantees
The Company issues variable annuity contracts with guaranteed minimum benefits. GMABs, the non-life-contingent portion of GMWBs and the portion of certain GMIBs that do not require annuitization are accounted for as embedded derivatives in policyholder account balances and are further discussed in Note 7.
The assumptions for GMDBs and GMIBs included in future
policyholder benefits include projected separate account rates of return, general account investment returns, interest crediting rates, mortality, in-force or persistency, benefit elections and withdrawals, and expenses to administer business. GMIBs also include an assumption for the percentage of the potential annuitizations that may be elected by the contract holder, while GMWBs include assumptions for withdrawals.
See Note 1 for more information on GMDBs and GMIBs accounted for as insurance liabilities.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
3. Insurance (continued)
Information regarding the liabilities for guarantees (excluding policyholder account balances and embedded derivatives) relating to variable annuity contracts was as follows:
The
Company’s annuity contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract. Therefore, the amounts listed above may not be mutually exclusive.
(2)
Includes direct business, but excludes offsets from hedging or reinsurance, if any. Therefore, the net amount at risk presented reflects the economic exposures of living and death benefit guarantees associated with variable annuities, but not necessarily their impact on the Company. See Note 5
for a discussion of guaranteed minimum benefits which have been reinsured.
(3)
Includes the contract holder’s investments in the general account and separate account, if applicable.
(4)
Defined as the death benefit less the total account value, as of the balance sheet date. It represents the amount of the claim that the Company would incur
if death claims were filed on all contracts on the balance sheet date and includes any additional contractual claims associated with riders purchased to assist with covering income taxes payable upon death.
(5)
Defined as the amount (if any) that would be required to be added to the total account value to purchase a lifetime income stream, based on current annuity rates, equal to the minimum amount provided under the guaranteed benefit. This amount represents the Company’s potential economic exposure to such guarantees in the event all contract
holders were to annuitize on the balance sheet date, even though the contracts contain terms that allow annuitization of the guaranteed amount only after the 10th anniversary of the contract, which not all contract holders have achieved.
Account balances of contracts with guarantees were invested in separate account asset classes as follows at:
The
estimated future amortization expense to be reported in other expenses for the next five years is as follows:
VOBA
VODA
(In thousands)
2019
$
62
$
1,073
2020
$
—
$
956
2021
$
—
$
841
2022
$
—
$
730
2023
$
—
$
633
5. Reinsurance
The
Company enters into reinsurance agreements primarily as a purchaser of reinsurance for its various insurance products. The Company participates in reinsurance activities in order to limit losses, minimize exposure to significant risks and provide additional capacity for future growth.
Accounting for reinsurance requires extensive use of assumptions and estimates, particularly related to the future performance of the underlying business and the potential impact of counterparty credit risks. The Company periodically reviews actual and anticipated experience compared to the aforementioned assumptions used to establish assets and liabilities relating to ceded and assumed reinsurance and evaluates the financial strength of counterparties to its reinsurance
agreements using criteria similar to that evaluated in the security impairment process discussed in Note 6.
Annuities
For annuities, the Company currently reinsures to its parent Brighthouse Life Insurance Company and formerly reinsured to MLIC, 100% of certain variable annuity risks or 100% of the living and death benefit guarantees issued in connection with variable annuities. Under the benefit guarantees reinsurance agreements, the Company pays a reinsurance premium generally based on fees associated with the guarantees collected from policyholders, and receives reimbursement
for benefits paid or accrued in excess of account values, subject to certain limitations.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
5. Reinsurance (continued)
Life
For its individual life insurance products, the
Company has historically reinsured the mortality risk primarily on an excess of retention basis or on a quota share basis. The Company currently retains up to $100,000 per life and reinsures 100% of amounts in excess of the amount the Company retains. In addition to reinsuring mortality risk as described above, the Company reinsures other risks, as well as specific coverages. Placement of reinsurance is done primarily on an automatic basis and also on a facultative basis for risks with specified characteristics. The Company evaluates
its reinsurance programs routinely and may increase or decrease its retention at any time.
Catastrophe Coverage
The Company has exposure to catastrophes, which could contribute to significant fluctuations in the Company’s results of operations. The Company uses excess of retention and quota share reinsurance agreements to provide greater diversification of risk and minimize exposure to larger risks.
Reinsurance Recoverables
The Company reinsures its
business through a diversified group of reinsurers. The Company analyzes recent trends in arbitration and litigation outcomes in disputes, if any, with its reinsurers. The Company monitors ratings and evaluates the financial strength of its reinsurers by analyzing their financial statements. In addition, the reinsurance recoverable balance due from each reinsurer is evaluated as part of the overall monitoring process. Recoverability of reinsurance recoverable balances is evaluated based on these analyses. The Company generally secures large reinsurance recoverable balances with various forms of collateral, including secured trusts and irrevocable letters of credit. These reinsurance recoverable balances are stated
net of allowances for uncollectible reinsurance, which at both December 31, 2018 and 2017, were not significant.
The Company has secured certain reinsurance recoverable balances with irrevocable letters of credit. The Company had $26.4 million and $17.0 million of unsecured reinsurance recoverable balances with third-parties at December 31, 2018 and 2017,
respectively.
At December 31, 2018, the Company had $26.5 million of net ceded reinsurance recoverables with third-parties. Of this total, $23.5 million, or 89%, were with the Company’s five largest ceded reinsurers, all of which were unsecured. At December 31, 2017, the Company had $17.1 million of
net ceded reinsurance recoverables with third-parties. Of this total, $15.0 million, or 88%, were with the Company’s five largest ceded reinsurers, all of which were unsecured.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
5.
Reinsurance (continued)
The amounts on the statements of operations include the impact of reinsurance. Information regarding the significant effects of reinsurance was as follows:
Reinsurance
agreements that do not expose the Company to a reasonable possibility of a significant loss from insurance risk are recorded using the deposit method of accounting. The deposit assets on reinsurance were $17.7 million and $19.6 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017. There were no deposit liabilities on reinsurance at both December 31, 2018 and 2017.
Related
Party Reinsurance Transactions
The Company has reinsurance agreements with its parent, Brighthouse Life Insurance Company, and certain MetLife, Inc. subsidiaries, including MLIC and MetLife Reinsurance Company of Vermont (“MRV”), all of which were related parties until the completion of the MetLife Divestiture.
The Company cedes risks to Brighthouse Life Insurance Company related to guaranteed minimum benefit guarantees written directly by the Company. These ceded reinsurance agreements contain embedded derivatives and changes in their estimated
fair value are included within net derivative gains (losses). The embedded derivatives associated with the cessions are included within premiums, reinsurance and other receivables and were $298.1 million and $307.7 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Net derivative gains (losses) associated with the embedded derivatives were ($11.5) million, ($73.6) million and $24.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017
and 2016, respectively.
The Company previously ceded 100% of certain variable annuities including guaranteed minimum benefit on a modified coinsurance basis to MLIC. In January 2017, the Company executed a novation and reassigned this reinsurance agreement with Brighthouse Life Insurance Company, as reinsurer. These transactions were treated as a termination of the existing reinsurance agreement with recognition of a loss and a new reinsurance agreement with no recognition of a gain or loss. These transactions resulted in an increase in other liabilities of $129.8 million. The
Company recognized a loss of $84.4 million, net of income tax, as a result of these transactions. Certain contractual features of this agreement qualify as embedded derivatives and changes in their estimated fair value are included within net derivative gains (losses). Net derivative gains (losses) associated with the embedded derivatives were $0, ($125.1) million and $46.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
5. Reinsurance (continued)
In May 2017, the Company recaptured from MLIC risks related to multiple life products under yearly renewable term and coinsurance agreements. This recapture resulted in an increase in cash and cash equivalents of $25.6 million and a decrease in premiums, reinsurance and other receivables of $22.4 million.
The Company recognized a gain of $2.1 million, net of income tax, as a result of this reinsurance termination. Concurrent with the recapture from MLIC, the Company executed a reinsurance agreement with Brighthouse Life Insurance Company, as reinsurer to cede on a yearly renewable term basis risks related to multiple life products. The transaction resulted in an increase in premiums, reinsurance and other receivables of $24.7 million, an increase in other liabilities of $22.7 million, a decrease in premiums of $22.7 million and a reduction in policyholder benefits and claims of $24.7 million.
The Company recognized a gain of $1.3 million, net of income tax, as a result of this transaction.
In December 2016, the Company recaptured level premium term business previously reinsured to MRV. This recapture resulted in a decrease in cash and cash equivalents of $27.2 million, a decrease in premiums, reinsurance and other receivables of $93.7 million and a decrease in other liabilities of $158.1 million. The Company recognized a gain of $24.2 million,
net of income tax, as a result of this recapture.
In November 2016, the Company recaptured certain single premium deferred annuity contracts previously reinsured to MLIC. This recapture resulted in an increase in investments and cash and cash equivalents of $933.4 million and an increase in DAC of $22.9 million, offset by a decrease in premiums, reinsurance and other receivables of $922.6 million. The Company recognized a gain of $21.9 million, net of income tax, as a result
of this recapture.
The Company has secured certain reinsurance recoverable balances with various forms of collateral, including secured trusts and irrevocable letters of credit. The Company had $0 and $92.6 million of unsecured related party reinsurance recoverable balances at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Related party reinsurance agreements that do not expose the
Company to a reasonable possibility of a significant loss from insurance risk are recorded using the deposit method of accounting. The deposit assets on related party reinsurance were $4.1 million and $19.6 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. There were no deposit liabilities on related party reinsurance at both December 31, 2018 and 2017.
Redeemable
preferred stock is reported within foreign corporate fixed maturity securities. Included within fixed maturity securities are Structured Securities.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities, by contractual maturity date, were as follows at December 31,
2018:
Due in One
Year or Less
Due After
One
Year Through
Five Years
Due After Five
Years
Through Ten
Years
Due After Ten
Years
Structured
Securities
Total
Fixed
Maturity
Securities
(In thousands)
Amortized cost
$
58,861
$
340,282
$
863,117
$
601,417
$
606,124
$
2,469,801
Estimated
fair value
$
59,323
$
335,699
$
840,602
$
593,739
$
604,270
$
2,433,633
Actual
maturities may differ from contractual maturities due to the exercise of call or prepayment options. Fixed maturity securities not due at a single maturity date have been presented in the year of final contractual maturity. Structured Securities are shown separately, as they are not due at a single maturity.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
6. Investments
(continued)
Continuous Gross Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities AFS by Sector
The following table presents the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of fixed maturity securities AFS in an unrealized loss position, aggregated by sector and by length of time that the securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at:
Total
number of securities in an unrealized loss position
364
146
131
58
Evaluation
of AFS Securities for OTTI and Evaluating Temporarily Impaired AFS Securities
Evaluation and Measurement Methodologies
Management considers a wide range of factors about the security issuer and uses its best judgment in evaluating the cause of the decline in the estimated fair value of the security and in assessing the prospects for near-term recovery. Inherent in management’s evaluation of the security are assumptions and estimates about the operations of the issuer and its future earnings potential. Considerations used in the impairment evaluation process include, but are not limited to: (i) the length of time and the extent to which the estimated fair value has been below amortized cost; (ii) the potential for impairments when the issuer is experiencing significant financial difficulties; (iii) the potential for impairments in an entire industry sector or sub-sector; (iv) the
potential for impairments in certain economically depressed geographic locations; (v) the potential for impairments where the issuer, series of issuers or industry has suffered a catastrophic loss or has exhausted natural resources; (vi) whether the Company has the intent to sell or will more likely than not be required to sell a particular security before the decline in estimated fair value below amortized cost recovers; (vii) with respect to Structured Securities, changes in forecasted cash flows after considering the quality of underlying collateral, expected prepayment speeds, current and forecasted loss severity, consideration of the payment terms of the underlying assets backing a particular security, and the payment priority within the tranche structure of the security; (viii) the potential for impairments due to weakening of foreign currencies on non-functional currency denominated
fixed maturity securities that are near maturity; and (ix) other subjective factors, including concentrations and information obtained from regulators and rating agencies.
For securities in an unrealized loss position, an OTTI is recognized in earnings when it is anticipated that the amortized cost will not be recovered. When either: (i) the Company has the intent to sell the security; or (ii) it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery, the OTTI recognized in earnings is the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost and estimated fair value. If neither of these conditions exists, the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the present value of projected future cash flows
expected to be collected is recognized as an OTTI in earnings (“credit loss”). If the estimated fair value is less than the present value of projected future cash flows expected to be collected, this portion of OTTI related to other-than-credit factors (“noncredit loss”) is recorded in OCI.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
6. Investments (continued)
Current
Period Evaluation
Based on the Company’s current evaluation of its AFS securities in an unrealized loss position in accordance with its impairment policy, and the Company’s current intentions and assessments (as applicable to the type of security) about holding, selling and any requirements to sell these securities, the Company concluded that these securities were not other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2018.
Gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities increased
$49.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 to $64.2 million. The increase in gross unrealized losses for the year ended December 31, 2018, was primarily attributable to increasing longer-term interest rates and widening credit spreads.
At December 31, 2018, $1.0 million of the total $64.2 million of gross unrealized losses was from one fixed maturity security with an unrealized loss position
of 20% or more of amortized cost for six months or greater.
The
valuation allowances were primarily from collective evaluation (non-specific loan related).
Information on commercial and agricultural mortgage loans is presented in the tables below.
Valuation Allowance Methodology
Mortgage loans are considered to be impaired when it is probable that, based upon current information and events, the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due under the loan agreement. Specific valuation allowances are established using the same methodology for both portfolio segments as the excess carrying value of a loan over either (i) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate, (ii) the estimated fair value of the loan’s underlying collateral if
the loan is in the process of foreclosure or otherwise collateral dependent, or (iii) the loan’s observable market price. A common evaluation framework is used for establishing non-specific valuation allowances for both loan portfolio segments; however, a separate non-specific valuation allowance is calculated and maintained for each loan portfolio segment that is based on inputs unique to each loan portfolio segment. Non-specific valuation allowances are established for pools of loans with similar risk characteristics where a property-specific or market-specific risk has not been identified, but for which the Company expects to incur a credit loss. These evaluations are based upon several loan portfolio segment-specific factors, including the Company’s experience for loan losses, defaults and loss
severity, and loss expectations for loans with similar risk characteristics. These evaluations are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available.
The Company has a high quality, well performing mortgage loan portfolio, with all mortgage loans classified as performing at both December 31, 2018 and 2017. The Company defines delinquency consistent with industry practice, when mortgage loans are past due as follows: commercial mortgage loans – 60 days and agricultural mortgage loans – 90 days. The Company had no
commercial or agricultural mortgage loans past due and no commercial or agricultural mortgage loans in nonaccrual status at both December 31, 2018 and 2017. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not have any mortgage loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring.
Cash Equivalents
The
carrying value of cash equivalents, which includes securities and other investments with an original or remaining maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase, was $89.9 million and $60.7 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(An
Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
6. Investments (continued)
Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)
Unrealized investment gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities AFS and the effect on DAC, DSI and future policy benefits, that would result from the realization of the unrealized gains (losses), are included in net unrealized investment gains (losses) in AOCI.
The components of net unrealized investment gains (losses), included in AOCI, were as follows:
Unrealized investment gains (losses) during the
year
(87,278
)
44,323
3,363
Unrealized investment gains (losses) relating to:
DAC
and DSI
30,699
(13,600
)
(4,900
)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)
11,880
(5,502
)
538
Balance
at December 31,
$
(15,071
)
$
29,628
$
4,407
Change in net unrealized investment gains (losses)
$
(44,699
)
$
25,221
$
(999
)
Concentrations
of Credit Risk
There were no investments in any counterparty that were greater than 10% of the Company’s equity, other than the U.S. government and its agencies, at both December 31, 2018 and 2017.
Invested Assets on Deposit and Pledged as Collateral
Invested assets on deposit and pledged as collateral are presented below at estimated fair value at:
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
6. Investments (continued)
Variable Interest Entities
The
Company has invested in legal entities that are variable interest entities (“VIEs”). VIEs are consolidated when the investor is the primary beneficiary. A primary beneficiary is the variable interest holder in a VIE with both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses, or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
There were no material VIEs for which the Company has concluded that it is the primary beneficiary at December 31, 2018 or 2017.
The
Company’s investments in unconsolidated VIEs are described below.
Fixed Maturity Securities
The Company invests in U.S. corporate bonds, foreign corporate bonds, and Structured Securities, which include RMBS, ABS and CMBS, issued by VIEs. The Company is not obligated to provide any financial or other support to these VIEs, other than the original investment. The Company’s involvement with these entities is limited to that of a passive investor. The Company has no unilateral right to appoint or remove the service, special servicer, or
investment manager, which are generally viewed as having the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE, nor does the Company function in any of these roles. The Company does not have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the entity; as a result, the Company has determined it is not the primary beneficiary, or consolidator, of the VIE. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss on these fixed maturity securities is limited to the amortized cost of these investments. See “— Fixed Maturity Securities
AFS” for information on these securities.
Total gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities:
OTTI losses on fixed maturity securities recognized in earnings
$
—
$
—
$
(870
)
Fixed
maturity securities — net gains (losses) on sales and disposals
(5,407
)
(1,749
)
(1,884
)
Total gains (losses) on fixed maturity securities
(5,407
)
(1,749
)
(2,754
)
Equity
securities — Mark to market and net gains (losses) on sales and disposals
—
—
6
Mortgage loans
(234
)
(42
)
(1,129
)
Other
(1,553
)
613
140
Total
net investment gains (losses)
$
(7,194
)
$
(1,178
)
$
(3,737
)
Gains (losses) from foreign currency transactions included within net investment gains (losses) were ($9) thousand,
$467 thousand and ($54) thousand for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Sales or Disposals and Impairments of Fixed Maturity Securities
Investment gains and losses on sales of securities are determined on a specific identification basis. Proceeds from sales or disposals of fixed maturity securities and the components of fixed maturity securities net investment gains (losses) were as shown in the table below.
The Company previously transferred invested assets, primarily consisting of fixed maturity securities, to former affiliates. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not transfer any invested assets to former affiliates or receive transfers of invested assets from former affiliates. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the
Company transferred invested assets to affiliates with an estimate fair value of $1.5 million and amortized cost of $1.4 million. The net investment gains (losses) recognized on these transfers was $64 thousand.
In November 2016, the Company received a transfer of investments and cash and cash equivalents totaling $933.4 million for the recapture of risks related to certain single premium deferred annuity contracts previously reinsured to MLIC, a former affiliate. See Note 5 for additional information related
to this transfer.
The Company receives investment administrative services from MetLife Investment Advisors, LLC, which was considered a related party investment manager until the completion of the MetLife Divestiture. The related investment administrative service charges were $2.3 million, $2.8 million and $1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. All of the charges reported as related party activity in 2018 occurred prior to the MetLife Divestiture. See Note 1
regarding the MetLife Divestiture.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements
7. Derivatives
Accounting for Derivatives
See Note 1
for a description of the Company’s accounting policies for derivatives and Note 8 for information about the fair value hierarchy for derivatives.
Derivatives are financial instruments with values derived from interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, credit spreads and/or other financial indices. Derivatives may be exchange-traded or contracted in the over-the-counter (“OTC”) market. Certain of the Company’s OTC derivatives are bilateral contracts between two counterparties (“OTC-bilateral”). The types of derivatives the
Company uses include swaps and option contracts.
Interest Rate Derivatives
The Company purchases interest rate caps to protect against rises in long-term interest rates. The Company utilizes interest rate caps in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Derivatives
The Company uses foreign currency swaps to reduce the risk from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with its assets denominated
in foreign currencies.
In a foreign currency swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between one currency and another at a fixed exchange rate, generally set at inception, calculated by reference to an agreed upon notional amount. The notional amount of each currency is exchanged at the inception and termination of the currency swap by each party. The Company utilizes foreign currency swaps in cash flow and nonqualifying hedging relationships.
Equity Derivatives
The Company uses equity index call options to reduce
exposure to rising equity markets associated with select structured annuity products. The Company utilizes equity index options in nonqualifying hedging relationships.
Primary Risks Managed by Derivatives
The following table presents the primary underlying risk exposure, gross notional amount, and estimated fair value of the Company’s derivatives, excluding embedded derivatives, held at:
Derivatives
Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments
Interest
rate caps
Interest rate
800,000
9,284
—
—
—
—
Foreign
currency swaps
Foreign currency exchange rate
28,133
3,395
144
16,636
2,213
254
Equity
index options
Equity market
2,154,321
10,389
96
—
—
—
Total
non-designated or nonqualifying derivatives
2,982,454
23,068
240
16,636
2,213
254
Total
$
3,065,158
$
28,717
$
427
$
86,943
$
3,784
$
1,611
The
Company recognized net investment income from settlement payments related to qualifying hedges of $896 thousand, $604 thousand and $581 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The Company recognized net derivative gains (losses) from settlement payments related to nonqualifying hedges of $374 thousand, $326 thousand and $279 thousand for
the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
7. Derivatives (continued)
The
following tables present the amount and location of gains (losses) recognized for derivatives and gains (losses) pertaining to hedged items presented in net derivative gains (losses):
Derivatives Not Designated or Not Qualifying as Hedging Instruments:
Foreign
currency exchange rate derivatives
2,114
(757
)
—
Embedded derivatives
66,079
—
—
Total
nonqualifying hedges
68,193
(757
)
—
Total
$
68,248
$
(801
)
$
1,584
______________
(1)
Includes
gains (losses) reclassified from AOCI for cash flow hedges.
(2)
Includes foreign currency transaction gains (losses) on hedged items in cash flow and nonqualifying hedging relationships and ineffective portion of the gains (losses).
(3)
All components of each derivative's gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.
In certain instances, the Company
discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transactions were no longer probable of occurring. Because certain of the forecasted transactions also were not probable of occurring within two months of the anticipated date, the Company reclassified amounts from AOCI into net derivative gains (losses). At both December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no amounts reclassified into net derivative gains (losses) related to such discontinued cash flow hedges. For the year ended December 31, 2016, $49 thousand was reclassified into net derivative
gains (losses) related to such discontinued cash flow hedges.
There were no hedged forecasted transactions, other than the receipt of payment of variable interest payments, for both the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.
At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the balance in AOCI associated with foreign currency swaps designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges was $5.8 million and $471 thousand, respectively.
Counterparty
Credit Risk
The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by its counterparties to derivatives. Generally, the current credit exposure of the Company’s derivatives is limited to the net positive estimated fair value of derivatives at the reporting date after taking into consideration the existence of master netting or similar agreements and any collateral received pursuant to such agreements.
The Company manages its credit risk related to derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties and establishing and monitoring exposure limits. The
Company’s OTC-bilateral derivative transactions are generally governed by International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) Master Agreements which provide for legally enforceable set-off and close-out netting of exposures to specific counterparties in the event of early termination of a transaction, which includes, but is not limited to, events of default and bankruptcy. In the event of an early termination, the Company is permitted to set off receivables from the counterparty against payables to the same counterparty arising out of all included transactions. Substantially all of the Company’s ISDA Master Agreements also include Credit Support Annex provisions which require both the pledging and accepting of collateral in connection with its OTC-bilateral derivatives.
See
Note 8 for a description of the impact of credit risk on the valuation of derivatives.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
7. Derivatives (continued)
The estimated fair values of the Company’s net derivative assets and net derivative
liabilities after the application of master netting agreements and collateral were as follows at:
Derivatives
Subject to a Master Netting Arrangement or a Similar Arrangement
Assets
Liabilities
Assets
Liabilities
(In thousands)
Gross estimated fair
value of derivatives:
OTC-bilateral (1)
$
29,006
$
411
$
3,903
$
1,482
Total
gross estimated fair value of derivatives (1)
29,006
411
3,903
1,482
Amounts
offset on the balance sheets
—
—
—
—
Estimated fair value of derivatives
presented on the balance sheets (1)
29,006
411
3,903
1,482
Gross amounts
not offset on the balance sheets:
Gross estimated fair value of derivatives: (2)
OTC-bilateral
(365
)
(365
)
(1,482
)
(1,482
)
Cash
collateral: (3)
OTC-bilateral
(23,197
)
—
(2,367
)
—
Securities
collateral: (4)
OTC-bilateral
(2,212
)
(46
)
—
—
Net
amount after application of master netting agreements and collateral
$
3,232
$
—
$
54
$
—
______________
(1)
At
December 31, 2018 and 2017, derivative assets included income or (expense) accruals reported in accrued investment income or in other liabilities of $289 thousand and $119 thousand, respectively and derivative liabilities included (income) or expense accruals reported in accrued investment income or in other liabilities of ($16) thousand and ($129) thousand, respectively.
(2)
Estimated
fair value of derivatives is limited to the amount that is subject to set-off and includes income or expense accruals.
(3)
Cash collateral received is included in cash and cash equivalents, and the obligation to return it is included in payables for collateral transactions on the balance sheet. The amount of cash collateral offset in the table above is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting agreements. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the
Company received excess cash collateral of $384 thousand and $3.0 million, respectively, and did not provide any excess cash collateral, which is not included in the table above due to the foregoing limitation.
(4)
Securities collateral received by the Company is held in separate custodial accounts and is not recorded on the balance sheet. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract
to sell or re-pledge this collateral, but at December 31, 2018, none of the collateral had been sold or re-pledged. Securities collateral pledged by the Company is reported in fixed maturity securities on the balance sheet. Subject to certain constraints, the counterparties are permitted by contract to sell or re-pledge this collateral. The amount of securities collateral offset in the table above is limited to the net estimated fair value of derivatives after application of netting agreements and cash collateral. At December 31, 2018 and 2017,
the Company received excess securities collateral with an estimated fair value of $78 thousand and $0, respectively and provided excess securities collateral with an estimated fair value of $112 thousand and $707 thousand, respectively, for its OTC-bilateral derivatives.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary
of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
7. Derivatives (continued)
The Company’s collateral arrangements for its OTC-bilateral derivatives generally require the counterparty in a net liability position, after considering the effect of netting agreements, to pledge collateral when the collateral amount owed by that counterparty reaches a minimum transfer amount. In addition, the Company’s netting agreements for derivatives contain provisions that require both the Company and the counterparty to maintain a specific investment
grade credit rating from each of Moody’s Investors Service and Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings 500 Index. If a party’s financial strength or credit ratings were to fall below that specific investment grade credit rating, that party would be in violation of these provisions, and the other party to the derivatives could terminate the transactions and demand immediate settlement and payment based on such party’s reasonable valuation of the derivatives.
At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the
Company held OTC-bilateral derivatives that were in a net liability position after considering the effect of netting agreements with an estimated fair value of $46 thousand and $0, respectively. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company provided collateral with an estimated fair value of $158 thousand and $0, respectively. The Company’s collateral arrangements require both parties to be fully collateralized, as
such, the Company would not be required to post additional collateral as a result of a downgrade in its financial strength rating.
Embedded Derivatives
The Company issues certain insurance products that contain embedded derivatives that are required to be separated from their host contracts and accounted for as freestanding derivatives. These host contracts principally include: variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefits, including GMWBs, GMABs
and certain GMIBs; related party ceded reinsurance of guaranteed minimum benefits related to GMWBs, GMABs and certain GMIBs; and fixed annuities with equity-indexed returns.
The following table presents the estimated fair value and balance sheet location of the Company’s embedded derivatives that have been separated from their host contracts at:
The
valuation of direct guaranteed minimum benefits includes a nonperformance risk adjustment. The amounts included in net derivative gains (losses) in connection with this adjustment were $1.9 million, $466 thousand and ($57) thousand for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In addition, the valuation of ceded guaranteed minimum benefits includes a nonperformance risk adjustment. The amounts included in net derivative gains (losses) in connection with this adjustment were ($56.6) million, ($24.7) million and ($19.0) million
for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
(2)
See Note 5 for discussion of related party net derivative gains (losses).
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
8. Fair Value
When developing estimated fair values, the Company considers three broad valuation techniques: (i) the market approach, (ii) the income approach, and (iii) the cost approach. The Company determines the most appropriate valuation technique to use, given what is being measured and the availability of sufficient inputs, giving priority to observable inputs. The
Company categorizes its assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value into a three-level hierarchy, based on the significant input with the lowest level in its valuation. The input levels are as follows:
Level 1
Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company defines active markets based on average trading volume for equity securities. The size of the bid/ask spread is used as an indicator of market activity for fixed maturity securities.
Level 2
Quoted
prices in markets that are not active or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly. These inputs can include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities other than quoted prices in Level 1, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other significant inputs that are observable or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3
Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the determination of estimated fair value of the assets or liabilities. Unobservable inputs reflect the reporting entity’s own
assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis and their corresponding
placement in the fair value hierarchy are presented below at:
Embedded
derivatives within asset host contracts (2)
—
—
307,698
307,698
Separate
account assets
—
5,021,633
—
5,021,633
Total assets
$
420,084
$
6,711,389
$
423,205
$
7,554,678
Liabilities
Derivative
liabilities: (1)
Foreign currency exchange rate
$
—
$
1,611
$
—
$
1,611
Embedded
derivatives within liability host contracts (2)
—
—
(39,935
)
(39,935
)
Total
liabilities
$
—
$
1,611
$
(39,935
)
$
(38,324
)
______________
(1)
Derivative
assets are presented within other invested assets on the balance sheets and derivative liabilities are presented within other liabilities on the balance sheets. The amounts are presented gross in the tables above to reflect the presentation on the balance sheets.
(2)
Embedded derivatives within asset host contracts are presented within premiums, reinsurance and other receivables on the balance sheets. Embedded derivatives within liability host contracts are presented within policyholder account
balances on the balance sheets.
Valuation Controls and Procedures
The Company monitors and provides oversight of valuation controls and policies for securities, mortgage loans and derivatives, which are primarily executed by its valuation service providers. The valuation methodologies used to determine fair values prioritize the use of observable market prices and market-based parameters and determines that judgmental valuation adjustments, when applied, are based upon established policies and are applied consistently over time. The valuation methodologies for securities, mortgage loans and derivatives are reviewed on an ongoing basis and revised when necessary, based on changing
market conditions. In addition, the Chief Accounting Officer periodically reports to the Audit Committee of Brighthouse Financial’s Board of Directors regarding compliance with fair value accounting standards.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)
The fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities is based on quoted market prices, where
available. The Company assesses whether prices received represent a reasonable estimate of fair value through controls designed to ensure valuations represent an exit price. Valuation service providers perform several controls, including certain monthly controls, which include, but are not limited to, analysis of portfolio returns to corresponding benchmark returns, comparing a sample of executed prices of securities sold to the fair value estimates, reviewing the bid/ask spreads to assess activity, comparing prices from multiple independent pricing services and ongoing due diligence to confirm that independent pricing services use market-based parameters. The process includes a determination of the observability of inputs used in estimated fair values received from independent pricing services or brokers by assessing whether these inputs can be corroborated by observable market data.
Independent non-binding broker quotes, also referred to herein as “consensus pricing”, are used for non-significant portion of the portfolio. Prices received from independent brokers are assessed to determine if they represent a reasonable estimate of fair value by considering such pricing relative to the current market dynamics and current pricing for similar financial instruments.
Valuation service providers also apply a formal process to challenge any prices received from independent pricing services that are not considered representative of estimated fair value. If prices received from independent pricing services are not considered reflective of market activity or representative of estimated fair value, independent non-binding broker quotations are obtained. If obtaining an independent non-binding broker quotation is unsuccessful, valuation service providers will use the last available price.
The
Company reviews outputs of the valuation service providers’ controls and performs additional controls, including certain monthly controls, which include but are not limited to, performing balance sheet analytics to assess reasonableness of period to period pricing changes, including any price adjustments. Price adjustments are applied if prices or quotes received from independent pricing services or brokers are not considered reflective of market activity or representative of estimated fair value. The Company did not have significant price adjustments during the year ended December 31, 2018.
Determination of Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities
The
fair values for actively traded marketable bonds, primarily U.S. government and agency securities, are determined using the quoted market prices and are classified as Level 1 assets. For fixed maturity securities classified as Level 2 assets, fair values are determined using either a market or income approach and are valued based on a variety of observable inputs as described below.
U.S. corporate and foreign corporate securities: Fair value is determined using third-party commercial pricing services, with the primary inputs being quoted prices in markets that are not active, benchmark yields, spreads off benchmark yields, new issuances, issuer rating, trades of identical or comparable securities, or duration. Privately-placed securities are valued using the additional key inputs: market yield curve, call provisions, observable prices and spreads for similar public or private
securities that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer, and delta spread adjustments to reflect specific credit-related issues.
U.S. government and agency, state and political subdivision and foreign government securities: Fair value is determined using third-party commercial pricing services, with the primary inputs being quoted prices in markets that are not active, benchmark U.S. Treasury yield or other yields, spread off the U.S. Treasury yield curve for the identical security, issuer ratings and issuer spreads, broker dealer quotes, and comparable securities that are actively traded.
Structured Securities: Fair value is determined using third-party commercial pricing services, with the primary inputs being quoted prices in markets that are not active, spreads for actively traded securities, spreads off
benchmark yields, expected prepayment speeds and volumes, current and forecasted loss severity, ratings, geographic region, weighted average coupon and weighted average maturity, average delinquency rates and debt-service coverage ratios. Other issuance-specific information is also used, including, but not limited to; collateral type, structure of the security, vintage of the loans, payment terms of the underlying asset, payment priority within tranche, and deal performance.
(An
Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)
Derivatives
The fair values for OTC-bilateral derivatives and OTC-cleared derivatives classified as Level 2 assets or liabilities, fair values are determined using the income approach. Valuations of non-option-based derivatives utilize present value techniques, whereas valuations of option-based derivatives utilize option pricing models which are based on market standard valuation methodologies and a variety of observable inputs.
The significant inputs to the pricing models for most OTC-bilateral derivatives are inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from, or corroborated
by, observable market data. Certain OTC-bilateral derivatives may rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. These unobservable inputs may involve significant management judgment or estimation. Even though unobservable, these inputs are based on assumptions deemed appropriate given the circumstances and management believes they are consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such instruments.
Most inputs for OTC-bilateral derivatives are mid-market inputs but, in certain cases, liquidity adjustments are made when they are deemed more representative of exit value. Market liquidity, as well as the use of different methodologies, assumptions and inputs, may have a material effect on the estimated fair values of the
Company’s derivatives and could materially affect net income.
The credit risk of both the counterparty and the Company are considered in determining the estimated fair value for all OTC-bilateral derivatives, and any potential credit adjustment is based on the net exposure by counterparty after taking into account the effects of netting agreements and collateral arrangements. The Company values its OTC-bilateral derivatives using standard swap curves which may include a spread to the risk-free rate, depending upon specific collateral arrangements. This credit spread is appropriate for those parties that execute trades at pricing levels consistent with similar collateral arrangements. As the
Company and its significant derivative counterparties generally execute trades at such pricing levels and hold sufficient collateral, additional credit risk adjustments are not currently required in the valuation process. The Company’s ability to consistently execute at such pricing levels is in part due to the netting agreements and collateral arrangements that are in place with all of its significant derivative counterparties. An evaluation of the requirement to make additional credit risk adjustments is performed by the Company each reporting period.
Embedded Derivatives
Embedded derivatives principally include certain direct variable annuity guarantees and certain affiliated ceded reinsurance agreements
related to such variable annuity guarantees, and equity crediting rates within index-linked annuity contracts. Embedded derivatives are recorded at estimated fair value with changes in estimated fair value reported in net income.
The Company issues certain variable annuity products with guaranteed minimum benefits. GMWBs, GMABs and certain GMIBs contain embedded derivatives, which are measured at estimated fair value separately from the host variable annuity contract, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net derivative gains (losses). These embedded derivatives are classified within policyholder account balances on the balance sheets.
The
Company determines the fair value of these embedded derivatives, by estimating the present value of projected future benefits minus the present value of projected future fees using actuarial and capital market assumptions including expectations of policyholder behavior. The calculation is based on in-force business, and is performed using standard actuarial valuation software which projects future cash flows from the embedded derivative over multiple risk neutral stochastic scenarios using observable risk-free rates. The percentage of fees included in the initial fair value measurement is not updated in subsequent periods.
Capital market assumptions, such as risk-free rates and implied volatilities, are based on market prices for publicly traded instruments to the extent that prices for such instruments are observable. Implied volatilities beyond the observable period are extrapolated based on observable implied volatilities
and historical volatilities. Actuarial assumptions, including mortality, lapse, withdrawal and utilization, are unobservable and are reviewed at least annually based on actuarial studies of historical experience.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)
The valuation of these guarantee liabilities includes nonperformance risk adjustments and adjustments
for a risk margin related to non-capital market inputs. The nonperformance adjustment is determined by taking into consideration publicly available information relating to spreads in the secondary market for BHF’s debt. These observable spreads are then adjusted to reflect the priority of these liabilities and claims paying ability of the issuing insurance subsidiaries as compared to BHF’s overall financial strength.
Risk margins are established to capture the non-capital market risks of the instrument which represent the additional compensation a market participant would require to assume the risks related to the uncertainties of such actuarial assumptions as annuitization, premium persistency, partial withdrawal and surrenders. The establishment of risk margins requires the use of significant management judgment, including assumptions
of the amount and cost of capital needed to cover the guarantees. These guarantees may be more costly than expected in volatile or declining equity markets. Market conditions including, but not limited to, changes in interest rates, equity indices, market volatility and foreign currency exchange rates; changes in nonperformance risk; and variations in actuarial assumptions regarding policyholder behavior, mortality and risk margins related to non-capital market inputs, may result in significant fluctuations in the estimated fair value of the guarantees that could materially affect net income.
The Company issues index-linked annuities which allow the policyholder to participate in returns from equity indices. The crediting rates associated with these features are embedded derivatives which are measured at estimated fair value separately from
the host fixed annuity contract, with changes in estimated fair value reported in net derivative gains (losses). These embedded derivatives are classified within policyholder account balances on the consolidated balance sheets.
Transfers between Levels
Transfers into or out of Level 3:
Assets and liabilities are transferred into Level 3 when a significant input cannot be corroborated with market observable data. This occurs when market activity decreases significantly and underlying inputs cannot be observed, current prices are not available, and/or when there are significant variances in quoted prices, thereby affecting transparency. Assets and liabilities are transferred
out of Level 3 when circumstances change such that a significant input can be corroborated with market observable data. This may be due to a significant increase in market activity, a specific event, or one or more significant input(s) becoming observable.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
The following table presents certain quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement, and the sensitivity of the estimated fair value to changes in those inputs, for the more significant asset and liability classes measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) at:
Impact of Increase in Input on Estimated Fair Value
Valuation Techniques
Significant Unobservable Inputs
Range
Range
Embedded
derivatives
Direct, assumed and ceded guaranteed minimum
benefits
•
Option pricing techniques
•
Mortality rates:
0.02%
-
11%
0.02%
-
12%
Decrease
(1)
•
Lapse rates:
0.25%
-
16%
0.25%
-
16%
Decrease
(2)
•
Utilization rates
0%
-
25%
0%
-
25%
Increase
(3)
•
Withdrawal rates
0.25%
-
10%
0.25%
-
10%
(4)
•
Long-term
equity volatilities
16.50%
-
22%
17.40%
-
25%
Increase (5)
•
Nonperformance
risk spread
1.91%
-
2.66%
0.64%
-
1.43%
Decrease (6)
______________
(1)
Mortality
rates vary by age and by demographic characteristics such as gender. Range shown reflects the mortality rate for policyholders between 35 and 90 years old, which represents the majority of the business with living benefits. Mortality rate assumptions are set based on company experience and include an assumption for mortality improvement.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)
(2)
Range
reflects base lapse rates for major product categories for duration 1-20, which represents majority of business with living benefit riders. Base lapse rates are adjusted at the contract level based on a comparison of the actuarially calculated guaranteed values and the current policyholder account value, as well as other factors, such as the applicability of any surrender charges. A dynamic lapse function reduces the base lapse rate when the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value as in-the-money contracts are less likely to lapse. Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower in periods when a surrender charge applies.
(3)
The
utilization rate assumption estimates the percentage of contract holders with a GMIB or lifetime withdrawal benefit who will elect to utilize the benefit upon becoming eligible in a given year. The range shown represents the floor and cap of the GMIB dynamic election rates across varying levels of in-the-money. For lifetime withdrawal guarantee riders, the assumption is that everyone will begin withdrawals once account value reaches zero which is equivalent to a 100% utilization rate. Utilization rates may vary by the type of guarantee, the amount by which the guaranteed amount is greater than the account value, the contracts withdrawal history and by the age of the policyholder.
(4)
The
withdrawal rate represents the percentage of account balance that any given policyholder will elect to withdraw from the contract each year. The withdrawal rate assumption varies by age and duration of the contract, and also by other factors such as benefit type. For any given contract, withdrawal rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative. For GMWBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in an increase (decrease) in the estimated fair value of the guarantees. For GMABs and GMIBs, any increase (decrease) in withdrawal rates results in a decrease (increase) in the estimated fair value.
(5)
Long-term
equity volatilities represent equity volatility beyond the period for which observable equity volatilities are available. For any given contract, long-term equity volatility rates vary throughout the period over which cash flows are projected for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
(6)
Nonperformance risk spread varies by duration. For any given contract, multiple nonperformance risk spreads will apply, depending on the duration of the cash flow being discounted for purposes of valuing the embedded derivative.
The
Company does not develop unobservable inputs used in measuring fair value for all other assets and liabilities classified within Level 3; therefore, these are not included in the table above. The other Level 3 assets and liabilities primarily included fixed maturity securities and derivatives. For fixed maturity securities valued based on non-binding broker quotes, an increase (decrease) in credit spreads would result in a higher (lower) fair value. For derivatives valued based on third-party pricing models, an increase (decrease) in credit spreads would generally result in a higher (lower) fair value.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)
The following tables summarize the change of all assets and (liabilities) measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):
Fair
Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) (3) (4)
$
64
$
249
$
—
$
66,079
Total
realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in AOCI
$
(1,769
)
$
152
$
—
$
—
______________
(1)
Comprised
of U.S. and foreign corporate securities.
(2)
Embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.
(3)
Amortization of premium/accretion of discount is included within net investment income. Impairments charged to net income (loss) on securities are included in net investment gains (losses). Lapses associated with net embedded derivatives are included in net derivative gains (losses). Substantially all realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net
embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).
(4)
Interest accruals, as well as cash interest coupons received, are excluded from the rollforward.
(5)
Items purchased/issued and then sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. Fees attributed to embedded derivatives are included in settlements.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
8. Fair Value (continued)
(6)
Gains and losses, in net income (loss) and OCI, are calculated assuming transfers into and/or out of Level 3 occurred at the beginning of the period. Items transferred into and then out of Level 3 in the same period are excluded from the rollforward.
(7)
Changes
in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) relate to assets and liabilities still held at the end of the respective periods. Substantially all changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in net income (loss) for net embedded derivatives are reported in net derivative gains (losses).
(8)
Freestanding derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value
The following tables provide fair value information for financial instruments that are carried
on the balance sheet at amounts other than fair value. These tables exclude the following financial instruments: cash and cash equivalents, accrued investment income and payables for collateral under derivative transactions. The estimated fair value of the excluded financial instruments, which are primarily classified in Level 2, approximates carrying value as they are short-term in nature such that the Company believes there is minimal risk of material changes in interest rates or credit quality. All remaining balance sheet amounts excluded from the tables below are not considered financial instruments subject to this disclosure.
The carrying values and estimated fair values for such financial instruments, and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, are summarized as follows at:
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
9. Equity
Capital Transactions
In December 2017, the Company received a cash capital contribution of $75 million from Brighthouse Life Insurance Company.
Statutory Equity and Income
The
state of domicile of the Company imposes RBC requirements that were developed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”). Regulatory compliance is determined by a ratio of a company’s total adjusted capital (“TAC”), calculated in the manner prescribed by the NAIC to its authorized control level RBC (“ACL RBC”), calculated in the manner prescribed by the NAIC, based on the statutory-based filed financial statements. Companies below specific trigger levels or ratios are classified by their respective levels, each of which requires specified corrective action. The minimum level of TAC before corrective action commences is twice ACL RBC. The RBC ratio for the Company was in excess of 400% for all periods presented.
The Company prepares statutory-basis financial statements in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”). The NAIC has adopted the Codification of Statutory Accounting Principles (“Statutory Codification”). Statutory Codification is intended to standardize regulatory accounting and reporting to state insurance departments. However, statutory accounting principles continue to be established by individual state laws and permitted practices. Modifications by the state insurance department may impact the effect of Statutory Codification on the statutory capital and surplus of the Company.
Statutory accounting
principles differ from GAAP primarily by charging policy acquisition costs to expense as incurred, establishing future policy benefit liabilities using different actuarial assumptions, reporting of reinsurance agreements with different presentation and valuing investments and deferred tax assets on different bases.
New York has adopted certain prescribed accounting practices, primarily consisting of the continuous Commissioners’ Annuity Reserve Valuation Method, which impacts deferred annuities, NYDFS Circular Letter No 11, which impacts deferred premiums, and NYDFS Seventh Amendment to Regulation 172, which impacts admitted unearned reinsurance premiums. The collective impact of these prescribed accounting practices decreased the statutory capital and surplus of the Company for the years ended December 31,
2018 and 2017 by an amount of $46.7 million and $47.7 million, respectively, in excess of the amount of the decrease had capital and surplus been measured under NAIC guidance.
The tables below present amounts from the Company, which are derived from the statutory-basis financial statements as filed with the NYDFS.
Statutory net income (loss) was as follows:
Years
Ended December 31,
Company
State of Domicile
2018
2017
2016
(In
thousands)
Brighthouse Life Insurance Company of NY
New York
$
18,778
$
22,166
$
(87,290
)
Statutory
capital and surplus were as follows at:
December 31,
Company
2018
2017
(In
thousands)
Brighthouse Life Insurance Company of NY
$
279,206
$
294,298
Dividend Restrictions
The
Company is able to pay $27.7 million of dividends in 2019 to its parent without insurance regulatory approval from the NYDFS. The Company did not pay any dividends in 2018 or 2017 to its parent.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the
Financial Statements (continued)
9. Equity (continued)
Effective for dividends paid during 2016 and going forward, the New York Insurance Law was amended permitting the Company, without prior insurance regulatory clearance, to pay stockholder dividends to its parent, in any calendar year based on either of two standards. Under one standard, the Company is permitted, without prior insurance regulatory clearance, to pay dividends out of earned surplus (defined as positive “unassigned funds (surplus)” excluding 85% of the change in net unrealized capital gains or losses (less capital gains tax), for the immediately preceding calendar year), in an amount up to the greater of: (i) 10%
of its surplus to policyholders as of the end of the immediately preceding calendar year, or (ii) its statutory net gain from operations for the immediately preceding calendar year (excluding realized capital gains), not to exceed 30% of surplus to policyholders as of the end of the immediately preceding calendar year. In addition, under this standard, the Company may not, without prior insurance regulatory clearance, pay any dividends in any calendar year immediately following a calendar year for which its net gain from operations, excluding realized capital gains, was negative. Under the second standard, if dividends are paid out of other than earned surplus, the Company may, without prior insurance regulatory clearance, pay an amount up to the lesser of: (i) 10% of its surplus to policyholders
as of the end of the immediately preceding calendar year, or (ii) its statutory net gain from operations for the immediately preceding calendar year (excluding realized capital gains). In addition, the Company will be permitted to pay a dividend to its parent, in excess of the amounts allowed under both standards only if it files notice of its intention to declare such a dividend and the amount thereof with the New York Superintendent of Financial Services (the “Superintendent”) and the Superintendent either approves the distribution of the dividend or does not disapprove the dividend within 30 days of its filing. Under the New York Insurance Law, the Superintendent has broad discretion in determining whether the financial condition of a stock life insurance company would support the payment of such dividends to its stockholders.
See
Note 6 for information on offsets to investments related to future policy benefits, DAC and DSI.
(2)
Includes the $5.3 million impact of the Tax Act related to unrealized investments gains (losses), net of related offsets. See Note 1 for more information.
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), before income tax
(5,411
)
(1,714
)
(2,711
)
Income
tax (expense) benefit
1,055
(4,652
)
949
Net unrealized investment gains (losses), net of income tax
(4,356
)
(6,366
)
(1,762
)
Unrealized
gains (losses) on derivatives - cash flow hedges:
Foreign currency swaps
60
(9
)
55
Net
derivative gains (losses)
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, before income tax
60
(9
)
55
Income
tax (expense) benefit
(2
)
4
(19
)
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, net of income tax
58
(5
)
36
Total
reclassifications, net of income tax
$
(4,298
)
$
(6,371
)
$
(1,726
)
10. Other
Revenues and Other Expenses
Other Revenues
The Company has entered into contracts with mutual funds, fund managers, and their affiliates (collectively, the “Funds”) whereby the Company is paid monthly or quarterly fees (“12b-1 fees”) for providing certain services to customers and distributors of the Funds. The 12b-1 fees are generally equal to a fixed percentage of the average daily balance of the customer’s investment in a fund are based on a specified in the contract
between the Company and the Funds. Payments are generally collected when due and are neither refundable nor able to offset future fees.
To earn these fees, the Company performs services such as responding to phone inquiries, maintaining records, providing information to distributors and shareholders about fund performance and providing training to account managers and sales agents. The passage of time reflects the satisfaction of the Company’s performance obligations to the Funds, and is used to recognize revenue associated with 12b-1 fees.
Other revenues consisted primarily of 12b-1 fees were $13.5
million, $13.5 million and $12.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 respectively, of which all were reported in the Annuities segment.
For
the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recognized a $77.3 million benefit in net income from remeasurement of net deferred tax liabilities in connection with the Tax Act discussed in Note 1.
Deferred income tax represents the tax effect of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Net deferred income tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following at:
At
December 31, 2018, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $12.2 million and the Company had recorded a related deferred tax asset of $2.6 million which expires in year 2032.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary
of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
11. Income Tax (continued)
The following table sets forth the foreign tax credits available for carryforward for tax purposes at December 31, 2018.
Foreign Tax Credits Carryforwards
(In thousands)
Expiration
2019-2023
$
1,000
2024-2028
1,068
2029-2033
—
2034-2038
—
Indefinite
—
$
2,068
The
Company’s liability for unrecognized tax benefits may increase or decrease in the next 12 months. A reasonable estimate of the increase or decrease cannot be made at this time. However, the Company continues to believe that the ultimate resolution of the pending issues will not result in a material change to its financial statements, although the resolution of income tax matters could impact the Company’s effective tax rate in the future.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits was as follows:
Unrecognized
tax benefits that, if recognized would impact the effective rate
$
949
$
976
$
1,130
The Company
classifies interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense, included within other expenses, while penalties are included in income tax expense. Interest related to unrecognized tax benefits was not significant. The Company had no penalties for each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
The dividend received deduction reduces the amount of dividend income subject to tax and is a significant component of the difference between the actual tax expense and expected amount determined using the statutory tax rate. The Tax Act has changed the dividend received deduction amount applicable to insurance companies to a
70% company share and a 50% dividend received deduction for eligible dividends.
The Company is under continuous examination by the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities in jurisdictions in which the Company has significant business operations. The income tax years under examination vary by jurisdiction and subsidiary. The Company is no longer subject to federal, state or local income tax examinations for years prior to 2007. Management believes it has established adequate tax liabilities, and final resolution of the audit for the years 2007 and forward is not expected to have a material impact on the
Company’s financial statements.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
11. Income Tax (continued)
Tax Sharing Agreements
For the periods prior to the Separation, the Company was included in a consolidated federal life and non-life income
tax return in accordance with the provisions of the Tax Code. Current taxes (and the benefits of tax attributes such as losses) are allocated to the Company under the consolidated tax return regulations and a tax sharing agreement with MetLife. This tax sharing agreement states that federal taxes will be computed on a modified separate return basis with benefits for losses.
For periods after the Separation, Brighthouse Life Insurance Company and any directly owned life insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries (including the Company and BRCD) entered in a tax sharing agreement to join a life consolidated federal income tax return. The nonlife subsidiaries
of Brighthouse Life Insurance Company will file their own federal income tax returns. The tax sharing agreements state that federal taxes are computed on a modified separate return basis with benefit for losses.
Income Tax Transactions with Former Parent
The Company entered into a tax separation agreement with MetLife (the “Tax Separation Agreement”). Among other things, the Tax Separation Agreement governs the allocation between MetLife and us of the responsibility for the taxes of the MetLife group. The Tax Separation Agreement also allocates rights, obligations and responsibilities in connection with certain administrative matters relating to the preparation of tax returns and control of tax audits and other proceedings relating to taxes. In October 2017, MetLife paid $55.6
million to the Company under the Tax Separation Agreement. At December 31, 2017, the current income tax recoverable included $958 thousand related to this agreement. In November 2018, MetLife paid $1.7 million to the Company under the Tax Separation Agreement. At December 31, 2018, the current income tax payable included a $3.2 million payable to MetLife related to this agreement.
12. Contingencies, Commitments and
Guarantees
Contingencies
Litigation
Sales Practices Claims
Over the past several years, the Company has faced claims and regulatory inquiries and investigations, alleging improper marketing or sales of individual life insurance policies, annuities or other products. The Company continues to defend vigorously against the claims in these matters. The Company believes adequate provision has been made in its financial statements for all probable and reasonably estimable
losses for sales practices matters.
Summary
Various litigation, claims and assessments against the Company, in addition to those discussed previously and those otherwise provided for in the Company’s financial statements, have arisen in the course of the Company's business, including, but not limited to, in connection with its activities as an insurer, investor, and taxpayer. Further, state insurance regulatory authorities and other federal and state authorities regularly make inquiries and conduct investigations concerning the Company's
compliance with applicable insurance and other laws and regulations.
It is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of all pending investigations and legal proceedings. In some of the matters referred to previously, large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive and treble damages, are sought. Although in light of these considerations it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain cases could have a material effect upon the Company's financial position, based on information currently known by the Company's management, in its opinion, the outcomes of such pending investigations and legal proceedings are not likely to have such an effect. However, given the large and/or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these matters and the inherent
unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that an adverse outcome in certain matters could, from time to time, have a material effect on the Company's net income or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.
Commitments
Mortgage Loan Commitments
The Company commits to lend funds under mortgage loan commitments. The amounts of these mortgage loan commitments were $7.6 million and $355 thousand at December 31, 2018
and 2017, respectively.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
12. Contingencies, Commitments and Guarantees (continued)
Commitments to Fund Private Corporate Bond Investments
The
Company commits to lend funds under private corporate bond investments. The amounts of these unfunded commitments were $11.4 million and $11.6 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Guarantees
In the normal course of its business, the Company has provided certain indemnities, guarantees and commitments to third parties such that it may be required to make payments now or in the future. In the context of acquisition, disposition, investment and other transactions,
the Company has provided indemnities and guarantees, including those related to tax, environmental and other specific liabilities and other indemnities and guarantees that are triggered by, among other things, breaches of representations, warranties or covenants provided by the Company. In addition, in the normal course of business, the Company provides indemnifications to counterparties in contracts with triggers similar to the foregoing, as well as for certain other liabilities, such as third-party lawsuits. These obligations are often subject to time limitations that vary in duration, including contractual limitations
and those that arise by operation of law, such as applicable statutes of limitation. In some cases, the maximum potential obligation under the indemnities and guarantees is subject to a contractual limitation, while in other cases such limitations are not specified or applicable. Since certain of these obligations are not subject to limitations, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these guarantees in the future. Management believes that it is unlikely the Company will have to make any material payments under these indemnities, guarantees, or commitments.
In addition, the Company indemnifies
its directors and officers as provided in its charters and by-laws. Also, the Company indemnifies its agents for liabilities incurred as a result of their representation of the Company’s interests. Since these indemnities are generally not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount that could become due under these indemnities in the future.
The Company has various existing arrangements with its Brighthouse affiliates and MetLife for services necessary to conduct its activities. Subsequent to the Separation, certain of the MetLife services continued, as provided for under a master service agreement and various transition services agreements entered into in connection with
the Separation. MetLife was no longer considered a related party upon the completion of the MetLife Divestiture on June 14, 2018. All of the MetLife transactions reported as related party activity occurred prior to the MetLife Divestiture. See Note 1 for information regarding the MetLife Divestiture.
The Company has related party reinsurance and investment transactions, see Notes 5 and 6 for information on these material related party transactions. Other material arrangements between the Company and its related parties not disclosed elsewhere are as follows:
Shared
Services and Overhead Allocations
Brighthouse affiliates and MetLife provide the Company certain services, which include, but are not limited to, treasury, financial planning and analysis, legal, human resources, tax planning, internal audit, financial reporting, and information technology. The Company is charged for the MetLife services through a transition services agreement and allocated to the legal entities and products within the Company. When specific identification to a particular legal entity and/or product is not practicable, an allocation methodology based on various performance measures or activity-based costing, such as sales, new policies/contracts
issued, reserves, and in-force policy counts is used. The bases for such charges are modified and adjusted by management when necessary or appropriate to reflect fairly and equitably the actual incidence of cost incurred by the Company and/or affiliate. Management believes that the methods used to allocate expenses under these arrangements are reasonable. Costs incurred under these arrangements with the Brighthouse affiliates, as well as with MetLife prior to the MetLife Divestiture that were considered related party expenses, were $43.9 million, $38.0 million and $19.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017
and 2016, respectively, and were recorded in other expenses. Revenues received from affiliates related to these agreements, recorded in universal life and investment-type product policy fees, was $12.4 million, $12.7 million and $13.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The Company had net receivables (payables) from/to affiliates, related to the items discussed above, of $622 thousand
and $8.6 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(An Indirect Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc.)
Notes to the Financial Statements (continued)
13. Related Party Transactions (continued)
Brighthouse
affiliates incur costs related to the establishment of services and infrastructure to replace those previously provided by MetLife. The Company is charged a fee to reflect the value of the available infrastructure and services provided by these costs. While management believes that the method used to allocate expenses under this arrangement is reasonable, the allocated expenses may not be indicative of those of a stand-alone entity. If expenses were allocated to the Company under this arrangement as incurred by Brighthouse affiliates, the Company would have incurred additional expenses of $2.8 million for the year ended December 31,
2018. The Company would have incurred no additional expenses under this arrangement in 2017.
Broker-Dealer Transactions
Beginning in March 2017, Brighthouse Securities, LLC, a registered broker-dealer affiliate, began distributing the Company’s existing and future registered annuity and life products, and the MetLife broker-dealers discontinued such distributions. Prior to March 2017, the Company recognized related party revenues and expenses arising from transactions with MetLife broker-dealers that
previously sold the Company’s registered annuity and life products. The related party expense for the Company was commissions collected on the sale of variable products by the Company and passed through to the broker-dealer. The related party revenue for the Company was fee income from trusts and mutual funds whose shares serve as investment options of policyholders of the Company. Fee income received from affiliates related to these transactions and recorded in other revenues was $12.3 million,
$12.4 million and $10.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Commission expenses incurred from affiliates related to these transactions and recorded in other expenses was $57.9 million, $39.3 million and $32.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The
Company also had related party fee income receivables of $951 thousand and $1.1 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Amortized
cost for fixed maturity securities represents original cost reduced by impairments from other-than-temporary declines in estimated fair value that are charged to earnings and adjusted for amortization of premiums or accretion of discounts; for mortgage loans, cost represents original cost reduced by repayments and valuation allowances and adjusted for amortization of premiums or accretion of discounts.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, reinsurance ceded included related party transactions for life insurance in-force of $29.8 billion, and life insurance premiums of $37.2 million. For the year ended December 31, 2017, reinsurance ceded included related party transactions for life insurance in-force of $30.6 billion, and life insurance premiums of $51.9 million. For the year ended December 31, 2016,
reinsurance ceded included related party transactions for life insurance in-force of $32.5 billion, and life insurance premiums of $44.2 million.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation
of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2018.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
MetLife
provides certain services to the Company on a transitional basis through services agreements. The Company continues to change business processes, implement systems and establish new third-party arrangements, as a subsidiary of Brighthouse Financial, Inc. In the fourth quarter of 2018, certain investment accounting and actuarial systems and processes were established independent of MetLife. We consider these to be material changes in our internal control over financial reporting.
Other than as noted above, there were no changes to the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred
during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, these internal controls over financial reporting.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management of Brighthouse Life Insurance Company of NY is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. In fulfilling this responsibility, estimates and judgments by management are required to assess the expected benefits and related costs of control procedures. The objectives of internal control include providing management with reasonable, but not absolute, assurance that assets are safeguarded against loss from unauthorized use or disposition, and that transactions are
executed in accordance with management’s authorization and recorded properly to permit the preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP.
Due to its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management has completed an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making the assessment, management used the criteria set forth in “Internal Control — Integrated
Framework” promulgated by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Based upon the assessment performed under that framework, management has maintained and concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Omitted pursuant to General Instruction I(2)(c) of Form 10-K.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
Omitted pursuant to General Instruction I(2)(c) of Form 10-K.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Omitted pursuant to General Instruction I(2)(c) of Form 10-K.
Item
13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Omitted pursuant to General Instruction I(2)(c) of Form 10-K.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Deloitte & Touche LLP (“Deloitte”), the independent auditor of Brighthouse Financial, Inc. (“BHF”), has served as the independent auditor of the Company since 2000, and as auditor of current and former affiliates of the Company for more than 75 years. Its long-term knowledge of the Brighthouse group
of companies, combined with its insurance industry expertise and global presence, has enabled it to carry out its audits of the Company’s financial statements with effectiveness and efficiency. Deloitte is a registered public accounting firm with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) as required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley”) and the Rules of the PCAOB.
Independent Auditor’s Fees for 2018 and 2017
The table below presents fees for professional services rendered by Deloitte for the audit of the Company’s annual financial statements, audit-related
services, tax services and all other services for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. All fees shown in the table for 2018 were related to services that were approved by the Audit Committee of Brighthouse Financial, Inc. (the “BHF Audit Committee”).
2018
2017
(In
thousands)
Audit fees (1)
$
875
$
875
Audit-related fees (2)
$
—
$
—
Tax
fees (3)
$
—
$
—
All other fees (4)
$
—
$
—
____________
(1)
Fees
for services to perform an audit or review in accordance with auditing standards of the PCAOB and services that generally only the Company’s independent auditor can reasonably provide, such as comfort letters, statutory audits, attest services, consents and assistance with and review of documents filed with the SEC.
(2)
Fees for assurance and related services that are traditionally performed by the Company’s independent auditor, such as audit and related services for due diligence related to mergers, acquisitions and divestitures, accounting consultations and audits in
connection with proposed or consummated acquisitions and divestitures, control reviews, attest services not required by statute or regulation, and consultation concerning financial accounting and reporting standards.
(3)
Fees for tax compliance, consultation and planning services. Tax compliance generally involves preparation of original and amended tax returns, claims for refunds and tax payment planning services. Tax consultation and tax planning encompass a diverse range of advisory services, including assistance in connection with tax audits and filing appeals, tax advice related to mergers, acquisitions and divestitures, and requests for rulings or technical advice from taxing authorities.
(4)
Fees
for other types of permitted services, including risk and other consulting services, financial advisory services and valuation services.
The BHF Audit Committee approves Deloitte’s audit and non-audit services to BHF and its subsidiaries, including the Company, in advance as required under Sarbanes-Oxley and SEC rules. Before the commencement of each fiscal year, the BHF Audit Committee appoints the independent
auditor to perform audit services that BHF expects to be performed for the fiscal year and appoints the auditor to perform audit-related, tax and other permitted non-audit services. The BHF Audit Committee or a designated member of the BHF Audit Committee to whom authority has been delegated may, from time to time, pre-approve additional audit and non-audit services to be performed by BHF’s independent auditor. Any pre-approval of services between BHF Audit Committee meetings must be reported to the full BHF Audit Committee at its next scheduled meeting.
The BHF Audit Committee is responsible for approving fees for the audit and for any audit-related, tax or other permitted non-audit services. If the audit, audit-related, tax and other permitted non-audit fees for a particular period or service exceed the amounts previously approved, the BHF Audit Committee determines whether or not to approve the additional fees.
The
BHF Audit Committee ensures the regular rotation of the audit engagement team partners as required by law.
(Note Regarding Reliance on Statements in Our Contracts: In reviewing the agreements
included as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, please remember that they are included to provide you with information regarding their terms and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about Brighthouse Life Insurance Company of NY, its affiliates or the other parties to the agreements. The agreements contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and (i) should not in all instances be treated as categorical statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties if those statements prove to be inaccurate; (ii) have been qualified by disclosures that were made to the other party in connection with the negotiation of the applicable agreement, which disclosures are not necessarily reflected in the agreement; (iii) may apply standards of
materiality in a way that is different from what may be viewed as material to investors; and (iv) were made only as of the date of the applicable agreement or such other date or dates as may be specified in the agreement and are subject to more recent developments. Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time. Additional information about Brighthouse Life Insurance Company of NY and its affiliates may be found elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and Brighthouse Life Insurance Company of NY’s other public filings, which are available without charge through the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission website at www.sec.gov.)
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Supplemental
Information to be Furnished with Reports Filed Pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act by Registrants Which Have Not Registered Securities Pursuant to Section 12 of the Act: None.
No annual report to security holders covering the registrant’s last fiscal year or proxy material with respect to any meeting of security holders has been sent, or will be sent, to security holders.
128
Dates Referenced Herein and Documents Incorporated by Reference
